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I 


WILLIAM  ROBERT  PRINCE 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK— DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE 

Eighteenth  Annual  Report  —  Vol.   3  —  Part  II 


THE 


PLUMS   OF   NEW   YORK 


BY 
U.  P.  HEDRICK 

ASSISTED  BY 

R.  WELLINGTON 
O.  M.  TAYLOR 
W.  H.  ALDERMAN 
M.  J.  DORSEY 


Report  of  the  New  York  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for  the  Year  1910 

II 


ALBANY 

J.  B.  LYON  COMPANY.  STATE  PRINTERS 
1911 


NEW  YORK  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION, 

GENEVA,  N.  Y.,  December  31,  1910. 

To  the  Honorable  Board  of  Control  of  the  New  York  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station: 

GENTLEMEN: — I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  Part  II  of  the 
report  of  this  institution  for  the  year  1910,  to  be  known  as  The  Plums 
of  New  York.  This  constitutes  the  third  in  the  series  of  fruit  publi- 
cations that  is  being  prepared  under  your  authority. 

The  data  embodied  in  the  volume  are  the  result  of  long-continued 
studies  and  observations  at  this  institution  as  well  as  throughout  the  State, 
to  which  has  been  added  a  large  amount  of  information  that  commercial 
plum-growers  have  very  kindly  furnished.  The  attempt  has  been  made 
to  produce  a  monograph  including  all  the  cultivated  plums,  and  it  is 
hoped  that  the  result  will  be  recognized  as  a  worthy  advance  in  the 
literature  of  this  class  of  fruits. 

W.  H.  JORDAN, 

Director. 

ill 


271093 


PREFACE 


The  Plums  of  New  York  is  the  third  monograph  of  the  fruits  of  this 
region  published  by  the  New  York  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  The 
aims  of  these  books  have  been  stated  in  full  in  The  Grapes  of  New  York, 
but  it  is  considered  best  to  re-state  some  of  these  briefly  and  to  indicate 
some  features  in  which  the  book  on  plums  differs  from  the  one  on  grapes. 

Broadly  speaking,  the  aim  has  been  to  make  The  Plums  of  New  York 
a  record  of  our  present  knowledge  of  cultivated  plums.  The  book  has 
been  written  for  New  York  but  its  contents  are  so  general  in  character 
that  the  work  applies  to  the  whole  country  and  more  or  less  to  the  world. 
The  first  chapter  is  a  historical  account  and  a  botanical  classification  of 
plums ;  the  second,  a  discussion  of  the  present  status  of  plum-growing  in 
America;  while  the  third  and  fourth  are  devoted  to  varieties  of  plums. 
The  first  and  last  two  of  these  chapters  contain  the  synonymy  and  biblio- 
graphy of  the  species  and  varieties  of  plums.  In  the  foot-notes  running 
through  the  book  biographical  sketches  are  given  of  the  persons  who  have 
contributed  most  to  plum  culture  in  America;  here  may  be  found  also 
matters  pertaining  to  plums  not  properly  included  in  the  text  but  necessary 
for  its  best  understanding.  Important  varieties,  so  considered  from  various 
standpoints,  with  the  bark  and  the  flowers  of  several  species,  are  illus- 
trated in  colors. 

The  Plums  of  New  York  is  a  horticultural  and  not  a  botanical  work. 
But  in  a  study  of  the  fruit  from  a  horticultural  standpoint  one  must  of 
necessity  consider  botanical  relationships.  It  is  hoped  that  in  this  en- 
forced systematic  study  of  plums,  however,  something  has  been  added 
to  the  botanical  knowledge  of  this  fruit.  In  classifying  the  varieties  and 
species,  to  show  their  characters  and  relationships,  the  author  has  chosen 
to  dispose  of  the  groups  in  accordance  with  his  own  views  though  the 
arrangement  adopted  is,  for  most  part,  scarcely  more  than  a  modification 
of  existing  classifications. 

Attention  must  be  called  to  the  indefiniteness  of  species  and  varieties 
of  plums  due  chiefly  to  the  extreme  responsiveness  of  the  plants  to  environ- 
ment. On  each  side  of  the  specific  or  varietal  types  there  are  wide  ranges 
of  variation.  Since  the  relationships  between  types  are  often  very  close  it 


VI  PREFACE. 

is  impossible  to  avoid  some  confusion  in  characters,  for  outliers  of 
the  types  cannot  but  overlap.  It  might  be  well  said  that  these  outliers 
are  connecting  links  and  that  groups  so  connected  should  be  combined, 
but  this  would  make  specific  division  of  the  genus  and  varietal  division 
of  the  species  almost  impossible.  The  groups  must,  therefore,  be  sepa- 
rated along  more  or  less  arbitrary  lines.  But  such  arbitrary  separation 
does  not  prevent  natural  groups,  if  nature  be  broadly  interpreted. 

The  chief  value  of  the  work  in  hand  lies  in  its  discussion  of  varieties. 
In  the  descriptions  the  aim  has  been  to  give  as  tersely  as  possible  an  idea 
of  all  of  the  characters  of  the  plums  described.  With  very  few  exceptions 
the  technical  descriptions  of  varieties  are  original  and  were  made  by  those 
who  have  taken  active  part  in  the  preparation  of  this  book.  Nearly  all 
of  the  varieties  having  full  descriptions  grow  on  the  Station  grounds  but 
whenever  possible  specimens  of  each  variety  from  different  localities  have 
been  compared  with  those  growing  here. 

A  special  effort  has  been  made  to  give  as  exactly  as  possible  the  regions 
in  which  the  species  and  varieties  of  plums  grow.  Such  an  effort  is  made 
under  the  belief  that  this  knowledge  is  of  great  value  in  the  study  of  the 
factors  which  govern  the  distribution  of  wild  and  domesticated  plants. 
If  the  boundaries  of  the  regions  in  which  a  few  scores  of  varieties  of  the 
several  fruits  grow  can  be  accurately  established  valuable  generalizations 
can  be  drawn  regarding  life  zones  and  plant  distribution. 

The  reader  should  know  what  considerations  have  governed  the 
selection  of  varieties  for  color-plates  and  full  descriptions.  These  are: 

(1)  The  known  value  of  the  variety  for  the  commercial  or  amateur  grower. 

(2)  The  probable  value  of  new  varieties.     (3)  To  furnish  data  for  the  plum- 
breeder;  to  show  combinations  of  species  or  varieties,  or  new  characters, 
or  the  range  in  variation.     (4)  Some  sorts  have  been  described  because 
of  historical  value — to  better  show  what  the   trend  of   plum  evolution 
has  been.     (5)  To  indicate  the  relationships  of  species  and  varieties.     The 
varieties  are  divided  into  three  groups  according  to  their  importance  as 
gauged  from  the  standpoints  given  above. 

In  botanical  nomenclature  the  code  adopted  by  the  American  botan- 
ists in  Philadelphia  in  1904  and  modified  by  the  International  Botanical 
Congress  at  Vienna  in  1905,  has  been  used.  For  horticultural  names, 
lacking  a  better  code,  the  revised  rules  of  the  American  Pomological  Society 
have  been  followed,  though  in  a  few  cases  we  have  not  seen  fit  to  follow 
the  rules  of  this  society,  as  the  changes  required  by  their  strict  observance 


PREFACE.  Vll 

would  have  brought  much  confusion.  Only  those  who  have  to  work  with 
a  great  number  of  varieties  of  fruit  can  know  the  chaotic  conditions  of  our 
pomological  nomenclature.  One  of  the  aims  of  the  work  in  hand  is  to 
set  straight  in  some  degree  the  great  confusion  in  plum  names. 

All  synonyms  of  varieties  have  been  given  so  far  as  they  could  be 
determined  but  it  did  not  seem  worth  while  to  give  all  of  the  references 
to  be  found  even  in  standard  plum  literature.  Fewer  of  these  are  listed 
for  the  leading  varieties  than  in  the  books  on  apples  or  grapes  which  have 
preceded,  only  such  being  given  as  have  been  found  of  use  by  the  writers 
or  thought  of  possible  use  to  future  plum  students.  On  the  other  hand 
some  references  have  been  given  for  all  varieties,  a  task  not  attempted  in 
The  Grapes  of  New  York. 

As  in  the  preceding  books  the  color-plates  have  been  given  much  at- 
tention. Work  and  expense  have  not  been  spared  to  make  the  plates 
the  best  possible  with  the  present  knowledge  of  color-printing.  Yet  the 
illustrations  are  not  exact  reproductions.  The  colors  are,  at  best,  only 
approximations;  for  it  is  impossible  by  mechanical  processes  to  reproduce 
Nature's  delicate  tints  and  shades.  The  camera  does  not  take  colors  as 
the  human  eye  sees  them ;  and  the  maker  of  the  copper  plate  can  not  quite 
reproduce  all  that  the  camera  has  taken.  The  colors  then  depend  on  the 
judgment  of  the  printer,  who  by  selecting  and  mingling  colored  inks,  re- 
produces as  nearly  as  his  materials  permit,  the  shades  in  his  eye  and  mind; 
but  no  two  persons  see  exactly  the  same  colors  in  any  object;  so  his  con- 
ception may  differ  much  from  that  of  the  horticulturist  or  artist  who  saw 
the  original  plum,  as  do  theirs  from  each  other.  Still  it  is  hoped  that  the 
color-plates  will  be  of  great  service  in  illustrating  the  text.  All  of  the  plums 
from  which  the  plates  were  made  came  from  the  Station  grounds;  the 
illustrations,  with  a  few  exceptions  which  are  noted,  are  of  life  size,  as  grown 
under  the  conditions  existing  at  this  place,  and  as  far  as  possible  all  are 
from  specimens  of  average  size  and  color. 

Acknowledgments  are  due  in  particular  to  the  plum-growers  of  New 
York  who  have  furnished  much  information  for  The  Plums  of  New  York; 
to  numerous  institutions  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States  who  have  loaned 
botanical  specimens;  to  Professor  Charles  Sprague  Sargent  for  advice, 
information  and  the  use  of  the  Arnold  Arboretum  library  and  herbarium ; 
to  W.  F.  Wight  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  who 
has  given  most  valuable  assistance  in  describing  the  species  of  plums  and 
in  giving  their  range;  to  the  Station  Editor,  F.  H.  Hall,  who  has  had 


Viii  PREFACE. 

charge  of  the  proof-reading;  to  Zeese-Wilkinson  and  Company,  New 
York  City,  for  their  care  and  skill  in  making  the  color-plates;  and  to  the 
J.  B.  Lyon  Company,  Albany,  New  York,  for  their  careful  work  in  the 
mechanical  construction  of  the  book. 

U.  P.  HEDRICK, 
Horticulturist,  New  York  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 


TABLE   OF  CONTENTS 


PAGE 

PREFACE v 

INDEX  TO  ILLUSTRATIONS ix 

CHAPTER        I. — EDIBLE  PLUMS i 

CHAPTER      II. — PLUM  CULTURE 100 

CHAPTER    III. — LEADING  VARIETIES  OF  PLUMS 136 

CHAPTER     IV. — MINOR  VARIETIES  OF  PLUMS 391 

BIBLIOGRAPHY,  REFERENCES  AND  ABBREVIATIONS 573 

INDEX 58i 


INDEX  TO  ILLUSTRATIONS 


PORTRAIT  OF  WILLIAM  ROBERT  PRINCE Frontispiece 

FACING    PAGE 

ABUNDANCE 136 

AGEN 138 

AMERICA 142 

AMES 144 

APPLE 146 

ARCH  DUKE 148 

ARCTIC 150 

ARKANSAS 152 

AUTUMN  COMPOTE 154 

BAVAY 156 

BELLE 158 

BLACK  BULLACE 162 

BRADSHAW. 166 

BURBANK 1 70 

CHABOT 172 

CHENEY 176 

CLIMAX 178 

DE  CARADEUC 188 

DE  SOTO 190 

DIAMOND 192 

DOWNING 194 

DRAP  D'OR '. 194 

DUANE 196 

ENGLEBERT 204 

FIELD 208 

FOREST  GARDEN 210 

FOREST  ROSE ..'........... 210 

ix 


X  INDEX   TO    ILLUSTRATIONS. 

FACING   PAGE 

FREESTONE 212 

FRENCH 214 

GEORGESON 218 

GERMAN  PRUNE ; 220 

GIANT 222 

GOLDEN 224 

GOLDEN  BEAUTY 226 

GOLDEN  DROP 228 

GOLIATH 232 

GRAND  DUKE 234 

GUEII 236 

HALE 238 

HAMMER 238 

HAND 240 

HAWKEYE 242 

HUDSON 244 

HUNGARIAN 246 

ICKWORTH 248 

IMPERIAL  GAGE 252 

ITALIAN  PRUNE 254 

JEFFERSON 256 

JUICY 258 

LATE  ORLEANS 266 

LOMBARD 268 

MAQUOKETA 272 

MARIANNA 274 

MCLAUGHLIN 276 

MlDDLEBURG 278 

MONARCH 286 

NEWMAN 292 

NEW  ULM 294 

OCTOBER 298 

OREN 300 


INDEX    TO    ILLUSTRATIONS.  XI 

FACING  PAGE 

OULLINS 304 

PACIFIC 306 

PEARL 310 

PETERS 312 

POND 314 

POTTAWATTAMIE 316 

PRUNUS  AMERICANA,  BLOSSOMS  OF 56 

PRUNUS  AMERICANA,  BARK  OF 6 

PR  UN  US  CERASIFERA,  BLOSSOMS  OF 46 

PR  UN  US  CERASIFERA,  BARK  OF 6 

PR  UN  US  DOMESTICA,  BLOSSOMS  OF 12 

PR  UN  US  DOMESTICA,  BARK  OF 6 

PRUNUS  HORTULANA,  BLOSSOMS  OF 64 

PRUNUS  HORTULANA,  BARK  OF 6 

PRUNUS  HORTULANA  MINERI,  BLOSSOMS  OF 68 

PRUNUS  HORT ULA NA  MINERI,  BARK  OF 6 

PR  UN  US  INSITITIA,    BLOSSOMS   OF 34 

PR  UN  US  INSITITIA,  BARK  OF 6 

PRUNUS  MUNSONIANA,  BLOSSOMS  OF 88 

PR  UN  US  M  UNSONIANA,  BARK  OF 6 

PR  UN  us  NIGRA,  BLOSSOMS  OF 70 

PRUNUS  NIGRA,  BARK  OF 6 

PR  UN  US  TRIFLORA,  BLOSSOMS  OF 5<> 

PR  UN  US  TRIFLORA,  BARK  OF 6 

QUACKENBOSS 32O 

ROBINSON 330 

SATSUMA 338 

SHIPPER 342 

SHIRO 344 

SHROPSHIRE 344 

SMITH  ORLEANS 348 

SPAULDING 350 

SUGAR 354 


Xli  INDEX    TO    ILLUSTRATIONS. 

FACING  PAGE 

SURPRISE 356 

TENNANT 35° 

TRAGEDY ••  36o 

VICTORIA •- 364 

VORONESH 366 

WASHINGTON 368 

WAYLAND 37° 

WHITE  BULLACE 374 

WICKSON 376 

WILD  GOOSE 37§ 

WOLF 38o 

WOOD 382 

WORLD  BEATER 384 

YELLOW  EGG  .               386 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK 


CHAPTER  I 

EDIBLE  PLUMS 

THE  GENUS  PRUNUS 

The  great  genus  Prunus  includes  plums,  cherries,  almonds,  apricots, 
peaches,  and  the  evergreen  cherries  or  cherry  laurels.  Its  widely  distributed 
species  number  a  hundred  or  more  for  the  world,  nearly  all  of  which  belong 
north  of  the  equator.  The  species  of  the  genus  are  widely  distributed 
in  both  the  eastern  and  western  hemispheres,  the  flora  of  eastern  America 
and  of  western  Asia  being  especially  rich  in  species  and  individuals.  For 
most  part  the  species  of  Prunus  belong  to  the  Temperate  Zone,  but  several 
of  the  evergreen  cherries,  usually  grouped  in  a  section  under  Laurocerasus, 
are  found  in  the  tropics  and  sub -tropics. 

The  species  cultivated  for  their  edible  fruits  are  found  only  in  the 
Temperate  Zone  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere.  Of  these  the  peach  and 
the  almond  are  believed  to  have  come  from  eastern  and  southeastern 
Asia;  the  apricot  is  thought  to  be  a  native  of  northern  China;  the  wild 
forms  of  the  cultivated  cherries  are  Eurasian  plants,  very  generally  dis- 
tributed in  the  regions  to  the  northward  where  the  two  continents  meet. 
The  habitats  of  the  cultivated  plums  are  given  in  detail  in  the  text  that 
follows,  as  Asia,  Europe  and  America.  Presumably  the  genus  had  its 
origin  in  some  of  the  above  regions;  but  where  the  center  is  from  which 
the  species  radiated  can  never  be  known.  Indeed,  with  present  knowledge 
it  cannot  be  said  in  what  region  Prunus  has  most  species,  is  most  productive 
of  individuals,  or  shows  highest  development  and  greatest  variability,— 
facts  which  might  give  some  evidence  as  to  the  origin  of  the  genus.  It  is 
probable  that  the  greatest  number  of  combinations  of  the  above  evidences 
can  be  shown  for  Asia  and  more  especially  for  the  Eurasian  region,  where 
Europe  and  Asia  meet;  yet  North  America  has  two  score  or  more  indig- 
enous species  about  half  of  which  are  arborescent. 

The  history  of  the  genus  Prunus  is  one  of  continual  changes.  Of  the 
botanists  who  have  done  most  toward  classifying  plants,  Ray,  Tournefort, 
Dillenius  and  Boerhaave,  pre-Linnaean  botanists,  placed  only  the  plum 


2  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

in  Primus.  Linnaeus  adopted  the  name  used  by  his  predecessors  for  the 
plum  alone,  for  a  genus  in  which  he  also  placed  plums  and  cherries.  Adan- 
son  and  Jussieu  returned  to  the  pre-Linnaean  classification  but  Gaertner 
followed  the  grouping  of  Linnaeus.  Necker,  DeCandolle,  Roemer  and 
Decaisne  held  that  the  plum  alone  belongs  in  Prunus.  Bentham  &  Hooker, 
Gray  and  his  co-workers  in  the  several  revisions  of  his  botany,  and  Engler 
&  Prantl,  great  authorities  of  the  Nineteenth  Century,  extend  the  genus 
to  include  all  of  the  stone-fruits.  On  the  other  hand,  Britton  and  Brown, 
in  their  recent  flora  of  northern  United  States  and  of  Canada  restrict  the 
group  to  plums  and  cherries.  Horticulturists  have  been  less  divided  in 
their  opinions  than  the  botanists  and  have  very  generally  placed  all  of 
the  stone  -fruits  in  one  genus.  The  diversity  of  views  as  to  what  plants 
belong  in  Prunus,  indicated  above,  suggests  that  the  differences  separating 
the  several  stone-fruits  may  not  be  many  nor  very  distinct.  This  is  true, 
and  makes  necessary  a  discussion  of  the  characters  which  distinguish 
these  fruits. 

The  flowers  of  true  plums  are  borne  on  stems  in  fascicled  umbels 
and  appear  either  before  the  leaves  or  with  or  after  them.  Flowers  of  the 
cultivated  cherries  are  similarly  borne,  though  the  fascicles  are  corymbose 
rather  than  umbelliferous.  But  apricot,  peach  and  almond  flowers  are 
stemless  or  nearly  so  and  solitary  or  borne  in  pairs  appearing  before  the  leaves. 

The  fruits  of  plums  and  cherries  are  globular  or  oblong,  fleshy, 
very  juicy,  with  smooth  or  slightly  hairy  skins.  Peaches,  apricots  and 
almonds  are  more  sulcate  or  grooved  than  plums  and  cherries  and  the 
first  two  have  juicy  flesh,  but  that  of  the  almond  is  dry  and  hard  or  skin- 
like,  splitting  at  maturity  thereby  liberating  the  stone ;  these  last  three 
fruits  are  distinguished  from  plums  and  cherries  by  having  very  pubescent 
or  velvety  skins  though  rarely,  as  in  the  nectarine,  a  botanical  variety  of 
the  peach,  and  in  a  few  cultivated  apricots,  the  skins  are  smooth. 

The  stone  of  the  plum  is  usually  compressed,  longer  than  broad,  smooth 
or  roughened,  thickish  and  with  an  acute  margin  along  the  ventral  suture 
and  thinnish  or  grooved  on  the  dorsal  suture.  The  stone  of  the  cherry 
is  usually  globular,  always  much  thickened,  smooth  or  a  very  little  rough- 
ened, ridged  and  grooved  on  the  ventral  suture,  with  a  thin,  scarcely  raised 
sharp  margin  on  the  dorsal  suture.  The  stone  of  the  apricot  is  similar 
to  that  of  the  plum  though  thicker  walled,  with  a  more  conspicuous  winged 
margin,  and  is  sometimes  pitted.  The  stone  of  the  peach  is  compressed, 
usually  with  very  thick  walls,  much  roughened  and  deeply  pitted.  In 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  3 

the  almond  the  stone  resembles  in  general  characters  the  peach-stone,  but 
all  almond  shells  are  more  or  less  porous  and  often  fibrous  on  the  inner 
surfaces.  The  stone  is  the  part  for  which  the  almond  is  cultivated  and  is 
most  variable,  the  chief  differences  being  that  some  have  thick  hard  shells 
and  others  thin  soft  shells. 

The  leaves  of  plums  are  convolute,  or  rolled  up,  in  the  bud.  Cherry, 
peach  and  almond  leaves  are  con  duplicate,  that  is  are  folded  lengthwise  along 
the  midrib  in  bud  while  the  leaves  of  the  apricot,  like  those  of  the  plum, 
are  convolute.  The  manner  in  which  the  leaves  are  packed  in  the  bud 
is  a  fine  mark  of  distinction  in  stone-fruits.  In  size  and  shape  of  leaves, 
as  well  as  in  the  finer  marks  of  these  organs,  the  botanist  and  pomologist 
find  much  to  aid  in  distinguishing  species  and  varieties  but  little  that  holds 
in  separating  the  sub-genera.  The  last  statement  holds  true  with  the 
floral  organs  also. 

The  near  affinity  of  the  stone-fruits  is  further  shown  by  the  fact  that 
plums  and  apricots,  plums  and  cherries,  and  the  several  species  of  each 
of  the  distinct  fruits  inter-hybridize  without  much  difficulty.  It  is  a  fact 
well-known  that  hybrids  often  surpass  their  parents  in  vigor  of  plant  and 
in  productiveness  and  this  has  proved  true  with  most  of  the  hybrids  in 
Prunus  of  which  we  have  accounts,  thereby  giving  promise  of  improved 
forms  of  these  plants  through  hybridizing.  The  great  variation  in  wild 
and  cultivated  native  plums  is  possibly  due  to  more  or  less  remote  hybridity. 

Prunus  is  a  most  variable  genus.  This  is  indicated  by  the  several 
sub-genera,  the  large  number  of  species  and  the  various  arrangements  of 
these  groups  by  different  authors.  At  their  extremes  sub-genera  and  species 
are  very  distinct,  but  outside  of  the  normal  types,  and  sometimes  in  sev- 
eral directions,  there  are  often  outstanding  forms  which  establish  well- 
graded  connections  with  neighboring  groups.  For  example,  among  the 
American  plums  there  are  but  few  species  between  which  and  some 
other  there  are  not  intermediate  forms  that  make  the  two  species 
difficult  to  distinguish  under  some  conditions.  There  is  also  a  wide  range 
of  variation  within  the  species.  The  modifications  within  the  species 
are  oftentimes  such  as  to  change  greatly  the  aspect  of  the  plant;  the  trees 
may  be  dwarf  or  luxuriant,  smooth  or  pubescent;  may  differ  in  branching 
habit,  in  leaf -form,  in  size  and  color  of  the  flowers,  in  the  time  of  opening 
of  leaf  and  flower-buds,  in  color,  shape,  size,  flesh,  flavor  and  time  of  ripen- 
ing of  fruit,  in  the  stone  and  in  all  such  characters  as  climate  and  soil  envir- 
onment would  be  liable  to  modify. 


4  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

This  inherent  variability  is  one  of  the  strong  assets  of  the  genus  as  a 
cultivated  group  of  plants,  for  it  allows  not  only  a  great  number  of  kinds 
of  fruits  and  of  species  but  a  great  number  of  varieties.  Besides,  it 
gives  to  the  genus  great  adaptiveness  to  cultural  environment,  in  accord- 
ance with  climate,  location,  soil  and  the  handling  of  the  trees.  The  cul- 
tivator is  able  to  modify,  too,  the  characters  of  members  of  the  genus 
to  a  high  degree  in  the  production  of  new  forms,  but  few,  if  any,  groups 
of  plants  having  produced  as  many  cultivated  varieties  as  Prunus. 

The  genus  Prunus  is  preeminent  in  horticulture,  furnishing  all  of  the 
so-called  stone-fruits,  fruits  which  for  variety,  delicious  flavor  and  beauty 
of  appearance,  probably  surpass  those  of  any  other  genus,  and  which, 
fresh  or  dried,  are  most  valuable  human  foods.  The  seeds  of  one  of  the 
fruits  belonging  to  Prunus,  the  almond,  are  commercially  important,  both 
for  direct  consumption  and  for  the  oil  which  is  pressed  from  them;  in 
India  a  similar  oil  is  obtained  from  the  seeds  of  peaches  and  apricots,  while 
in  Europe  an  oil  from  the  seeds  of  the  Mahaleb  cherry  is  used  in  making 
perfumes.  Various  cordials  are  made  from  the  fruits  of  the  several  species, 
as  kirschwasser  and  maraschino  from  cherries,  zwetschenwasser  and  raki 
from  plums,  and  peach  brandy  from  the  peach;  while  fruits  and  seeds 
of  the  several  species  are  soaked  in  spirits  for  food,  drink  and  medicinal 
purposes.  The  bitter  astringent  bark  and  leaves  are  more  or  less  used 
in  medicine  as  is  also  the  gum  secreted  from  the  trunks  of  nearly  all  the 
species  and  which,  known  as  cerisin,  is  used  in  various  trades.  The  wood 
of  all  of  the  arborescent  species  is  more  or  less  valuable  for  lumber,  for 
cabinet-making  and  other  domestic  purposes. 

Prunus  is  prolific  also  in  ornamental  plants,  having  in  common  to 
recommend  them,  rapidity  of  growth,  ease  of  culture,  comparative  free- 
dom from  pests,  and  great  adaptability  to  soils  and  climates.  The  plants 
of  this  genus  are  valued  as  ornamentals  both  for  their  flowers  and  for 
their  foliage.  Many  cultivated  forms  of  several  of  the  species  have  single 
or  double  flowers,  or  variegated,  colored  or  otherwise  abnormal  leaves, 
while  the  genus  is  enlivened  by  the  evergreen  foliage  of  the  cherry  laurels. 
Nearly  all  of  the  plants  of  Prunus  are  spring-flowering  but  most  of  them 
are  attractive  later  on  in  the  foliage  and  many  of  them  are  very  orna- 
mental in  fruit. 

PLUMS. 

Of  all  the  stone-fruits  plums  furnish  the  greatest  diversity  of  kinds. 
Varieties  to  the  number  of  two  thousand,  from  fifteen  species,  are  now 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  5 

or  have  been  under  cultivation.  These  varieties  give  a  greater  range  of 
flavor,  aroma,  texture,  color,  form  and  size,  the  qualities  which  gratify 
the  senses  and  make  fruits  desirable,  than  any  other  of  our  orchard  fruits. 
The  trees,  too,  are  diverse  in  structure,  some  of  the  plums  being  shrub- 
like  plants  with  slender  branches,  while  others  are  true  trees  with  stout 
trunks  and  sturdy  branches;  some  species  have  thin,  delicate  leaves  and 
others  coarse,  heavy  foliage.  In  geographical  distribution  both  the  wild 
and  the  cultivated  plum  encircle  the  globe  in  the  North  Temperate  Zone, 
and  the  cultivated  varieties  are  common  inhabitants  of  the  southern  tem- 
perate region,  the  various  plums  being  adapted  to  great  differences  in 
temperature,  moisture  and  soil  in  the  two  zones. 

The  great  variety  of  plums  and  the  variability  of  the  kinds,  seemingly 
plastic  in  all  characters,  the  general  distribution  of  the  fruit  throughout 
the  zone  in  which  is  carried  on  the  greatest  part  of  the  world's  agriculture, 
and  the  adaptation  of  the  several  species  and  the  many  varieties,  to  topo- 
graphical, soil  and  climatic  changes,  make  this  fruit  not  only  one  of  much 
present  importance  but  also  one  of  great  capacity  for  further  development. 
Of  the  plums  of  the  Old  World  the  Domesticas,  Insititias  and  probably 
the  Trifloras  have  been  cultivated  for  two  thousand  years  or  more,  while 
the  work  of  domesticating  the  wild  species  of  America  was  only  begun 
in  the  middle  of  the  last  century.  There  are  about  fifteen  hundred  vari- 
eties of  the  Old  World  plums  listed  in  this  work,  and  since  the  New  World 
plums  are  quite  as  variable,  as  great  a  variety  or  greater,  since  there 
are  more  species,  may  be  expected  in  America. 

An  attempt  is  made  in  The  Plums  of  New  York  to  review  the  plum 
flora  of  this  continent,  but  the  species  considered  fall  far  short  of  being 
all  of  the  promising  indigenous  plums;  not  only  are  there  more  to  be  de- 
scribed, but  it  is  probable  that  species  here  described  will  in  some  cases 
be  sub-divided.  The  development  of  the  pomological  plum-wealth  of 
North  America  is  but  begun.  Not  nearly  as  much  has  been  done  to  develop 
the  possibilities  of  the  European  plums  in  America  as  in  the  case  of  the 
other  tree -fruits.  Probably  a  greater  percentage  of  the  varieties  of  Old 
World  plums  commonly  cultivated  came  from  across  the  sea,  than  of  the 
varieties  of  any  other  of  the  orchard -fruits  which  have  been  introduced- 
Much  remains  to  be  done  in  securing  greater  adaptability  of  foreign  plums 
to  American  conditions.  Native  and  foreign  plums  are  also  being  hybridized 
with  very  great  advantage  to  pomology. 

The  Plums  of  New  York  is  written  largely  with  the  aim  of  furthering 
the  development  of  plums  in  America,  the  possibilities  of  which  are  in- 


6  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

dicated  in  the  preceding  paragraph.  With  thjs  end  in  view  the  first  task 
is  to  name  and  discuss  briefly  the  characters  of  plums  whereby  species 
and  varieties  are  distinguished,  with  a  statement,  so  far  as  present  knowl- 
edge permits,  of  the  variability  of  the  different  characters.  It  is  absolutely 
essential  that  the  plum -grower  have  knowledge,  especially  if  he  aspires 
to  improve  the  fruit  by  breeding,  of  the  characters  of  the  plants  with  which 
he  is  to  work.  These  are  in  the  main  as  follows: 

All  species  and  some  horticultural  varieties  have  more  or  less  charac- 
teristic trees.  Making  due  allowance  for  environment — food,  moisture 
and  light — many  plum  groups  can  be  readily  distinguished  by  the  general 
aspect  of  the  plant.  Of  the  gross  characters  of  trees,  size  is  usually  most 
characteristic.  A  species,  for  example,  is  either  shrubby  or  tree -like. 
Yet  under  varying  environment,  size  of  plant  and  of  the  parts  of  the  plant, 
are  probably  the  first  to  change.  Habit  of  growth  is  nearly  as  important 
as  size  and  varies  but  little  under  changing  conditions.  A  species  or 
variety  may  be  upright,  spreading,  drooping  of  round-topped  in  growth; 
head  open  or  dense;  the  tree  rapid  or  slow -growing.  Hardiness  is  a  very 
important  diagnostic  character,  plums  being  either  hardy,  half-hardy  or 
tender.  Both  species  and  varieties  respond  in  high  degree  to  the  test 
of  hardiness,  the  range  for  varieties,  of  course,  falling  within  that  of  the 
species.  Productiveness,  regularity  of  bearing,  susceptibility  to  diseases 
and  insects,  and  longevity  of  tree  are  all  characters  having  value  for  species 
and  varieties  and  with  the  exception  of  the  first  named,  are  little  subject 
to  variation. 

The  thickness,  smoothness,  color  and  manner  of  exfoliation  of  the 
outer  bark  and  the  color  of  the  inner  bark  have  considerable  value  in  deter- 
mining species  but  are  little  used  in  determining  horticultural  groups. 
It  is  well  recognized  that  all  plums  have  lighter  colored  bark  in  the  South 
than  in  the  North.  The  branches  are  very  characteristic  in  several  species. 
The  length,  thickness  and  rigidity  of  the  branch  and  the  length  of  its 
internodes  should  be  considered,  while  the  direction  of  the  branch,  whether 
straight  or  zigzag,  are  very  valuable  determining  characters  and  relatively 
stable  ones,  seeming  to  change  for  most  part  only  through  long  ranges 
of  climatic  conditions.  So,  too,  the  arming  of  a  branch  with  spines  or 
spurs  and  the  structure  of  such  organs  are  important.  The  color,  smooth- 
ness, amount  of  pubescence,  direction,  length,  thickness  and  the  appear- 
ance of  the  lenticels,  the  presence  of  excrescences  on  the  branchlets  of 
the  first  and  second  year's  growth  and  the  branching  angle,  are  all  worthy 


1.  1'.    IIOKTVLAfiA    MI\EHI 

2.  P.    AMERICANA 

3.  P.    CERASIFERA 


4.  P.    DOMESTICA 

5.  P.    IXSITITIA 

«.    P.    HOUTULAXA 


7.  P.    MUXSOXIANA 

8.  /'.    XIGRA 

9.  P.    TRIFLORA 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  7 

of  consideration  though  quite  too  much  has  been  made  of  these  char- 
acters, especially  of  pubescence,  in  determining  species,  for  they  are  all 
extremely  variable. 

The  size,  shape  and  color  of  leaf -buds  and  of  their  outer  and  inner 
scales  and  the  margins  of  the  scales  differ  in  different  species.  Possibly 
the  most  evident,  and  therefore  readiest  means  of  identifying  species,  at 
least,  is  by  the  leaves.  It  is  true  that  leaves  are  very  variable  but  always 
within  limits,  and  either  individually  or  collectively  in  giving  the  general 
aspect  to  a  tree  they  are  characteristic.  Modifications  of  leaves  most  often 
occur  in  very  young  plants,  those  growing  in  bright  sunshine  or  deep  shade 
and  on  sprouts  or  suckers,  but  none  of  these  are  usually  sufficient  to  mis- 
lead as  to  species.  Leaf-size  and  leaf-form  are  the  first  characters  to  be 
noted  in  determining  a  plum  but  these  are  closely  followed  in  value  by 
leaf -color,  leaf -surface,  leaf -thickness  and  leaf -margin.  Leaf -size  is  variable, 
depending  much  upon  the  conditions  noted  above  but  leaf -form  varies  but 
little  in  the  several  species.  So,  too,  the  color  of  leaves  is  very  constant 
throughout  a  species,  for  both  surfaces,  though  impossible  to  describe  accu- 
rately in  words  and  very  difficult  to  reproduce  in  color-printing.  There 
is  a  marked  difference  in  autumnal  tints  not  only  of  species  but  of  varieties 
but  these  are  not  very  constant  in  any  one  location  and  must  vary  greatly 
under  different  environments.  The  thickness  of  the  leaves  of  the  several 
species  is  a  distinctive  character.  Species  of  plums  have  very  different 
leaf-surfaces  as  regards  reticulation,  rugoseness,  pubescence  and  coriaceous- 
ness,  all  of  these  characters  being  quite  constant,  though  it  is  to  be  noted 
that  roughness  of  leaves  and  pubescence  are  increased  by  exposure  to  the 
sun  and  by  the  influence  of  some  soils.  There  is,  indeed,  considerable 
variation  in  the  pubescence  of  the  leaves  of  all  species  of  plums  in  different 
parts  of  the  country  and  probably  too  much  has  been  made  of  pubescence 
as  a  determining  character. 

The  margins  of  leaves  are  very  characteristic  of  species  and  scarcely 
vary  under  normal  conditions  if  the  teeth  at  the  middle  of  the  sides  be  taken 
rather  than  those  toward  the  base  or  apex,  these  very  often  being  crowded, 
reduced  or  wanting.  The  presence  of  glands,  their  position,  size,  shape 
and  color,  help  to  characterize  several  species  and  seem  to  be  fairly  con- 
stant guides.  Some  species  and  a  great  number  of  varieties  have  the 
distinguishing  marks  of  gland-like  prickles  tipping  the  serrations  in  the 
leaf-margins.  Length,  thickness,  rigidity  and  pubescence  of  petiole  have 
some  taxonomic  value.  Stipules  usually  offer  no  distinguishing  marks 
other  than  those  mentioned  under  leaves. 


8  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

The  blossoms  of  plums  are  very  characteristic,  giving  in  flowering 
time  a  distinctive  aspect  to  all  species  and  distinguishing  some  horticul- 
tural varieties.  The  flowers  of  all  the  species  are  borne  in  clusters,  differing 
in  number  of  individuals,  according  to  the  species;  so,  too,  the  flowers  in 
the  different  species  vary  in  size,  color,  in  length  of  their  peduncles,  and  in 
pubescence,  especially  of  the  calyx.  Flower-characters  are  constant,  taking 
them  as  a  whole,  yet  there  are  some  variations  that  must  be  noted.  One 
of  the  most  marked  of  these  is  in  the  time  of  appearance  of  the  flowers; 
in  the  South  they  appear  before  the  leaves  but  in  the  North  with  the  leaves. 
On  the  grounds  of  this  Station  there  are  notable  exceptions  to  the  latter 
statement,  with  varieties  of  species  showing  considerable  variation  in  this 
regard.  There  are  some  remarkable  variations  within  species  as  regards 
size  and  color  of  the  corolla  and  glands  and  pubescence  of  the  calyx,  depend- 
ing upon  the  environment  of  the  plant ;  but  on  the  whole  these  characters 
are  very  constant.  The  fragrance  of  the  flowers  of  plums  varies  from  a 
delicate,  agreeable  odor  to  one  that  is  quite  disagreeable  in  some  species  as  in 
Americana;  the  odor  seems  to  be  a  constant  character. 

Of  all  structures  of  the  plum  the  fruit  is  most  variable,  yet  fruits  are 
sufficiently  distinct  and  constant,  especially  within  species,  to  make  their 
characters  very  valuable  in  classification.  Species,  whether  wild  or  cul- 
tivated, may  be  distinguished  in  greater  or  less  degree  by  the  period  of 
ripening  of  the  fruits,  though  in  this  regard  the  cultivated  varieties  of 
the  several  species  vary  greatly  and  in  the  wild  state  trees  of  native  plums 
in  the  same  locality,  even  in  the  same  clump,  may  vary  in  ripening  as 
much  as  from  two  to  four  weeks.  Species  are  distinguished  by  size,  shape, 
color,  flesh,  flavor  and  pit  among  the  grosser  characters  of  the  structure 
and  by  amount  of  bloom,  stem,  cavity,  apex,  suture  and  skin  among  the 
minor  characters.  The  fruit  is  usually  the  first  part  of  the  plant  to  respond 
to  changed  conditions. 

Characters  derived  from  seed  structures  are  generally  accounted  of 
much  value  by  botanists  in  determining  species.  Such  is  the  case  with 
plums.  This  Station  has  a  collection  of  stones  of  over  three  hundred 
cultivated  varieties  of  plums  and  some  specimens  of  nearly  all  the  different 
species.  The  stones  illustrated  in  the  color-plates  in  this  book  show  that 
this  structure  is  quite  variable  in  size,  shape,  in  the  ends,  surfaces,  grooves 
and  ridges,  even  within  a  species;  nevertheless  in  describing  the  several 
hundred  forms  of  plums  for  The  Plums  of  New  York  the  stone  has  been 
quite  as  satisfactory,  if  not  the  most  satisfactory,  of  any  of  the  organs  of 
this  plant  for  distinguishing  the  various  species  and  varieties. 


THE    PLUMS   OF    NEW    YORK.  9 

The  reproductive  organs  of  plums  afford  several  characters  and  would 
seem  to  offer  means  of  distinguishing  botanical  and  horticultural  groups, 
but  they  are  so  variable  in  both  cultivated  and  wild  plants  as  to  be  very 
misleading.  Not  only  do  these  organs  differ  very  often  in  structure  but 
also  in  ability  to  perform  their  functions.  Bailey  '  has  called  attention 
to  the  remarkable  self-sterility  of  some  varieties  of  the  native  species  of 
plums,  due  to  the  impotency  of  the  pollen  upon  flowers  of  the  same  variety. 
C.  W.  H.  Heideman2  made  some  very  interesting  observations  on  what 
he  considers  distinct  forms  of  the  flowers  of  the  Americana  plums,  de- 
scribing for  this  species  all  of  the  six  possible  variations  of  flowers  enume- 
rated by  Darwin  in  his  Different  Forms  of  Flowers  in  Plants  of  the  Same 
Species.  Heideman  thinks  that  other  species  of  Prunus  exhibit  similar 
variations.  Waugh3  made  the  pollination  of  plums  a  subject  of  careful 
and  extended  study  and  found  much  variation  in  the  pistils  of  plants  of 
the  same  species,  insufficient  pollen  in  some  plants,  pollen  impotent  on  the 
stigma  of  the  same  flower,  and  considerable  difference  in  the  time  of  maturity 
of  pollen  and  stigma  in  some  plums,  especially  the  Americana  plums. 
These  variations,  most  important  to  the  plum-grower,  are  of  more  or  less 
use  in  identifying  plums. 

After  the  discussion  of  the  characters  of  plums  we  may  pass  to  a  de- 
tailed description  and  discussion  of  the  species  of  plums  which  now  con- 
tribute or  may  contribute  cultivated  forms  to  the  pomology  of  the  country 
either  for  their  fruits  or  as  stocks  upon  which  to  grow  other  plums.  The 
following  conspectus  shows  as  well  as  may  be  the  relations  of  the  species 
of  plums  to  each  other. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  SPECIES  OF  PLUMS. 

A.  Flowers  in  clusters  of    i  or  2.     (Three  in  P.  triflora.)    Old  World  plums 
B.  Leaves  drooping. 

C.   Shoots  and  pedicels  pubescent. 
D.   Flowers  mostly  in  twos. 

E.  Fruits  large,  more  than  i  inch  in  diameter, 
variable  in  shape,  often  compressed;  tree 

large;  stamens  about  30 i.  P.  domestica. 

E.E.  Fruit  small,  less  than  i  inch  in  diameter, 
uniformly  oval  or  ovoid;  stamens  about  25; 
tree  small,  compact , 2.  P.  insititia. 


1  Bailey,  L.  H.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:43.    1892. 
'Heideman,  C.  W.  H.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.   187.     1895. 
'Waugh,  F.  A.   Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  53.     1896. 


10  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

D.D.  Flowers  mostly  single. 

E.  Leaves  small,  less  than  2  inches  in  length; 

sometimes  a  tree;  very  thomy 3-  P-  spinosa. 

E.E.  Leaves    large,    more    than    2j    inches    in   . 

length ;  a  shrub ;  thorns  few 4.  P.  curdica. 

C.C.  Shoots  glabrous  or  soon  becoming  so,  pedicels  glabrous. 

D.  Pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx-cup;  leaves  glabrous 

or  sparsely  pubescent  on  the  under  side  along  the 

rib ;  flowers  in  pairs 5-  P-  tocomilia. 

D.D.   Pedicels  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx-cup. 

E.  Flowers  mostly  single;  leaves  hairy  along  the 

midrib  on    the    under  side;    petiole  J  as  long 

as  the  leaf-blade;  a  tree 6.  P.  cerasifera. 

E.E.   Flowers  in  threes;  leaves  glabrous,  petiole 
shining,  leaf-margins  finely  and  closely  serrate, 
teeth  glandular-pointed;  stamens  about  25  ....   7.  P.  monticola. 
E.E.E.  Flowers  in  threes;  leaves  glabrous,  often 
shining,  leaf-margins  finely  and  closely  serrate, 
teeth  glandular-pointed;  stamens  about  25. ..   8.  P.  triflora. 
B.B.  Leaves  upright,  peach-like,  glabrous,  veins  very  conspicuous, 
under  side  barbate  at  axils  of  veins;  separated  from  all  other  plums 
by  the  leaf-characters  and  by  the  large,  flattened,  brick-red  fruits  9.  P.  simonii. 
A.A.  Flowers  in  clusters  of  3  or  more,  rarely  2.     American  plums. 
B.  Plants  trees.     (P.  angtistifolia  rarely  a  tree.) 
C.  Leaves  broad,  mostly  ovate  or  obovate. 
D.  Leaves  long-ovate  or  long-obovate. 
E.  Flowers  white. 

F.  Leaf -serrations  glandless,  acute;  petiole 
usually  glandless;  calyx-lobes  entire, 
glabrous  on  the  outer,  pubescent  on  the 
inner  surface;  stamens  about  30;  stone 

turgid,  large,  pointed  at  the  apex 10.  P.  americana. 

F.F.  Leaf-serrations  glandular,  wavy-cre- 
nate;  petioles  glandular;  calyx-lobes 
glandular-serrate,  pubescent  on  the 
inner  surface;  stamens  about  20;  stone 
turgid,  small,  prolonged  at  the  ends.  .11.  P.  hortulana. 
E.E.  Flowers  fading  to  pink. 

F.  Leaf-serrations  coarse,  rounded,  glan- 
dular only  when  young;  petioles  bi- 
glandular;  calyx-lobes  glandular-serrate, 
not  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface; 
stamens  about  30;  fruit  red;  bloom 

light;  stone  flat 12.  P.  nigra. 

F.F.  Leaf-serrations  fine,  acute,  glandu- 
lar-pointed; petioles  biglandular;  calyx- 
lobes  entire,  pubescent  on  the  outer, 
tomentose  on  the  inner  surface;  fruits 
dark  purple;  bloom  heavy;  stone  turgid, 
acute  at  the  ends 13-  P-  alleghaniensis. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

D.D.  Leaves  round-ovate,  obtusely,  sometimes  doubly 
serrate;  petioles  glandless;  calyx-lobes  pubescent  on 
both  surfaces;  fruit  dark  red  or  purplish;  stone  turgid, 

pointed  at  both  ends 14.  P.  subcordata. 

C.C.  Leaves  narrow,  lanceolate-ovate. 
D.  Leaves  flat. 

E.  Leaves  glabrous;  fruits  globular,  usually  pur- 
ple at  maturity  but  sometimes  red  or  orange- 
red;  bloom  thin;  stone  turgid,  cherry-like 15.  P.  umbellate. 

E.E.  Leaves  pubescent. 

F.  Stone  acute  at  both  ends;  fruit  purple. 16.  P.  mitis. 
F.F.  Stone  rounded  at  base;  fruits  vari- 
ously colored 17.  P.  tarda. 

D.D.  Leaves  more  or  less  folded  upward. 

E.  Fruits  small,  J  inch  in  diameter,  cherry-like; 
leaves  lanceolate,  upper  surface  glabrous, 
lustrous,  lower  surface  pubescent  in  axils  of 
veins,  marginal  teeth  glandless;  petioles  bi- 
glandular;  stone  small,  ovoid,  turgid,  cherry- 
like;  rarely  a  tree;  tender  in  New  York 18.  P.  angustifolia. 

E.E.  Fruits  large,  an  inch  in  diameter,  plum- 
like;  leaves  lanceolate,  peach-like,  upper  sur- 
face glabrous,  lower  surface  pubescent  along 
the  midrib;  petioles  with  from  i  to  6  glands; 
stone  compressed  and  pointed  at  both  ends; 

usually  a  tree;  hardy  in  New  York 19.  P.  munsoniana 

B.B.  Plants  shrubs. 

C.  Fruits  dark  purple. 

D.  Leaves  ovate,  acute,  finely  serrated ;  shoots  becoming 

glabrous;  stones  pointed  at  both  ends 20.  P.  maritima. 

D.D.  Leaves     oval-orbicular,     crenate-serrate;     shoots 

usually  pubescent;  stone  pointed  only  at  the  base.  .21.  P.  gravesii. 
C.C.  Fruits  red  or  orange,  sometimes  yellow  but  never  deep 
purple. 

D.  Fruits  large,  i  inch  in  diameter;  leaves  oblong- 
ovate,  long-pointed,  margin  serrate  with  incurved 
sometimes  glandular  teeth,  upper  surface  glabrous, 
lower  surface  pilose;  petiole  with  i  or  2  glands;  stone 

oval,  flattened 22-  p-  orthosepela. 

D.D.  Fruits  small,  i  inch  in  diameter. 

E.  Leaves  small,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oval,  mar- 
gins finely  and  evenly  serrate,  upper  surface 
glabrous,  lower  surface  soft  pubescent;  petioles 
short  and  stout;  fruits  variable  in  color,  mostly 

red;  stone  turgid,  pointed  at  both  ends 23-  P-  gracilis. 

E.E.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  margins  coarsely  or 
doubly  serrate,  glabrous  above  and  sparingly 
pubescent  below;  petiole  glandular;  fruits 
cherry-red 24-  P.  rivularis. 


12  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

i.  PRUNUS  DOMESTICA  Linnaeus 

i.  Linnaeus  Sp.  PI.  475.  1753.  2.  Duhamel  Traite  des  Arb.  2:93,  95.  96-  1768.  3.  Seringe 
DC.  Prodr.  2:533.  '825.  4-  Hooker  Brit.  Fl.  220.  1830.  5.  London  Arb.  Fr.  Brit.  1844.  6.  De 
Candolle  Or.  Cult.  PI.  212.  1885.  7.  Schwarz  Font.  Bot.  338.  1892.  8.  Koch,  W.  Syn.  Deut.  und 
Sckw.  Fl.  1:727.  1892.  9.  Dippel  Handb.  Laubh.  3:636.  1893.  10.  Lucas  Hattdb.  Obst.  429. 
1893.  ri.  Waugh  Bot.  Gaz.  26:417-27.  1898.  12.  Bailey  Cyc.  Am.  Hort.  1448.  1901.  13.  Waugh 
Plum  Cult.  14.  1901.  14.  Schneider  Handb.  Laubh.  1:630.  1906. 

P.  communis  domestica.  15.  Hudson  Fl.  Anglic.  212.  1778.  16.  Bentham  Handb.  Brit.  Fl. 
1:236.  1865. 

P.  ceconomica  (in  part)  and  P.  italica  (in  part).  17.  Borkhausen  Handb.  Forstb.  2:1401,  1409. 
1803.  18.  Koch,  K.  Dend.  1:94,  96.  1869.  19.  Koehne  Deut.  Dend.  316.  1893. 

Tree  reaching  a  height  of  30  or  40  feet,  vigorous,  open-headed,  round-topped; 
trunk  attaining  a  foot  or  more  in  diameter;  bark  thick,  ashy-gray  with  a  tinge  of  red, 
nearly  smooth  or  roughened  with  transverse  lines ;  branches  upright  or  spreading,  straight, 
stout  and  rigid,  usually  spineless;  branchlets  usually  pubescent,  light  red  the  first  year, 
becoming  much  darker  or  drab;  lenticels  small,  raised,  conspicuous,  orange. 

Winter-buds  large,  conical,  pointed,  pubescent,  free  or  appressed;  leaves  large, 
ovate  or  obovate,  elliptical  or  oblong-elliptical,  thick  and  firm  in  texture;  upper  surface 
dull  green,  rugose,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  the  lower  one  paler  with  little  or  much  tomentum, 
much  reticulated;  margins  coarsely  and  irregularly  crenate  or  serrate,  often  doubly  so, 
teeth  usually  glandular;  petioles  a  half-inch  or  more  in  length,  stoutish,  pubescent, 
tinged  with  red;  glands  usually  two,  often  lacking,  sometimes  several,  globose,  greenish- 
yellow;  stipules  very  small,  less  than  a  half-inch,  lanceolate,  narrow,  serrate,  early 
caducous. 

Flowers  appearing  after  or  sometimes  with  the  leaves,  showy,  an  inch  or  more 
across,  greenish-white  to  creamy- white ;  borne  on  lateral  spurs  or  sometimes  from 
lateral  buds  on  one-year-old  wood,  i  or  2  from  a  bud  in  a  more  or  less  fascicled  umbel; 
pedicels  a  half-inch  or  more  in  length,  stout,  green;  calyx-tube  campanulate,  glabrous 
or  pubescent,  green;  calyx-lobes  broadly  oblong,  obtuse,  pubescent  on  both  surfaces, 
glandular-serrate,  usually  reflexed;  petals  white  or  creamy  in  the  bud,  oval  to  obovate, 
crenate,  notched  or  entire,  claw  short  and  broad;  stamens  about  30,  equal  to  or  shorter 
than  the  petals;  anthers  yellow,  sometimes  tinged  with  red;  pistils  about  as  long  as  the 
stamens,  glabrous  or  pubescent. 

Fruit  of  various  shapes,  mostly  globular  or  sulcate,  often  necked,  blue,  red  or  yellow; 
stem  a  half -inch  or  more  long,  stout,  pubescent;  cavity  shallow  and  narrow;  apex  variable, 
usually  rounded;  suture  prominent  or  sometimes  but  a  line  or  indistinct;  skin  variable; 
dots  small,  numerous,  inconspicuous;  flesh  yellowish,  firm,  meaty,  sweet  or  acid  and 
of  many  flavors;  stone  free  or  clinging,  large,  oval,  flattened,  blunt,  pointed  or  necked, 
slightly  roughened  or  pitted;  walls  thick;  one  suture  ridged — the  other  grooved. 

Beside  the  comparatively  well-known  groups  of  Domestica  varieties, 
there  are  in  Europe,  with  an  occasional  representative  in  America,  espe- 
cially in  herbaria,  numerous  other  groups  either  a  part  of  Prunus  domestica 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  13 

or  possibly,  in  a  few  cases  at  least,  hybrids  between  it  and  other  species. 
European  botanists  place  some  of  these  in  distinct  species  or  sub-species; 
but  few,  however,  even  of  the  recent  writers  on  the  botany  of  the  plum, 
agree  at  all  closely  as  to  the  disposition  of  these  edible  and  ornamental 
plums  which  may  be  doubtfully  referred  to  Prunus  domestica.  With  this 
disagreement  between  the  best  European  authorities  where  these  plums 
have  long  been  known,  where  some  of  them  have  originated,  and  all  may 
be  found  in  orchards,  botanic  gardens  and  herbaria,  it  does  not  seem  wise 
at  this  distance  to  attempt  a  discussion  of  such  doubtful  forms.  It  is  cer- 
tain, however,  that  Borkhausen's  Prunus  italica  and  Prunus  ceconomica, 
as  given  in  the  synonymy,  are  but  parts  of  Prunus  domestica,  the  first  in- 
cluding the  Reine  Claude  plums  and  the  latter  the  various  prunes.  So,  too, 
a  wild  form  named  by  Borkhausen,  Prunus  sylvestris,  is  probably  a  part 
of  Prunus  domestica. 

Bechstein1  gave  specific  names  to  a  number  of  plums  which  Schneider1 
holds  are  all  cultivated  forms  of  Prunus  domestica.  These  names  are  not 
infrequently  found  in  botanical  and  pomological  literature,  to  the  great 
confusion  of  plum  nomenclature.  The  following  are  Bechstein 's  species:— 
Prunus  exigua,  Prunus  rubella,  Prunus  lutea,  Prunus  oxycarpa,  Prunus 
subrotunda  and  Prunus  vinaria. 

The  plum  in  which  the  world  is  chiefly  interested  is  the  Old  World 
Prunus  domestica.  The  Domestica  plums  are  not  only  the  best  known  of 
the  cultivated  plums,  having  been  cultivated  longest  and  being  most  widely 
distributed,  but  they  far  surpass  all  other  species,  both  in  the  quality  of 
the  prodtict  and  in  the  characters  which  make  a  tree  a  desirable  orchard 
plant.  How  much  of  this  superiority  is  due  to  the  greater  efforts  of  man 
in  domesticating  the  species  cannot  be  said,  for  the  natural  history  of 
this  plum,  whether  wild  or  under  cultivation,  is  but  poorly  known.  It  is 
not  even  certain  that  these  plums  constitute  a  distinct  species,  there  being 
several  hypotheses  as  to  the  origin  of  the  Domestica  varieties.  Three  of 
these  suppositions  must  be  considered. 

Many  botanists  hold  that  what  American  pomologists  call  the  species 
is  an  assemblage  of  several  botanical  divisions.  The  early  botanists  dis- 
tributed these  plums  in  botanical  varieties  of  one  species.  Thus  Linnaeus, 
in  1753,  divided  Prunus  domestica  into  fourteen  sub-species,  and  Seringe, 
in  1825,  made  eight  divisions  of  the  species.  Both  of  these  men  include 

1  Bechstein  Forstbot.  Ed.  5.  424.     1843. 

2  Schneider,  C.   K.  Hand.  Laub.  631.     1906. 


14  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

in  this  species,  among  others,  plums  which  we  now  place  in  Prunus  cerasi- 
fera,  the  Cherry  plums,  and  Prunus  insititia,  the  Damsons  and  Bullaces. 
Nearly  all  subsequent  botanists  who  have  not  made  two  or  more  species 
of  it  have  recognized  from  two  to  several  sub-divisions  of  Prunus  domestica. 
It  is  possible  that  what  are  called  the  Domestica  plums  should  be  distrib- 
uted among  several  botanical  divisions.  But  it  is  difficult  to  find  any 
differential  character  sufficiently  constant  to  distinguish  more  than  one 
species  for  the  several  hundred  varieties  of  these  plums  now  under  culti- 
vation. Nor  are  there  any  cleavage  lines  sufficiently  distinct  to  indicate 
that  the  edible  varieties  of  the  one  species  should  be  sub -grouped. 

In  coming  to  these  conclusions  the  writer  has  studied  about  three 
hundred  varieties  of  Domestica  plums  growing  on  the  grounds  of  this 
Station  and  about  half  as  many  more  growing  in  other  parts  of  the  country, 
the  whole  number  representing  all  of  the  various  species  and  sub-species 
which  other  workers  have  made.  The  differences  which  have  been  most 
used  to  classify  the  varieties  of  Domestica  in  several  botanic  divisions  have 
to  do  chiefly  with  the  fruit,  as  size,  shape,  color  and  flavor,  characters  so 
modified  by  cultivation  and  selection  that  they  are  artificial  and  transitory 
and  of  little  value  in  botanical  classification.  Moreover,  the  botanical 
groups  which  have  been  founded  on  these  characters  are  much  more  indis- 
tinct than  ordinarily  in  botany  because  of  the  merging  at  many  points 
of  one  group  into  another.  This  indistinctness  is  greatly  increasing  year 
by  year  through  the  intercrossing  of  varieties.  When  the  characters  of 
no  value  to  man,  and,  therefore,  little  modified  by  cultivation,  are  con- 
sidered, it  is  scarcely  possible  logically  to  place  Domestica  plums  in  more 
than  one  species  or  to  further  sub-divide  the  one  species. 

The  botanists  who  have  divided  the  Domestica  plums  into  either 
greater  or  lesser  botanical  groups  do  not  define  their  divisions  with  suffi- 
cient accuracy  to  make  them  clearly  recognizable.  Neither  do  they  give 
the  habitats  of  the  wild  progenitors  with  sufficient  certainty  to  carry  con- 
viction that  the  groups  were  brought  under  cultivation  from  separate 
ancestors.  Also,  the  several  botanists  who  hold  to  the  multiple  species 
theory  for  the  Domestica  plums  do  not  agree  as  to  the  limits  of  the  different 
groups  and  give  to  them  very  different  specific  or  variety  names,  showing 
that  they  have  widely  different  ideas  as  a  basis  for  their  classification. 

A  second  theory  is  that  Prunus  domestica  is  derived  from  Prunus 
spinosa  and  that  Prunus  insititia  is  an  intermediate  between  the  two.1 

'Bailey,  L.  H.  Cyc.  Am.  Hort.  M47-     1901;  Hudson  Fl.  Anglic.  212.    1778. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  15 

This  hypothesis  is  based  upon  the  supposition  that  when  Domestica  plums 
run  wild  they  revert  to  the  Insititia  or  Spinosa  form.  It  is  not  difficult 
to  test  this  theory.  A  study  of  the  origin  of  the  several  hundred  Domestica 
and  Insititia  plums  discussed  in  Chapters  III  and  IV  of  The  Plums  of 
New  York  does  not  show  for  any  one  of  them  a  tendency  to  reversion  or 
evolution  to  other  species;  nor  do  the  descriptions  indicate  that  there 
are  many,  if  any,  transitional  forms.  During  the  two  thousand  years 
they  have  been  cultivated  in  Europe  the  Old  World  plums  have  been 
constant  to  type.  Domestica  seedlings  vary  somewhat  but  they  do  not 
depart  greatly  from  a  well  marked  type.  Such  very  few  striking  departures 
as  there  seem  to  be  are  more  likely  to  have  arisen  through  crossing  with 
other  species  than  through  reversion  or  evolution.  This  Station  has  grown 
many  pure  seedlings  or  crosses  of  varieties  of  Domestica  within  the  species 
and  has  had  opportunity  of  examining  many  more  from  other  parts  of  the 
State,  and  none  of  these  show  reversion  to  the  other  two  Old  World  species. 
Nor,  as  we  shall  see,  is  there  much  in  what  is  known  of  the  history  of  these 
three  species  to  lead  to  the  belief  that  the  Domestica,  Insititia  and  Spinosa 
plums  constitute  but  one  wild  species  or  have  arisen  from  one. 

It  has  been  remarked  that  there  are  few,  if  any,  transitional  forms 
between  the  Domestica  and  other  European  plums.  It  is  a  significant 
fact  that  Prunus  domestica  can  be  hybridized  with  other  species  of  plums 
only  with  comparative  difficulty,  species  of  plums  as  a  rule  hybridizing 
very  freely.  This  is  as  true  with  the  Insititia  and  Spinosa  as  of  other 
plums,  there  being  few  recorded  hybrids  of  either  of  these  species  with  the 
one  under  discussion.  Quite  to  the  contrary  the  varieties  of  the  several 
pomological  groups  of  Domestica  plums  hybridize  very  freely.  If  all  were 
of  one  species  we  should  expect  many  hybrids  between  the  Domestica, 
Insititia  and  Spinosa  plums. 

We  are  now  left  with  the  third  hypothesis,  which  is,  as  we  have  indi- 
cated in  a  preceding  paragraph,  that  the  varieties  of  Domestica  plums 
belong  to  one  species;  or  if  they  have  come  from  more  than  one  species 
the  wild  forms  have  not  been  distinguished  and  must  have  grown  under 
much  more  nearly  similar  conditions  than  is  the  case  with  Prunus  domes- 
tica and  any  other  species.  Without  knowledge  of  more  than  one  wild 
form,  and  in  view  of  the  intercrossing  of  the  varieties  of  these  plums  it 
seems  best  to  consider  all  as  parts  of  one  species,  leaving  to  the  pomologist 
the  division  of  the  species  into  horticultural  groups  founded  on  the  char- 
acters which  make  the  fruit  valuable  for  cultivation. 


1 6  THE    PLUMS   OP   NEW   YORK. 

Assuming,  then,  that  the  plums  known  in  pomology  as  Domestica 
plums  belong  to  one  species,  the  original  habitat  of  the  species  may  be 
sought.  In  spite  of  the  great  number  of  varieties  of  plums  now  grown 
in  Europe  and  western  Asia,  and  the  importance  of  the  fruit  both  in  the 
green  and  dried  state,  the  history  of  the  plums  cannot  be  traced  with  much 
certainty  beyond  two  thousand  years.  Though  stones,  without  doubt  those 
of  the  Insititia  or  Damson  and  the  Spinosa  or  Blackthorn  plums,  are  found 
in  the  remains  of  the  lake  dwellings  in  central  Europe1  the  pits  of  Domes- 
tica plums  have  not  yet  come  to  light.  In  the  summer  of  1909  the  writer, 
in  visiting  historic  Pompeii,  became  interested  in  the  illustrations  of  fruits 
in  the  frescoes  of  the  ancient  buildings,  but  neither  in  the  houses  of  the 
ruined  city  nor  in  the  frescoes  in  the  museums  in  Naples  could  he  find 
plums,  though  several  other  fruits,  as  apples,  pears,  figs  and  grapes  were 
many  times  illustrated.  An  examination  of  the  remains  of  plants  pre- 
served in  the  museum  at  Naples  taken  from  under  the  ashes  and  pumice 
covering  Pompeii  gave  the  same  results.  No  stone-fruits  were  to  be  found, 
though  if  widely  used  these  should  have  been  on  sale  in  the  markets  of 
Pompeii  at  the  time  of  the  destruction  of  the  city,  which  occurred  late  in 
August, — the  very  time  of  the  year  at  which  the  examination  was  made 
and  at  which  time  plums  were  everywhere  for  sale  in  Rome.  This  obser- 
vation is  but  another  indication  that  plums  were  not  well-known  before 
the  beginning  of  Christianity,  since  Pompeii  was  destroyed  in  79  A.  D. 
In  Greek  literature  the  references  to  plums  are  few  before  the  Christian  era 
and  these  are  more  likely  to  some  form  of  Insititia,  as  the  Damsons,  rather 
than  to  the  Domesticas. 

Pliny  gives  the  first  clear  account  of  Domestica  plums  and  speaks 
of  them  as  if  they  had  been  but  recently  introduced.  His  account  is  as 
follows:'  "  Next  comes  a  vast  number  of  varieties  of  the  plum,  the  parti- 
colored, the  black,  the  white,  the  barley  plum,  so-called  because  it  is  ripe 
at  Barley  harvest,  and  another  of  the  same  color  as  the  last,  but  which 
ripens  later,  and  is  of  a  larger  size,  generally  known  as  the  'Asinina,'  from 
the  little  esteem  in  which  it  is  held.  There  are  the  onychina,  too,  the 
cerina, — more  esteemed,  and  the  purple  plum;  the  Armenian,  also  an 
exotic  from  foreign  parts,  the  only  one  among  the  plums  that  recommends 
itself  by  its  smell.  The  plum  tree  grafted  on  the  nut  exhibits  what  we 
may  call  a  piece  of  impudence  quite  its  own,  for  it  produces  a  fruit  that 
has  all  the  appearance  of  the  parent  stock,  together  with  the  juice  of  the 

•Heer  Pflanz.  Pfahlb.  27,  fig.  16. 

J  Bostock  and  Riley  Nat.  Hist,  of  Pliny  3:294.     1892. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK  17 

adopted  fruit;  in  consequence  of  its  being  thus  compounded  of  both,  it 
is  known  by  the  name  of  '  nuci-pruna.'  Nut -prunes,  as  well  as  the  peach, 
the  wild  plum  and  the  cerina,  are  often  put  in  casks  and  so  kept  till  the 
crop  comes  of  the  following  year.  All  the  other  varieties  ripen  with  the 
greatest  rapidity  and  pass  off  just  as  quickly.  More  recently,  in  Baetica, 
they  have  begun  to  introduce  what  they  call  '  malina,'  or  the  fruit  of  the 
plum  engrafted  on  the  apple  tree,  and  '  amygdalina,'  the  fruit  of  the  plum 
engrafted  on  the  almond  tree,  the  kernel  found  in  the  stone  of  these  last 
being  that  of  the  almond.  Indeed,  there  is  no  specimen  in  which  two 
fruits  have  been  more  ingeniously  combined  in  one.  Among  the  foreign 
trees  we  have  already  spoken  of  the  Damascene  plum,  so-called  from 
Damascus,  in  Syria,  but  introduced  long  since  into  Italy,  though  the  stone 
of  this  plum  is  larger  than  usual,  and  the  flesh  small  in  quantity.  This 
plum  will  never  dry  so  far  as  to  wrinkle ;  to  effect  that,  it  needs  the  sun  of 
its  own  native  country.  The  myxa,  too,  may  be  mentioned  as  being  the 
fellow  countryman  of  the  Damascene;  it  has  of  late  been  introduced  into 
Rome  and  has  been  grown  engrafted  upon  the  sorb." 

While  the  records  are  somewhat  vague  it  is  probable  that  the  Domes- 
tica  plums  came  from  the  region  about  the  Caucasus  Mountains  and  the 
Caspian  Sea  and  especially  the  section  east  of  these  mountains  and  the  sea. 
What  seems  to  be  the  wild  form  of  this  species  has  been  found  by  several 
botanists  in  this  great  region.1  Here  the  Huns,  Turks,  Mongols  and  Tar- 
tars, flowing  back  and  forth  in  tides  of  war-like  migration,  maintained 
in  times  of  peace  a  crude  agriculture  probably  long  before  the  Greeks  and 
Romans  tilled  the  soil.  The  plum  was  one  of  their  fruits  and  the  dried 
prune  a  staple  product.  Here,  still,  to  the  east,  west  and  north  toward 
central  Asia,  plums  are  among  the  common  fruits  and  prunes  are  common 
articles  of  trade.  Even  in  the  fertile  oases  of  the  great  central  Asian 
desert,  plums  are  cultivated,  but  whether  domesticated  here  or  brought 
from  elsewhere  cannot  be  told.  Koch,2  speaking  of  prunes  in  particular, 
gives  the  following  account  (translated)  of  their  Asiatic  origin: 

"  According  to  my  investigation  Turkestan  and  the  southern  Altai 
Mountains  are  the  place  of  origin.  When  in  the  year  1844  I  found  myself 
in  Baku  on  the  west  coast  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  I  had  plenty  of  opportunity 
to  draw  accounts  of  the  fruits  of  their  native  lands  from  the  Turkestan 
and  Bokharan  merchants,  and  was  astonished  over  the  high  cultivation 
of  stone  fruits  in  these  places — at  the  same  time  I  was  able  to  taste  dried 
the  most  choice  because  best  flavored,  the  Ali-Bokhara,  that  is  Bokhara 

1  Koch,  K.  Dend.  1:94,  96.     1869.     Ledebour.  Fl.  Ross.  2:5.     1829.     Boissier.  Fl.  Orient.  2:652. 
J  Koch,  K.  Dent.  Obst.  146.     1876. 


1 8  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

prune.  Some  of  these  Bokharan  prunes  were  transplanted  a  long  time  ago 
to  Trans-Caucasia  and  were  especially  cultivated  in  the  ancient  city  and 
residence  of  the  Ruler  of  the  modern  Elizabethpol.  Unfortunately  the 
cultivation  is  less  now  than  in  earlier  times.  A  further  spread  toward  the 
west  and  toward  Europe,  I  have  not  been  able  to  follow.  In  Greece,  the 
prunes  are  even  to-day  an  unknown  fruit." 

At  about  the  time  Pliny  wrote,  or  somewhat  before,  communication 
had  been  opened  between  the  Romans  and  the  countries  about  the  Caspian 
Sea,  and  a  few  centuries  later  the  devastating  hordes  of  Asiatics  came 
westward  and  for  several  centuries  continued  to  pour  into  eastern  Europe. 
What  more  probable  than  that  they  should  have  carried  dried  prunes  as 
an  article  of  food  in  the  invasions,  and  eventually,  as  they  made  settlements 
here  and  there,  have  introduced  the  trees  in  Europe.  It  is  certain,  at  any 
rate,  as  we  shall  see,  that  several  of  the  groups  of  cultivated  plums  trace  back 
to  the  Balkan  countries  of  Europe  and  the  region  eastward.  There,  now 
as  then,  the  plum  is  a  standard  fruit  and  prune-making  a  great  industry. 

The  plum  when  first  known  in  Europe,  as  described  by  Pliny  and  other 
early  writers,  seems  to  have  been  a  large  and  well-flavored  fruit,  indicating 
that  it  had  been  under  cultivation  for  a  long  while.  This,  and  the  fact 
that  the  fruit  was  not  known  by  the  earliest  writers  on  agriculture,  indicate 
that  the  plum  was  not  originally  an  inhabitant  of  southern  Europe,  as 
some  suppose.  It  is  likely  that  the  tree  has  escaped  from  cultivation 
and  become  naturalized  in  the  localities  where  it  is  now  supposed  to  grow 
wild.  Prunus  domestica  has  not  been  found  wild  nor  under  cultivation  in 
eastern  Asia,  so  far  as  can  be  learned  by  the  botanical  and  horticultural 
explorers  of  China  and  nearby  regions,  Prunus  triflora  being  the  domesti- 
cated plum  of  that  part  of  the  continent,  though  it  may  well  be  surmised 
that  some  of  the  Domestica  plums  are  cultivated  in  western  China,  a 
region  as  yet  but  imperfectly  explored  for  its  plants. 

Having  briefly  sketched  the  origin  of  the  Domestica  plums  in  the 
Old  World  we  may  now  consider  their  history  in  the  New  World — a  more 
satisfactory  task,  as  data  are  abundant  and  reliable. 

The  Domestica  plums  are  valuable  food-producing  trees  in  America 
but  have  not  attained  here  the  relative  importance  among  fruits  that 
they  hold  in  Europe.  From  the  earliest  records  of  fruit-growing  in  the 
New  World  the  plum  has  been  grown  less  than  the  apple,  pear,  peach 
or  cherry,  while  in  Europe  it  is  a  question  if  it  does  not  rank  first  or  second 
among  the  tree-fruits.  The  comparatively  restricted  area  which  the 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  ig 

Domestica  plums  now  occupy  in  America  is  due,  perhaps,  to  the  fact  that 
they  do  not  possess  in  as  high  degree  as  the  fruits  named  above  the  power 
of  adaptation  to  the  trans-Atlantic  environment.  Without  question  the 
feature  of  environment  most  uncongenial  to  plums  in  America  is  the  climate. 
The  plum  thrives  best  in  an  equable  climate  like  that  of  eastern  and  southern 
Europe  and  of  western  America,  and  cannot  endure  such  extremes  of 
heat  and  cold,  wet  and  dry,  as  are  found  in  parts  of  eastern  America  and 
in  the  Mississippi  Valley.  At  best  this  fruit  lacks  in  what  is  called  con- 
stitution, or  ability  to  withstand  adverse  conditions  of  any  kind,  whether 
of  climate,  culture,  insects  or  fungi.  Thus  in  America  this  plum  suffers 
severely  not  only  from  climate  but  from  several  parasites,  as  curculio, 
black -knot,  leaf-blight,  plum-pockets  and  other  pests. 

We  find,  therefore,  that  in  North  America  the  Domestica  plums  are 
confined  to  favored  localities  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  the  Great  Lakes 
region  and  the  Pacific  coast.  In  the  first  named  area  they  are  to  be  found 
thriving  to  a  limited  degree  in  Nova  Scotia  and  parts  of  Quebec,  some- 
what in  central  New  England,  and  particularly  well  in  the  fruit- 
growing sections  of  New  York,  especially  in  the  parts  of  this  State  where 
the  climate  is  made  equable  by  large  bodies  of  water.  South  of  New  York, 
excepting  in  a  few  localities  in  Pennsylvania,  but  few  plums  of  this  species 
are  grown.  The  Domestica  plums  are  grown  with  indifferent  success  in 
southern  Ontario  and  in  Michigan,  and  now  and  then  an  orchard  is  found 
to  the  south  almost  to  the  Gulf.  In  the  great  Valley  of  the  Mississippi 
and  in  the  states  of  the  plains  this  plum  is  hardly  known.  Westward  in 
the  irrigated  valleys  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Great  Basin,  the 
climate  is  favorable  and  the  European  plums  are  nearly  as  well-known  as 
in  any  other  portion  of  the  continent  excepting  the  Pacific  Coast. 

It  is  in  the  last  named  region  that  the  foreign  plum  reaches  its  highest 
development  in  the  New  World.  The  trees  in  California,  Oregon  and 
Washington  are  very  thrifty  and  the  plums  are  of  large  size,  handsome . 
appearance  and  of  high  quality.  Both  tree  and  fruit  in  this  favored 
region  are  free  from  most  of  the  insect  and  fungus  troubles  with  which  the 
eastern  plum-growers  must  contend.  Curculio  and  black -knot,  scourges  of 
eastern  orchards,  are  not  troublesome  on  the  western  coast.  In  this  region 
the  Domesticas,  practically  the  only  plums  cultivated,  succeed  on  either 
irrigated  or  naturally  watered  lands. 

It  is  probable  that  some  of  these  plums  were  introduced  into  America 
by  the  first  colonists,  but  if  so,  the  early  records  do  not  show  that  the  fruit 


2O  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

was  much  grown  in  this  country  until  toward  the  end  of  the  Eighteenth 
Century.  Certainly  during  the  first  two  centuries  of  colonization  in  the 
New  World  there  were  no  such  plum  plantations  as  there  were  of 
the  apple,  pear  and  cherry.  Among  the  first  importations  of  plums  were 
those  made  by  the  French  in  Canada,  more  particularly  in  Nova  Scotia, 
Cape  Breton,  Prince  Edward  Island  and  in  favored  situations  such  as  the 
L' Islet  County  and  the  Island  of  Montreal  bordering  and  in  the  St.  Law- 
rence River. 

Peter  Kalm  in  his  Travels  into  North  America  in  1771  records  the 
culture  of  plums  as  far  north  as  Quebec  with  the  statement  that  "  Plum 
trees  of  different  sorts  brought  over  from  France  succeed  very  well  here," 
adding  further,  "  The  winters  do  not  hurt  them."  '  There  are  other  records 
to  show  that  the  French,  always  distinguished  for  their  horticultural  tastes, 
if  not  the  first  to  grow  this  fruit  in  America,  at  least  began  its  culture  at 
a  very  early  date. 

In  the  voyages  undertaken  for  exploration  and  commerce  soon  after 
the  discovery  of  America  by  Columbus  the  peach  was  introduced  in  Amer- 
ica by  the  Spanish ;  for  soon  after  permanent  settlement  had  been  made 
in  the  South  the  settlers  found  this  fruit  in  widespread  cultivation  by 
the  Indians  and  its  origin  could  only  be  traced  to  the  Spaniards  who 
early  visited  Florida  and  the  Gulf  region.  William  Penn  wrote  as  early 
as  1683  that  there  were  very  good  peaches  in  Pennsylvania;  "not  an 
Indian  plantation  was  without  them."  *  The  abundance  of  this  fruit  was 
noted  by  all  the  early  travelers  in  the  region  from  Pennsylvania  south- 
ward and  westward  but  though  the  wild  plums  are  often  mentioned  there 
are  no  records  of  cultivated  plums  until  the'  colonies  had  long  been 
established. 

In  Massachusetts  some  plums  were  planted  by  the  Pilgrims,  for  Francis 
Higginson,  writing  in  1629,  says:  "  Our  Governor  hath  already  planted 
a  vineyard  with  great  hope  of  increase.  Also  mulberries,  plums,  raspber- 
ries, corrance,  chestnuts,  filberts,  walnuts,  smalnuts,  hurtleberries."  3  The 
plums  were  Damsons,  as  a  statement  is  made  a  little  later  that  the  "  Red 
Kentish  is  the  only  cherry  and  the  Damson  the  only  plum  cultivated." 
A  further  reference  to  this  plum  is  made  by  John  Josselyn,  when,  writing 
of  a  voyage  to  New  England  in  1663,  he  says,  "  The  Quinces,  Cherries, 

1  Kalm,  Peter  Travels  into  North  America  3:240.    1771. 
*  Watson's  Annals  of  Philadelphia  1:17.     1844. 
1  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  Collections,  ist  Ser.  1:118. 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  21 

Damsons,  set  the  dames  a  work,  marmalad  and  preserved  Damsons  is  to 
be  met  with  in  every  house."  ' 

In  1797  there  is  the  following  concise  account  of  the  plums  cultivated 
in  New  England:2 

'  The  better  sorts  which  are  cultivated  are  the  horse  plum,  a  very 
pleasant  tasted  fruit,  of  large  size;  the  peach  plum,  red  toward  the  sun, 
with  an  agreeable  tartness;  the  pear  plum,  so-called  from  its  shape,  which 
is  sweet,  and  of  an  excellent  taste ;  the  wheat  plum,  extremely  sweet,  oval, 
and  furrowed  in  the  middle,  not  large;  the  green -gage  plum,  which  is 
generally  preferred  before  all  the  rest." 

A  search  in  the  colonial  records  of  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey  and 
Delaware  shows  no  records  of  cultivated  plums  in  these  states  until  the 
establishment  of  the  Bartram  Botanic  Garden  near  Philadelphia  in  1728. 
Here  John  Bartram  grew  fruits,  trees  and  flowers  of  many  kinds  received 
through  exchanges  of  indigenous  species  with  European  correspondents. 
Among  the  plants  sent  over  from  Europe  to  Bartram  were  several  varie- 
ties of  plums  which  were  propagated  and  distributed  throughout  Penn- 
sylvania and  nearby  provinces.  It  must  not  be  supposed,  however,  that 
the  Domestica  plums  had  not  been  grown  in  Pennsylvania  previous  to 
Bartram's  time.  The  plum  grows  fairly  well  in  localities  of  this  region, 
and  without  question  it  had  been  planted  by  the  early  colonists  with  seeds 
brought  from  across  the  sea.  But  the  absence  of  references  to  the  plum, 
where  they  abound  to  the  apple,  pear,  peach,  quince  and  cherry,  shows 
that  this  fruit  was  not  much  cultivated  by  the  Quakers  and  Swedes  who 
settled  in  the  three  states  watered  by  the  Delaware. 

In  the  southern  colonies  the  Domestica  plums  grow  but  poorly,  and 
as  the  early  settlers  of  these  states  were  chiefly  concerned  with  tobacco 
and  cotton,  paying  little  attention  to  fruits,  we  should  expect  the  plum 
to  have  been  neglected.  Then,  too,  the  peach,  escaped  from  the  early 
Spanish  settlements,  grew  spontaneously  in  many  parts  of  the  South, 
furnishing,  with  the  wild  plums  of  the  region,  an  abundant  supply  of  stone- 
fruits.  Yet  the  plum  was  early  introduced  in  several  of  the  southern 
colonies. 

Thus  Beverly,3  writing  in  1722  of  Virginia,  says:  '  Peaches,  Necta- 
rines and  Apricocks,  as  well  as  plums  and  cherries,  grow  there  upon  standard 

1  Josselyn,  John,  Gent.  New  England  Rarities  London.  1672. 

1  Samuel  Deane,  D.D.  The  New  England  Farmer  or  Georgical  Dictionary  265.    1797. 

8  Beverly,  Robert  History  of  Virginia  279.     1722.       Reprint 


22  THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 

trees,"  with  the  further  statement  that  these  fruits  grew  so  exceedingly 
well  that  there  was  no  need  of  grafting  or  inoculating  them.  Lawson,1 
in  his  history  of  North  Carolina,  written  in  1714,  says  that  the  Damson, 
Damazeen  and  a  large,  round,  black  plum  were  the  only  sorts  of  this  fruit 
grown  in  that  state  in  1714. 

In  South  Carolina  Henry  Laurens,  who  should  be  accounted  a  bene- 
factor not  only  of  that  State  but  of  the  whole  country  as  well,  about  the 
middle  of  the  Eighteenth  Century  grew  in  Laurens  Square  in  the  Town  of 
Amonborough  all  the  plants  suitable  to  that  climate  that  widely  extended 
merchantile  connections  enabled  him  to  procure.  Thus  among  fruits  he 
grew  olives,  limes,  Alpine  strawberries,  European  raspberries  and  grapes, 
apples,  pears  and  plums.  John  Watson,  one  of  Laurens'  gardeners,  planted 
the  first  nursery  in  South  Carolina.  His  plantation  was  laid  waste  in  the 
Revolution,  though  it  was  afterwards  revived  by  himself  and  his  descen- 
dants and  was  still  further  continued  by  Robert  Squib.  The  plum  in 
several  varieties  was  largely  grown  and  distributed  from  this  nursery. 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  was  at  the  beginning  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century  the  southern  center  of  horticultural  activities  and  the  European 
plum  was  widely  distributed  from  here  at  this  time.  Of  the  several  botanic 
gardens,  really  nurseries,  in  Charleston,  one  was  conducted  by  Andre" 
Michaux  who  was  sent  by  the  French  Government  in  1786  to  collect  Amer- 
ican plants.  Another  was  owned  by  John  Champneys  at  St.  Pauls,  near 
Charleston,  and  was  managed  by  a  Mr.  Williamson  who  grew  all  of  the 
species  of  trees,  fruits  and  shrubs,  native  and  foreign,  which  could  be 
procured.2  The  third  of  these  gardens  was  owned  by  Charles  Dray  ton 
at  St.  Andrews  in  which  not  only  exotic  fruits  were  grown  but  those  of  the 
region  as  well.  The  plum  trees  frequently  mentioned  in  the  records  of 
the  time  as  growing  in  this  region  came  from  these  nurseries. 

In  Florida,  as  has  been  stated,  the  peach  was  introduced  by  the  Span- 
ish explorers,  but  if  the  plum  were  also  planted  by  the  Spaniards  it  quickly 
passed  out  with  the  cessation  of  cultivation.  But  later  there  are  records' 
of  this  and  nearly  all  of  the  fruits  of  temperate  and  sub-tropic  climates 
having  been  grown  at  St.  Augustine  and  Pensacola.  In  the  remarkable 
colony4  founded  by  Dr.  Andrew  Turnbull  at  New  Smyrna,  Florida,  in 

'Lawson,  John  History  of  North  Carolina  no.    1714. 
'Ramsey's  History  of  South  Carolina  2:128,  129,  Ed.    1858. 
8  Forbes,  James  Grant  Sketches  of  the  Floridas  87,  91,  170.    1821. 

4  In  1763  Dr.  Andrew  Turnbull  established  a  colony  of    fifteen  hundred  Greeks  and  Minorcans 
at  New  Smyrna,  Florida,  for  the  cultivation  of  sugar  and  indigo.     But  they  cultivated  other  plants 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  23 

1763,  the  plum  was  one  of  the  fruits  cultivated.  It  is  not  probable,  how- 
ever, that  the  culture  of  this  fruit  was  ever  extensive  in  Florida  as  it  does 
not  thrive  there. 

William  Bartram,  son  of  John  Bartram  the  founder  of  the  Bartram 
Botanic  Garden,  set  out  on  a  botanical  expedition  through  the  Southern 
States  in  1773,  which  lasted  five  years.  He  records  '  numerous  observa- 
tions on  the  horticulture  of  both  the  colonists  and  the  Indians.  At  Savan- 
nah, Georgia,  he  found  gardens  furnished  with  all  the  cultivated  fruit 
trees  and  flowers  in  variety.  One  of  the  earliest  settlements  made  by 
the  English  in  Georgia  was  Frederica,  and  here  he  found  the  peach,  fig, 
pomegranate  and  other  trees  and  shrubs  growing  about  the  ruins ;  though 
not  specifically  mentioned,  the  plum  had  probably  been  planted  here  with 
the  other  fruits.  At  the  junction  of  the  Coose  and  Tallapoosa  rivers  in  Ala- 
bama, there  were  thriving  apple  trees,  which  had  been  set  by  the  French 
at  Pearl  Island  in  the  last  named  state.  Between  Mobile  and  New  Orleans, 
Bartram  found  peaches,  figs,  grapes,  plums  and  other  fruits  growing  to 
a  high  degree  of  perfection  and  such  also  was  the  case  on  a  plantation  on 
the  Mississippi  in  Louisiana  near  Baton  Rouge. 

These  several  references  to  plums  show  that  this  fruit  was  at  least 
tried  in  early  colonial  times,  but  it  was  not  until  after  the  establishment 
of  fruit-growing  as  an  industry  that  any  extensive  plantings  were  made. 
Pomology  really  began  in  America,  though  it  languished  for  the  first  half- 
century,  at  Flushing,  Long  Island,  about  1730  with  the  establishment 
of  a  commercial  nursery  by  Robert  Prince,  first  of  four  proprietors.  Just 
when  this  nursery,  afterwards  the  famous  Linnaean  Botanic  Garden, 
began  to  offer  plums  cannot  be  said,  but  in  1767  one  of  their  advertise- 
ments shows  that  they  were  selling  plum  trees.  As  a  possible  indication 
that  the  fruit  was  not  highly  esteemed  at  this  period,  an  advertisement 
of  trees  for  sale  from  this  nursery  in  the  New  York  Mercury  of  March  i4th, 
1774,  does  not  offer  plums.  But  in  1794  the  catalog  of  the  nursery  offers 
plums  in  variety.  Indeed,  as  we  shall  see,  William  Prince  had  at  this 
time  taken  hold  of  the  propagation  and  improvement  of  the  Domestica 
plums  with  great  earnestness. 

William  Prince,  third  proprietor  of  the  nursery  founded  by  his  grand- 
father says  in  his  Treatise'  of  Horticulture,*  "that  his  father,  about  the 

as  well,  among  the  fruits  grown  there  being  the  grape,  peach,  plum,  fig,  pomegranate,  olive  and 
orange.  Forbes,  James  Grant  Sketches  of  the  Floridas  91.  1821. 

1  Bartram,  William  Travels  Through  North  and  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  East  and  West  Florida, 
etc.  Dublin:  1793. 

3  Prince,  William  Treatise  of  Horticulture  24.    1828. 


24  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

year  1790  planted  the  pits  of  twenty-five  quarts  of  Green  Gage  plums; 
these  produced  trees  yielding  fruit  of  every  color;  and  the  White  Gage 
[Prince's  Imperial  Gage],  Red  Gage  and  Prince's  Gage,  now  so  well  known, 
form  part  of  the  progeny  of  these  plums,  and  there  seems  strong  presump- 
tive evidence  to  suppose  that  the  Washington  Plum  was  one  of  the  same 
collection."  In  1828  the  Prince  nursery  was  offering  for  sale  one  hundred 
and  forty  varieties  of  plums  which  William  Prince  states  '  "  are  a  selection 
only  of  the  choicest  kinds,  in  making  which,  the  commoner  fruits  have 
been  altogether  rejected."  Of  the  kinds  grown,  there  were  over  twenty 
thousand  trees.2  To  this  nursery,  to  William  Prince  and  to  William  Robert 
Prince,3  the  fourth  proprietor  in  particular,  belong  the  credit  of  having 
given  plum-growing  its  greatest  impetus  in  America. 

Other  notable  nurseries  founded  at  the  close  of  the  Eighteenth  Cen- 
tury, which  helped  to  establish  plum  culture  in  America,  were  those  of  the 
Kenricks,  of  William  Coxe,  and  of  David  Landreth  and  Son.  The  Ken- 
rick  Nursery  was  founded  in  1790  at  Newton,  Massachusetts,  by  John 
Kenrick,  under  whom  and  his  sons,  William  and  John  A.,  the  business 
was  continued  until  1870."  During  a  large  part  of  this  period  the  Kenrick 
Nursery  probably  grew,  imported  and  disposed  of  a  greater  quantity  of 
fruit  trees  than  any  other  nursery  in  New  England.  Coxe's  nursery  was 
established  in  1806,  at  Burlington,  New  Jersey,  but  he  had  been  growing 
fruit  for  many  years  previous  and  was  thus  a  pioneer  pomologist  before 

1  Ibid.  p.  28. 

*  Prince,  William  Treatise  of  Horticulture  23.    1828. 

1  The  frontispiece  of  The  Plums  of  New  York,  showing  a  likeness  of  William  Robert  Prince, 
dedicates  the  book  to  this  distinguished  American  pomologist.  It  is  appropriate  that  the  following 
biographical  sketch  of  Mr.  Prince,  written  for  The  Grapes  of  New  York,  should  be  reprinted  here. 
"  William  Robert  Prince,  fourth  proprietor  of  the  Prince  Nursery  and  Linnaean  Botanic  Garden, 
Flushing,  Long  Island,  was  born  in  1795  and  died  in  1869.  Prince  was  without  question  the  most 
capable  horticulturist  of  his  time  and  an  economic  botanist  of  note.  His  love  of  horticulture  and 
botany  was  a  heritage  from  at  least  three  paternal  ancestors,  all  noted  in  these  branches  of  science, 
and  all  of  whom  he  apparently  surpassed  in  mental  capacity,  intellectual  training  and  energy.  He 
was  a  prolific  writer,  being  the  author  of  three  horticultural  works  which  will  always  take  high  rank 
among  those  of  Prince's  time.  These  were :  A  Treatise  on  the  Vine,  Pomological  Manual,  in  two 
volumes,  and  the  Manual  of  Roses,  beside  which  he  was  a  lifelong  contributor  to  the  horticultural 
press.  All  of  Prince's  writings  are  characterized  by  a  clear,  vigorous  style  and  by  accuracy  in  state- 
ment. His  works  are  almost  wholly  lacking  the  ornate  and  pretentious  furbelows  of  most  of  his 
contemporaries  though  it  must  be  confessed  that  he  fell  into  the  then  common  fault  of  following 
European  writers  somewhat  slavishly.  During  the  lifetime  of  William  R.  Prince,  and  that  of  his 
father,  William  Prince,  who  died  in  1842,  the  Prince  Nursery  at  Flushing  was  the  center  of  the  hor- 
ticultural nursery  interests  of  the  country;  it  was  the  clearing-house  for  foreign  and  American 
horticultural  plants,  for  new  varieties  and  for  information  regarding  plants  of  all  kinds." 

4  Manning,  Robert  Hist.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  33.    1880. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  25 

becoming  a  nurseryman.  In  his  book,  A  View  of  the  Cultivation  of  Fruit 
Trees,  published  in  1817,  the  first  American  book  on  pomology,  he  says' 
he  had  been  "  for  many  years  actively  engaged  in  the  rearing,  planting 
and  cultivating  of  fruit  trees  on  a  scale  more  extensive  than  has  been 
attempted  by  any  other  individual  of  this  country."  The  third  of  these 
nurseries,  that  of  David  Landreth  and  Son,  was  conducted  in  connection 
with  the  seed  establishment  of  that  family  founded  in  Philadelphia  in  1784. 
Their  collection  of  fruits  was  among  the  most  extensive  of  the  time  and 
must  have  forwarded  the  cultivation  of  the  plum  in  that  region.1 

A  century  ago  the  fruit-growing  of  the  country  was  largely  in  the  hands 
of  amateurs  and  patrons  of  horticulture.  Many  varieties  of  plums  must 
have  been  introduced  by  these  lovers  of  plants.  Among  such  growers 
of  fruit  was  William  Hamilton  of  Philadelphia,  who  introduced  the  Lom- 
bardy  poplar  in  1784,  and  who  in  1800  was  growing  all  the  plants  and  fruits 
procurable  in  Europe.  Ezekiel  Henry  Derby  of  Salem,  Massachusetts,  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Massachusetts  Society  for  Promoting  Agriculture,  grew 
many  choice  foreign  plants  in  his  garden,  greenhouse,  orchard  and  arboretum, 
and  attained  well  merited  fame  as  a  horticulturist.3  Dr.  David  Hosack, 
botanist  and  founder  in  1801  of  the  Elgin  Botanic  Gardens  in  what  is  now 
New  York  City,  was  one  of  the  most  distinguished  patrons  of  pomology  of 
his  time  and  grew  many  new  fruits  and  plants  from  Europe,  afterwards 
placing  them  in  the  hands  of  the  horticulturists  of  the  country.4 

These  are  but  a  very  few  of  the  many  men  who,  having  wealth  and 
leisure,  were  engaged  in  growing  fruits  and  plants  as  an  avocation  but 
were  adding  greatly  to  the  material  and  knowledge  of  those  to  whom  fruit- 
growing was  a  vocation.  As  a  further  example  of  how  much  these  men 
contributed  to  horticulture,  a  purchase  made  by  a  member  of  the  New  York 
Horticultural  Society  may  be  cited.  At  a  meeting  of  the  Society  held  in 
July,  1822,  he  mentioned  a  list  of  fruit  trees  which  he  had  purchased  in 
Europe,  comprising  784  varieties.5 

The  period  during  which  American  pomology  may  be  said  to  have 
been  in  the  hands  of  wealthy  amateurs  began  shortly  after  the  close  of 
the  Revolution  and  did  not  fully  merge  into  that  of  commercial  pomology 
until  the  close  of  the  Civil  War.  Soon  after  the  beginning  of  the  Nineteenth 

1  Coxe,  William  A  View  of  the  Cultivation  of  Fruit  Trees  6.    1817. 
1  Landreth's  Rural  Register  and  Almanac.    1872  and  1874. 

3  Bulletin  of  the  Essex  Institute  2:23. 

4  Downing,  A.  J.  Hovey's  Mag.  3:5.     1837. 

5  Boston  Palladium,  Sept.  9,   1822. 


26  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Century,  horticulture,  in  fact  all  agriculture,  was  greatly  stimulated  by 
the  publication  of  agricultural  books'  and  magazines'  and  the  formation 
of  agricultural  and  horticultural  societies.3  The  frequency  of  the  names 
of  these  publications  of  a  century  ago  in  The  Plums  of  New  York  is  an 
indication  of  the  contributions  they  made  to  the  culture  of  the  plum. 

Having  briefly  outlined  the  history  of  the  Domestica  plums,  we  come 
now  to  a  discussion  of  what  we  have  under  cultivation  in  this  fruit.  The 
Domestica  plums,  950  or  more  mentioned  in  this  text,  may  be  divided  into 
several  more  or  less  distinct  pomological  groups.  These  groups  are  of 
interest  because  in  their  history  the  evolution  of  the  plum  under  con- 
sideration is  further  developed ;  because  such  groups  are  serviceable  to 
plum-growers,  as  each  division  has  adaptation  for  particular  conditions  or 
particular  purposes;  and  because  of  their  value  to  the  breeder  of  plums 
since  the  largest  and  best  differentiated  groups,  as  a  rule,  have  their 
characters  most  strongly  fixed  and  may  be  relied  upon  to  best  transmit 
them  to  their  offspring. 

Groups  of  plums  in  pomology  are  founded  for  most  part  upon  the 
characters  of  the  fruit  since  these  are  most  readily  recognized  by  fruit- 
growers. Yet  whenever  possible,  leaf,  flower  and  tree -characters  are  con- 
sidered. The  name  given  is  usually  that  of  the  best  known  variety  in  the 
group  though  in  some  of  the  divisions  the  name  is  that  of  the  variety  which 
seems  to  be  intermediate  in  character  between  the  other  members  of 
the  group. 

The  groups  of  plums  recognized  by  pomologists  were  far  more  distinct 
as  we  go  back  in  their  history.  For,  in  the  past,  each  fruit-growing  region 

'The  horticultural  books  published  in  America  between  1779  and  1825  were:  The  Gardener's 
Kalender  by  Mrs.  Martha  Logan,  Charleston:  1779;  The  American  Gardener  by  John  Gardiner  and 
David  Hepburn,  Washington:  1804;  The  American  Gardener's  Calendar  by  Bernard  McMahon, 
Philadelphia:  1806;  A  View  of  the  Cultivation  of  Fruit  Trees  by  William  Cox,  Philadelphia:  1817; 
The  American  Practical  Gardener  by  an  Old  Gardener,  Baltimore:  1819;  The  Gentleman's  and  Gar- 
dener's Kalendar  by  Grant  Thorburn,  New  York:  1821;  American  Gardener  by  William  Cobbett, 
New  York:  1819;  and  The  American  Orchardist  by  James  Thacher,  M.  D.,  Boston:  1822. 

*  During  the  quarter  ending  in   1825  two  agricultural  publications  were  in  existence  in  the 
United  States:  The  American  Farmer,  established  in  Baltimore  in  1819,  and  the  New  England  Farmer, 
founded  in  Boston  in  1822.     To  these  should  be  added  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Repository, 
not  a  journal  in  the  strict  sense  of  the  word  but  published  by  the  Massachusetts  Society  for  Pro- 
moting Agriculture,  established  in  1793,  and  continued  until  the  New  England  Farmer  was  started 
•n   1822.     The  Repository  was  the  first  agricultural  periodical  of  the  New  World. 

*  At  least  three  agricultural  societies  were  founded  soon  after  the  close  of  the  Revolution;  the 
Philadelphia   Society  for  Promoting  Agriculture  and  the  Agricultural  Society  of  South   Carolina 
were  founded  in  1785,  and  the  Massachusetts  Society  for  Promoting  Agriculture  in  1792,  while  the 
first  strictly  horticultural  society,  the  New  York  Horticultural  Society,  was  not  established  until  1818. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  27 

had  a  pomology  of  its  own  in  which  the  varieties  of  any  fruit  were  few 
and  similar,  constituting  but  one,  or  at  most  a  very  few  types.  The  var- 
ious groups  of  plums,  therefore,  largely  represent  distinct  plum-growing 
regions.  With  the  increase  in  intercourse  between  the  countries  of  the 
world,  cultivated  plums  have  been  taken  from  place  to  place  and  as  new 
varieties  have  originated,  often  from  crosses  between  varieties,  the  divid- 
ing lines  between  divisions  have  been  more  or  less  broken  down.  The 
first  of  the  groups  to  be  considered  is: — 

The  Reine  Claude  or  Green  Gage  Plums. — This  group  is  so  distinctive 
in  several  characters  that  some  botanists  and  pomologists  separate  it 
from  other  Domestica  plums  as  a  sub-species  or  species1  and  in  common 
parlance  its  numerous  varieties  are  very  generally  grouped  together  as 
"  green  gages  "  as  if  it  were  quite  a  distinct  fruit  from  other  plums.  It 
comprises  a  considerable  number  of  relatively  small,  round,  mostly  green 
or  golden  plums  of  so  high  quality  as  to  make  them  standards  in  this 
respect  for  all  plums.  The  Reine  Claude  is  one  of  the  oldest  types  of  which 
there  are  records.  Its  varieties  reproduce  themselves  without  much  varia- 
tion from  seed  though  there  are  a  few  sorts,  possibly  crosses  with  some 
other  group,  which  are  doubtfully  referred  to  the  Reine  Claudes.  The 
later  history  of  these  plums  is  most  interesting  and  is  reliable,  for  the 
group  is  recognized  and  discussed  by  almost  every  European  or  American 
pomologist  who  has  written  in  three  centuries.'  The  early  history  is  not 
so  well  known. 

Where  the  Reine  Claude  plums  originated  no  one  knows.  Koch3 
says  he  has  eaten  wild  plums  in  the  Trans-Caucasian  region,  which  must 
be  recorded  with  the  Reine  Claudes,  but  on  the  next  page  he  advances 
the  theory  that  the  group  is  a  hybrid  between  Prunus  domestica  and  Prunus 
insititia.  Schneider4  puts  the  Reine  Claudes  in  Prunus  insititia.  The 
group  seems  to  be  a  connecting  link  between  the  two  species  named  above, 
having  so  many  characters  in  common  with  each  that  it  is  exceedingly 
difficult  to  choose  between  the  two  as  possible  parent  species.  Prunus 
domestica  probably  originated  in  the  Caucasian  or  Caspian  region,  and  it 
is  likely,  as  Koch  suggests,  that  the  Reine  Claudes  were  brought  from 
there.  This  is  substantiated  by  the  early  pomologists,  who  say  these 

•P.  domestica  cereola  L.  (Sp.  PI.  475-    '753).  P-  claudiana  Poir.  (Lam.  Encycl.  5:677.    1804), 
P.  italica  Borkh.  (Handb.  Forstb.  11:1409.     1803). 

'  For  a  bibliography  of  this  group  see  an  article  by  Waugh  in  Card.  Chron.  34:465.    1898. 

'Koch,  K.  Deiit.  Obst.  149.    1876. 

4  Schneider,  C.  K.  Hand,  der  Laub.  630.     1906. 


28  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

plums  came  originally  from  Armenia  and  were  known  as  the  Armenian 
plums,  coming  eventually  by  the  way  of  Greece  to  Italy.  If  this  state- 
ment of  its  origin  be  true,  Columella1  knew  the  fruit,  for  he  says: 

— "  then  are  the  wicker  baskets  cramm'd 
With  Damask  and  Armenian  and  Wax  plums." 

And  so,  too,  Pliny  refers  to  them7  in  his  enumeration  of  varieties  in  which 
he  says:  "  the  Armenian,  also  an  exotic  from  foreign  parts,  the  only  one 
among  the  plums  that  recommends  itself  by  its  smell." 

Hogg3  says  the  Reine  Claudes  were  brought  from  Greece  to  Italy  and 
cultivated  in  the  latter  country  under  the  name  Verdochia.  Hogg  does 
not  give  his  authority  and  his  statement  cannot  be  verified  in  any  other 
of  the  modern  European  pomologies  to  which  the  authors  of  this  work 
have  had  access.  The  very  complete  history  of  the  agricultural  and  horti- 
cultural plants  of  Italy4  by  Dr.  Antonio  Targioni-Tozzetti  does  not  give 
this  name.  Be  that  as  it  may,  some  variety  of  this  group  was  introduced 
into  England  under  the  name  Verdoch  and  at  an  early  date,  for  in  1629 
Parkinson'  enumerates  it  in  his  sixty  sorts  describing  it  as  "  a  great,  fine, 
green  shining  plum  fit  to  preserve."  Reae  in  1676  also  lists  and  describes 
it  as  does  Ray,'  1688. 

It  is  doubtful  if  Parkinson,  Ray  and  Rea  had  the  true  Reine  Claude, 
however,  for  the  Verdacchio,  according  to  Gallesio,8  one  of  the  best  Italian 
authorities,  is  an  obovate-shaped  fruit  while  the  Claudia  is  a  round  one. 
Gallesio  says  the  Claudia  was  cultivated  in  many  places  about  Genoa 
under  the  name  Verdacchio  rotondo;  about  Rome  and  through  Modenese, 
for  a  long  time,  as  the  Mammola;  in  Piedmont  as  the  Claudia;  and  in 
Tuscany  as  the  Susina  Regina.  Now  (1839)  he  says,  "it  is  known  in  all 
Italy  under  the  name  Claudia,  and  has  become  so  common  as  to  be  found 
in  abundance  in  the  gardens  and  in  the  markets." 

The  name  Reine  Claude,  all  writers  agree,  was  given  in  honor  of  Queen 
Claude,  wife  of  Francis  I,  the  fruit  having  been  introduced  into  France 

1  Columella  10:  lines  404-406. 

J  The  Natural  History  of  Pliny.  Translated  by  John  Bostock  and  H.  T.  Riley  3:294.  Lon- 
don: 1892. 

8  Hogg,  Robert  The  Fruit  Manual  Ed.  5:704.    1884. 

4  Targioni-Tozzetti,  Antonio,  Cenni  storici  siMa  introduzioite  di  varie  piante  nell'  agricoltura 
cd  horticultura  Toscana.  Florence:  1850. 

'  Parkinson,  John  Paradisus  Terrcstris  576.    1629. 

*  Rea,  John  A  Complete  Florilege  208.    1676. 

7  Ray  Historia  Plantarum  2:1529.     1688. 

'Gallesio,  Giorgio  2:  (Pages  not  numbered).    1839. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  29 

during  the  reign  of  that  monarch  which  began  in  1494  and  ended  1547, 
these  dates  fixing  as  accurately  as  possible  the  origin  of  the  name.  Green 
Gage,  the  commonest  synonym  of  either  the  Reine  Claude  group  or  of  the 
variety,  comes  from  the  fact  that  this  fruit  was  introduced  into  England  by 
the  Gage  family.  Phillips1  gives  the  following  account  of  its  introduction 
into  England: 

"  The  Gage  family,  in  the  last  century,  procured  from  the  monastery 
of  the  Chartreuse  at  Paris,  a  collection  of  fruit  trees.  When  these  trees 
arrived  at  the  Mansion  of  Hengrave  Hall,  the  tickets  were  safely  affixed 
to  all  of  them,  excepting  only  to  the  Reine  Claude,  which  had  either  not 
been  put  on,  or  had  been  rubbed  off  in  the  package.  The  gardener,  therefore, 
being  ignorant  of  the  name,  called  it,  when  it  first  bore  fruit,  the  Green  Gage." 

Because  of  the  high  esteem  in  which  the  plums  of  this  group  have 
always  been  held  in  England  the  early  English  colonists  probably  brought 
seeds  or  plants  of  the  Reine  Claudes  to  America.  This  supposition  is 
strengthened  by  the  fact  that  Prince,  in  his  efforts  in  1790  to  improve 
plums,  chose  the  "Green  Gage,"  planting  the  pits  of  twenty-five  quarts  of 
plums  of  this  variety.  McMahon,  in  his  list  of  thirty  varieties  of  plums, 
published  in  1806,  gives  the  names  of  at  least  seven  varieties  belonging  to 
this  group.  The  varieties  of  the  group  first  came  into  America,  without 
doubt,  under  one  of  the  Green  Gage  names,  but  afterwards,  probably  in 
the  early  part  of  the  Nineteenth  Century,  importations  from  France 
brought  several  varieties  under  Reine  Claude  names  though  the  identity 
of  the  plums  under  the  two  names  seems  to  have  been  recognized  in 
American  pomology  from  the  first. 

In  appearance  the  trees  of  this  group  are  low  and  the  heads  well 
rounded.  The  bark  is  dark  in  color  and  cracks  rather  deeply.  The 
shoots  are  thick  and  do  not  lose  their  pubescence.  The  leaves  are  large, 
broad,  more  or  less  wrinkled,  coarsely  crenate  and  sometimes  doubly 
serrated,  a  character  not  usually  found  in  Domestica  plums,  and  bear  from 
one  to  four  glands.  The  fruit  is  spherical  or  ovoid,  green  or  yellow,  some- 
times with  a  faint  blush,  stems  short  and  pubescent,  suture  shallow,  bloom 
thin,  texture  firm,  quality  of  the  best,  flesh  sweet,  tender,  juicy,  stone 
free  or  clinging. 

The  leading  varieties  of  the  Reine  Claude  plums  are:  Reine  Claude, 
Bavay,  Spaulding,  Yellow  Gage,  Washington,  McLaughlin,  Hand,  Peters, 
Imperial  Gage,  Jefferson  and  Bryanston. 

1  Phillips,  Henry  Comp.  Orch.  306.    1831. 


30  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

The  Prunes. — In  western  America  plum-growers  usually  speak  of  any 
plum  that  can  be  cured,  without  removing  the  pit,  into  a  firm,  long-keeping 
product  as  a  prune.  Such  a  classification  throws  all  plums  with  a  large 
percentage  of  solids,  especially  of  sugar,  into  this  group.  But  in  Europe 
the  term  is  used  to  designate  a  distinct  pomological  group.1  Since  we 
have  a  number  of  varieties  of  plums  long  known  as  prunes  and  to  which 
no  other  term  can  be  nearly  so  well  applied,  it  seems  wise  to  follow  the 
established  European  custom  of  using  the  term  as  a  group  name  as  well 
as  for  a  commercial  product  which  is  made  for  most  part  from  these  plums. 

The  prune,  as  an  article  of  commerce,  all  writers  agree,  originated 
in  Hungary  in  the  Sixteenth  Century  and  was  at  that  time  a  very  important 
trading  commodity  with  Germany,  France  and  southern  Europe.  If,  as 
Koch  surmises  (see  page  17),  the  prunes  originated  in  Turkestan  or 
farther  east — and  the  statements  of  other  botanists  and  writers  tend  to 
show  that  his  view  is  correct — the  spread  of  the  varieties  of  this  group 
westward  is  readily  explained.  In  the  migrations  of  the  Huns,  from 
western  Asia  to  eastern  Europe,  in  the  first  thousand  years  of  the  Christian 
era,  some  Magyar  or  Hun  intent  on  cultivating  the  soil  brought  with  him 
the  prune-making  plums  which,  finding  a  congenial  home,  became  the 
foundation  of  the  prune  industry  of  Hungary  in  the  Sixteenth  Century. 
In  subsequent  commercial  intercourse  with  western  Europe  the  latter 
region  was  enriched  by  these  prune-making  plums  from  Hungary. 

In  America  this  group  is  now  by  far  the  most  important  one  com- 
mercially, though  prunes  were  not  introduced  into  this  country  until 
comparatively  recent  years.  The  early  lists  of  plums  do  not  include  any 
of  the  prunes  and  even  as  late  as  1806  McMahon  only  mentions  in  the 
thirty  varieties  given  by  him  but  one,  "  the  Prune  Plum."  William  Prince 
in  1828  speaks  only  of  the  "monstrous  prune,"  *  but  in  such  a  way  as 
to  lead  one  to  believe  that  neither  it,  nor  any  other  prune,  was  then  culti- 
vated in  America.3  In  1831  William  Robert  Prince  in  his  Pomological 

'These  are  the  plums  which  Linnaeus  called  Prunus  domestica  galatensis  (Sp.  PI.  475.  1753); 
Seringe,  Prunus  domestica  pruneayliana  (DC.  Prodr.  2:533.  'Sas);  and  Borkhausen,  Prunus  oecono- 
mica  (Handb.  Forstb.  2:1401.  1803). 

*  Prince,  William  A  Short  Treatise  on  Horticulture  27.    1828. 

8  "  Of  the  prune,  or,  as  they  are  termed  in  German,  '  Quetsche,'  there  are  a  number  of  varie- 
ties, all  which  are  of  fine  size,  and  considered  as  the  best  plums  for  drying  as  prunes;  this  is  one  of 
the  largest  of  the  varieties;  the  principal  characteristic  of  these  plums  is  that  the  flesh  is  sweet 
and  agreeable  when  dried.  I  am  informed  that  the  '  Italian  Prune  '  ranks  highest  as  a  table  fruit 
when  plucked  from  the  tree.  The  process  of  drying  prunes  seems  to  be  so  very  easy  that  I  should 
suppose  it  might  be  undertaken  in  this  country  with  a  certainty  of  success,  and  so  as  to  totally 
supersede  the  importation  of  that  article."  Ibid. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  31 

Manual  describes  from  this  group  only  the  German  Prune  and  the  "  Agen 
Date,"  or  Agen.  Indeed,  it  was  not  until  the  beginning  of  the  prune 
industry  in  California,  about  1870,  that  the  varieties  of  this  group  began 
to  be  at  all  popular  though  an  attempt  was  made  by  the  United  States 
Patent  Office  to  start  the  prune  industry  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard  by  the 
distribution  of  cions  of  two  prunes  in  1854.' 

The  growth  of  the  prune  industry  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  industrial  phenomena  of  American  agriculture.  About 
1856,  Louis  Pellier,  a  sailor,  brought  to  San  Jose,  California,  cions  of  the 
Agen  from  Agen,  France.  Some  time  afterward  a  larger  plum,  the  Pond, 
was  also  imported  from  France,  supposedly  from  Agen,  and  to  distinguish 
the  two,  the  first  was  called  Petite  Prune,  by  which  name  it  is  now  very 
commonly  known  in  the  far  west.  The  first  cured  prunes  from  this  region 
were  exhibited  at  the  California  State  Fair  in  1863;  commercial  orchards 
began  to  be  planted  about  1870,  and  the  first  shipments  of  cured  prunes 
were  probably  made  in  1875.'  In  1880  the  output  per  annum  was  about 
200,000  pounds;  in  1900  the  yearly  capacity  was  estimated  to  be  about 
130,000,000  pounds,  valued  by  the  producers  at  $450,000.' 

The  typical  varieties  of  this  group  are  the  Italian,  German,  Agen, 
Tragedy,  Tennant,  Sugar,  Giant,  Pacific  and  the  Ungarish. 

The  distinguishing  characters  of  the  group  are  to  be  found  in  the 
fruit,  which  is  usually  large,  oval,  with  one  side  straighter  than  the  other, 
usually  much  compressed  with  a  shallow  suture,  blue  or  purple,  with  a 
heavy  bloom,  flesh  greenish -yellow  or  golden,  firm,  quality  good,  stone 
free.  The  trees  are  various  but  are  usually  large,  upright  and  spreading 
with  elliptical  leaves  having  much  pubescence  on  the  under  surface. 

The  Perdrigon  Plums. — The  Perdrigons  constitute  an  old  but  com- 
paratively unimportant  group  of  plums.4  The  name  comes  from  an  old 

1  United  States  Patent  Office  Report:  xxix.  1854.  The  following  description  of  this  distribu- 
tion is  of  interest:  "  The  scions  of  two  varieties  of  prunes,  '  Prunier  d'Agen,'  and  '  Prunier  Sainte 
Catherine,'  have  been  imported  from  France,  and  distributed  principally  in  the  states  north  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  certain  districts  bordering  on  the  range  of  the  Allegany  Mountains,  in  order 
to  be  engrafted  upon  the  common  plum.  These  regions  were  made  choice  of  in  consequence  of 
their  being  freer  from  the  ravages  of  the  curculio,  which  is  so  destructive  to  the  plum  tree  in  other 
parts  as  often  to  cut  off  the  entire  crop.  It  has  been  estimated  that  the  State  of  Maine,  alone, 
where  this  insect  is  rarely  seen,  is  capable  of  raising  dried  prunes  sufficient  to  supply  the  wants  of 
the  whole  Union." 

'Wickson,  E.  J.  California  Fruits  Ed.  2:82.     1891. 

*  Hedrick,  U.  P.  in  Bailey's  Cyclopedia  American  Horticulture  1440.    1901. 

4  Miller  says  in  his  Gardener's  Dictionary  of  the  variety  Perdrigon,  "  Hakluyt  in  1582,  says, 
of  later  time  the  plum  called  the  Perdigwena  was  procured  out  of  Italy,  with  two  kinds  more,  by 
the  Lord  Cromwell,  after  his  travel."  Miller,  Phillip  Gardener's  Dictionary.  Edited  by  Thomas 
Martyn,  2:  (no  page).  1707. 


32  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

time  geographical  division  of  Italy.1  The  Perdrigon  plums,  especially  the 
varieties  having  this  name,  have  been  grown  extensively  for  two  centuries 
about  Brignoles,  France,  where  they  are  cured  and  sold  as  Brignoles  prunes. 
Since  they  are  much  grown  in  what  was  formerly  the  province  of  Touraine, 
France,  thjey  are  sometimes  called  Touraine  plums.  The  early  pomological 
writers,  as  the  Princes,  Kenrick,  Coxe,  and  even  Downing,  described  White, 
Red,  Violet,  Early  and  Norman  Perdrigon  plums,  but  these  are  not  now 
listed  in  either  the  pomologies  or  the  nurserymen's  catalogs  of  this  country 
though  the  group  is  represented  by  Goliath,  Late  Orleans  and  Royal  Tours. 
These  plums  might  almost  be  included  with  the  Imperatrice  group,  differ- 
ing only  in  the  smaller  and  rounder  fruits. 

The  Yellow  Egg  Plums.2 — There  are  but  few  varieties  belonging  to 
this  group,  but  these  are  very  distinct,  and  include  some  of  the  largest  and 
handsomest  plums.  The  origin  of  varieties  of  this  group  can  be  traced 
back  over  three  centuries  and  it  is  somewhat  remarkable  that  the  size 
and  beauty  of  the  Yellow  Egg  Plums  have  not  tempted  growers  during 
this  time  to  produce  a  greater  number  of  similar  varieties.  Rea,3  in  1676, 
described  the  Yellow  Egg  under  "  Magnum  Bonum  or  the  Dutch  Plum  " 
as  "  a  very  great  oval -formed  yellowish  plum,  and,  according  to  the  name, 
is  good  as  well  as  great."  The  Imperial,  which  afterward  became  the  Red 
Magnum  Bonum,  is  mentioned  by  Parkinson  *  in  1629  as  "  Large,  long, 
reddish,  waterish  and  late."  Earlier  names  in  France,  how  early  cannot  be 
said,  were  Prune  d'Oeuf,  yellow,  white,  red  and  violet,  or  the  Mogul  with 
these  several  colors,  and  the  Imperiale  with  the  three  or  four  colors.  Later 
the  name  d'Aubert  was  applied  to  the  Yellow  Egg.  Though  this  fruit 
was  first  known  in  England  as  the  Imperiall,  and  later  as  the  Magnum 
Bonum,  it  has  been  grown  for  at  least  two  centuries  in  that  country  as 
the  Yellow  Egg,  and  under  this  name  came  to  America  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  Eighteenth  Century.  Koch  6  places  these  plums  in  the  Date-plum 
family.  The  varieties  of  this  group  now  grown  and  more  or  less  well-known 
are  Yellow  Egg,  Red  Magnum  Bonum,  Golden  Drop  and  Monroe. 

The  characters  which  readily  distinguish  the  Yellow  Egg  group  are,— 
the  large  size  of  the  fruit,  possibly  surpassing  all  other  plums  in  size,  the 

1  In  the  first  edition  of  Species  Plantarum  Linnaeus  called  these  plums  Prunus  domestica  ferni- 
cona;  in  the  second  edition  the  varietal  name  was  changed  to  "  Pertizone."  In  the  Prodromus 
Seringe  designates  the  group  as  Prunus  domestica  touronensis. 

'The  Prunus  domestica  aubertiana  of  Seringe.     (DC.  Prodr.  2:533.    l825-) 

*  Rea,  John  A  Complete  Florilege  209.     1676. 

4  Parkinson,  John  Paradisic  Terrestris  576.     1629. 

8  Koch,  K.  Dent.  Obst.  560.     1876. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  33 

long-oval  shape,  more  or  less  necked,  yellow  or  purple  color  and  the 
yellow  flesh.  The  plums  are  produced  on  tall,  upright -spreading  trees. 

The  Imperatrice  Plums. — This  is  a  poorly  defined  assemblage  of  varie- 
ties, of  which  dark  blue  color,  heavy  bloom,  medium  size  and  oval  shape 
are  the  chief  characters.  It  is  impossible  to  trace  the  origin  of  the  group 
or  to  refer  varieties  to  it  with  accuracy.  The  Imperatrice,  of  which  Ick- 
worth  is  an  offspring,  seems  to  have  been  one  of  the  first  of  the  blue 
plums  to  receive  general  recognition,  and  can  as  well  as  any  other  variety 
give  name  to  the  type.  This  group  contains  by  far  the  greatest  number 
of  varieties  of  any  of  the  divisions  as  here  outlined,  chiefly  because 
the  color,  the  size,  and  the  shape  are  all  popular  with  growers  and  con- 
sumers. This  has  not  always  been  the  case,  for  in  the  old  pomologies, 
blue  plums  are  comparatively  few  in  number,  Parkinson,  for  instance, 
giving  in  his  list  of  sixty  in  1629  not  more  than  a  half-dozen  Domesticas 
that  are  blue. 

Among  the  varieties  that  fall  into  this  group  are: — Ickworth,  Dia- 
mond, Arch  Duke,  Monarch,  Englebert,  Shipper,  Arctic,  Smith  Orleans 
and  Quackenboss. 

About  the  only  characters  that  will  hold  for  this  large  and  variable 
group  are  those  of  the  fruits  as  given  above,  though  to  these  may  be  added 
for  most  of  the  varieties  included  in  the  division,  thick  skin  and  firm  flesh, 
clinging  stones  and  poor  quality.  The  trees  vary  much  but  are  usually 
hardy,  thrifty  and  productive,  making  the  members  of  the  group  prime 
favorites  with  commercial  fruit-growers. 

The  Lombard  Plums. — Just  as  the  blue  plums  have  been  thrown  in 
the  last  named  group,  so  we  may  roughly  classify  a  number  of  red  or  red- 
dish or  mottled  varieties  in  one  group.  If  the  oldest  name  applicable 
to  this  group  were  given  it  should  be  called  after  the  Diaper  plums,  well- 
known  and  much  cultivated  French  sorts  of  two  and  three  centuries  ago. 
Since  they  are  no  longer  cultivated,  and  as  the  Lombard  seems  to  be  a 
direct  offspring  of  them  and  is  fairly  typical  of  the  division,  the  name 
chosen  is  as  applicable  as  any.  These  plums  differ  but  little  from  those  of 
the  preceding  group,  except  in  color  and  in  having  a  more  obovate  shape, 
a  more  marked  suture,  smaller  size  and  possibly  even  greater  hardiness 
and  productiveness,  and  if  anything,  even  poorer  quality,  though  to  this 
last  statement  there  are  several  marked  exceptions.  In  this  group  are  no 
doubt  many  varieties  which  are  crosses  between  some  of  the  old  red  plums 
and  varieties  of  the  other  groups  given. 


34  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

The  following  sorts  may  be  named  as  belonging  here :— Lombard, 
Bradshaw,  Victoria,  Pond,  Duane,  Autumn  Compote,  Belle,  Middleburg 

and  Field. 

2.  PRUNUS  INSITITIA  Linnaeus 

i.  Linnaeus  Amoen.  Acad.  4:273.  1755-  2.  Scringe  DC.  Prodr.  2:532.  1825.  3.  Hooker  Brit. 
Fl.  220.  1830.  4.  London  Arb.  Fr.  Brit.  2:687.  1844.  5.  Koch,  K.  Dend.  1:95.  1869.  6.  Ibid. 
Deut.  Obst.  144.  1876.  7.  De  Candolle  Or.  CuU.  PI.  211.  1885.  8.  Emerson  Trees  of  Mass.  Ed. 
4:512.  1887.  9.  Schwarz  Forst.  Bot.  339.  1892.  10.  Koch,  W.  Syn.  Deut.  und  Schw.  Fl.  1:726. 
1892.  ii.  Koehne  Deut.  Dend.  316.  1893.  12.  Dippel  Handb.  Laubh.  3:639.  1893.  13.  Lucas. 
Handb.  Obst.  429.  1893.  14.  Beck  von  Managetta  Nied.  Oester.  819.  1893. 

P.  communis  (in  part).  15.  Hudson  Fl.  Anglic.  212.  1778.  16.  Bentham  Handb.  Brit.  Fl. 
1:236.  1865. 

P.  domestica  insititia.  17.  Schneider  Handb.  Laubh.  i:  630.  1892.  18.  Waugh  Bot.  Gaz. 
27:478.  1899. 

Tree  dwarfish  but  thrifty,  attaining  a  height  of  twenty  to  twenty-five  feet  ;  trunk 
reaches  eight  inches  in  diameter  and  bears  its  head  rather  low,  three  to  five  feet  from 
the  ground;  bark  gray  with  a  tinge  of  red,  smooth,  with  transverse  cracks;  branches 
upright-spreading,  rigid,  compact,  short-jointed,  and  more  or  less  thorny;  branchlets 
pubescent,  slender,  reddish-brown  or  drab. 

Winter-buds  small,  conical,  pointed  or  obtuse,  free  or  appressed;  leaves  small, 
ovate  or  obovate;  apex  obtuse  or  abruptly  pointed,  base  cuneate  or  narrowed  and 
rounded,  margins  finely  and  closely,  sometimes  doubly  serrate  or  crenate,  usually 
glandular;  texture  thin  and  firm;  upper  surface  slightly  rugose,  dark  green,  slightly 
hairy;  lower  surface  paler  and  soft,  pubescent;  petioles  one-half  inch  long,  slender, 
pubescent,  tinged  with  red;  glands  few  or  glandless. 

Flowers  expand  with  or  after  the  leaves,  one  inch  or  less  in  size;  borne  variously 
but  usually  in  lateral,  umbel-like  clusters,  one,  two  or  rarely  three  from  a  bud,  on 
slender  pedicels,  which  are  pubescent  and  one-half  inch  in  length;  calyx-tube  cam- 
panulate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  green  or  tinged  with  red;  calyx-lobes  narrow,  obtuse 
or  acute,  glandular-serrate,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  reflexed;  petals  white  or  creamy  in 
the  bud,  broadly  oval,  entire  or  dentate,  reflexed,  claw  short;  stamens  about  twenty- 
five,  as  long  as  the  petals;  anthers  yellow,  often  tinged  with  red;  pistil  glabrous  and 
nearly  as  long  as  the  stamens. 

Fruit  ripens  from  early  to  late;  globular  or  oval,  often  necked,  less  than  an  inch  in 
diameter,  variously  colored  but  usually  bluish-black  or  amber-yellow,  with  a  heavy  bloom ; 
skin  thin,  tough ;  stem  slender,  one-half  inch  long,  more  or  less  pubescent ;  cavity  shallow, 
narrow;  apex  roundish  or  flattened;  suture  indistinct  or  a  line;  flesh  firm,  yellow, 
juicy,  sweet  or  acid;  stone  clinging  or  free,  somewhat  turgid,  ovoid,  nearly  smooth, 
ridged  on  one  edge  and  grooved  on  the  other. 

There  is  a  great  diversity  of  opinion  among  botanists  as  to  what 
Linnaeus  meant  to  include  in  his  Prunus  insititia.  His  description  of 
the  species  is  not  definite  and  can  be  made  to  apply  to  any  one  of  several 
very  distinct  plums.  But  the  botanists  who  recognize  the  species  usually 


FRUUVS  INSITITIA 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  35 

include  in  it,  among  cultivated  plums,  the  Bullaces  and  the  Damsons, 
plums  which  differ  only  in  the  shape  of  the  fruit,  the  former  being  round 
and  the  latter  oval.  Some  of  the  texts  noted  in  the  references  for  this 
species  also  place  the  St.  Julien  and  the  Mirabelle  plums  here.  In  The 
Plums  of  New  York  the  authors  consider  the  Bullaces,  Damsons,  the  St. 
Julien  and  the  Mira belles  as  belonging  to  this  species. 

It  is  true  that  Linnaeus  established  at  an  earlier  date  than  the  naming 
of  Prunus  insititia  his  Prunus  domestica  damascena,  in  which  the  varietal 
name  indicates  that  he  meant  the  Damsons,  but  the  description  of  the 
variety  taken  by  him  from  Bauhin's  Pinax '  making  the  plum  large, 
sweet  and  dark  purplish,  cannot  be  made  to  apply  to  this  fruit,  nor  can 
it  be  connected  definitely  with  any  other  plum;  this  being  true,  and  since 
Linnaeus  refers  to  no  type  specimen,  figure,  or  locality,  his  Prunus  domestica 
damascena  according  to  current  botanical  practices  in  America,  should  be 
rejected. 

The  trees  of  the  Insititia  varieties  are  readily  distinguished  from  the 
Domestica  sorts  in  having  a  dwarfer  and  more  compact  habit;  much 
smaller  and  more  ovate  leaves  with  more  closely  serrate  margins ;  branches 
more  finely  divided,  more  slender,  with  shorter  joints,  and  bearing  spines 
or  spinescent  spurs;  having  a  more  abundant  and  a  more  clustered  inflo- 
rescence, with  smaller  flowers,  a  glabrous  instead  of  a  pubescent  pistil  and 
calyx-tube ;  reflexed  calyx-lobes  where  in  Domestica  they  are  often  erect ; 
and  flowers  appearing  nearly  a  week  later.  The  number  of  stamens  in  Prunus 
domestica  averages  about  thirty;  in  Prunus  insititia,  about  twenty-five. 
The  fruit -characters  of  Prunus  insititia  are  even  more  distinctive.  The 
fruits  are  smaller,  being  less  than  an  inch  in  diameter,  more  nearly  round 
or  oval,  more  uniform  in  shape,  never  strongly  compressed  as  in  Domes- 
tica, with  a  less  distinct  suture  and  more  often  with  a  pronounced  neck. 
The  color  is  usually  the  Damson  purple  or  the  Mirabelle  yellow,  with  no 
intermediate  colors  as  in  Domestica  and  with  few  or  but  slight  variations 
as  compared  with  the  other  species.  The  plums  are  sweet  or  sour  with 
a  very  much  smaller  range  in  flavor  in  the  case  of  the  Insititias  and  withal 
very  distinct  from  that  of  Prunus  domestica.  The  stones  are  smaller,  more 
oval  and  much  more  swollen. 

In  variability  the  Insititia  plums  are  quite  the  reverse  of  the  Domes- 
ticas,  almost  wholly  lacking  this  quality.  These  plums  have  been  culti- 
vated over  two  thousand  years,  yet  there  is  seemingly  little  difference 

1  Bauhin  Pin.  443  n  33. 


36  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

between  the  sorts  described  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans  at  the  beginning 
of  the  Christian  Era  and  those  we  are  now  growing.  So,  too,  one  often 
finds  half -wild  chance  seedlings  with  fruit  indistinguishable  from  varieties 
under  the  highest  cultivation.  This  pronounced  immutability  of  the 
species  is  one  of  its  chief  characteristics. 

There  are  probably  several  sub-divisions  of  Prunus  insititia  but  material 
does  not  exist  in  America  for  the  proper  determination  of  the  true  place  for 
these  forms,  and  the  Old  World  botanists  cannot  agree  in  regard  to  them. 
It  is  probable  that  Prunus  subsylvestris  Boutigny1  and  Prunus  pomarium 
Boutigny2  belong  to  Prunus  insititia  and  almost  beyond  question  Prunus 
syriaca  Koehne 3  is  the  yellow -fruited  Mirabelle  of  this  species.  Prunus 
insititia  glaberrima  Wirtg.4  occasionally  found  in  the  herbaria  of  Europe 
has,  with  its  small,  roundish-obovate  leaves,  but  little  appearance  of  Prunus 
insititia  and  may  be,  as  Schneider  surmises, '  a  cross  between  Prunus  spinosa 
and  the  Myrobalan  of  Prunus  cerasifera. 

The  Insititia  plums  are  second  in  importance  only  to  the  Domesticas. 
Their  recorded  history  is  older.  This  is  the  plum  of  the  Greek  poets, 
Archilochus  and  Hippona,  in  the  Sixth  Century  B.  C."  Theophrastus, 
the  philosopher,  mentioned  it  three  hundred  years  before  Christ,  as  did 
Pollux,  the  writer  and  grammarian,  a  century  before  the  Savior,  while 
Dioscorides,  the  founder  of  botany,  during  the  last  named  period,  distin- 
guishes between  this  plum  and  one  from  Syria,  presumably  a  Domestica. 
This  is  one  of  the  twelve  kinds  of  plums  described  by  Pliny  (see  page  17) 
who  calls  it  the  Damascene,  so-called  from  Damascus  in  Syria,  and  says 
of  it,  "  introduced  long  since  into  Italy."  It  is  the  Damask  plum  of 
Columella  when  in  his  tenth  book  he  says: 

"  then  are  the  wicker  baskets  cramm'd 
With  Damask  and  Armenian  and  Wax  plums." 

The  yellow  plums  of  the  Roman  poets,  Ovid  and  Vergil,  are  probably  the 
Bullaces  or  Mirabelles  of  this  species.  Indeed,  its  cultivation  was  probably 
prehistoric,  for  Heer '  has  illustrated  and  described  stones  of  a  plum  found 

Bui.  Soc.  Dauph.  fasc.  VIII.  1881. 
Ibid. 

Dendrol.  316.      1893. 
Rhein.  Reise-Fl.  67.     1857. 
Handb.  Laubh.  i:  631.     1906. 

Pickering,  Charles  Chron.  Hist.  Plants.  218.      1879. 
'Heer  Pflandz.  Pfahl.  27,  fig.   i6c. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  37 

in  the  lake -dwellings  of  Robenhausen  which  can  be  no  other  than  those 
of  Insititia. 

The  authentic  written  history  of  this  plum  may  be  said  to  have  begun 
with  or  a  little  before  the  Christian  Era.  The  records  of  the  cultivation  and 
development  through  the  early  centuries  of  the  present  chronology  and  the 
Middle  Ages  to  our  own  day  may  be  found  in  the  herbals,  botanies,  pomo- 
logies, agricultural  and  general  literature  of  the  past  two  thousand  years. 

Prunus  insititia  now  grows  wild  in  nearly  all  temperate  parts  of 
Europe  and  western  Asia — from  the  Mediterranean  northward  into  Nor- 
way, Sweden  and  Russia.  The  botanists  of  Europe  very  generally  agree 
that  its  original  habitat  was  in  southern  and  southeastern  Europe  and 
the  adjoining  parts  of  Asia,  and  that  elsewhere  it  is  an  escape  from  culti- 
vation. Hooker '  says  that  Prunus  insititia  grows  in  western  temperate 
Himalaya,  cultivated  and  indigenous,  from  Gurwhal  to  Kashmir,  the  type 
being  that  of  the  "  common  yellow-fruited  Bullace."  A  few  botanical 
writers  hold  that  it  is  truly  wild  in  the  parts  of  Europe  where  now  found 
growing.  There  are  also  not  a  few  botanists  who,  as  has  been  stated  in 
the  discussion  of  the  Domestica  plums,  unite  the  Insititias  with  the  Domes- 
ticas,  and  others  who  combine  these  two  with  the  Spinosa  plums  in  one 
species,  Prunus  communis.' 

It  is  possible  that  the  species  is  occasionally  found  naturalized  in 
eastern  United  States;  several  botanists  so  give  it. 

Wherever  the  habitat  of  the  Insititia  plums  may  have  been,  practically 
all  writers  from  the  Greeks  and  Romans  who  first  mention  this  fruit  to  those 
of  the  present  time,  connect  the  cultivated  varieties  in  one  way  or  another 
with  the  old  Semite  city,  Damascus.  It  is  almost  certain  that  the 
Syrians  or  Persians  were  the  first  to  cultivate  these  plums,  and  that  they 
were  unknown  in  Europe  as  domesticated  varieties  until  the  Greeks  first 
and  the  Romans  afterward  came  in  intimate  contact  with  the  people  of 
the  Orient.  Thus  it  is  often  stated  in  the  old  pomologies  that  Alexander 
the  Great  brought  these  plums  from  the  Orient  after  his  expedition  of  con- 
quest and  that  some  centuries  later  Pompey,  returning  from  his  invasion 
of  the  eastern  countries,  brought  plums  to  the  Roman  Empire. 

The  history  of  the  Insititia  plums  in  America  has  been  given  in  the 
main  in  the  discussion  of  the  Domestica  plums,  for  the  varieties  of  the  two 

'Hooker  Fl.  Brit.  Ind.  2:  315.     1879. 

1  The  reader  who  desires  fuller  information  regarding  the  botany  of  this  species  should  con- 
sult the  references  given  with  the  botanical  description  of  Primus  insititia. 


38  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

species  have  never  been  kept  separate  by  plum-growers,  all  being  grouped 
together  as  European  plums.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  the  Damson 
plums  of  this  species  were  earlier  introduced  and  more  generally  grown 
than  any  other  of  the  European  plums  by  the  English  settlers  of  America, 
as  the  references  to  plum-growing  before  the  Revolution  are  largely 
to  the  Damsons.  The  reasons  for  this  early  preference  for  these  plums 
are  that  they  come  true  to  seed  while  most  varieties  of  the  Domestica  do 
not;  and  trees  and  cions  were  not  readily  transportable  in  colonial  times; 
and,  too,  the  Damsons  have  always  been  favorite  plums  with  the  English. 

When  the  first  American  fruit  books  were  published  at  the  beginning 
of  the  Nineteenth  Century  the  Damsons  and  Bullaces  were  widely  grown, 
for  all  writers  give  a  relatively  large  number  of  varieties  of  these  plums 
and  speak  well  of  them.  Thus  McMahon,1  in  his  list  of  thirty  plums  gives 
six  that  belong  here,  ending  his  list  with  "Common  Damson,  etc.,  "  as 
if  there  were  still  more  than  those  he  enumerates.  Prince,  in  his  Porno- 
logical  Manual,  in  1832,  gives  at  least  eighteen  sorts  that  may  be  referred 
to  Insititia  with  the  statement  that  one  of  them,  the  Early  Damson  "  ap- 
pears to  have  been  brought  to  this  country  by  the  early  Dutch  settlers, 
or  by  the  French  who  settled  here  at  the  time  of  the  revocation  of  the  Edict 
of  Nantes,"  adding,  "It  is  much  disseminated  throughout  this  section  of 
the  country."  At  the  end  of  the  Eighteenth  Century  Deane's '  New 
England  Farmer  or  Georgical  Dictionary,  in  a  discussion  of  plums  in  general 
says:  '  The  most  common  plum  in  this  country  is  the  Damascene  plum, 
an  excellent  fruit  for  preserving,  which  is  said  to  have  been  brought  from 
Damasam,  hence  the  name." 

The  hardiness,  thriftiness  and  productiveness  of  all  of  the  varieties  of 
this  species  commend  them  to  those  who  cannot  give  the  care  required 
to  grow  the  less  easily  grown  Domesticas,  and  in  America,  as  in  Europe, 
these  plums  are  to  be  found  in  almost  every  orchard  and  in  many  com- 
munities half -wild,  thriving  with  little  or  no  care.  The  fact  that  they  are 
easily  propagated,  growing  readily  from  suckers  and  coming  true  to  seed 
is  an  added  reason  for  their  general  distribution. 

The  Insititia  plums  do  not  seem  to  hybridize  freely  with  other  species— 
at  least  there  are  no  recorded  offspring  of  such  hybrids,  though   Koch 
believes  the  Reine  Claudes  to  be  a  hybrid  group  between  this  species  and 
the  Domesticas  and  there  is  much  evidence  in  the  fruit  to  show  that  the 

1  McMahon,  Bernard  Gardener's  Calendar  587.     1806. 
'Samuel  Deane,  D.D.  New  England  Farmer  265.     1797. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  39 

French  Damson  is  part  Domestica.  The  tree -characters  of  the  Insititia 
plums  are  such,  especially  as  regards  vigor,  hardiness,  productiveness  and 
freedom  from  disease,  as  to  seemingly  make  hybrids  with  them  very  desir- 
able. That  this  species  can  be  hybridized  with  Domestica,  at  least,  is 
certain  from  work  done  at  this  Station  where  we  have  made  a  number  of 
crosses  between  them. 

Four  groups  of  plums,  the  Damsons,  Bullaces,  Mirabelles  and  St. 
Juliens,  in  all  eighty-six  varieties  mentioned  in  The  Plums  of  New  York, 
may  be  referred  to  this  species.  There  are  so  few  real  differences  between 
these  divisions,  however,  that  it  is  hardly  possible,  logically,  to  sub-divide 
Insititia  plums  into  more  than  two  groups.  But  since  the  groups  of 
plums  given  above  are  so  often  referred  to  in  pomological  works  it  is  neces- 
sary to  discuss  them. 

The  Damsons. — The  description  given  the  species  fits  this  division 
of  it  closely,  the  differentiating  character  for  the  fruit,  if  any,  being  oval 
fruits,  while  the  Bullaces,  most  nearly  like  these,  are  round.  The  origin 
of  the  Damsons,  as  we  have  seen,  was  in  Syria  and  near  the  ancient  city, 
Damascus,  their  written  history  dating  back  several  centuries  before  Christ. 
This  plum  has  escaped  from  cultivation  in  nearly  all  the  temperate  parts 
of  Europe  and  more  or  less  in  the  eastern  United  States,  the  wild  forms 
often  passing  under  other  names,  as  the  Wild,  Wheat,  Spilling,  Donkey, 
Ass,  Hog  and  Horse  plums.  The  true  Damsons  have  a  fine  spicy  taste, 
which  makes  them  especially  desirable  for  cooking  and  preserving,  but 
a  very  decided  astringency  of  the  skin  makes  most  of  the  varieties  of  Dam- 
sons undesirable  to  eat  out  of  the  hand ;  this  astringency  largely  disappears 
with  cooking  or  after  a  light  frost.  Nearly  all  Damsons  are  sour,  though 
a  few  sweet  Insititias  are  placed  in  this  group. 

Since  the  seeds  grow  readily  and  the  sprouts  are  very  manageable, 
the  Damsons,  with  the  other  Insititias,  are  much  used  as  stocks  upon 
which  to  work  other  plums,  especially  the  less  hardy  and  less  thrifty 
Domesticas.  Although  less  used  now  than  formerly  for  stocks  it  is  a 
question  if  these  plums,  or  some  of  their  near  kin,  do  not  make  the  best 
obtainable  stocks.  There  seems  to  be  much  difference  in  the  varieties  of 
Insititia  in  their  capacity  to  send  up  sprouts.  The  forms  which  send  up  the 
fewest  sprouts  are  much  the  best  for  use  as  stocks. 

Curiously  enough,  the  Damsons  are  highly  esteemed  now  only  by  the 
Americans  and  English,  being  grown  much  less  at  present  in  Continental 
Europe  than  a  century  or  two  ago.  Late  pomological  works  and  nursery- 


40  THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 

men's  catalogs  from  others  than  the  English  or  Americans  barely  mention 
these  plums. 

The  Bullaces. — It  is  impossible  to  distinguish  between  the  tree-char- 
acters of  the  Damsons  and  the  Bullaces,  and  pomologists  are  far  from  agree- 
ing as  to  what  differences  in  the  fruit  throw  a  variety  into  one  group  or 
the  other.  Some  writers  call  a  sour  variety  of  Insititia  a  Damson,  and  a 
sweet  one  a  Bullace;  others  make  color  the  differentiating  character, 
calling  the  purple  plums  Damsons  and  the  light  colored  ones  Bullaces; 
still  others  call  oval  Insititias  Damsons  and  round  ones  Bullaces.  If  a 
distinction  is  to  be  made,  shape  seems  to  be  the  character  upon  which 
it  should  be  based.  The  name  Bullace  applies  to  the  round  shape  of  the 
fruit,  but  when  first  used  or  by  whom  given  it  is  impossible  to  say.  It 
is  commonly  used  in  the  old  herbals  and  pomologies  of  both  England  and 
Continental  Europe,  there  being  many  variations  of  the  name,  of  which 
bullis  and  bulloes  are  most  common  with  the  word  bullum  in  frequent  use 
for  the  fruit  of  the  Bullace  tree.  The  varieties  of  Bullaces  are  few  in 
number,  and  are  not  largely  grown,  being  known  for  most  part  only  in 
fruit  collections,  the  Damsons  serving  all  the  purposes  for  which  the 
Bullaces  would  be  worth  growing,  and  to  better  advantage. 

The  Mirabelles.— The  Mirabelles  are  round,  yellowish  or  golden,  free- 
stone Insititias,  ranging  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  diameter,  very 
slightly  sub-acid  or  sweet.  The  trees  do  not  differ  from  the  type  of  the 
species  unless  it  be  in  even  greater  productiveness  than  the  other  groups 
of  Insititia,  all  of  which  bear  very  abundant  crops.  The  fruits  represent 
the  highest  quality  to  be  found  in  the  varieties  of  this  species,  approaching 
the  Reine  Claudes  of  Prunus  domestica  in  richness  of  flavor.  Indeed,  the 
Mirabelles  may  almost  be  said  to  be  diminutive  Reine  Claudes,  resembling 
them  not  only  in  quality  but  in  color  and  in  shape,  and  so  closely  as  to 
lend  color  to  Koch's  '  supposition  that  the  Reine  Claudes  are  hybrids  be- 
tween Prunus  domestica  and  Prunus  insititia. 

In  France  the  Mirabelles  are  accorded  second  if  not  first  place  among 
plums,  being  superseded  in  popularity,  if  at  all,  only  by  the  Reine  Claudes. 
They  are  used  in  the  fresh  state  and  as  prunes,  and  are  freely  made  into 
conserves,  preserves,  jellies  and  jams,  being  found  in  the  markets  in  some 
of  these  forms  the  year  round.  They  are  much  used  for  pastry,  their  size 
being  such  that  one  layer  of  fruit  suffices  and  is  none  too  deep  for  a  good 
pie  or  tart.  The  fermented  juice  of  these  plums  is  somewhat  largely  used 

'Koch,  Karl  Deut.  Obst.  150.     1876. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  41 

in  the  making  of  a  distilled  liquor,  a  sort  of  plum  brandy.  The  dozen 
or  more  varieties  of  Mirabelles  differ  chiefly  in  size  of  fruit  and  in  time  of 
maturity.  The  range  in  size  is  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  diameter  and 
in  time  of  ripening  in  France  from  the  first  of  August  to  the  first  of  October. 

The  Red  Mirabelle  frequently  referred  to  in  pomological  works  is 
Prunus  cerasifera,  and  the  name  is  wrongly  so  used,  for  if  not  first  applied 
to  the  several  varieties  of  Insititia  it  now  by  almost  universal  usage  belongs 
to  these  plums.  The  origin  of  the  word,  as  now  commonly  used,  dates  back 
over  two  centuries,  being  found  in  the  pomological  treatises  of  the  Seven- 
teenth Century.  The  assumption  is  that  Mirabelle  is  derived  from  mirable 
meaning  wonderful,  and  the  name  was  first  so  used  by  the  French. 

Unfortunately  the  Mirabelles  are  hardly  known  in  America.  These 
plums  have  so  many  good  qualities  of  tree  and  fruit  that  American  pom- 
ology would  be  greatly  enriched  if  the  best  Mirabelle  varieties  were  grown 
in  both  home  and  commercial  orchards.  They  should  be  used  in  cookery 
much  as  are  the  Damsons,  which  they  surpass  for  some  purposes. 

St.  Juliens. — The  St.  Julien  that  the  writer  has  seen  in  American  and 
European  nurseries  is  unmistakably  an  Insititia.  At  one  time  St.  Julien 
stocks  were  used  almost  exclusively  in  New  York  nurseries,  and  few  large 
plum  orchards  are  free  from  trees  which  have  through  accident  to  the 
cion  grown  from  the  stock.  Such  trees  bear  fruit  so  like  the  Damson 
that  one  is  warranted  in  saying  that  the  two  are  identical,  and  that  St. 
Julien  is  but  a  name  used  for  a  Damson  when  the  latter  is  employed  as  a 
stock.  The  fruit  is  sweetish  with  a  taste  identical  with  that  of  the  sweet 
Damsons. 

Plum-growers  who  have  had  experience  with  plums  on  several  stocks 
are  almost  united  in  the  opinion  that  the  St.  Julien  is  the  best  of  all  for 
the  Domesticas,  at  least.  St.  Julien  stocks  were  formerly  imported  in 
great  numbers  from  France,  where  it  is  still  largely  grown  for  European 
use.  The  name  seems  to  have  come  in  use  in  France  more  than  a  century 
ago,  but  why  given  or  to  what  particular  Insititia  applied  does  not  appear. 
There  is,  however,  a  distinct  variety  or  type  of  Insititia  used  by  the  French 
in  producing  stocks,  for  French  pomologists  advise  careful  selection  of 
mother-plants  for  the  production  of  the  young  trees  by  suckers  or  layers, 
and  caution  growers  of  stocks  in  no  case  to  use  seeds  which  bring  twiggy, 
spiny  and  crooked  stocks.1  St.  Julien  plums  are  seemingly  nowhere  grown 
at  present  for  their  fruits. 

'This  subject  is  well  discussed  in  an  article  by  E.  A.  Carri&re  in  Revue  Horticole  438.    1892. 


42  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

There  are  several  ornamental  forms  of  plums  which  are  given  specific 
names  by  European  horticulturists,  mentioned  in  the  last  paragraph  in 
the  discussion  of  the  Domestica  plums,  which  some  writers  place,  in  part 
at  least,  with  the  Insititias.  These  plums  are  not  found  in  America  and 
it  is  impossible  to  place  them  with  certainty  in  either  of  the  two  species 
upon  the  contradictory  evidence  of  the  Europeans. 

3.  PRUNUS  SPINOSA  Linnaeus. 

i.  Linnaeus  Sp.  PI.  475.  1733-  2.  Hudson  Fl.  Anglic.  186.  1778.  3.  Ehrhart  Beitr.  Nat. 
4:16.  1789.  4.  Pursh  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  1:333.  '814.  5.  Hooker  Fl.  Bar.  Am.  1:167.  1833.  6.  Tor- 
rey  and  Gray  Fl.  N.  Am.  1:408.  1840.  7.  Koch,  K.  Dend.  1:98.  1869.  8.  Ibid.  Dent.  Obst. 
143.  1876.  9.  DeCandolle  Or.  Cult.  PI.  212.  1885.  10.  Schwarz  Forst  Bot.  339.  1892.  n. 
Koch,  W.  Syn.  Deut.  und  Schw.  Fl.  1:726.  1892.  12.  Dippel  Handb.  Laubh.  3:637.  1893.  13. 
Koehne  Deut.  Dend.  316.  1893.  14.  Beck  von  Managetta  Nied.  Oester.  818.  1893.  15.  Bailey 
Cyc.  Am.  Hort.  1447  fig.  1901.  16.  Schneider  Handb.  Laubh.  1:628.  1906. 

Plant  low,  spreading,  much-branched,  thorny,  shrubby,  seldom  attaining  the 
dimensions  of  a  small  tree;  branchlets  distinctly  pubescent;  leaves  small,  ovate  or 
oblong-ovate,  sometimes  obovate,  numerous,  nearly  glabrous  at  maturity,  obtuse  at 
the  apex,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  margins  closely  and  finely  serrate. 

Flowers  white,  one-third  or  one-half  inch  in  diameter,  expanding  before  the  leaves; 
borne  singly,  in  pairs  or  sometimes  in  threes,  in  lateral  clusters. 

Fruit  globose,  usually  less  than  one-half  inch  in  diameter,  dark  blue,  almost  black, 
with  a  heavy  bloom;  flesh  juicy,  firm,  with  an  acid,  austere  taste,  scarcely  edible  for 
a  dessert  fruit  but  making  a  very  good  conserve;  stone  turgid  or  but  little  flattened, 
acute  on  one  edge. 

European  botanists  commonly  break  the  species  into  a  number  of 
sub-species,  as: — Prunus  spinosa  typica  Schneider,1  flower-pedicels  and 
calyx -cup  glabrous;  Prunus  spinosa  praecox  Wim.  and  Grab.,2  pedicels 
short,  blossoms  appearing  before  the  leaves ;  Prunus  spinosa  sessiliflora 
Beck,8  with  sessile  flowers,  possibly  the  same  as  the  next  preceding  form ; 
Prunus  spinosa  coatanea  Wim.  and  Grab.4,  blossoming  with  the  leaves  and 
with  long  pedicels;  and  Prunus  spinosa  dasyphylla  Schur.6,  flower-pedicel 
and  calyx-cup  more  or"  less  hairy.  Besides  these  botanical  sub-divisions 
there  are  several  horticultural  forms  as  follows: 

Prunus  spinosa  ftore-pleno  of  the  nurserymen  is  a  double-flowered 
form,  making  a  beautiful  little  shrub  or  small  tree  much  planted  in  gar- 

1  Handb.  Laubh.  628.     1906. 
1  Fl.  Siles.  1:2,  10.      1829. 
8  Fl.  Nied.  Ostr.  819.     1890. 
4  Fl.  Sties.  1:2,  10.      1829. 
'  Enttm.  PI.  Trans.  178.     1866. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  43 

dens  in  Europe  and  somewhat  in  America.  Its  blossoms  are  pure  white, 
about  half  an  inch  in  diameter  and  not  quite  double,  as  the  stamens  form 
an  orange  cluster  in  the  center  of  the  flower.  The  flowers  are  thickly 
crowded  on  short  spiny  branches,  the  dark  color  of  which  forms  a  striking 
contrast  to  the  white  flower.  Prunus  spinosa  pur  pur  ea  is  another  horti- 
cultural group,  more  vigorous  than  the  species,  less  thorny  and  with  larger 
foliage.  Its  branches  are  erect,  purplish  in  color,  striated.  The  leaves 
and  petioles  are  at  first  very  pubescent  but  at  maturity  glabrous;  the 
upper  surface  of  the  leaf  is  green  marked  with  red,  the  under  a  deep  red- 
dish-violet. The  flowers  are  a  pale  rose.  One  or  two  variegated  forms 
of  this  species  are  also  offered  by  nurserymen. 

Schneider  holds  '  Prunus  fruticans  Weihe1  and  Prunus  spinosa  mac- 
rocarpa  Wallroth3  to  be  crosses  between  Prunus  spinosa  and  Prunus 
insititia, 

Prunus  spinosa,  the  Blackthorn  or  European  Sloe,  is  the  common 
wild  plum  of  temperate  Europe  and  the  adjoining  parts  of  Asia.  It  is 
adventive  from  Europe  to  America  and  is  now  quite  naturalized  along 
roadsides  and  about  fields  in  many  places  in  eastern  United  States.  Prunus 
spinosa  is  considered  by  some  authors  the  remote  ancestor  of  the  Domestica 
and  Insititia  plums,  but  as  brought  out  in  the  discussion  of  the  last  named 
species,  such  parentage  is  very  doubtful. 

The  Spinosa  plum  is  a  common  and  often  pestiferous  plant  in  its 
habitat,  the  roots  forming  such  a  mass  that  in  general  it  is  impossible 
for  any  other  vegetation  to  grow  in  its  vicinity.  The  plant  is  small,  spread- 
ing and  much  branched  and  bristles  with  sharp  thorns.  The  leaves  are 
smaller  than  those  of  any  of  the  other  Old  World  species,  ovate  in  shape 
and  very  finely  serrate.  The  flowers  are  usually  single  but  sometimes  in 
pairs  or  threes  and  are  borne  in  such  number  as  to  make  a  dazzling  mass 
of  white;  comparatively  few  of  these,  however,  set  fruit.  The  fruit  is 
round  and  small,  usually  less  than  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  and,  typically, 
so  black  as  to  have  given  rise  to  the  old  saying,  "  as  black  as  a  sloe." 
The  fruits  are  firm  but  rather  juicy,  with  an  acid,  austere  flavor,  which 
makes  them  unfit  for  eating  out  of  hand  until  frost-bitten,  when  the 
austereness  is  somewhat  mitigated.  The  stone  is  much  swollen,  with 
one  edge  acute. 

1  Handb.  Laubh.  i:  630.      1906. 

2  Flora  9:748.1826. 

*  Sched.  Crit.  217.      1822. 


44  THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 

European  nurserymen  now  and  then  offer  trees  of  the  Spinosa  plum 
for  fruit-growing,  sometimes  with  the  statement  that  the  fruit  is  sweet. 
But  pomologists  do  not  speak  highly  of  these  cultivated  Spinosas  and  hold 
that  they  are  hardly  worth  cultivation.  The  wild  plums  are  quite  com- 
monly picked  for  certain  markets  in  Europe,  however,  especially  those 
in  which  the  Domesticas  and  Insititias  are  not  common.  With  plenty  of 
sugar  the  fruits  make  a  very  good  conserve.  In  France  the  unripe  fruit 
is  pickled  as  a  substitute  for  olives  and  the  juice  of  the  ripe  fruit  is  some- 
times used  to  make  or  adulterate  cheap  grades  of  port  wine.  In  the  country 
districts  of  Germany  and  Russia  the  fruit  is  crushed  and  fermented  and 
spirit  distilled  from  it. 

The  species  is  quite  variable  within  limits,  but  since  the  wild  fruits 
have  been  used  from  the  time  of  the  lake -dwellers  of  central  Europe,  with- 
out the  appearance  of  desirable  forms,  the  variations  are  not  likely  to  give 
horticultural  varieties  worth  cultivating  for  table  use.  The  variations  in 
the  fruit  are  usually  in  color,  the  size  and  flavor  changing  but  little.  Several 
ornamental  forms  are  in  cultivation,  of  which  the  chief  ones  have  been 

named.  

4.  PRUNUS   CURDICA  Fenzl  and  Fritsch. 

i.  Fenrl  and  Fritsch  Siteb.  Akad.  \\'ifn.  Bd.  CI.  1:617.     1892.      a.  Schneider  Handb.  Laubk. 
1:628.    1906. 

The  few  herbarium  specimens  that  the  writer  has  seen  of  this  species 
from  southeastern  Europe  strongly  resemble  Prunus  spinosa  but  Schneider 
in  the  above  reference  describing  it  from  living  specimens  says  that  it 
differs  from  the  species  last  named  as  follows:  "  Lower  growth,  about  one- 
half  as  high,  spreading  squarrose  ramification,  much  less  thorniness; 
leaves  more  like  domestica,  when  young  hairy  on  both  sides,  later  above 
nearly  and  underneath  more  or  less  glabrous;  petiole  shorter,  not  ex- 
ceeding one  cm. ;  blooms  later,  nearly  with  the  leaves,  white,  about  twentv- 
two  mm.  in  diameter,  borne  almost  always  single  in  this  species;  pedicel 
finely  pilose,  in  Prunus  spinosa  almost  glabrous;  stamens  fewer,  about 
twenty;  fruit  blue  black,  stem  longer,  exceeding  twelve  mm." 

So  far  as  appears  from  the  few  and  scant  European  references  to  the 
species  it  has  no  horticultural  value. 

5.  PRUNUS  COCOMILIA  Tenore. 
i.  Tenore  FJ.  Neap.  Prodr.  Suppl.  a:6S.     1811.      a.  Schneider  Handb.  Laubh,  1:628.     1906. 

Tree  shrub-like,  top  thick,  broadly  ovate;  branches  drooping,  shoots  short ;  branch- 
lets  glabrous,  young  wood  olive  or  reddish-brown.     Buds  small,  roundish-ovate;   leaves 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  45 

roundish-obovate,  sharply  and  distinctly  serrated,  glabrous  or  upon  the  ribs  on  the 
under  side  sparsely  pubescent.  Flowers  usually  in  pairs,  opening  before  or  with  the  leaves, 
greenish-white,  pedicels  about  the  length  of  the  calyx-cups.  Fruit  yellow,  agreeable. 

The  writer  has  seen  only  herbarium  specimens  of  this  plant  and  has 
taken  the  description  given  from  European  texts.  According  to  Schneider 
the  species  has  been  divided  into  two  varieties  by  the  Italian  bota- 
nists. Prunus  cocomilia  typica  having  oblong-ovate  fruit  and  Prunus 
cocomilia  brutia  having  round  fruit.  Schneider  holds  also  that  Prunus 
•pseudoarmeniaca  Heldr.  and  Sart.1  from  Epirus  and  Thessaly  is  a  variety 
of  Prunus  cocomilia  differing  chiefly  in  having  more  pointed  leaves  and 
smaller  oblong-roundish  red  plums.  The  same  author  puts  in  this  species 
still  another  plum,  a  hairy -leaved  form  from  Thessaly  which  he  calls  Prunus 
cocomilia  puberula.  He  places  here  also  Prunus  ursina  Kotschy'  which 
differs  only  in  minor  respects  from  the  species,  chiefly  in  having  violet -red 
fruit  though  Boissier '  mentions  a  yellow -fruited  plum  which  he  calls  Prunus 
ursina  flava.  The  last  named  plums  come  from  Lebanon  and  North  Syria. 

6.  PRUNUS  CERASIFERA  Ehrhart « 

i.  Ehrhart  Beitr.  Nat.  4:17.  1789.  2.  Hooker  Brit.  Fl.  220.  1830.  3.  Koch,  K.  Dend.  1:97. 
1869.  4.  Koch,  W.  Syn.  Devi,  und  Schw.  Fl.  1:727.  1892.  5.  Bailey  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38: 
66.  1892.  6.  Schneider  Handb.  Laubh.  1:632.  1892.  7.  Schwarz  Forst.  Bot.  339.  1892.  8. 
Dippel  Handb.  Laubh.  1:633.  1893. 

P.  domestica  myrobalan.      9.  Linnaeus  Sp.  PI.  475.    1753.      10.  Scringe  DC.  Prodr.  2:338.    1825. 

P.  myrobalan.       n.  Loisleur  Nouv.  Duham.  5:184.    1812.       12.  Koehne  Dent,  Dend.  316.    1893. 

Tree  small  or  a  tree-like  shrub,  seldom  exceeding  twenty-five  feet  in  height;  branches 
upright,  slender,  twiggy,  unarmed  or  sometimes  thorny;  branchlets  soon  glabrous, 
becoming  yellow  or  chestnut -brown;  lenticels  few,  small,  orange  in  color,  raised. 

Winter-buds  small,  obtuse,  short-pointed,  pale  reddish-brown;  leaves  small,  short- 
ovate,  apex  acute,  base  cuneate  or  rounded,  thin,  membranaceous,  texture  firm,  light 
green,  nearly  glabrous  on  both  surfaces  at  maturity,  though  hairy  along  the  rib  on  the 
lower  surface,  margins  finely  and  closely  serrate;  petiole  one-half  or  three-quarters 
of  an  inch  long,  slender,  usually  glabrous,  glandless. 

Flowers  large,  three-quarters  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  expanding  very  early  or  mostly 
with  the  leaves;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  glandular,  reflexed;  petals  white,  sometimes 
with  a  blush,  ovate-oblong  or  orbicular,  the  base  contracted  into  a  claw;  borne 
singly,  sometimes  in  pairs,  in  cymes  on  long,  slender,  glabrous  peduncles. 

1  Boiss.  Diag.  2nd  Ser.  96.      1856. 
7  Verh.  Zool.  Bot.  Ges.  Wien.  435.     1864. 
1  Flor.  Or.  u:  625.      1872. 

4  In  pre-Linnaean  literature  Prunus  cerasifera  is  mentioned  by  Clusius  as  Prunus  myrobalanus 
(Rar.  Plant.  Hist.  46  fig.  1601),  and  by  Tournefort  under  the  same  name  (Inst.  Rei  Herb.  622.  1700). 


46  THE    PLUMS   OF   NEW    YORK. 

Fruit  small,  one-half  inch  or  a  little  more  in  diameter,  globular  or  depressed-globular, 
cherry-like,  red  or  yellow;  skin  thin  and  tender;  flesh  soft,  juicy,  sweet  and  rather 
pleasantly  flavored;  stone  oval,  short-pointed  at  both  ends,  somewhat  turgid,  ridged 
on  one  suture  and  grooved  on  the  other. 

Prunus  cerasifera,  the  Cherry  plum,  first  came  to  notice  in  pomological 
literature  as  the  Myrobalan  plum,  a  name  used  as  early  as  the  last  half 
of  the  Sixteenth  Century  by  Tabernas-Montanus  and  given  prominence 
in  the  Rariorum  Plantarum  Historum,  published  by  Clusius  in  1601.  Why 
applied  to  this  plum  is  not  known.  Myrobalan  had  long  before  been  used, 
and  is  still,  as  the  name  of  several  plum-like  fruits  of  the  East  Indies,  not 
of  the  genus  Prunus,  which  are  used  in  tanning,  dyeing,  ink-making  and 
embalming.  Until  Ehrhart  gave  it  the  name  Prunus  cerasifera  in  1789  it  was 
known  as  the  Myrobalan  plum  by  botanists,  some  of  whom,  and  nearly  all 
horticulturists,  have  continued  the  use  of  the  name  until  the  present  time. 

Not  a  few  of  the  botanists  who  have  used  Myrobalan  for  this  plum 
have  called  it  a  botanical  variety  of  Prunus  domestica.  Among  these  were 
Linnaeus  and  Seringe.  Others,  as  Loisleur  and  Poiteau,  have  preferred 
the  name  for  the  species  as  distinguished  by  Ehrhart. 

Many  of  the  early  botanists,  as  Tournefort  in  1700,  Ehrhart  in  1701, 
Loudon  in  1806  and  Loisleur  in  1812,  gave  the  origin  of  the  Cerasifera 
plums  as  North  America,  but  upon  what  authority  does  not  appear.  On 
the  other  hand  many  European  botanists,  including  Linnaeus,  gave  the 
habitat  as  Europe  or  Asia.  The  supposition  that  this  plum  came  from 
North  America  hardly  needs  discussion.  The  plum  flora  of  this  continent 
has  been  well  enough  studied  so  that  it  can  be  said  that  no  plant  that 
could  by  any  possibility  be  the  Cerasifera  plum  grows  on  this  side  of  the 
Atlantic.  Neither  does  it  seem  logical  to  consider  this  an  off -shoot  of 
Prunus  domestica,  for  fruit  and  tree-characters  are  distinctly  different, 
and  for  a  member  of  >  the  genus  Prunus  are  remarkably  constant.  More- 
over, there  is  abundant  evidence  to  show  that  this  is  a  distinct  species 
and  that  its  nativity  is  in  the  Turkish  and  nearby  countries  in  Europe 
and  Asia  and  that  there  it  has  been  in  cultivation  for  a  long  time. 

It  is  very  significant  that  in  the  old  herbals  and  botanies  a  frequent 
name  of  this  fruit  is  "  the  Turkish  plum."  But  more  specific  and  almost 
conclusive  proof  is  that  two  forms  of  plums  belonging  to  this  species  are 
known  to  come  from  the  Caucasus  region.  Prunus  divaricata  '  is  now  consid- 

1  Ledebour  Ind.  Hort.  Dorp.  Suppl.  6.     1824. 


i-i;i  \us  CKII  tsii  MM 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  47 

ered  by  some  botanists  to  be  a  synonym  of  Prunus  cerasifera  and  by  others 
to  be  a  botanical  variety  of  the  last  named  species.  Ledebour,  who  named 
it,  found  it  in  the  Trans-Caucasian  region.  It  differs  from  the  type  only 
in  having  much  divided,  wide-spreading  and  nearly  prostrate  branches. 
The  Pissardi  plum,  a  purple-leaved  form  of  this  species,  originated  in  Per- 
sia. A  plum  now  growing  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum  raised  from  seed  from 
Turkestan,  presumably  from  wild  stock,  is  identical  with  plants  of  Cerasi- 
fera  of  European  origin.  And,  according  to  Schneider,5  this  plum  is  known  in 
the  wild  state  in  Caucasus,  Trans-Caucasus,  northern  Persia  and  Turkestan. 

The  Cerasifera  plums  are  small  trees,  usually  upright  but  in  some  forms 
with  spreading  branches  which  are  commonly  unarmed,  glabrous  and 
brownish  in  color.  The  leaves  are  ovate  and  smaller  and  thinner  and 
with  more  finely  serrate  margin  than  those  of  the  Domestica  plums.  It 
blooms  prolifically  and  bears  large,  white,  single  or  paired  flowers,  making 
a  most  beautiful  tree  when  in  flower.  The  fruit  is  small,  round,  and  cherry- 
like,  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  diameter,  usually  red  but  sometimes 
yellow.  The  flesh  is  soft,  sweetish  or  sub-acid  and  poor.  The  stone  is 
turgid,  smooth  and  pointed.  The  species  is  variable  in  nearly  all  tree-char- 
acters, and  were  it  not  surpassed  by  other  plums  for  its  fruit  there  would 
undoubtedly  be  a  great  number  of  varieties  cultivated  for  the  markets. 
There  are,  however,  but  few  cultivated  Cerasiferas,  only  nineteen  being 
described  in  The  Plums  of  New  York.  It  is  very  generally  distributed 
wherever  plums  are  grown,  because  of  the  use  to  which  it  has  been  put 
as  stocks  for  other  species.  For  this  purpose  it  is  held  in  high  esteem 
the  world  over.  In  the  nurseries  of  New  York  it  is  now  used  more  than 
any  other  stock  and  it  is  common  to  find  it  fruiting  here  and  there  from 
plants  set  for  or  used  as  stocks.  In  fact  practically  all  the  cultivated 
varieties  have  arisen  as  survivals  of  plants  meant  for  stocks.  It  is  almost 
certain  that  the  Cerasifera,  or  Myrobalan,  as  it  is  universally  known  by 
horticulturists,  dwarfs  the  cion  and  that  it  is  not  equally  well  suited  to  all 
varieties;  but  it  does  not  "sprout"  as  badly  as  some  other  stocks,  is 
adapted  to  many  soils,  and  the  young  trees  grow  well  and  are  rapidly 
budded,  giving  at  the  start  a  strong  and  vigorous  orchard  tree. 

The  Cerasifera  plums  are  handsome  trees.  The  foliage  is  a  fresh  and 
beautiful  green  and  whether  covered  with  a  mass  of  flowers  or  loaded 
with  red  or  yellow  fruit  these  plums  are  as  handsome  as  any  of  our  culti- 
vated fruit  trees,  and  as  desirable  for  ornamentals. 

'Schneider  Handb.  Laubh.  632.    1906. 


48  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

The  hardiness,  thriftiness,  freedom  from  disease  and  adaptability 
to  soils  make  the  species  desirable  for  hybridizing.  A  number  of  breeders 
of  plums  have  made  use  of  it  with  some  indications  of  a  promising  future, 
several  interesting  hybrid  offspring  of  this  species  being  described  in 
The  Plums  of  New  York. 

The  small  number  of  varieties  of  Cerasifera  cultivated  for  their  fruit 
indicates  that  but  little  can  be  expected  from  this  species  by  plum-growers, 
since  so  little  has  come  from  it  in  the  shape  of  edible  fruits,  though  it 
has  been  under  general  cultivation  for  over  three  hundred  years,  at  least, 
as  an  ornamental  and  as  a  stock.  Several  valuable  groups  of  orna- 
mentals have  arisen  from  Cerasifera,  of  which  the  following  are  most  notable : — 

In  1880  M.  Pissard,  gardener  to  the  Shah  of  Persia,  sent  to  France 
a  purple-leaved  plum  which  proved  to  be  a  form  of  Prunus  Cerasifera. 
To  this  plum  Dippel '  gave  the  name  Prunus  cerasifera  atropurpurea,  while 
horticulturists  very  generally  call  it  Prunus  pissardi.  A  close  study  of 
the  purple-leaved  plum  reveals  no  character  in  which  it  differs  from  the 
species  except  in  the  color  of  foliage,  flowers  and  fruit;  the  leaves  are 
purple,  as  are  also  the  calyx  and  peduncles  of  the  flowers,  while  the  fruit 
is  a  dark  wine-red.  These  are  but  horticultural  characters  and  do  not 
seem  to  be  of  sufficient  importance  to  establish  for  this  plant  a  botanical 
variety.  This  view  is  strengthened  by  the  fact  that  Jack  2  reports  that 
seeds  from  the  purple-leaved  plum  have  produced  plants  which  agree  in 
all  essential  particulars  with  the  species ;  while  Kerr '  has  grown  a  purple- 
leaved  plum  from  a  variety  of  Prunus  cerasifera. 

Besides  this  well-known  purple-leaved  plum  nurserymen  offer  Prunus 
pendula,  a  weeping  form;  Prunus  planteriensis,  bearing  double  white  and 
red  flowers;  Prunus  acutifolia,  a  plum  with  narrow,  willow -like  leaves; 
Prunus  contorta,  characterized  by  twisted,  contorted  foliage ;  Prunus 
elegans,  Prunus  gigantea,  and  a  variety  with  yellow  and  another  with 
variegated  leaves,  etc.  All  of  these  are  probably  horticultural  varieties 
of  Prunus  cerasifera  though  some  of  them  cannot  be  classified  with  surety. 

Schneider  4  calls  Prunus  dasycarpa  Ehrhart,5  the  Prunus  armeniaca 
dasycarpa  of  Borkhausen,"  a  cross  between  Prunus  cerasifera  and  Prunus 
armeniaca,  one  of  the  apricots. 

'Dippel  Handb.  Lattbh.  3:633.    1893. 

"Jack  Gar.  and  For.  5:64.     1892. 

'  Bailey  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:34.     1892. 

4  Handb.  Laubh.  1:633.     1906. 

1  Beitr.  Nat.  6:90.      1791. 

•  Handb.  Forstb.  11:1392.      1803. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  49 

7.  PRUNUS  MONTICOLA  K.  Koch 

i.  Koch,  K.  Ind.  Sent.  Hort.  Berol.  App.    1854.      2.  Schneider  Handb.  Laubh.  1:632.    1906. 

Plant  shrub-like,  slender,  upright,  scarcely  thorny,  new  wood  more  or  less  olive- 
brown.  Buds  short,  ovate;  leaves  roundish  or  cuneiform,  base  oblong-ovate,  point 
drawn  out,  main  nerves  over  six  on  both  sides,  the  serrations  coarse  and  uniform  in 
size,  always  glabrous.  Flowers  mostly  in  twos;  borne  on  long,  slender  peduncles; 
calyx  usually  glabrous;  petals  white,  odor  slight;  stamens  thirty  or  more.  Fruit 
small,  roundish-oblong,  red;  stone  ovoid,  pointed  at  one  end,  somewhat  turgid. 

Prunus  monticola  is  described  by  the  above  authors  as  a  shrub-like 
plum  from  Asia  Minor  and  Armenia  having,  so  far  as  can  be  learned  from 
European  texts,  little  or  no  horticultural  value.  The  herbarium  specimens 
seen  by  the  writer  indicate  that  this  species  is  closely  related  to  Prunus 
cerasifera.  The  description  of  the  species  is  abbreviated  from  Schneider. 

8.  PRUNUS  TRIFLORA  Roxburgh 

i.  Roxburgh  Hort.  Bengal  38.     1814.      2.  Ibid.  Fl.  Indica  2:501.    1824.      3.  Schneider  Handb. 
Laubh.  1:627.    1892.      4.  Bailey  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  62.    1894.      5.  Watigh  Plum  Cult.  42.     1901. 
P.  domestica.      6.  Maximowicz  Mel.  Biol.  11:678.    1883. 
P.  hattan  Tamari.      7.  Bailey  An.  Hort.  30.    1889. 

P.  communis.      8.  Forbes  and  Hemsley  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  23:219.    1886-88. 
P.  japonica  of  horticulturists  (not  P.  japonica  of  Thunberg). 

Tree  twenty  to  thirty  feet  in  height,  vigorous;  trunk  six  to  twelve  inches  in  diam- 
eter, straight;  bark  thick,  rough,  numerous  corky  elevations  especially  on  the  branches, 
reddish  or  cinnamon -brown,  peach-like;  branches  long,  upright-spreading,  much  forked, 
brash  and  often  splitting  at  the  forks;  branchlets  thick,  straight,  glaucous  and  glabrous, 
at  first  light  red,  growing  darker  the  second  year;  lenticels  few  or  many,  usually  small 
but  conspicuous,  light  in  color. 

Winter-buds  small  and  obtuse,  free  or  appressed;  leaves  borne  abundantly,  small 
or  of  but  medium  size,  oblong-obovate,  point  acuminate  or  abrupt,  prominent,  base 
rounded,  firm,  thin,  membranaceous,  margins  finely  and  closely  serrated,  sometimes 
in  two  series,  teeth  usually  glandular;  upper  surface  bright  green,  glabrous,  lower  sur- 
face dull,  whitish,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  on  the  veins;  veins  pronounced; 
petioles  one-half  inch  in  length,  stoutish,  tinged  with  red;  glands  few  or  several,  usually 
globose,  greenish;  stipules  lanceolate,  very  narrow,  one-half  inch  long,  caducous. 

Flowers  expanding  early,  before,  with  or  sometimes  after  the  leaves,  first  of  the 
plum  blossoms  to  appear,  very  abundant,  three-quarters  of  an  inch  in  diameter;  usually 
three  springing  from  each  flower-bud,  often  in  dense  clusters  on  lateral  spurs  and  lateral 
buds  on  one-year-old  wood;  calyx-tube  green,  glabrous,  campanulate  or  obconic;  calyx- 
lobes  acute  to  obtuse  glandular-serrate,  erect,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  petals  white, 
oval,  entire  or  crenate,  with  a  short  claw  or  tip;  stamens  about  twenty-five,  shorter 
than  the  petals;  anthers  yellow,  sometimes  tinged  with  red;  pistils  glabrous,  longer 
than  the  stamens;  pedicels  one-half  inch  long,  slender. 


50  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Fruit  varying  greatly  in  season,_from  very  early  to  late;  large,  from  one  to  two  inches 
in  diameter,  globular,  heart-shaped  or  often  somewhat  conical;  cavity  deep;  apex 
conspicuously  pointed;  suture  usually  prominent;  color  varies  greatly  but  usually  a 
bright  red  or  yellow,  never  blue  or  purple,  lustrous,  with  little  or  no  bloom;  dots  small, 
numerous,  usually  conspicuous;  skin  thin,  tough,  astringent;  stem  one-half  inch  in 
length;  flesh  red  or  more  often  yellow,  firm,  fibrous,  juicy;  quality  variable,  of  distinct 
flavor,  usually  good;  stone  clinging  tenaciously  or  nearly  free,  small,  rough  or  lightly 
pitted,  oval  to  ovate,  one  edge  grooved,  the  other  ridged. 

A  study  of  the  botanical  characters  of  the  many  Triflora  plums  under 
cultivation  fails  to  show  any  lines  of  cleavage  whereby  the  species  can  be 
divided.  Of  plums  commonly  grown  in  America  it  is  not  very  closely 
related  to  any  unless  it  be  Prunus  simonii.  There  are  several  plums  from 
eastern  and  central  Asia  with  which  we  are  not  at  all  familiar  in  America 
that  may  show  relationship  with  Prunus  triflora,  chief  of  which  are  Prunus 
ichangana  Schneider,1  Prunus  thibetica  Franchet2  and  Prunus  bokhariensis 
Royle,'  the  last  a  cultivated  plum  from  northern  India.  These,  in  herbarium 
specimens,  have  some  characters  reminding  one  of  Prunus  triflora,  others  of 
Prunus  domestica  and  still  others,  of  Prunus  cerasifera. 

The  Triflora,  or  Japanese,4  plums  are  now  cultivated  in  all  parts  of 
the  world  where  plums  are  grown;  yet  outside  of  Japan  and  China  they 
have  been  grown  for  their  fruit  less  than  half  a  century.  Despite  the 
fact  that  these  plums  have  been  grown  in  Asia  for  several  centuries  the 
wild  form  is  not  known.  Indeed,  there  are  doubts  in  the  minds  of  some 
as  to  whether  it  constitutes  a  distinct  species,  Maximowicz,  an  authority 
on  the  flora  of  Japan,  among  others,  holding  that  it  is  but  a  form  of  Prunus 
domestica.  Roxburgh  in  naming  it  gave  but  little  definite  information 
in  regard  to  the  species,  but  the  herbarium  specimens  of  his  in  the  Kew 
Herbarium  are  readily  identified  as  identical  with  our  Japanese  plums.1 
The  confusion  between  Prunus  triflora  and  Prunus  domestica  seems  need- 
less, as  the  points  of  difference  between  these  two  species  are  several  and 
very  distinct  and  constant,  the  resemblances  between  Prunus  triflora  and 

lFedde  Repert.  I 150.     1905. 

'PI.  David  2:33.      1888. 

'III.  Bot.  His.  Mountains  and  Fl.  of  Cash.  1:239.     1839. 

4  Several  apricots  and  the  loquat  of  southern  Japan  are  also  called  Japanese  plums.  The 
name  Triflora  for  common  usage  avoids  this  confusion  and  conforms  with  the  growing  usage  in 
horticulture  of  using  the  specific  name  alone. 

8  Bailey  says,  (Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  62:6.  1894)  speaking  of  these  specimens:  "  I  have  no  hesita- 
tion in  saying  that  our  Japanese  plums  are  the  same."  The  writer  examined  the  specimens  in 
the  summer  of  1909  and  recognized  them  at  once  to  be  the  same  as  the  cultivated  Triflora  plums. 


PRVXCS    TRIFLORA 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  51 

some  of  the  American  species  being  much  closer.  So,  too,  the  effort,  some- 
times made,  to  make  more  than  one  species  out  of  Prunus  triftora  is  strain- 
ing a  point,  for  though  the  types  under  cultivation  vary  considerably 
yet  the  variations  are  not  greater  than  between  varieties  of  other  species  of 
the  genus  Prunus. 

Prunus  tn 'flora  is  almost  certainly  a  native  of  China.  According  to 
Georgeson  and  Sargent,  who  have  made  extensive  botanical  explorations 
in  the  forests  of  Japan,  there  are  no  indigenous  plum  trees  in  that  country. 
Dr.  K.  Miyake,  botanist  at  the  Agricultural  College  of  the  Imperial  Uni- 
versity, Tokyo,  Japan,  writes  to  this  Station,1  that  Prunus  triftora  does 
not  grow  wild  in  Japan  but  was  introduced  there  from  China  from  two 
to  four  hundred  years  ago.  Bretschneider '  in  his  treatise  on  The  Study 
and  Value  of  Chinese  Botanical  Works  says  that  the  plum  has  been  culti- 
vated from  ancient  times  in  China  and  this  indicates  that  the  original 
habitat  was  in  that  country.  Mr.  F.  N.  Meyer,  Agricultural  Explorer 
for  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  who  has  made  extensive 
agricultural  explorations  in  China,  writes "  that  he  has  seen  many 
trees  of  Prunus  triftora  cultivated  in  the  Chekiang  Province  and  also  about 
Canton  but  that  he  had  not  found  the  species  growing  wild.  Roxburgh 
says  *  that  the  shrub  had  been  "  received  from  China  into  our  gardens  in 
Bengal."  Forbes  and  Hemsley  6  state  that  varieties  of  this  plum  are  cul- 
tivated in  China  and  that  it  occurs  in  the  wild  state  in  the  mountains  near 
Peking  as  well  as  on  the  Tsunglin  range  in  Shensi  and  Kansu.  These 
writers  are,  however,  uncertain  as  to  where  it  is  truly  indigenous. 

While  the  above  and  practically  all  evidence  points  to  China  as  the 
original  home  of  Prunus  triftora  it  is  likely  that  the  habitat  of  the  species 
cannot  be  accurately  determined  until  western  and  southwestern  China 
have  been  explored  by  botanists,  these  regions  as  yet  being  almost  un- 
known to  foreign  scientists. 

Notwithstanding  the  illustrious  work  of  Kaempfer,  Thunberg,  Sie- 
bold  and  Fortune  in  sending  to  Europe  the  choicest  plants  of  Japan  and 
China,  Prunus  triftora  seems  to  have  reached  the  Old  World  through  Amer- 
ica at  a  very  recent  date.  At  least  the  species  was  not  cultivated  for  its 
fruit  in  Europe  until  introduced  from  the  United  States  as  Japanese  plums, 

February  23,  1909. 

PP.  10,  45. 

March  12,  1909. 

Fl.  Indica  501.    1824. 

Forbes  and  Hemsley  Jour.  Linn,  Soc.  23:219.     1886-88. 


52  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW   YORK. 

and  even  yet  they  are  but  barely  known  in  European  orchards.  The 
species  was  introduced  into  this  country  from  Japan  about  1870  by  a 
Mr.  Hough  of  Vacaville,  California.  According  to  Bailey,1  who  has  given 
much  attention  to  these  plums,  Mr.  Hough  obtained  his  trees  from  a  Mr. 
Bridges,  United  States  Consul  to  Japan.  John  Kelsey,  Berkeley,  Cali- 
fornia, produced  the  first  ripe  fruit  of  the  Triflora  plums  in  America  in 
1876  and  1877,  and  impressed  by  their  value  began  recommending  them. 
Owing  to  Mr.  Kelsey's  efforts  the  propagation  of  these  plums  was  begun 
on  a  large  scale  about  1883  by  W.  P.  Hammon  &  Co.,  of  Oakland,  who 
commemorated  Mr.  Kelsey's  labors  by  naming  the  plum  after  him.  The 
success  of  the  Kelsey  started  the  importation  and  origination  of  varieties 
and  a  veritable  boom  in  Japanese  plums  was  soon  under  way. 

This  fruit  is  a  most  valuable  addition  to  our  pomology,  no  less  than 
ninety-two  varieties  now  being  under  cultivation  in  America.  At  first  it 
was  thought  desirable  only  for  the  southern  states,  but  it  proved  to  be 
nearly  as  hardy  as  the  Domestica  plums  in  the  northern  states  and  was 
soon  widely  distributed  north  and  south.  Beyond  question  it  has  suffered 
from  over-praise,  which  has  led  to  over-planting.  As  was  of  necessity 
the  case,  many  untested  and  worthless  varieties  were  offered  fruit-growers, 
and  these,  with  the  failure  of  some  of  the  extravagant  claims  for  the  really 
meritorious  varieties,  have  given  the  Triflora  plums  a  bad  reputation 
with  many  fruit-growers.  Now  we  have  cultivated  plums  of  this  species 
for  forty  years  and  there  has  been  time  for  the  excitement  of  their  discovery 
and  the  consequent  reaction  to  abate  making  it  possible  to  arrive  more 
nearly  at  their  true  place  in  pomology. 

The  plums  of  this  species  possess  several  striking  features  that  com- 
mend them  to  fruit-growers.  Undoubtedly  the  most  valuable  attribute 
of  the  Triflora  plums  as  cultivated  fruits  is  their  wide  range  of  adapt- 
ability. All  must  admit  that  this  group  of  varieties  is  less  valuable  than 
the  Domestica  varieties  where  both  succeed,  but  the  Triflora  plums  are 
adapted  to  a  much  wider  range  of  country  and  of  conditions  than  the 
Domesticas.  But  even  where  both  types  of  plums  succeed  the  newer 
plum  introduces  several  very  desirable  features  quite  aside  from  additional 
variety  which  the  many  distinct  sorts  furnish.  Thus,  as  a  species,  the 
Trifloras  are  more  vigorous,  productive,  earlier  in  coming  in  bearing  and 
more  free  from  diseases,  especially  black -knot  and  leaf -blight,  than  the 

1  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  62:3.     1894. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  53 

Domestica  plums.  The  Trifloras  are  also  less  subject  to  curculio  than 
most  of  the  native  and  European  species.  They  keep  longer  and  ship  as 
well  as  the  better  known  Europeans.  As  compared  with  native  varieties 
the  plums  from  Japan  are  larger,  handsomer  and  better  flavored  and  keep 
and  ship  better.  Some  disadvantages  are  that  they  blossom  so  early  as 
to  be  often  caught  by  spring  frosts;  they  are  quite  subject  to  brown  - 
rot;  for  most  part  they  are  tenacious  clingstones;  the  species,  all  in  all, 
is  less  hardy  to  cold  than  the  Domestica  plums ;  lastly,  they  are  inferior 
in  quality  to  the  varieties  from  Europe.  The  last  fault  is  so  serious  that, 
though  the  average  for  the  Triflora  plums  is  high,  making  them  un- 
questionably more  desirable  inhabitants  of  the  orchard  than  any  of  the 
native  species,  they  cannot  compete  with  the  Domesticas  where  the  two 
types  can  be  equally  well  grown. 

The  botanical  differences  between  these  Asiatic  plums  and  those  from 
Europe  and  America  are  most  interesting.  In  1859  Asa  Gray  called  atten- 
tion to  the  striking  resemblances  between  the  east  coast  floras  of  Asia  and 
America.  The  Triflora  plum  is  one  of  the  plants  which  furnishes  substan- 
tial evidence  of  this  similarity  and  of  the  dissimilarity  of  the  east  and 
west  coast  floras  of  the  two  hemispheres.  In  general  aspect  the  trees  of 
the  Triflora  plums  in  summer  or  winter  are  much  more  like  those  of  the 
American  species  than  like  those  from  Europe  or  West  Asia;  so,  too,  the 
fruits  are  more  alike  in  appearance  and  in  quality,  and  the  peach-like 
foliage  of  the  Trifloras  might  easily  be  mistaken  for  that  of  some  of  our 
varieties  of  Hortulana  or  Munsoniana.  In  the  manner  in  which  the  buds 
are  borne  and  in  vernation  the  resemblance  of  the  Oriental  species  to  the 
Americanas,  Hortulanas  and  Munsonianas  is  again  most  striking.  In 
Asiatic  and  American  species  the  buds  are  borne  in  twos  and  threes,  while 
in  the  European  species  they  are  more  often  single  or  double. 

The  importance  of  this  similarity  of  the  Triflora  plums  to  the  most 
common  American  species  is  seen  when  Gray's  reason  for  the  likenesses 
between  the  two  floras  is  considered.  This,  briefly,  is  that  similar  types 
of  post-glacial  plants  should  persist  in  areas  having  like  geographical 
positions  and  like  climates;  hence  east -coast  plants  in  one  hemisphere 
should  be  expected  to  be  similar  to  those  of  the  east  coast  of  the  other 
hemisphere  and  the  same  with  the  west  coast.  Triflora  plums  are  near 
of  kin  to  American  plums,  then,  because  they  have  been  evolved  under 
similar  conditions.  This  is  a  reason  why  these  plums  from  Japan 
are  adapted  to  so  wide  a  range  of  country  in  America,  and  why,  too,  they 


54  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

are  so  free  from  the  fungus  troubles  which  attack  European  plums,  but 
from  which  American  plums  suffer  but  little. 

As  might  be  expected  from  their  nearness  of  kin  the  Triflora  plums 
hybridize  readily  with  the  American  species  and  especially  with  the  Hortu- 
lanas  and  Munsonianas,  the  species  they  most  resemble.  Unfortunately 
an  amalgamation  of  the  Oriental  plums  with  the  Americanas  is  not  so 
easily  accomplished  and  that  with  the  Domesticas  is  still  more  difficult. 
Hybrids  with  Prunus  simonii  are  easily  made  and  the  progeny  as  a  rule 
have  much  merit.  Hybrids  of  the  Trifloras  with  our  native  species  give 
most  promising  results,  a  number  of  them  being  described  in  The  Plums 
of  New  York.  The  fact  that  the  Trifloras  have  been  cultivated  for  several 
centuries,  at  least,  means  in  their  hybridization  with  American  species 
that  there  is  an  amalgamation  of  domesticated  characters  with  the  similar 
but  wilder  characters  of  our  native  species. 

It  has  been  very  difficult  to  establish  a  satisfactory  nomenclature 
for  the  Triflora  plums  now  grown  in  America.  In  spite  of  the  excellent 
work  of  Berckmans,1  Bailey 2  and  Waugh,'  in  bringing  order  out  of 
what  was  at  one  time  utter  confusion,  there  is  still  a  great  deal  of  uncer- 
tainty as  to  the  identification  of  some  varieties.  The  confusion  began  with 
the  first  extensive  importation  of  these  plums  from  Japan  when  names 
which  the  Japanese  applied  to  classes  or  groups  or  the  localities  from  which 
the  plums  came  were  made  to  apply  in  America  to  definite  varieties.  Many 
of  the  names  under  which  the  plums  were  imported  have  had  to  be  dropped 
and  the  varieties  boldly  renamed.  Another  source  of  confusion  has  been 
that  these,  of  all  plums,  seem  most  variable  under  changed  conditions. 
Local  environment  in  many  instances  in  America  changes  somewhat  the 
habit  and  appearance  of  varieties,  making  it  difficult  to  decide  whether 
two  or  more  specimens  of  the  same  sort  from  different  localities  are  iden- 
tical varieties  or  distinct.  Curiously  enough,  too,  the  trees  of  some  varie- 
ties of  plums  seem  to  bear  unlike  fruit  in  different  years,  especially  in  the 
matter  of  time  of  ripening;  that  is,  trees  of  some  varieties  do  not  always 
ripen  their  fruit  in  the  same  sequence,  being  earlier  than  another  variety 
one  year  and  possibly  later  the  next.  All  fruits  are  more  or  less  variable 
in  this  respect,  but  the  Triflora  plums  are  remarkably  so,  a  fact  that  has 
added  to  the  confusion  in  their  nomenclature,  since  it  adds  to  the  diffi- 
culty of  identifying  varieties. 

'Berckmans,  L.  A.  Rpt.  Ga.  Hort.  Soc.  15.    1889. 

7  Bailey,  L.  H.  Cornell  Sta.  Buls.  62,  106,  139,  175. 

8  Waugh,  F.  A.  Plum  Cult.    1901. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  55 

The  cultivated  varieties  of  Prunus  triflora  are  also  very  diverse  as 
regards  tree -characters,  especially  as  to  vigor,  hardiness  and  time  of  ma- 
turity of  the  fruit.  The  differences  seem  to  be  horticultural  or  those 
that  come  from  cultivation,  rather  than  botanical.  Indeed,  it  seems  im- 
possible to  place  the  numerous  varieties  in  horticultural  groups  that 
are  marked  with  any  great  degree  of  definiteness.  A  distinction  of  groups 
based  on  color  is  sometimes  made,  but  the  one  character  is  insufficient 
to  have  classificatory  value.  In  Japan,  according  to  Georgeson,  a  division 
of  the  species  is  made  with  shape  as  the  line  of  division.  He  says  '  "  The 
round  plums  are  designated  by  the  term  botankio,  while  those  of  an  oval 
or  pointed  shape  are  called  hattankio."  The  varieties  are  sometimes  loosely 
grouped  into  yellow  and  red-fleshed  sorts.  A  serviceable  classification 
would  have  to  be  founded  on  several  or  a  considerable  number  of  characters. 
Such  a  classification  at  present  is  impossible. 

9.  PRUNUS  SIMONII  Carriere 
i.  Carriere  Rev.  Hort.  in.    1872.* 

Tree  small,  of  medium  vigor,  upright,  dense,  hardy  except  in  exposed  locations, 
unproductive;  branches  stocky,  long,  rough,  thickly  strewn  with  small  lenticels; 
branchlets  slender,  long,  with  internodes  of  medium  length,  reddish,  glabrous;  leaf- 
buds  intermediate  in  size,  short,  obtuse,  free. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  oblong-lanceolate  to  obovate,  peach-like,  narrow, 
long,  of  medium  thickness;  upper  surface  dark  green,  smooth,  shining,  lower  surface 
pale  green,  not  pubescent,  with  prominent  midrib;  margin  slightly  crenate;  petiole 
short,  thick,  faintly  tinged  red,  often  with  four  large  globose  glands  on  the  stalk. 

Flower-buds  numerous  on  one-year  wood  although  found  on  spurs  on  the  older 
wood;  flowers  appearing  very  early,  semi-hardy,  small,  pinkish-white;  borne  singly  or  in 
pairs,  often  defective  in  pollen. 

Fruit  maturing  early;  one  and  three-quarters  by  two  and  one-quarter  inches  in  size, 
strongly  oblate,  compressed;  cavity  deep,  wide,  flaring,  regular,  often  slightly  russeted; 
suture  variable  in  depth,  frequently  swollen  near  the  apex  which  is  flattened  or  strongly 
depressed;  dark  red  or  purplish-red,  overspread  with  waxy  bloom;  dots  numerous, 
small,  dark  colored,  with  russet  center,  inconspicuous;  stem  thick,  characteristically 
short  being  often  one-quarter  inch  long;  skin  of  medium  thickness,  tough,  bitter,  ad- 
hering to  the  pulp;  flesh  rich  yellow,  medium  juicy,  tough,  firm,  very  mild  sub-acid 
with  a  peculiar  aromatic  flavor;  of  fair  quality;  stone  clinging,  about  seven-eighths  inch 
in  diameter,  roundish,  flattened  to  rather  turgid,  truncate  at  the  base,  tapering  abruptly 
to  a  short  point  at  the  apex,  with  characteristic  rough  surfaces;  ventral  suture  narrow, 
acute  or  with  distinct  wing;  dorsal  suture  very  blunt  or  acute,  not  grooved. 

'Georgeson,  C.  C.  Amer.  Card.  12:74.    1891. 

*  For  references  and  synonymy  see  the  Simon  plum. 


56  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

All  that  is  known  of  the  history  and  habitat  of  this  species  is  that 
it  came  from  China  in  1867  having  been  sent  to  the  Paris  Museum  of 
Natural  History  by  Eugene  Simon,  a  French  consul  in  China.  The  spon- 
taneous form  has  not  as  yet  been  found.  The  general  aspect  of  the  tree 
is  more  that  of  the  peach  than  the  plum  and  the  drupes  are  as  much  like 
apricots  or  nectarines  as  plums  but  when  all  characters  are  considered 
the  fruit  can  better  be  classed  with  the  plums  than  with  any  of  the  other 
stone-fruits  named. 

Prunus  simonii  has  been  widely  grown  in  America  both  for  its  fruits 
and  as  an  ornamental,  but  it  cannot  be  said  that  it  has  become  popular 
for  either  purpose  and  only  one  variety  of  the  species  is  now  under  culti- 
vation. As  a  food  product  the  plums  lack  palatability  and  as  ornamentals 
the  trees  are  subject  to  too  many  pests.  Prunus  simonii  has  been  success- 
fully hybridized  with  Prunus  triflora  and  as  secondary  crosses  its  blood 
has  been  mingled  with  that  of  some  of  the  native  species  as  well.  Most 
of  its  hybrid  offspring  have  more  value  than  the  parent,  nearly  all  of  them 
lacking  its  disagreeable  taste.  According  to  an  article  published  in  Revue 
Horticole  '  a  new  form  of  the  Prunus  simonii  was  produced  in  1890  from  a 
bud  sport,  the  fruit  of  which  is  elongated,  a  little  cordate,  slightly  unequal, 
and  grooved  on  one  side.  So  far  as  can  be  learned  this  sport  has  no  very 
decided  merits  as  a  horticultural  plant. 

10.  PRUNUS  AMERICANA  Marshall 

i.  Marshall  Arb.  Ant.  in.  1785.  2.  Eaton  and  Wright  N.  Ant.  Bot.  377.  1840.  3.  Torrey 
and  Gray  Fl.  N.  Ant.  1:407.  1840  (in  part).  4.  Torrey  Fl.  N.  Y.  1:194.  1843  (in  part).  S.Emer- 
son Trees  of  Mass.  449.  1846.  6.  Nuttal  Silva  2:19.  1846.  7.  Darlington  Fl.  Cest.  Ed.  3:72. 
1853.  8.  Torrey  Pac.  R.  Rpt.  4:82.  1854.  9.  Curtis  Rpt.  Geol.  Surv.  N.  C.  56.  1860.  10.  Ridg- 
way  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  65.  1882.  n.  Sargent  loth  Cen.  U.  S.  9:65.  1883  (in  part).  12.  Wat- 
sonand  Coulter  Gray's  Man.  Ed.  6:151.  1889  (in  part).  13.  Coulter  Con/.  U.S.  Nat.  Herb.  2:102.  1891. 
14.  Sargent  Silva  N.  Am.  4:19,  PI.  150.  1892,  15.  Rydberg  Cont.  U.  S.Nat.  Herb.  3:156.  1895.  16. 
Ibid.  3:494.  1896.  17.  Waugh  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  53:59.  1896.  18.  Ibid.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  10:100. 
1896-7.  19.  Chapman  Fl.  Sou.  U.  S.  130.  1897.  20.  Bailey  Ev.  Nat.  Fr.  182,  fig.  1898.  21. 
Waugh  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:231.  1899.  22.  MohrCowJ.  U.  S.Nat.  Herb.  6:551.  1901.  23.  Bailey 
Cyc.  Am.  Hort.  1448  fig.  1901.  24.  Rydberg  Fl.  of  Colo.  193.  1906. 

Tree  attaining  a  height  of  thirty  feet,  slow  but  strong  in  growth,  often  shrubby; 
trunk  thick,  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  short,  bearing  the  head  at  three  to  five  feet; 
bark  one-half  inch  thick,  dark  grayish-brown,  outer  surface  rough,  shaggy  with  large 
scales,  with  age  becoming  smoother,  giving  a  characteristic  aspect;  branches  spreading, 
crooked,  long,  rigid,  but  often  pendulous  at  the  extremities,  more  or  less  thorny,  with 
lateral,  spinescent  branchlets;  branchlets  light  green,  usually  glabrous,  sometimes 

1  Carriere,  E.  A.  Rev.  Hort.  152.    1891. 


PRUXUS    AMERICANA 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  57 

much  or  little  tomentose,  at  first  becoming  brownish  and  later  tinged  with  red;  lenticels 
numerous,  large  and  distinct. 

Winter-buds  medium  in  size,  short,  acute,  appressed,  reddish-brown;  leaves  large, 
obovate,  oblong-obovate,  or  oval,  acuminate  at  the  apex  and  usually  rounded  at  the 
base,  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  becoming  somewhat  coriaceous;  margins  sharply  serrate, 
almost  incised,  often  doubly  serrate,  the  coarse  and  double  serrations  characteristic; 
teeth  not  glandular;  upper  surface  more  or  less  roughened,  light  green,  the  lower  one 
glabrous  or  slightly  hairy,  sometimes  pubescent,  coarsely  veined,  the  midrib  grooved 
on  the  upper  side;  petioles  slender,  two-thirds  inch  in  length,  usually  glandless;  sti- 
pules long,  sometimes  three-lobed,  falling  early. 

Flowers  expanding  after  the  leaves,  large,  an  inch  in  diameter,  borne  in  lateral 
umbels,  two  to  five-flowered,  mostly  on  one-year-old  wood;  pedicels  one-half  inch 
long,  slender,  usually  glabrous;  calyx-tube  obconic,  entire,  glandular,  reddish  on  the 
outer,  green  on  the  inner  surface,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  acuminate,  glabrous  on  the 
outer  and  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  reflexed;  petals  white,  sometimes  with  bright 
red  at  the  base,  rounded  and  often  lanciniate  at  the  apex,  contracted  into  a  long,  narrow 
claw  at  the  base;  stamens  about  thirty  in  number,  as  long  as  the  petals;  anthers  small, 
yellow;  pistils  glabrous,  slender,  as  long  as  the  stamens;  stigma  thick  and 
truncate;  anthers  and  pistils  often  defective;  when  in  full  flower  emitting  a  disagree- 
able odor. 

Fruit  very  variable  in  ripening  period;  globose,  sub-globose,  conical,  oval,  or 
sometimes  oblique-truncate,  usually  more  than  an  inch  in  diameter,  red  or  rarely  yellow- 
ish, mostly  dull,  with  or  without  bloom;  dots  pale,  numerous,  more  or  less  conspicuous; 
cavity  shallow  or  almost  lacking;  suture  a  line;  skin  thick,  tough,  usually  astringent ; 
flesh  golden-yellow,  juicy,  meaty,  fibrous,  sweetish,  acid  and  poor  but  often  good  to  very 
good;  stone  clinging  or  free,  turgid  or  flattened,  the  apex  pointed,  ridged  on  the 
ventral  and  slightly  grooved  on  the  dorsal  suture,  surfaces  smooth. 

As  Prunus  americana  is  more  carefully  studied  throughout  the  great 
territory  it  inhabits,  undoubtedly  one  or  more  sub-species  will  be  described. 
The  plums  of  this  species  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  are  distinguished  from 
the  eastern  and  typical  form  by  fruits  having  a  length  greater  than  the 
diameter,  by  a  somewhat  different  aspect  of  tree  and  by  flatter  seeds  which 
are  usually  conspicuously  longer  than  broad.  All  of  the  cultivated  varie- 
ties come  from  the  western  form.  The  plant  of  Prunus  americana  in  the 
dry  plain  regions  in  Kansas  and  Nebraska  becomes  shrubby  in  character 
while  on  the  alluvial  bottom  lands  along  the  streams  in  this  region  it  re- 
tains the  character  of  a  tree.  In  the  southern  limit  of  its  range,  the  leaves 
of  this  species  are  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface.  As  the 
species  occurs  throughout  western  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  Utah,  Wyoming, 
Montana  and  Manitoba,  it  differs  enough,  possibly,  from  the  eastern  types 
to  be  considered  a  sub-species,  having  a  wholly  different  aspect  of  tree, 


58  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

silvery  and  somewhat  scurfy  twigs,  smaller,  thinner  and  lighter  colored 
leaves  and  smaller  fruits  with  more  roundish  stones. 

Prunus  americana  is  the  predominating  native  plum.  It  is  the 
most  widely  distributed,  is  most  abundant  in  individual  specimens  and  has 
yielded  the  largest  number  of  horticultural  varieties  of  any  of  the  native 
species.  Because  of  its  prominence  and  comparatively  high  degree  of 
permanency  of  characters  it  may  well  be  considered  the  type  from  which 
has  sprung  not  only  its  botanical  varieties  but  several  other  of  the  American 
species.  Its  variability,  too,  is  shown  in  its  many  diverse  horticultural 
varieties,  and  of  its  adaptability  it  may  be  said  that  it  nourishes  on  nearly 
all  soils  and  exposures,  and  is  found  wild  or  cultivated  from  Maine  to 
Florida  and  northward  from  Mexico  along  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  well  into  Canada.  The  species  was  well  named  by  Marshall 
"Americana." 

This  plum  has  not  played  nearly  as  important  a  part  in  the  pomology 
of  America  as  its  merits  would  warrant.  It  seems  to  have  made  an  im- 
pression almost  from  the  first  upon  the  Europeans  who  settled  America,  for 
it  is  mentioned  in  nearly  all  the  early  records  of  the  food  products  of  the 
newly  found  land,  yet  its  cultivation  can  hardly  be  said  to  have  begun 
until  the  last  half  of  the  Nineteenth  Century.  But  the  early  descriptions 
of  this  and  other  native  plums  by  the  colonial  explorers,  naturalists  and 
botanists,  show  but  little  interest  in  these  fruits  as  subjects  for  cultivation, 
and  seem  to  contain  almost  no  prophecies  as  to  the  possible  development 
of  a  new  orchard  plant  from  them.  It  is  probable  that  the  Damsons, 
which  were  early  introduced  in  America,  and  the  Domesticas,  which  came 
at  least  before  the  Revolution,  proved  so  adaptable  to  the  part  of  the  New 
World  in  which  the  colonies  were  planted  that  this,  even  though  the  best 
of  the  wild  plums,  offered  small  reward  in  comparison. 

It  is  certain,  however,  that  from  the  very  first,  Americana  plums 
were  much  used  by  the  early  settlers  as  wild  fruits,  for  the  histories  of  all 
the  colonies  and  states  in  which  plums  are  found  contain  innumerable 
references  to  wild  plums,  usually  with  some  expression  showing  that  they 
were  considered  makeshifts  until  the  European  plums  could  be  grown. 
Long  before  white  men  came  to  America  the  possessors  of  the  continent 
knew  and  esteemed  these  fruits  of  the  woods.  According  to  some  of  the 
early  writers  wild  plums  of  this  species,  since  found  where  the  Americanas 
are  dominant,  were  planted  and  rudely  cultivated  by  the  natives.'  It 

1  The  New  York  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  stands  on  the  site  of  the  old  Indian  village 
of  Kanadasaga,  founded  by  the  Seneca  Indians.  The  records  of  Sullivan's  raid  just  after  the 
Revolution  show  that  when  this  village  was  destroyed  by  the  Whites  there  were  orchards  of  apples 
and  plums  (see  Conover's  Kanadasaga  and  Geneva  (Mss.)  Hobart  College)  crudely  cultivated.  On 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 


59 


is  likely,  however,  that  these  Indian  orchards  were  more  often  the  result 
of  seeds  dropped  about  camping  places  and  towns  rather  than  regularly 
planted  orchards.  It  is  not  improbable  that  the  wide  distribution  of  this 
species  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  the  country  about  and  beyond  the 
Great  Lakes  is  due  somewhat  to  the  hand  of  the  Indian,  of  the  voyageur 
and  of  the  missionary  of  the  French  regime. 

The  common  names  under  which  this  plum  passes  in  the  states  where 
it  is  found  as  a  wild  fruit  are  indicative  of  the  knowledge  possessed  of  it 
by  the  people.  The  Americana  is  nearly  always  the  wild  plum  of  eastern 
America.  It  shares  with  several  other  species  the  names  in  various  parts 
of  the  country  of  Red  Plum,  Yellow  Plum,  the  Horse  and  the  Hog  Plum. 
In  Iowa  this  is  most  often  the  "  native  plum;  "  in  Indiana  it  is  the  Goose 
plum;  in  Georgia,  the  August  plum,  while  in  the  states  bordering  on  the 
Gulf  it  is  often  called  the  Sloe. 

The  domestication  of  Americana  plums  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the 
plums  of  Europe  will  not  thrive  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  the  prairie  states, 
nor,  for  the  most  part,  in  the  South.  The  European  species  are  tender 
both  to  cold  and  heat  in  these  regions  and  they  are  attacked  by  those 
scourges  of  plum  culture,  black -knot,  leaf-blight  and  curculio.  If,  then, 
the  people  in  the  West  and  South  were  to  have  plums  at  hand  when 
wanted,  the  wild  species  had  to  be  brought  under  cultivation.  Where  the 
two  will  grow  side  by  side  it  is  doubtful  if  any  would  choose  to  grow  the 
Americanas  in  preference  to  the  Europeans  or  even  for  the  sake  of  variety. 

The  Americana  plum  was  introduced  into  European  gardens  at  an  early 
date,  for  references  to  it  are  found  in  the  pomological  works  of  the  Eighteenth 
Century,  Duhamel  having  described  it  in  his  great  work  on  pomology  in 
1768,  under  the  name  Prumer  de  Virginie,  and  later  Poiteau  '  gives  a 
very  good  description  of  it  under  the  name  Prune  de  la  Gallissioniere.  Just 
how  much  earlier  than  these  dates  it  was  taken  to  the  Old  World  cannot 
be  said,  but  seeds  of  it  are  likely  to  have  been  taken  there  by  some  of  the 
returning  explorers  of  early  colonial  times.  The  important  fact  is  that 
as  a  cultivated  fruit  it  has  made  absolutely  no  headway  in  competition 
in  Europe  with  the  plums  of  that  continent  though  it  is  to  be  found  not 
infrequently  as  an  ornamental. 

the  adjoining  farm  of  Mr.  Henry  Loomis  descendants  of  these  old  trees  still  grow.      The  plums 
are  Americanas,  and  Mr.  Loomis,  now  in  his  94th  year,  says  that  when  a  boy  the  Indians  and 
Whites  alike  gathered  them,  soaked  them  in  lye  to  remove  the  astringency  of  the  skins  and  then 
cooked,  dried  or  otherwise  preserved  them. 
'Poiteau  i:  (Unpaged).    1846. 


60  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

The  domestication  of  these  plums  began  less  than  a  century  ago, 
not  through  direct  efforts  in  breeding  them  but  as  the  result  of  the  selection 
of  the  best  of  the  wild  or  chance  trees  found  in  many  widely  separated 
localities.  It  would  be  most  interesting  to  follow  in  detail  the  introduction 
of  variety  after  variety  of  this  species  into  cultivation,  giving  full  credit 
to  the  men,  many  of  them  pioneers  in  newly  settled  countries,  through 
whose  efforts  the  amelioration  of  the  species  was  begun.  But  space  forbids, 
and  the  reader  who  desires  to  trace  more  fully  the  history  and  the  evolution 
of  these  plums  must  put  together  the  histories  of  the  two  or  three  hundred 
varieties  of  Americanas  described  in  the  chapters  on  varieties. 

Are  the  Americanas  to  compete  with  the  Domesticas,  Insititias  and 
Trifloras  where  all  may  be  grown?  It  is  very  doubtful  or  at  least  not  soon. 
The  Old  World  plums  are  so  superior,  speaking  generally,  in  size,  appear- 
ance, and  flavor,  the  qualities  which  appeal  to  those  who  eat  plums,  that 
the  native  varieties  stand  small  chance  for  popular  favor.  Their  place 
in  pomology  must  long  remain  the  region  where  the  older  and  more  highly 
developed  groups  of  plums  cannot  be  grown.  Though  there  are  now 
many  times  more  of  the  Americana  plums  under  cultivation  than  of  the 
recently  introduced  Trifloras,  the  latter  are  more  popular  and  are  likely 
to  remain  so  in  localities  where  both  can  be  grown. 

The  range  of  Prunus  americana  is  seemingly  increasing,  making  it 
almost  impossible  to  give  its  present  limits.  The  boundary  line  of  its 
northern  range  passes  through  central  New  York  to  central  Michigan, 
southern  Wisconsin,  Minnesota  and  South  Dakota  extending  northwest- 
ward to  Manitoba  and  reaching  its  western  limit  in  Utah.  It  occurs  locally 
southward  through  Colorado  to  northern  New  Mexico.  It  is  rare  in  Okla- 
homa and  does  not  occur  in  Texas,  but  is  represented  in  Missouri  by  a 
pubescent  form.  East  of  the  Mississippi  River  the  typical  species  occurs 
in  all  of  the  states  from  central  New  York  southward  to  northern  Florida. 
In  this  great  territory  it  is  found  in  many  diverse  soils  and  exposures  but 
responding  in  all  to  good  soil  and  congenial  environment.  In  the  wild  state 
the  Americana  plums  are  most  often  found  along  the  borders  of  streams 
and  swamps  or  in  bottom  lands  where  moisture  abounds.  Sometimes  they 
are  found  in  swamps  which  may  be  submerged  a  part  of  the  year.  In  spite 
of  a  predilection  for  moist  lands,  however,  the  wild  plants  are  not  in- 
frequently found  on  comparatively  dry  uplands,  seeming  to  prefer  soils 
containing  considerable  lime.  The  wild  trees  are  usually  found  in  thickets, 
often  of  considerable  extent. 


THE    PLUMS   OF   NEW    YORK.  6 1 

Under  cultivation  the  range  is  even  greater  than  for  the  wild  plant. 
It  is  only  in  localities  of  extreme  heat  and  cold,  humidity  or  aridness, 
that  some  of  the  many  Americanas  cannot  be  made  to  grow  under  conditions 
at  all  favorable  for  orchards  of  any  of  the  temperate  fruits.  So,  too,  vari- 
eties may  be  found  for  nearly  all  soils  which  permit  of  cultivation.  This 
freedom  from  local  attachments  is  one  of  the  chief  assets  of  the  species. 

The  Americana  tree  is  commonly  small,  often  but  a  bush,  and  usually 
with  a  thick,  thorny  top.  Generally  the  head  attains  a  height  of  about 
fifteen  or  eighteen  feet  and  sometimes  it  rises  to  twenty-five  or  thirty  feet, 
spreading  into  many  rigid  branches  which  are  often  pendulous  at  the  ex- 
tremities. The  species  may  almost  always  be  told  by  the  rough,  shaggy, 
grayish  bark,  the  large,  thin,  persistent  plates  of  which  give  a  very  char- 
acteristic shagginess.  In  the  spring  the  tree  is  covered  with  umbelliferous 
masses  of  pure  white  flowers  and  both  at  this  season  and  later  with  its 
ample  foliage  or  showy  fruit,  the  plant  is  very  ornamental.  The  leaves 
are  large,  oval  or  obovate,  thin,  dull  and  veiny,  with  very  jagged  margins. 

The  fruit  is  reddish  or  yellowish  or  a  blending  of  the  two  with  the 
red  varieties  predominating.  Often  the  color  is  more  nearly  orange  than 
red  or  yellow — in  fact  pure  yellow  fruits  cannot  be  found.  Wild  or  cul- 
tivated the  fruits  of  the  Americana  plums  vary  greatly  in  season,  size,  shape 
and  flavor.  In  the  orchard  the  period  of  maturity  covers  a  range  of  several 
weeks,  beginning  in  New  York  in  August  and  ending  in  October;  in  the 
wild,  trees  in  the  same  thicket  may  vary  as  much  as  three  weeks  in  ripening 
their  fruit.  The  size  of  the  cultivated  sorts  is  from  that  of  a  Damson  to 
that  of  some  of  the  Gages,  the  shape  being  roundish-oval,  or  quite  oval, 
sometimes  oblique  and  sometimes  truncate  at  one  or  both  ends  and  often 
more  or  less  compressed.  The  wild  fruits  usually  have  a  pleasant  flavor 
and  this  is  much  improved  under  cultivation  so  that  when  fully  ripe  the 
flesh  of  some  sorts  is  sweet  and  luscious,  hardly  surpassed,  if  the  skin  be 
rejected,  by  the  best  Domesticas.  The  skin  is  usually  thick,  coriaceous, 
acerb  or  astringent,  and  altogether  very  unpleasant,  making  with  the 
tenaciously  clinging  stones  the  chief  defects  of  these  fruits.  In  some 
varieties  skin  and  stones  are  far  less  objectionable  than  in  others. 

The  trees  of  the  varieties  we  have  as  yet  are  not  very  manageable 
in  the  orchard.  They  make  a  very  slow  growth  and  are  hard  to  control, 
producing  at  maturity  many  leaning  trunks  which  are  often  crooked,  as 
are  also  the  branches  which,  with  the  unkempt  heads,  give  an  impression 
of  waywardness  and  wildness.  Nearly  all  of  the  varieties  over-bear  and 


62  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

unless  thinned  the  fruits  are  so  small  as  to  be  hardly  worth  harvesting; 
not  infrequently  trees  die  from  over-bearing.  A  few  varieties  are  un- 
fruitful but  usually  because  of  defective  pollination.  Nearly  all  sucker 
badly  on  their  own  roots,  and  except  in  cold  regions  should  be  grown  on 
other  stocks.  In  general  there  are  fewer  pests  to  combat  with  these  than 
with  the  European  plums  but  yet  they  are  far  from  being  exempt  and 
require  on  the  grounds  of  this  Station  quite  as  much  spraying  as  do  other 
plums. 

Waugh,  who  has  given  the  subject  much  study,  claims  that  the  Amer- 
icanas  are  not  very  strong  sexually,1  chiefly  because  of  defective  reproduc- 
tive organs.  He  found  in  extensive  examinations  that  21.2  per  ct.  of 
the  pistils  were  defective,  ranging  from  nothing  in  some  varieties  to  100 
per  ct.  in  others.  More  seldom  the  anthers  were  defective  and  the  flowers 
were  sometimes  proterandrous  (the  pollen  maturing  before  the  pistil  is  ready 
to  receive  it),  and  that  they  were  rather  frequently  proterogynous  (the 
pistils  receptive  before  the  pollen  is  mature).  Waugh  holds  that  in  planting 
these  plums,  provision  should  be  made  for  cross-pollination,  and  recom- 
mends as  sorts  most  suitable  for  inter-planting  for  this  purpose,  other 
varieties  of  the  same  species. 

Plant -breeders  have  not  found  that  this  species  hybridizes  as  readily 
as  most  of  the  other  cultivated  native  plums.  This  is  chiefly  due  to  a 
seeming  lack  of  affinity  for  other  species.  Nevertheless  there  are  numerous 
Americana  hybrids,  and  it  is  likely  that  as  the  high  quality  of  the  fruit 
and  the  hardiness  of  the  trees  become  better  known  they  will  be  used 
much  more  for  hybridizing. 

The  Americana  plums  are  all  hardy  and  some  of  the  varieties  can  be 
grown  as  far  north  as  general  agriculture  is  practiced.  These,  with  the 
Nigras,  will  probably  always  be  the  chief  groups  for  dry,  cold  regions  be- 
tween the  Great  Lakes  and  the  Rocky  Mountains.  They  may  also  be  re- 
lied upon  in  the  colder  parts  of  New  York  and  New  England.  The  flower- 
buds  as  well  as  the  trees  are  hardy,  having  been  known  to  withstand  a 
temperature  of  forty  degrees  below  zero.  Goff  2  reports  that  in  the  winter 
of  1896-7  the  flower-buds  of  Domestica  varieties  on  the  grounds  of  the 
Wisconsin  Experiment  Station  were  almost  totally  destroyed  though  the 
minimum  temperature  recorded  was  only  twenty-three  degrees  below  zero, 
but  the  flower-buds  of  Americana  varieties  were  not  at  all  injured.  Since 

'Waugh,  F.  A.  Plum  Cult.  51,  282-307.    1901. 
'Goff,  E.  S.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:4.    1897. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  63 

the  blossoms  open  comparatively  late  there  is  less  damage  from  spring 
frosts  in  this  than  in  most  other  species  even  of  the  natives. 

The  number  of  varieties  of  Americana  plums  is  a  testimonial  to  the 
merits  of  the  species.  There  are  about  260  varieties  of  them  more  or 
less  disseminated.  There  are  many  divergent  types  of  these  and  since 
all  are  far  from  what  may  be  eventually  expected  from  the  species  the 
number  of  varieties  will  undoubtedly  greatly  increase  and  in  still  other 
directions.  In  the  meantime  the  great  majority  have  fallen  by  the  wayside. 
The  weeding-out  process  seems  to  be  in  this  case  the  chief  agent  of  pro- 
gression. A  fault  with  the  varieties  now  before  the  public  is  that  many 
of  them  are  so  similar  that  a  difference  can  hardly  be  detected.  The  elimi- 
nation of  the  great  majority  of  the  varieties  of  this  species  now  in  the 
catalogs  and  a  much  more  judicious  selection  of  varieties  for  future  dis- 
semination would  relieve  pomology  of  the  burden  it  now  carries  in  the 
numerous  sorts  of  Americanas. 

PRUNUS  AMERICANA  MOLLIS1  Torrey  and  Gray 

i.  Torrey  and  Gray  Fl.  N.  Am.  1:407.  1840.  2.  Sargent  loth  Cen.  U.  S.  9:65.  1883.  3. 
Coulter  Cont.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  2:102.  1891.  4.  Sargent  Sil.  N.  Am.  4:19.  1892.  5.  Waugh  Bot. 
Gaz.  26:50.  1898. 

P.  americana  lanata.      6.  Sudworth  Nom.  Arb.  Fl.  U.  S.  237.    1897. 

P.  lanata.      7.  Mackenzie  and  Bush  Trans.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Louis  12:83.    1902. 

Prunus  americana  mollis  is  a  western  and  southwestern  form  of  Prunus 
americana,  the  sub-species  being  distinguished  from  the  species  by  the 
amount  and  character  of  the  pubescence  on  the  leaves  and  shoots.  The 
leaves,  petioles  and  shoots  of  this  plum  are  soft -pubescent,  almost  tomentose, 
the  tomentum  being  pale  in  color  and  usually  very  dense ;  the  calyx-lobes 
are  pubescent  on  both  sides  and  the  pedicels  are  appressed  and  densely 
pubescent.  According  to  Bailey,  there  is  a  form  of  this  sub-species  "with 
flowers  as  completely  double  as  those  of  St.  Peter's  wreath,  or  similar 
spireas."  This  double -flowering  plum  we  have  not  seen. 

It  is  impossible  to  give  the  range  of  Prunus  americana  mollis  as  the 
woolly -leaved  plum  of  the  west  gradually  passes  into  the  smooth- leaved 
species  of  the  east  and  the  two  forms  are  not  infrequently  mixed  in  the 
South  and  Southwest;  or  possibly  it  would  be  better  to  say  that  they 
run  into  each  other  though  the  extreme  forms  are  sufficiently  distinct 
as  to  be  readily  mistaken  for  separate  species.  It  can  only  be  said 

1  The  Prunus  mollis  of  Torrey  (Fl.  U.  S.  1:470.  1824)  was  Prunus  nigra,  as  Torrey's  specimen, 
now  in  the  herbarium  of  Columbia  University,  plainly  shows. 


64  THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 

that  it  is  to  be  found  in  the  greatest  abundance  in  the  region  extend- 
ing from  southern  Iowa  through  Missouri.  Only  two  varieties  of  this 
plum,  Wolf  and  Van  Buren,  are  in  general  cultivation,  both  of  which 
originated  in  Iowa.  In  neither  fruit  nor  tree-characters  do  these  differ 
greatly  from  the  Americana  plums. 

A  plum  with  pubescent  leaves  belonging  to  the  Americana  series 
known  locally  as  the  Big  Tree  plum,  occurs  from  western  Tennessee,  south- 
westward  through  the  extreme  southern  portion  of  Missouri,  through 
Arkansas,  southern  Oklahoma,  extending  westward  in  central  Texas,  at 
least,  as  far  as  the  Colorado  River  and  reaching  its  southwestern  limit 
in  northern  Mexico.  From  specimens  of  this  plum  in  several  herbaria 
and  from  studies  made  of  it  in  the  field  by  W.  F.  Wight  of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture,  it  would  seem  that  this  plum  is  a  dis- 
tinct species,  its  chief  distinguishing  character  being  the  great  size  attained 
by  the  tree.  So  far  as  it  is  known  the  Big  Tree  has  no  cultivated  forms 
unless  it  be  Bilona,  supposed  to  be  a  hybrid  between  this  species  and 
Prunus  triflora,  now  growing  on  the  grounds  of  F.  T.  Ramsey,  Austin, 

Texas. 

ii.  PRUNUS  HORTULANA  Bailey1 

i.  Bailey  Gar.  and  For.  5:90.  1892.  2.  Sargent  Sil.  N.  Am.  4:23,  PI.  151.  1892.  3.  Waugh 
Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  10:99-105.  1897.  4.  Mohr  Torrey  Bot.  Club  Bui.  26:118.  1899.  5.  Bailey 
Cyc.  Am.  Hon.  1450,  fig.  1901.  6.  Mohr  Cont.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  6:551.  1901. 

P.  atnericana,  var.  ?      7.  Patterson  List  PI.  Oquawka  5.    1874. 

Tree  attaining  a  height  of  thirty  feet  or  more,  vigorous  in  growth;  trunk  sometimes 
a  foot  in  diameter;  trunk  and  branches  rough  and  shaggy  becoming  furrowed  in  age; 
bark  gray-brown,  thick  and  containing  deposits  of  red  cork  cells  which  show  as  bright 

1  A  brief  account  of  the  life  of  Liberty  Hyde  Bailey  appeared  in  The  Grapes  of  New  York  (page 
142),  but  his  work  with  plums  deserves  further  mention.  The  foundation  of  our  present  knowl- 
edge of  the  cultivated  species  and  races  of  American  and  Triflora  plums  was  laid  by  the  compre- 
hensive study  of  these  fruits  made  by  Bailey  in  the  closing  decade  of  the  Nineteenth  Century.  His 
examination  of  plums  may  be  said  to  have  begun  in  1886  with  the  setting  of  an  orchard  of  native 
plums — probably  the  first  general  collection  of  these  plums  planted — on  the  grounds  of  the  Michigan 
Agricultural  College,  Lansing,  Michigan.  The  results  of  his  studies  have  largely  appeared  in  the 
publications  of  the  Cornell  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  the  first  of  which  was  The  Cultivated 
Native  Plums  and  Cherries  published  in  1892;  The  Japanese  Plums,  1894;  Revised  Opinions  of  the 
Japanese  Plums,  1896;  Third  Report  upon  Japanese  Plums,  1897;  Notes  upon  Plums,  1897.  Beside 
these  bulletins  a  monograph  of  the  native  plums  was  published  in  The  Evolution  of  our  Native  Fruits 
in  1898  and  a  brief  but  complete  monograph  of  the  Genus  Prunus  in  the  Cyclopedia  of  American 
Horticulture  in  1901.  These  are  but  the  chief  titles  under  which  his  studies  of  plums  have  appeared, 
several  minor  contributions  having  been  printed  from  time  to  time  in  the  horticultural  press.  While 
Dr.  Bailey  has  given  especial  attention  to  all  fruits  grown  in  eastern  America,  it  is  probable  that 
pomology  is  most  indebted  to  him  for  his  long  and  painstaking  work  with  the  difficult  Genus  Prunus 
with  which  he  has  done  much  to  set  the  varieties  and  species  in  order. 


PRUXUS  HORTVLAJfA 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  65 

red  blotches  or  as  thick  layers  when  the  bark  is  sectioned,  these  deposits,  especially  in 
quantity,  characterizing  the  species;  branches  very  spreading  and  open,  twiggy,  slender, 
thorny;  branchlets  light  green  at  first,  becoming  reddish-brown,  glabrous  and  glossy; 
lenticels  few,  large,  very  coarse,  raised,  characteristic  of  the  species. 

Winter-buds  plump,  very  small,  obtuse,  appressed;  leaves  one  and  three-quarters 
inches  wide  to  five  inches  in  length,  long-oval  with  a  tapering,  pointed,  acuminate 
apex,  peach-like,  base  abrupt,  texture  thin,  becoming  leathery,  margins  serrate,  almost 
crenate,  sometimes  in  a  double  series,  glandular;  upper  surface  smooth,  glossy,  glabrous; 
lower  surface  light  green,  almost  glabrous  except  on  ribs  and  veins  which  are  very 
pubescent,  with  characteristic  orange  color,  midrib  grooved  above,  rounded  below, 
very  prominent;  petioles  slender,  an  inch  in  length,  pubescent  on  the  upper  side,  tinged 
with  red;  glands  two  to  eight,  small,  globose,  mostly  on  the  petioles. 

Flowers  expanding  after  the  leaves,  blooming  later  than  any  other  cultivated  plum, 
three-quarters  inch  across ;  odor  disagreeable ;  clusters  borne  from  lateral  buds  on  one- 
year-old  wood  only,  characterizing  the  species,  the  fruit-spurs  making  a  very  long 
growth,  more  like  branches  than  the  spurs  of  other  species,  two  to  six  flowers  from  a 
bud;  pedicels  three-quarters  inch  long,  very  slender,  glabrous;  calyx-tube  narrow, 
campanulate,  glabrous,  green;  calyx-lobes  narrow,  acute,  glandular-serrate,  glands  red, 
slightly  pubescent  on  the  inner  side,  erect;  petals  ovate,  slightly  crenate,  dentate  at 
the  apex,  tapering  into  long  narrow  claws;  stamens  about  twenty  in  number,  yellow; 
pistils  glabrous,  equal  to  or  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  very  late  in  ripening;  globose,  oval,  an  inch  in  diameter;  color  varying  from 
shades  of  red  to  shades  of  yellow;  bloom  inconspicuous  or  lacking;  dots  numerous, 
small,  conspicuous;  suture  very  shallow  or  only  a  line;  skin  thick,  tough,  astringent; 
flesh  golden-yellow,  juicy,  coarse,  fibrous,  firm,  flavor  mildly  sweet,  astringent  at  the 
pit,  strongly  aromatic;  quality  fair;  stone  clinging  to  the  flesh,  turgid,  long-oval,  small, 
prolonged  at  the  ends,  the  surfaces  rough  and  reticulated. 

Prunus  hortulana  as  established  by  Bailey,  to  quote  a  part  of  the 
original  description,  "  includes  a  large  class  of  plums  represented  by  Golden 
Beauty,  Cumberland,  Garfield,  Sucker  State,  Honey  Drop,  probably  Wild 
Goose  and  others."  Unfortunately  Bailey  later  added  '  a  number  of  other 
plums  to  the  group  which  the  above  varieties  and  some  ten  or  fifteen 
others  comprise,  the  additions  in  themselves  constituting  at  least  three 
somewhat  distinct  groups,  and  then  to  account  for  this  omnibus  species 
called  it  a  "  brood  of  natural  hybrids."  Waugh  supports  Bailey's  con- 
clusions 2  and  divides  the  species  into  four  groups  of  hybrids — the  Miner 
group,  the  Wild  Goose  group  and  the  Schley  or  Clifford  group.  These, 
Waugh  says,  "  form  an  unbroken  series  from  Prunus  americana  to  Prunus 
angustifolia."  The  fourth  of  Waugh's  groups,  "comparatively  distinct 

1  Bat.  Gaz.  24:462.     1896;  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  170.    1897;  Ev.  Nat.  Fruits  194-208.    1898. 
*  Gar.  and  For.  10:340,  350.    1897.      Plum  Cult.  60-66.    1901. 


66  THE    PLUMS    OP   NEW    YORK. 

from  the  others,  is  made  up  of  such  varieties  as  Wayland,  Moreman,  Gol- 
den Beauty,  Reed,  Leptune,  Kanawha  and  others."  These  plums  he 
designated  as  the  "  Wayland  group."  This  disposition  of  the  plums 
under  consideration  leaves  Prunus  hortulana  as  the  name  of  only  a 
rather  loosely  related  lot  of  cultivated  varieties.  It  is  probable  that 
neither  Bailey  nor  Waugh,  had  they  seen  the  material  now  to  be  had, 
would  have  left  the  species  as  they  did. 

There  is  an  abundance  of  herbarium  material  to  show  that  Prunus 
hortulana  as  originally  described  by  Bailey,  with  the  varieties  named  as 
the  type,  leaving  out  Wild  Goose,  which  is  but  doubtfully  included,  and 
as  represented  by  Waugh's  "  Wayland  group,"  is  to  be  found  wild  in 
Illinois,  western  Kentucky,  western  Tennessee,  Missouri  and  northern 
Arkansas,  Oklahoma  and  southeastern  Kansas.  The  writer  has  not  seen 
material  from  states  adjoining  those  named  but  the  species  is  probably 
more  widely  spread  than  the  range  given  indicates.  Further,  the  cul- 
tivated varieties  named  by  Bailey  as  members  of  his  species,  to  which 
should  be  added  at  least  American  Golden,  Benson,  Columbia,  Crimson 
Beauty,  Dunlap,  Kanawha,  Leptune,  Moreman,  Reed,  Wayland  and 
World  Beater,  are  so  similar  in  all  their  characters  and  constitute  a  group 
so  distinct  from  any  other  species  that  it  is  impossible  to  place  them  other- 
wise than  in  a  distinct  species.  A  group  of  hybrids  could  hardly  be  so  uni- 
form, and,  moreover,  these  varieties  contain  characters,  like  late  blooming, 
late  fruiting,  color,  texture  and  flavor  of  fruit,  leaf -serrations  and  deposits 
of  red  cork -cells  in  the  bark,  which  other  native  species  do  not  have,  thereby 
shutting  out  the  probability  of  the  hybridity  theory  in  which  the  supposed 
parents  are  Prunus  americana  and  Prunus  angustifolia.  Lastly,  and  most 
convincing,  varieties  of  the  species  come  true  to  seed,  which  of  course, 
would  not  be  the  case  were  these  plums  hybrids.  From  seed  borne  in 
1893  this  Station  has  had  six  seedlings  of  World  Beater  and  four  of  Golden 
Beauty  attain  the  age  of  sixteen  years  with  more  or  less  fruit  for  thirteen 
successive  years.  The  seedlings  could  hardly  be  distinguished  from  the 
parents  and  showed  no  pronounced  characters  of  either  of  the  species 
of  which  Prunus  hortulana  has  been  supposed  to  be  the  hybrid  offspring. 

Of  the  sixteen  varieties  named  as  certainly  belonging  to  this  species, 
ten  came  from  wild  plants  or  seeds.  Two  of  the  remainder  came  from 
planted  seeds  and  the  origin  of  the  remaining  four  is  not  known.  One  of 
the  varieties  from  the  wild,  Golden  Beauty,  if  its  history  as  commonly 
given  is  correct,  came  from  the  Colorado  River  in  western  Texas.  The 


THE    PLUMS   OF   NEW    YORK.  67 

Golden  Beauty  now  under  cultivation  almost  certainly  belongs  to  Prunus 
hortulana,  though  it  differs  somewhat  from  other  varieties  of  the  group, 
but  how  it  could  have  come  from  the  wild  in  western  Texas,  so  far  from 
the  usual  range  of  the  species,  is  at  present  unexplainable.  This  and  other 
idiosyncrasies  of  distribution  were  reasons  given  by  Bailey  and  Waugh 
for  calling  this  species  a  group  of  hybrids.  A  careful  study  of  localities 
from  which  all  other  Hortulana  varieties  than  Golden  Beauty  have  come 
shows  them  to  be  well  within  the  range  of  Prunus  hortulana.  The  fact 
that  Golden  Beauty  is  perfectly  hardy  at  Geneva,  and  according  to  Waugh 
fairly  so  at  Burlington,  Vermont,  suggests  either  that  what  we  have  as 
Golden  Beauty  did  not  originate  in  south  central  Texas  or  that  the  plant 
from  which  it  came  must  have  been  introduced  there  within  comparatively 
recent  times. 

Prunus  hortulana  gives  to  American  pomology  a  very  distinct 
and  valuable  group  of  plums  which  fortunately  are  adapted  to  a  wide  range 
of  conditions,  especially  of  climate.  The  Hortulanas  are  particularly  well 
suited  to  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  southern  states  and  fruit  well  as  far 
north  and  east  as  New  York.  The  product  of  Wayland,  Kanawha  and 
Golden  Beauty,  best  known  of  the  plums  under  discussion,  is  especially 
suitable  for  preserves,  spicing  and  jelly,  being  unsurpassed  by  any  other 
of  our  plums  excepting  the  Damsons  for  these  purposes.  They  are  quite 
too  acid  and  the  flesh  clings  too  tenaciously  to  the  stone  for  dessert  plums 
or  even  for  ordinary  culinary  purposes.  These  plums,  having  firm  flesh 
and  tough  skins,  ship  and  keep  splendidly  and  since  they  are  the  latest 
of  the  native  plums  in  ripening,  extend  the  season  for  this  fruit  very 
materially.  The  Wayland-like  plums  make  very  good  stocks  upon  which 
may  be  grafted  not  only  the  varieties  of  the  same  species  but  those  of  the 
other  native  species  as  well.  A  point  of  especial  merit  with  these  plums 
as  stocks  is  that  they  do  not  sucker  as  do  most  other  species.  Unfortu- 
nately they  cannot  be  propagated  from  cuttings  and  the  difficulty  of 
obtaining  seed  at  present  precludes  their  use  very  generally.  The  Hortu- 
lana plums  hybridize  freely  with  other  native  species  and  their  hybrids 
are  such  as  to  commend  this  species  very  highly  to  plum-breeders  for 
hybridization. 

Waugh  '  has  given  the  name  Prunus  hortulana  robusta  to  a  group 
of  hybrid  plums  of  which  Prunus  triflora  and  various  native  varieties  are 
the  parents.  For  most  part  these  hybrids  resemble  the  American  more 

'Waugh,  F.  A.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  14:177.    1900-01. 


68  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

than  the  Asiatic  parent.  Since  these  plums  differ  so  among  themselves 
it  is  doubtful  if  more  can  be  said  as  to  the  characters  of  Waugh's  group 
than  to  mention  the  above  resemblance.  Some  thirty  or  more  varieties  fall 
into  this  group  of  which  America,  Golden,  Juicy,  Ruby,  Waugh  and  Gonzales 

are  chief. 

PRUNUS  HORTULANA  MINERI  Bailey 

i.  Bailey  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:23.  1892.     2.  Waugh  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  10:103.  1897.    3.  Britton 
and  Brown  2:247.     1897. 

It  is  impossible  from  present  knowledge  to  say  certainly  whether  the 
Miner-like  plums  put  by  Bailey  into  a  botanical  sub-division  of  Prunus 
hortulana  are  extreme  variations  of  the  species  or,  as  Bailey  in  his  last 
accounts  and  Waugh  at  all  times  have  supposed,  are  hybrids  between 
Prunus  hortulana  and  Prunus  amer-icana.  It  is  certain  that  all  of  these 
plums  are  intermediate  in  some  characters  between  the  two  species  named ; 
neither  botanists  nor  pomologists  can  agree  as  to  whether  certain  varieties 
belong  to  the  one  or  the  other  botanical  division.  There  are,  however, 
in  several  herbaria,  specimens  from  the  wild,  and  from  different  localities, 
that  indicate  that  there  is  a  distinct  plum  toward  the  northern  limit  of 
the  range  of  Prunus  hortulana  which,  if  a  natural  hybrid,  is  of  so  ancient 
hybridity  that  the  plants  now  come  measurably  true  to  type.  The  chief 
representatives  of  the  Miner-like  plums  under  cultivation,  as  Miner,  Forest 
Rose,  Prairie  Flower  and  Clinton,  are  so  like  these  wild  plums  as  to  lead 
the  writer  to  believe  that  Bailey's  botanical  sub-division  is  justified  and 
is  worth  continuing  even  though  a  considerable  number  of  the  varieties 
now  put  with  Miner,  most  of  which  have  originated  under  cultivation,  are 
hybrids  and  that  the  wild  plums  may  have  come  from  natural  hybrids  of 
more  or  less  remote  time. 

The  sub-species  differs  from  the  species  in  having  shorter,  stiffer,  less 
graceful  branches;  leaves  smaller,  thicker,  rougher  and  of  a  bluish -green 
cast;  the  blossoms  of  the  two  are  much  the  same  but  those  of  the  sub- 
species open  a  few  days  earlier;  the  fruits  of  the  sub-species  are  larger 
than  those  of  the  species,  lighter  red,  have  more  bloom,  are  less  firm  in 
texture,  ripen  earlier,  yet  later  than  those  of  any  other  species,  and 
are  quite  different  in  flavor,  having  more  nearly  the  taste  of  the  fruit  of 
Prunus  americana;  the  stones,  as  well  as  the  fruits,  are  very  different, 
being  in  the  sub-species  larger,  broader,  flatter,  smoother  and  less  pointed. 
The  differences  in  fruit  and  stone,  and  to  some  extent  in  the  leaves,  can 
be  seen  if  the  color-plates  of  Forest  Rose  and  Wayland  be  compared. 


1'BVNVS   IIOBTVLANA    MINEBJ 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  69 

In  fruit-growing,  the  Miner-like  plums  behave  in  general  much  like 
the  Americana  plums.  In  some  respects  the  fruits  are  an  improvement 
upon  those  of  the  Americana  varieties.  For  example  the  skin  in  the  Miner- 
like  varieties  is  usually  less  tough;  is  brighter  in  color  and  the  flavor, 
in  most  cases,  is  a  little  better.  These  plums  seem  to  be  nearly  or  quite  as 
hardy  as  the  Americanas  and  are  adapted  to  quite  as  wide  a  range  of  soils. 
Presumably  they  have  the  same  value  as  stocks,  though  they  seem  not  to 
have  been  tried  for  this  purpose  and  they  should  have  equal  value  at  least 
in  plant-breeding.  The  trees  of  the  Miner-like  plums  are  rather  more 
amenable  to  domestication  than  those  of  Prunus  americana  having  as 
orchard  plants  straighter  trunks,  more  symmetrical  and  less  unkempt  tops 
and  making  larger  trees.  The  fruits  ripen  so  late  as  to  make  the  varieties 
of  this  group  especially  valuable  in  prolonging  the  season  for  plums  in 
regions  where  native  varieties  are  grown  exclusively.  About  twenty 
varieties  of  this  sub-species  are  under  cultivation. 

12.  PRUNUS  NIGRA  Alton 

i.  Aiton  Hort.  Kew.  2:165.  1789.  2.  Sims  Bot.  Mag.  1117.  1808.  3.  Pursh  Fl.  Am.  Sept. 
1:331.  1814.  4.  Torrey  Fl.  U.  S.  1:469.  1824.  5.  Sargent  Silva  N.  Am.  4:15,  PL  149.  1892. 
6.  Small  Torrey  Bot.  Club  Bui.  21:301.  1894. 

Cerasus  nigra.     7.  Loiseleur  Nouveau  Duhamel  5:32.    i8ia. 

P.  americana  (in  part).  8.  Torrey  and  Gray  Fl.  N.  Am.  1:407.  1840.  9.  Torrey  Fl.  N.  Y. 
1:194.  1843.  10.  Emerson  Trees  of  Mass.  Ed.  2,  2:511.  1846.  n.  Nuttall  Silva  2:19.  1852. 
12.  Sargent  loth  Cen.  U.  S.  9:65.  1883.  13.  Watson  and  Coulter  Gray's  Man.  Ed.  6:151.  1889. 
14.  Gray  For.  Trees  N.  A.  46,  PL  1891. 

P.  americana  nigra.  15.  Waugh  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  53:60,  fig.  1896.  16.  Ibid.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt. 
10:102.  1897.  17.  Bailey  Cyc.  Am.  Hort.  1449.  1901. 

P.  mollis.      18.  Torrey  Fl.  U.  S.  1:470.    1824. 

Tree  small,  seldom  exceeding  twenty  feet  in  height;  trunk  attaining  six  or  eight 
inches  in  diameter,  bearing  the  head  at  three  to  five  feet  from  the  ground;  bark  thin, 
one-quarter  inch  thick,  from  dark  red  to  a  light  gray-brown,  rough,  but  not  shaggy, 
surface  covered  with  thick  scales;  branches  upright,  stout,  rigid,  forming  a  compact 
rather  narrow  head,  armed  with  stout,  spiny  spurs;  branchlets  more  or  less  zigzag, 
glabrous  or  tomentose,  green,  later  becoming  reddish-brown;  lenticels  few  or  many, 
pale,  slightly  raised. 

Winter-buds  of  medium  size,  conical  or  long-acuminate,  reddish-brown;  leaves 
large,  broad-oval,  ovate  or  obovate,  with  a  long  acuminate  apex  and  cuneate  or  sub- 
cordate  base;  margins  doubly  crenate-serrate  with  teeth  tipped  with  glands  which 
disappear  as  the  leaves  mature;  thin  and  firm  in  texture;  upper  surface  light  green, 
glabrous,  the  under  surface  paler,  pubescent  when  young  and  pubescent  at  maturity 
on  some  soils;  midribs  coarse  but  veins  rather  slender;  petioles  two-thirds  inch  long, 
rather  stout,  with  two,  sometimes  but  one,  large,  dark  red  glands  near  the  blade, 


70  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

pubescent  and  tinged  with  red;  stipules  lanceolate,  sometimes  lobed,  one-half  inch 
in  length. 

Flowers  expanding  early,  before  or  with  the  leaves,  large,  sometimes  one  and  one-half 
inches  across;  borne  in  three  or  four-flowered  lateral  umbels  on  slender,  glabrous, 
red  pedicels  one-half  inch  or  more  in  length;  calyx- tube  obconic,  outer  surface  red, 
inner  surface  pink;  calyx-lobes  glabrous  on  both  surfaces  or  with  a  few,  straight,  scat- 
tered hairs  on  the  inner  surface,  pinkish,  acute,  glandular;  petals  pink,  turning  a  darker 
pink  in  fading,  rather  broadly  ovate,  apex  rounded,  base  a  short  claw,  margins  erose ; 
stamens  with  yellow  anthers;  filaments  one-half  inch  long;  pistils  glabrous,  shorter  than 
the  stamens. 

Fruit  ripening  comparatively  early;  globose  or  oval,  usually  somewhat  oblong, 
an  inch  or  more  through  the  long  diameter,  red,  orange  or  yellowish  in  color,  with 
little  or  no  bloom;  skin  thick,  tough  and  astringent;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  meaty,  often 
acid  or  astringent;  stone  usually  clinging,  large,  oval,  compressed,  thick- walled,  with  a 
sharp  ridge  on  the  ventral  and  a  slight  groove  on  the  dorsal  suture. 

It  is  possible  that  a  group  of  Nigras,  those  occurring  in  western  Wis- 
consin and  Minnesota  and  about  the  upper  extremity  of  Lake  Superior 
ought  to  be  described  as  a  sub-species  since  they  have  a  somewhat  different 
aspect  of  tree  and  the  fruits  are  a  darker  shade  of  red  and  show  more  bloom ; 
the  calyx  is  more  pubescent  and  the  calyx -glands  more  sessile.  The  dif- 
ferences in  environment  may  change  these  characters,  as  indicated  above, 
but  they  seem  very  constant  in  the  cultivated  varieties  of  the  groups,  most 
of  which  come  from  the  west,  and  therefore  sufficient  to  segregate  this 
form  from  the  species. 

The  Nigra  is  the  wild  plum  of  Canada.  Its  most  common  name, 
"  Canada  Plum,"  is  distinctly  applicable  and  is  here  supplanted  by 
"  Nigra  "  only  for  the  sake  of  uniformity.  This  is  undoubtedly  the  dried 
plum  which  Jacques  Cartier  saw  in  the  canoes  of  Indians,  in  his  first  voyage 
of  discovery  up  the  St.  Lawrence  in  1534.'  These  primitive  prunes,  Cartier 
says,  the  Indians  called  "  honesta."  In  his  second  voyage,  the  next  year, 
he  enumerates  among  other  fruits  the  plum,  "prunier,"  growing  on  the 
"  Ysle  de  Bacchus,"  named  from  its  "  Vignes."  Dried  plums,  we  learn 
from  many  later  accounts,  were  a  staple  article  of  the  winter  diet  of  the 
savages.  That  the  Indian  tended  the  trees  is  probable,  for  the  early  ex- 
plorers often  record  that  plantations  of  plums  were  found  about  the  abo- 
riginal towns.  Undoubtedly  the  range  of  this  species  was  greatly  extended 
by  the  Indians. 

The  Nigra  is  the  most  northern  of  the  American  plums,  being  an 
inhabitant  of  a  region  bounded  on  the  north  by  a  line  passing  from  southern 

1  Hakluyt  Voyages  3:258. 


I'KUNVS    NIGRA 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  71 

New  Foundland  westward  to  the  Strait  of  Mackinac  and  thence  southward 
to  Lansing,  Michigan.  Its  southern  boundary  can  be  but  illy  defined, 
but  the  species  is  common  in  New  England,  northern  New  York,  where 
it  is  sometimes  cultivated  about  houses,  and  westward  at  least  as  far  as 
the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Michigan  for  the  species,  while  the  western 
form  reaches  the  western  boundary  of  Minnesota  at  least.  Small '  reports 
it  as  far  south  in  the  Appalachian  System  as  northern  Georgia.  In  the 
great  region  outlined  above  it  is  distributed  in  more  or  less  scattered 
localities,  being  found  usually  in  the  valleys  of  rivers  and  streams,  though 
often  on  high  lands  and  in  open  woods,  in  the  last  locations  preferring  a 
limestone  formation. 

There  has  been  much  discussion  as  to  whether  Prunus  nigra  should 
be  given  specific  rank  or  be  united  with  Prunus  americana,  either  as  a  part 
of  that  species  or  as  a  botanical  variety  of  it.  Until  the  revival  by  Sargent 
in  1892  of  the  name  given  the  group  by  Aiton  in  1789,  the  botanists  of  the 
latter  half  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  had  for  most  part  described  the  two 
groups  under  Prunus  americana.  Since  Sargent's  re -establishment  of 
the  species,  botanists  have  very  generally  regarded  it  as  worthy  of  the 
rank.  Bailey  and  Waugh,  the  leading  horticultural  authorities  on  plums, 
however,  consider  Nigra  as  but  a  botanical  variety  of  Americana.  The 
taxonomic  characters  of  Prunus  nigra  seem  to  the  writers  of  The  Plums 
of  New  York  to  be  as  distinct  as  those  of  several  other  of  the  native  species 
of  Prunus,  and  since  the  species  now  is  generally  recognized  by  botanists, 
we  have  considered  it  in  this  work  as  distinct  from  Prunus  americana. 

The  two  species  may  usually  be  distinguished  by  the  following 
differences:  (i)  The  general  aspect  of  the  trees  is  very  different.  The 
tree  of  Americana  is  larger,  the  top  is  more  spreading,  and  its  branches 
longer,  with  more  twigs,  more  slender  and  more  pendulous.  The  bark 
on  the  trunk  is  lighter-colored  and  much  more  shaggy  than  in  Nigra.  (2)  The 
wood  of  Nigra  is  tougher  and  the  trees  do  not  break  as  readily  as  those  of 
Americana.  The  wood  is  also  lighter  in  color.  (3)  The  leaves  of  Nigra 
are  larger,  broader  and  the  serrations  are  not  so  deeply  incised  nor  so  often 
double.  Very  distinct  and  very  constant  are  the  glands  to  be  found  on 
the  teeth  of  the  serrations  on  the  young  leaves  of  Nigra.  These  glands 
disappear  as  the  leaves  grow  older,  leaving  a  calloused  point  which  makes 
the  serrations  of  Nigra  rounded,  while  those  of  Americana  are  acute,  this 

1  Torrey  Bot.  Club  Bui.  21:301.    1894. 


72  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

being  one  of  the  most  constant  differences.  (4)  The  flowers  of  Nigra  appear 
several  days  earlier,  are  larger  and  are  more  pink  than  those  of  Americana. 
(5)  The  calyx -lobes  of  Nigra  are  glandular  and  the  leaf -stalks  are  bi -glandu- 
lar, characters  usually  not  found  in  Americana.  The  calyx  in  all  its  parts 
is  glabrous  or  at  least  far  less  pubescent  than  in  Americana  and  if  present 
the  hairs  are  short  and  stiff,  whereas  in  Americana  the  pubescence  is 
soft.  (6)  The  fruit  of  Nigra  ripens  earlier  and  is  darker  in  color  with  less 
bloom  and  is  more  oblong  than  that  of  Americana.  The  skin  of  the  plum 
is  thinner  and  is  not  so  objectionable  either  cooked  or  eaten  out  of  hand. 
(7)  The  stone  of  Nigra  is  usually  larger,  flatter  and  more  strongly  crested. 
The  characters  of  the  two  species  vary  much  in  different  individuals  and 
there  are  many  intermediate  forms  but  the  differences  seem  as  constant  as 
between  other  species  of  this  variable  genus. 

The  Nigra  plums  are  important  horticulturally  because  they  can  be 
grown  in  somewhat  colder  regions  than  the  Americanas.  They  not  only 
endure  more  cold  than  the  last  named  group,  but  their  tough  wood  enables 
them  to  stand  better  the  weight  of  snows  and  the  stress  of  winds.  Their 
earliness,  too,  prolongs  the  season  for  this  type  of  fruit  and  in  regions 
where  the  season  is  short  they  may  be  grown  with  more  certainty  than  other 
groups.  In  habits  and  characters  other  than  those  named  they  are  so 
like  the  Americana  as  to  need  no  further  discussion.  About  forty  varieties 
of  this  species  are  under  cultivation. 

13.  PRUNUS  ALLEGHANIENSIS     Porter 

I.  Porter  Bot.  Gaz.  2:85.  1877.  2.  Ibid.  Gar.  and  For.  3:428,  fig.  53.  1890.  3.  Sargent  S»7. 
N.  Am.  4:27,  PI.  133.  1892.  4.  Bailey  Ev.  Nat.  Fr.  225.  1898. 

Tree  low,  slender,  straggling,  fifteen  to  eighteen  feet  in  height,  or  a  low  shrub; 
trunk-diameter  from  five  to  eight  inches;  bark  dark  brown,  surface  fissured  and  scaly; 
branches  numerous,  upright,  rigid,  seldom  spiny;  branchlets  pubescent,  becoming 
glabrous  and  red,  turning  to  dark  brown;  lenticels  many,  small,  white. 

Leaves  ovate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  sometimes  obovate,  apex  acute  or  acuminate, 
base  rounded,  margin  sharply  serrate,  teeth  fine  and  tipped  with  glands,  in  texture  thick 
and  firm;  upper  surface  dark  green  and  glabrous;  lower  surface  light  green,  glabrous 
except  on  the  veins  and  midrib;  petioles  short,  slender,  pubescent;  glands  two,  large, 
at  the  base  of  the  blade. 

Flowers  white,  fading  to  pink,  one-half  inch  across,  appearing  with  the  leaves; 
borne  in  two  to  five-flowered  umbels;  pedicels  slender,  finely  tomentose,  from  one- 
fourth  to  one-half  inch  in  length;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic;  calyx-lobes  entire, 
pubescent  on  the  outer,  tomentose  on  the  inner  surface;  petals  rounded  but  narrowing 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  73 

into  claws  at  the  base;    filaments  and  ovary  glabrous;    anthers  often  reddish;    style 
slender  with  a  funnel-shaped  apex. 

Fruit  matures  in  summer  or  early  autumn;  from  one-quarter  to  three-quarters 
inch  in  diameter,  sub-globose  or  ovoid,  dark  blue  or  purple  with  heavy  bloom;  skin 
thick  and  tough;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  acid  and  somewhat  astringent;  stone  clinging  to 
the  flesh,  turgid,  acute  at  the  ends,  thin-walled,  ridged  on  the  ventral  and  grooved  on 
the  dorsal  suture. 

In  leaf,  flower  and  tree  Prunus  alleghaniensis  resembles  Prunus  amer- 
icana.  The  species  has  long  been  known  to  be  distinct,  however,  having 
been  first  distinguished  by  J.  R.  Lowrie  of  Warriorsmark,  Pennsylvania, 
in  1859,'  and  was  published  as  such  in  1877,  when  T.  C.  Porter  of  Lafayette 
College  described  it  as  Prunus  alleghaniensis.  It  differs  from  Prunus 
americana  chiefly  in  the  smaller  size  of  the  plant,  smaller  leaves  and  flowers, 
in  color  of  flowers  which  fade  to  pink  in  this  species,  and  in  fruit -characters. 
The  fruit  matures  earlier,  is  much  smaller  in  size,  is  more  globose,  and 
is  a  dark  purple  or  blue  with  very  heavy  bloom.  The  skin  is  thick  and 
tough  and  while  the  texture  of  the  flesh  is  as  good  as  that  of  the  wild 
Americanas  the  flavor  is  much  more  astringent.  The  stone  is  more 
swollen.  The  plant  is  commonly  but  a  shrub,  usually  found  along  fence 
rows  and  the  borders  of  woodlands,  but  intermingled  among  old  thickets 
of  this  kind  there  are  often  a  few  small  trees.  It  is  a  hardy  species, 
very  productive,  and  seemingly  but  little  attacked  by  either  insects  or 
fungi,  being  especially  exempt  from  black -knot.3  In  the  wild  state  it 
produces  great  numbers  of  suckers  which  seem  to  spring  very  readily  from 
a  bruise  or  an  exposed  root. 

The  range  of  Prunus  alleghaniensis  is  exceedingly  limited.  It  is 
found  in  abundance  only  in  a  small  territory  in  central  Pennsylvania, 
being  of  most  frequent  occurrence  in  the  barrens  of  northern  Huntingdon 
County,  extending  from  there  north  into  Center  County  and  northwest- 
ward over  the  Alleghany  Mountains  into  Clearfield  and  Elk  counties. 
It  grows  for  the  most  part  in  elevated  lands  of  the  wildest  character,  being 
found  on  low,  moist  soils,  on  high  and  dry  barrens  and  on  limestone  cliffs, 
reaching  its  greatest  size  in  the  last  situation. 

Specimens  identified  as  Prunus  alleghaniensis  have  been  found  in  at 
least  two  places  in  Connecticut  and  the  writer  has  just  seen  specimens  of  a 
closely  allied  form  collected  by  W.  F.  Wight  of  the  United  States  Depart- 

1  Silva  of  North  America  4:28.    1893. 
'Jack,  J.  G.  Card,  and  For.  7:206.     1894. 


74  THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ment  of  Agriculture  a   few  miles  south  of  Houghton  Lake,  Roscommon 
County,  Michigan. 

This  plum  is  not  yet  introduced  into  cultivation  and  it  is  doubtful 
if  the  wild  fruits  have  sufficient  merit  to  make  an  attempt  at  domestication 
promising.  While  the  wild  fruits  are  locally  used  for  various  culinary  pur- 
poses it  is  so  much  inferior  to  other  native  plums,  being  almost  uneatable 
unless  cooked,  that  its  cultivation  would  hardly  warrant  the  effort. 
Arboretum  specimens  of  the  tree  show  it  to  be  somewhat  desirable  as  an 
ornamental,  being  a  small,  compact,  upright  plant,  very  floriferous,  and 
bearing  an  abundance  of  rather  attractive  fruit. 

14.  PRUNUS  SUBCORDATA  Bentham 

I.  Bentham  PI.  Hartweg.  308.  1848.  2.  Torrey  Pac.  R.  Rpt.  4:82.  1854.  3.  Brewer  and 
Watson  Bot.  Calif.  1:167.  1880  (in  part).  4.  Lemmon  Pittonia  2:68.  1890.  5.  Greene  Fl.  Fran- 
cis 1:49.  1891.  6.  BaUey  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:76.  1892.  7.  Sargent  Sil.  N.  Am.  4:31,  32,  PI. 
154.  1892. 

Tree  small,  rarely  attaining  a  height  of  twenty-five  feet,  sometimes  a  shrub  ten 
or  twelve  feet  high  and  often  a  bush  but  three  or  four  feet  in  height;  trunk  medium 
in  length  with  a  diameter  of  8  to  12  inches;  bark  gray-brown  and  deeply  fissured; 
branches  stout  and  spreading;  branchlets  glabrous  or  pubescent,  bright  red  becoming 
darker  red  and  finally  a  dark-brown  or  gray;  lenticels  minute,  whitish. 

Leaves  round-ovate,  sub-cordate  or  truncate,  or  sometimes  cuneate  at  the  base; 
margins  either  sharply  or  obtusely  serrate,  sometimes  doubly  serrate;  young  leaves 
pubescent  but  at  maturity  nearly  glabrous,  somewhat  coriaceous,  dark  green  on  the 
upper  and  pale  green  on  the  lower  surface,  with  very  conspicuous  midribs  and  veins; 
stipules  acute-lanceolate,  caducous. 

Flowers  white,  fading  to  rose,  about  an  inch  across;  appearing  before  the  leaves; 
usually  borne  in  threes,  often  in  pairs  on  short  pubescent  pedicels;  calyx  campanulate, 
with  lobes  pubescent  on  the  outer  and  hairy  on  the  inner  surface;  petals  twice 
the  length  of  the  sepals,  obovate,  and  contracted  into  short  claws;  filaments  and  ovary 
glabrous;  style  slender  and  funnel-shaped  at  the  apex. 

Fruit  ripens  in  late  summer  or  early  autumn;  roundish  or  oblong,  about  one  inch 
in  length,  borne  on  a  short,  stout  stem,  dark  red  or  purplish;  flesh  subacid,  well-flavored, 
clinging  to  the  flattish  or  turgid  stone  which  varies  greatly  in  size,  pointed  at  both  ends, 
crested  on  the  ventral  edge  and  grooved  on  the  other. 

Prunus  subcordata,  the  Pacific  or  Western  plum,  is  an  inhabitant 
of  the  region  east  of  the  Coast  Range  from  southern  Oregon  to  central 
California.  It  is  so  rarely  found  on  the  seacoast  as  to  have  escaped  the 
attention  of  the  early  botanists  and  remained  unknown  until  the  middle 
of  the  Nineteenth  Century,  when  Hartweg,  working  in  the  interior  of 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  75 

California,  brought  the  plant  to  notice.  This  wild  plum  is  not  common 
except  in  the  foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  in  northern  California 
and  southern  Oregon,  where  it  often  forms  thickets  of  small  trees  along 
streams,  thriving  in  fresh,  fertile,  sandy  soils,  in  canons,  on  hillsides  or  in 
the  forests  of  yellow  pine  which  are  found  in  this  region.  Hammond  ' 
writes  of  it  growing  here  as  usually  a  small  tree  but  often  seen  as  a  shrub 
from  four  to  five  feet  high.  Of  the  frequency  of  the  occurrence  he  says: 
"  It  often  sets  the  whole  countryside  ablaze  in  the  autumn,  with  the 
abundance  of  its  scarlet  and  crimson  colors,  mingled,  of  course,  with  red 
and  yellow,  and  garnished  with  a  sprinkling  of  green."  Sandberg '  re- 
ports having  collected  Prunus  subcordata  as  far  north  and  east  as  Nez 
Perces  County,  northern  Idaho,  in  the  Craig  Mountains  at  an  altitude  of 
about  2,900  feet,  but  this  report  is  based  on  an  error  in  determination,  the 
specimen  collected  by  Sandberg  being  clearly  a  European  species.  The 
tree  and  the  fruit  vary  greatly  according  to  the  locality. 

This  Subcordata  plum  is  one  of  the  standard  food  products  of  the 
aborigines  in  the  region  in  which  it  grows,  being  eaten  either  raw  or  cooked ; 
and  it  is  sometimes  dried  in  considerable  quantities  at  the  harvesting  places 
and  carried  considerable  distances  to  the  Indian  villages.'  The  trappers, 
the  first  men  to  enter  the  habitat  of  this  plum,  followed  by  the  gold- 
seekers  and  ranchers,  all  knew  and  esteemed  the  fruit.  The  early  settlers 
regarded  it  as  the  most  useful  of  all  the  wild  fruits  of  the  Coast  and 
attempts  were  made  at  an  early  date  to  domesticate  it.  Of  these 
Wickson  says:' 

"In  1856  there  was,  on  the  Middle  Yuba  River,  not  far  from  Forest 
City,  in  Sierra  County,  a  wayside  establishment  known  as  '  Plum  Valley 
Ranch,'  so-called  from  the  great  quantity  of  wild  plums  growing  on  and 
about  the  place.  The  plum  by  cultivation  gave  a  more  vigorous  growth 
and  larger  fruit.  Transplanted  from  the  mountains  into  the  valley  they 
are  found  to  ripen  earlier.  Transplanted  from  the  mountains  to  a  farm 
near  the  coast,  in  Del  Norte  County,  they  did  not  thrive.  One  variety, 
moved  from  the  hills  near  Petaluma  in  1858,  was  grown  as  an  orchard 
tree  for  fifteen  years,  and  improved  both  in  growth  and  quality  of  fruit 
by  cultivation.  *  *  *  *  Recently  excellent  results  have  been  reported 
from  the  domestication  of  the  native  plum  in  Nevada  County,  and  fruit 

1  Gar.  and  For.  3:625.    1890. 

'Sandberg,  J.  H.  Cont.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:221.    1895. 

1  Coville,  F.  V.  Cont.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  5:99.    1897;  and  Chestnut,  V.  K.  Cont.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb. 
7:356.    1902. 

4  Wickson,  E.  J.  California  Fruits  52.    1891. 


76  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

shown  at  the  State  Fair  of  1888  gave  assurance  that  by  cultivation  and 
by  selecting  seedlings  valuable  varieties  can  be  obtained.  It  is  stated  that 
in  Sierra  County  the  wild  plum  is  the  only  plum  which  finds  a  market  at 
good  prices,  and  that  cultivated  gages,  blue  and  egg  plums  scarcely  pay 
for  gathering.  The  wild  plum  makes  delicious  preserves." 

In  its  typical  form  Prunus  subcordata  is  a  shrub  and  is  often  only  a 
low  bush  but  under  the  most  favorable  conditions  it  attains  the  dimension 
and  shape  of  a  small  tree.  In  its  roundish,  roughish  leaves  it  so  closely 
resembles  the  Old  World  types  of  plums  that  it  becomes  the  nearest 
approach  to  them  to  be  found  among  our  American  species.  But  in  the 
globular,  red  or  purple  subacid  fruit  it  betrays  its  affinity  to  the 
American  plums,  as  it  does  also  in  the  fiat,  sometimes  turgid,  smooth 
stone  to  which  the  flesh  tenaciously  clings.  The  flowers  are  white,  fading 
to  rose  and  borne  abundantly,  making  the  plant  an  attractive  ornamental 
in  blooming  time  as  it  is  also  in  the  autumn  when  the  foliage  turns  to  bril- 
liant red,  scarlet  or  crimson  with  touches  of  yellow.  The  fruit  is  some- 
times so  poor  in  quality  as  to  be  inedible  but  on  the  other  hand  is  some- 
times quite  equal  to  some  of  the  cultivated  plums,  especially  in  its  botan- 
ical variety,  Kelloggii. 

That  the  fruit  is  capable  of  improvement  by  the  selection  of  seedling 
varieties  and  useful  in  hybridizing  with  other  species  can  hardly  be  doubted. 
Luther  Burbank,  under  date  of  December  6,  1909,  writes  in  this  regard 
as  follows: 

"  The  Prunus  subcordata,  as  it  grows  wild,  bears  very  heavily  even 
on  bushes  two  and  three  feet  in  height,  bending  the  bushes  flat  on  the 
ground  when  the  fruit  is  ripe.  This  is  a  very  beautiful  sight.  The  wild 
ones,  although  almost  invariably  bright  red  and  spherical,  are  sometimes, 
though  rarely  found,  yellow.  When  the  seed  of  the  yellow  fruit  is  planted 
a  certain  portion  of  red  ones  are  produced,  but  all,  practically,  of  the  same 
size  and  quality  as  the  original.  The  trees  of  Subcordata  in  the  wild  state 
are  greatly  variable  in  growth,  generally  much  more  so  than  in  the  fruit. 
The  fruit,  however,  varies  much  in  quality,  but  it  is  promiscuously  gathered 
by  those  living  in  the  vicinity  of  the  plum  grounds  and  considered  most 
excellent  for  cooking.  I  commenced  working  on  this  species  about  twenty- 
two  years  ago  and  have  not  carried  it  on  as  extensively  as  with  the  Mari- 
tima,  as  I  found  it  subject  to  plum-pockets,  but  by  very  careful  selection 
I  have  produced  most  magnificent  plums,  oval  in  form  or  round,  sweet 
as  honey  or  sweet  as  the  French  Prune,  greatly  enlarged  in  size,  tree  im- 
proved in  growth  and  enormously  productive,  the  different  varieties  ripen- 
ing through  a  long  season.  Most  of  these  are  light  and  dark  red.  Some  of 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  77 

them,  when  cooked,  are  far  superior  to  cranberries,  having  the  exact  deli- 
cious flavor  so  much  liked  in  this  fruit,  and  the  same  color. 

"  From  the  crosses  of  Subcordata  with  the  Americana,  Nigra,  Triflora 
and  other  species,  some  of  the  most  beautiful  and  highest  flavored  fruits 
which  I  have  even  seen  have  been  produced.  These  vary  in  color  from 
almost  pure  white  to  light  yellow,  transparent  flesh  color,  pink,  light  crim- 
son, scarlet,  dark  crimson  and  purple ;  in  form  round,  egg-shaped  or  elon- 
gated-oval; trees  both  upright  and  weeping,  enormously  productive,  and 
in  one  or  two  cases  the  fruit,  by  hundreds  of  experts,  has  been  pronounced 
the  best  plum  in  flavor  of  any  in  existence.  Most  of  these  selections  are 
extremely  productive." 

Wickson  '  reports  that  the  roots  of  Subcordata  have  been  used  more 
or  less  as  stocks  for  other  plums  but  show  no  marked  advantages  over 
the  species  commonly  used  for  this  purpose.  Most  of  those  who  have 
experimented  with  it  condemn  it  as  a  stock  because  it  dwarfs  the  cion  and 
suckers  badly. 

Prunus  oregana  Greene  '  is  from  its  description  an  interesting  plum 
of  which,  however,  it  has  been  impossible  to  secure  a  glimpse  even  of  her- 
barium material  and  of  which  we  can  therefore,  only  publish  Greene's 
description  as  follows: 

"  Evidently  allied  to  P.  subcordata,  but  leaves  little  more  than  an 
inch  long,  subcoriaceous,  pubescent  on  both  faces,  in  outline  oval  or  broadly 
elliptic,  never  subcordate,  commonly  acxitish  at  both  ends,  serrulate; 
flowers  unknown;  fruits  in  pairs  or  threes,  on  pedicels  one-half  inch  long 
or  more,  densely  tomentose  when  very  young,  more  thinly  so,  yet  distinctly 
tomentulose  when  half -grown. 

"  Known  only  from  specimens  collected  on  the  Yanex  Indian  reser- 
vation in  southeastern  Oregon,  by  Mrs.  Austin,  in  1893;  and  a  most  re- 
markable species,  as  connecting  true  Prunus  with  Amygdalus.  But  that  it 
is  a  plum  and  not  an  almond  is  evident." 

Without  any  first-hand  knowledge  of  this  species  it  is  thought  best 
to  consider  it  only  under  the  allied  species,  Prunus  subcordata. 

PRUNUS  SUBCORDATA  KELLOGGII  Lemmon 

i.   Lemmon   Pittonia  2:67.     1890.      2.  Wickson  Calif.  Fr.   Ed.   2:31.     1891.      3.   Greene   Fl 
Francis  1:50.    1891.      4.  Bailey  Cyc.  Am.  Hon.  1448.    1901. 

Prunus  subcordata  kelloggii,  named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Albert  Kellogg, 
an  early  explorer  and  settler  in  California,  is  distinguished  from  the  species 

'Wickson,  E.  J.  Calif.  Fruits  Ed.  4:35.    1909. 
1  Pittonia  3:21.     1896. 


78  THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 

in  being  a  somewhat  taller  and  more  slender  plant.1  The  branches  and 
bark  are  of  a  characteristic  ash-gray,  so  distinct  in  color  from  Prunus 
subcordata  that  this  is  often  called  the  "  Gray-branch  "  plum.  The  leaves 
are  orbicular  or  elliptical,  not  cordate,  cuneate  at  the  base  and  nearly 
glabrous.  The  fruit  is  bright  yellow  instead  of  red  and  larger  than  that 
of  the  species,  being  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter  with  a  more  nearly  free 
stone.  This  plum  inhabits  the  region  of  Mount  Shasta  where  it  has  been 
known  since  the  time  of  the  early  gold  diggers,  attracting  more  attention 
as  a  food,  and  promising  more  for  the  cultivator  than  Subcordata.  Botan- 
ists seem  to  have  given  this  plum  comparatively  little  attention  and  careful 
study  may  give  it  specific  rank.  Locally,  and  now  somewhat  in  the  trade, 
it  is  known  as  the  Sisson  plum,  after  a  Mr.  Sisson,  living  near  Mount  Shasta, 
who  has  brought  it  to  notice.  At  present  the  Kelloggii  seems  to 
be  the  branch  of  promise  for  the  improvement  of  the  wild  plums  of 
the  western  coast. 

15.  PRUNUS  UMBELLATA  Elliott 

i.  Elliott  Sk.  Bot.  S.  C.  andGa.  1:541.  1821.  2.  Sargent  loth  Cen.  U.  S.  9:67.  1883.  3.  Ibid. 
Sit.  N.  Am.  4:33,  PI.  155.  1892.  4.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  91.  1901.  5.  Mohr  Cant.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb. 
6:551.  1901. 

Cerasus  umbellata.      6.  Torrey  and  Gray  Fl.  N.  Ant.  1:409.    1840. 

Tree  low,  sometimes  a  shrub,  seldom  over  twenty  feet  in  height;  trunk  short,  usually 
crooked,  attaining  a  thickness  of  ten  inches;  bark  dark  brown  and  scaly;  branches 
spreading,  slender,  twiggy  but  spineless;  branchlets  at  first  pubescent  but  becoming 
glabrous,  bright  red  turning  dark  brown  the  second  year;  lenticels  few,  oblong,  yellowish. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  or  oblong-obovate  to  oblong,  thin  and  membranaceous, 
acute  at  the  apex  but  usually  obtuse  or  cordate  at  the  base;  margins  closely  and  evenly 
serrate  with  glandular  teeth,  upper  surface  dark  green  and  glabrous,  lower  surface  pale 
green  and  more  or  less  pubescent;  petioles  stout,  glabrous  or  sometimes  pubescent; 
glands  usually  two,  sometimes  wanting,  large,  dark,  at  the  base  of  the  leaf;  stipules 
lanceolate,  small,  caducous. 

Flowers  medium  in  size,  appearing  before  and  with  the  leaves;  usually  borne  in  four- 
flowered  umbels ;  calyx-tube  obconic,  its  lobes  entire,  outer  surface  glabrous  or  pubes- 
cent, the  inner  densely  tomentose;  petals  white,  orbicular,  clawed. 

Fruit  matures  in  late  summer;  one-half  inch  in  diameter,  nearly  round,  without 
cavity  or  suture,  borne  on  a  slender  pedicel  three-quarters  inch  long,  orange -red  or 
bright  red  to  purple  or  nearly  black,  covered  with  a  thin  bloom;  skin  thick  and  tough; 
flesh  coarse,  thick,  acid  or  astringent,  scarcely  edible;  stone  nearly  free,  flattened, 
acute  at  both  ends,  rugose,  thin-walled. 


1  The  first  published  account  of  this  plum  is  a  brief  non- technical  description  of  it  by  Dr.  Kellogg 
in  Mulching's  Mag.  5:7.    1859. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  79 

Prunus  umbellata,  the  Sloe,  Black  Sloe  or  Hog  Plum,  Oldfield,  and 
sometimes  Chickasaw  and  Bullace  of  the  South,  is  found  along  the  seaboard 
from  South  Carolina  to  central  Florida,  thence  westward  to  the  Gulf  and 
along  its  shores  to  Texas.  Inland  it  is  found  as  far  north  as  middle  Georgia,1 
Alabama  and  Mississippi  and  southern  Arkansas.  Though  very  common 
in  localities  in  the  region  outlined,  there  are  vast  areas  of  this  territory 
in  which  it  is  scarcely  found,  preferring  bottom  lands  of  rivers  and  rich, 
moist  soils  in  some  instances  and  dry,  sandy  copses,  open  woods  and  borders 
of  fields  in  others.  In  flower  and  fruit  it  is  a  handsome  and  conspicuous 
plant,  yet,  as  the  references  show,  the  early  botanists  did  not  describe 
it,  and  even  Elliott,  who  gave  it  its  name,  in  1821,  passed  it  by  with  a  scant 
description.  Its  neglect  by  the  several  famous  botanists  of  the  Eighteenth 
Century  who  explored  this  region  must  be  attributed  to  their  confusing 
it  with  Prunus  angusttfolia  and  Prunus  maritima,  one  or  the  other  of  which 
is  found  in  most  of  the  region,  and  to  the  idiosyncrasies  of  the  distribution 
of  Prunus  umbellata. 

The  fruit  of  this  species  is  unfit  for  dessert  purposes  but  is  commonly 
gathered  for  culinary  use  and  sometimes  is  offered  for  sale  in  the  markets 
of  the  South,  being  highly  esteemed  for  pies,  jams  and  jellies.  There 
appear  to  have  been  no  efforts  made  to  domesticate  it,  however,  and  since 
it  is  quite  inferior  in  fruit -characters  to  others  of  the  native  plums,  efforts 
to  that  end  are  probably  not  worth  while. 

PRUNUS  UMBELLATA  INJUCUNDA  (Small)  Sargent 

i.  Sargent  Sil.  N.  Am.  13:21.    1902. 

Prunus  injucunda.  2.  Small  Torrey.  Bot.  Club  Bui.  25:149.  1898.  3.  Mohr  Ibid.  26:118.  1899. 
4.  Ibid.  Cant.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  6:552.  1901.  5.  Bailey  Cyc.  Am.  Hon.  1449.  1901. 

Tree  low,  seldom  twenty  feet  in  height,  often  a  straggling  shrub;  trunk  short, 
crooked,  attaining  a  diameter  of  eight  inches;  bark  dark  brown,  nearly  black;  branches 
slender,  rigid,  twiggy  and  somewhat  spiny;  branchlets  velvety  becoming  purplish 
and  finally  a  dull  gray;  lenticels  few,  yellowish. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  obovate,  taper-pointed  at  the  apex  and  obtuse  or  rounded 
at  the  base,  margins  closely  and  finely  toothed,  thin  in  texture;  upper  surface  yellowish- 
green,  wrinkled  and  more  or  less  pubescent,  lower  surface  densely  pubescent  and  with 
a  prominent  yellowish  midrib  and  rather  prominent  lateral  veins;  petioles  stout,  one- 
half  inch  in  length,  very  pubescent;  stipules  lanceolate,  small.caducous. 

Flowers  medium  in  size  or  small,  usually  appearing  before  the  leaves;  in  four  or 
five-flowered  sub-sessile  umbels;  pedicels  slender,  three-quarters  inch  in  length,  very 

1  Torrey  Bot.  Club  Bui.  25:149.    1898. 


8o  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

pubescent;  calyx-tube  obconic,  tomentose,  with  erect,  entire,  sharply  pointed,  ciliate, 
tomentose  lobes;  petals  white,  orbicular,  clawed;  filaments  and  base  of  pistil  tomentose. 
Fruit  maturing  in  late  summer,  three-quarters  inch  long,  oblong,  with  but  a  trace 
of  cavity  and  suture,  dark  purple  with  light  bloom;  flesh  thin,  sour  and  very  astringent; 
skin  thick,  tough;  scarcely  edible;  stone  ovoid,  long,  flat,  roughish,  pointed  at  both 
ends  with  a  groove  on  one  edge  and  a  grooved  ridge  on  the  other. 

In  1898  Small  described  Prunus  injucunda  as  a  new  species  from  what 
had  hitherto  been  considered  a  part  of  Prunus  umbellata.  Sargent,  whom 
we  follow,  gives  it  as  a  botanical  variety  of  Prunus  umbellata.  Small  says 
that  the  two  differ  as  follows:  Prunus  injucunda  has  "a  more  rigid  habit 
and  the  foliage,  including  the  branchlets,  is  velvety  tomentose.  In  place 
of  the  sub -globose  drupe  of  Prunus  umbellata  we  find  an  oblong  fruit  of  an 
extremely  bitter  taste.  The  stone  is  correspondingly  lengthened."  To 
these  differences  may  be  added  tomentose  or  pubescent  leaves,  hairy  umbels, 
and  tomentose  calyx  and  pistil,  as  characters  not  found  in  Prunus  umbel- 
lata though  there  are  occasional  pubescent  individuals  in  the  species. 

Small  first  collected  Prunus  injucunda  in  sandy  soil  in  the  granite 
districts  about  the  base  of  Little  Stone  Mountain,  Georgia,  and  reports 
it  as  occurring  about  Stone  Mountain.  Mohr  reports  the  plant  on  rocky 
summits  and  among  the  sandstone  cliffs  of  Alpine  Mountain,  Talladego 
County,  Alabama,  as  a  low,  unsightly  shrub,  four  feet  in  height,  with  short, 
straggling  branches.  The  wild  fruit  is  seldom  fit  for  domestic  use  and 
with  so  much  better  material  in  other  species  the  fruit-grower  can  hardly 
afford  to  spend  time  in  an  attempt  to  domesticate  this  one. 

16.  PRUNUS  MITIS  Beadle 
i.  Beadle  Bilt.  Bot.  Stud.  1:162.    1902.      2.  Britton  and  Brown  N.  Am.  Trees  489.    1908. 

Tree  small,  maximum  height  twenty-five  feet;  bark  dark  brown  or  reddish-gray; 
branches  spreading  or  ascending,  usually  unarmed;  branchlets  glabrous,  glaucous; 
leaves  thin,  elliptic,  oblong-lanceolate,  sometimes  ovate  or  obovate,  apex  acute  or  acu- 
minate, base  narrow  or  rounded,  margin  sharply  serrate;  petioles  less  than  one-half 
inch,  densely  pubescent,  with  two  glands  at  or  on  the  base  of  the  leaf;  upper  surface 
bright  green,  finely  pubescent,  lower  surface  paler,  also  pubescent  and  with  a  prominent 
midrib  and  veins. 

Flowers  of  medium  size,  appearing  before  the  leaves;  borne  in  sub-sessile,  two  to  six- 
flowered  umbels;  calyx-tube  obconic,  smooth,  its  lobes  triangular,  pubescent  on  the  outer 
and  velvety  on  the  inner  surface;  petals  white,  obovate,  clawed;  pedicels  slender,  smooth, 
three-quarters  inch  long. 

Fruit  ripening  in  mid-summer;  over  one-half  inch  in  length,  oblong,  dark  purple 
with  a  heavy  bloom;  stone  ovoid  or  oval,  flattened,  nearly  one-half  inch  long,  pointed 
at  both  ends  especially  at  the  apex,  and  crested  on  one  edge. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  8l 

Prunus  mitis  is  a  newly  named  species  from  Alabama,  common  in  dry 
soils  in  the  regions  where  it  is  found  wild.  The  species  has  many  characters 
in  common  with  Prunus  unibellata,  to  which  it  is  so  closely  related  that 
it  is  difficult  to  distinguish  the  two  in  herbarium  specimens.  Although 
nothing  is  yet  known  of  its  horticultural  possibilities  the  apparent  re- 
lationship does  not  indicate  much  value  in  the  plum  for  the  cultivator. 

17.  PRUNUS  TARDA  Sargent 
i.  Sargent  Bot.  Gaz.  33:108.    1902.      2.  Ibid.  Sil.  N.  Am.  13:23,  PI.  632.    1902. 

Tree  from  twenty  to  twenty-five  feet  in  height;  trunk  tall,  eighteen  or  twenty 
inches  in  diameter;  bark  light  brown,  reddish,  thick,  with  flat  ridges  and  plate-like 
scales;  branches  spreading,  forming  an  open  symmetrical  head;  branchlets  slender, 
at  first  light  green  and  tomentose  becoming  glabrous,  light  brownish  and  lustrous,  and 
the  second  year  much  darker;  lenticels  small,  dark,  scattered. 

Leaves  oblong  to  obovate,  apex  acute  and  sharp-pointed,  base  rounded  or  cuneate, 
margin  finely  serrate  with  incurved,  glandular  teeth,  in  texture  thick  and  firm;  upper 
surface  glabrous,  dark  yellow-green,  lower  surface  pubescent,  pale  green;  petioles 
stout,  tomentose  or  pubescent,  short,  eglandular  or  with  two  stalked,  dark  glands  at  the 
apex;  stipules  acicular,  often  bright  red,  small. 

Flowers  three-quarters  inch  across,  appearing  before  and  with  the  leaves;  borne 
in  two  or  three-flowered  umbels,  on  slender,  glabrous  pedicels;  calyx-tube  narrowly 
obconic,  hairy  above,  the  lobes  acute,  entire,  villose  on  the  outer,  tomentose  on  the 
inner  surface;  petals  oblong-obovate  with  a  short  claw  at  the  base;  filaments  and 
pistils  glabrous. 

Fruit  maturing  very  late;  short-oblong  to  sub-globose,  one-third  to  one-half  inch  in 
length,  red,  yellow,  purple,  black  or  blue;  skin  tough  and  thick;  flesh  thick  and  acid; 
stone  adhering  to  the  flesh,  ovoid,  more  or  less  compressed,  very  rugose,  ridged  on  the 
ventral  and  grooved  on  the  dorsal  suture,  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  base. 

Prunus  tar  da,  locally  known  as  the  Sloe,  as  are  many  other  plums,  was 
named  from  specimens  collected  in  1901  near  Marshall,  Texas,  by  Sargent 
and  others.  Sargent,  to  whom  is  due  what  field  knowledge  we  have  of 
the  plant,  gives  its  range  from  where  found  in  Texas  to  western  Louisiana 
and  southern  Arkansas.  He  says  that  it  resembles  and  is  often  confounded 
with  Prunus  umbellata  but  may  be  distinguished  from  it  by  its  bark,  which 
differs  from  that  of  any  other  American  plum  tree,  being  more  like  that 
of  the  chinquapin  chestnut  with  which  it  grows;  by  the  pubescence  on 
the  leaves,  not  usually  found  on  those  of  Prunus  umbellata;  and  by  its 
variously  colored  fruit  which  ripens  much  later  than  that  of  other  plums 
in  the  region.  From  what  has  been  published  in  regard  to  the  species 
one  gathers  little  in  regard  to  its  horticultural  possibilities  though  the 


82  THE    PLUMS   OF   NEW    YORK. 

statements  that  it  bears  great  quantities  of  fruit  and  is  used  locally  for 
culinary  purposes  indicate  that  it  may  have  some  value  under  cultivation. 

18.  PRUNUS  ANGUSTIFOLIA  Marshall 

I.  Marshall  Arb.  Am.  HI.  1783.  2.  Torrey  and  Gray  Fl.  N.  Am.  1:407.  1840.  3.  Loudon 
Arb.  Fr.  Brit.  2:705.  1844.  4-  Sargent  loth  Cen.  U.  S.  9:66.  1883.  5.  Watson  and  Coulter  Gray's 
Man.  Ed.  6:132.  1889  (in  part).  6.  Gray  For.  Trees  N.  A.  47,  PI.  1891.  7.  Sargent  Sil.  N.  Am. 
4:23,  PI.  132.  1892.  8.  Mohr  Cant.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  6:551.  1901. 

P.  chicasa.  9.  Michaux1  Fl.  Bar.  Am.  1:284.  1803.  10.  Nuttall  Gen.  N.  Am.  PL  i'302. 
1818.  ii.  Elliott  Sk.  Bot.  S.  C.  and  Ga.  1:542.  1821.  12.  Hall  PI.  Texas  9.  1873.  13.  Ridg- 
way  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  65.  1882.  14.  Chapman  Fl.  Sou.  U.  S.  131.  1897. 

Plant  seldom  becoming  a  true  tree,  usually,  however,  forming  a  small  but  distinct 
trunk  with  a  twiggy ,  bushy  top ;  bark  thin,  dark  reddish-brown,  slightly  furrowed  or 
roughened,  scaly ;  branches  slender,  usually  zigzag  with  long,  thin  thorns  or  spine-like 
branchlets;  branchlets  slender,  zigzag,  glabrous,  glossy,  bright  red;  lenticels  few, 
scattered,  yellowish,  raised. 

Winter-buds  small,  obtuse,  free,  brownish;  leaves  folded  upward,  lanceolate  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  thin,  membranaceous,  margins  closely  and 
finely  serrate  with  minute  teeth,  tipped  with  glands;  upper  surface  glabrous,  lustrous, 
bright  green,  lower  surface  glabrous  or  pubescent  in  the  axils  of  the  veins,  dull,  two- 
thirds  inch  wide  and  from  one  to  two  inches  long;  petioles  one-half  inch  long,  slender, 
glabrous  or  tomentose,  bright  red  with  two  red  glands  near  or  on  the  base  of  the  leaf; 
stipules  one-half  inch  long,  narrow-lobed,  serrate  with  gland-tipped  teeth. 

Flowers  appearing  with  or  before  the  leaves,  small,  less  than  one-half  inch  across, 
very  numerous;  umbels  sub-sessile,  two  to  four-flowered,  from  lateral  spurs  or  buds; 
pedicels  glabrous,  slender,  one-half  inch  in  length;  calyx-tube  campanulate,  glabrous; 
calyx-lobes  obtuse,  glabrous  outside,  margins  ciliate,  inner  surface  pubescent,  reflexed; 
petals  creamy  in  the  bud,  obovate,  apex  rounded,  narrowing  into  a  claw  at  the  base; 
filaments  and  pistils  glabrous,  the  latter  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  ripening  early;  spherical  or  ovoid,  three-quarters  inch  in  diameter,  bright  red, 
sometimes  yellow,  glossy,  with  little  or  no  bloom;  dots  numerous,  very  conspicuous; 
skin  thin;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  yellow,  subacid ;  quality  rather  poor;  stone  small,  clinging, 
ovoid,  turgid,  slightly  roughened,  cherry-like,  edges  rounded,  the  dorsal  one  grooved. 

The  original  home  of  Prunus  angustijolia  is  not  known.  The  in- 
ference is  left  in  most  of  the  botanies  that  the  species  is  not  indigenous 
in  the  region  east  of  the  Mississippi,  but  that  it  was  brought  by  the  abo- 
rigines from  the  southwestern  section  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  or  possibly 
the  southern  Rocky  Mountains  or  Mexico.  The  chief  reason  for  the  belief 

1  The  writer  has  examined  the  type  specimen  of  Michaux's  Prunus  chicasa  in  the  herbarium 
of  the  Jardin  des  Plants  in  Paris  and  found  it,  though  incomplete  and  poorly  preserved,  plainly 
not  Prunus  angustifolia  but  more  likely  some  form  of  Prunus  umbellala.  Undoubtedly,  however, 
the  references  which  follow  Michaux's  are  to  Prunus  angustifolia. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  83 

that  it  does  not  belong  where  it  now  grows  is  the  fact  that  it  is  usually 
found  near  human  habitations  and  on  the  margins  of  fields  and  as  it  was 
known  to  have  been  cultivated  by  the  Indians,1  it  is  supposed  to  have 
escaped  from  their  semi-cultivated  plantations.  Bailey  '  dissents  from 
the  current  view,  holding  that  the  plant  behaves  like  a  true  native  in 
regions  where  he  has  known  it,  Maryland  in  particular.  It  seems  to  the 
writer  that  Bartram's  supposition,  given  in  the  foot-note  below,  has  been 
followed  too  closely.  A  careful  study  of  recent  botanical  works  indicates 
that  the  species  is  indigenous  to  the  southeastern  United  States. 

Whatever  the  original  habitat  may  have  been  it  is  now  found  in  the 
wild  state  from  southern  Delaware  to  Florida  and  westward  to  the  Pan- 
handle of  Texas  and  southern  Oklahoma.  It  is  usually  found  on  rich 
soils  but  is  found  as  well  in  worn-out  fields  and  pastures,  most  often  in 
thickets  of  small  trees  or  thorny  shrubs  or  scraggly  bushes,  producing 
under  the  latter  conditions  a  small  fruit  so  like  cherries  as  to  give  it  the 
name  in  some  localities  "  Mountain  Cherry  "  (Maryland),  and  in  others 
"  Wild  Cherry  "  (Louisiana). 

There  has  been  much  confusion  in  regard  to  Prunus  angustifolia. 
The  older  botanists  very  generally  mistook  this  species  for  Michaux's 
Prunus  chicasa  which,  as  stated  in  the  foot-note  on  page  82,  is  almost 
certainly  not  the  plum  under  discussion.  Practically  all  horticulturists 
ascribe  to  Prunus  angustifolia  a  great  number  of  cultivated  varieties  which 
cannot  by  any  possibility  belong  here ;  indeed,  it  is  doubtful  if  the  species 
is  cultivated  at  all  other  than  very  locally,  and  still  more  doubtful  as  to 
whether,  as  compared  with  other  native  plums,  it  is  worth  growing.  In 
spite  of  this  confusion  the  species  is  one  of  the  most  distinct  of  plums, 
and  its  characters  are  comparatively  constant  throughout  the  range.  A 
careful  reading  of  Humphrey  Marshall's  description  of  Prunus  angustifolia 
by  subsequent  botanists  might  have  helped  to  keep  this  plum  in  its  place. 
Marshall  wrote  of  it : 

"  Prunus  angustifolia.  Chicasaw  Plumb.  This  is  scarcely  of  so  large 
a  growth  as  the  former  [P.  americana],  but  rising  with  a  stiff,  shrubby 
stalk,  dividing  into  many  branches,  which  are  garnished  with  smooth, 
lance-shaped  leaves,  much  smaller  and  narrower  than  the  first  kind  [P. 

1  "  The  Chicasaw  plumb  I  think  must  be  excepted,  for  though  certainly  a  native  of  America, 
yet  I  never  saw  it  wild  in  the  forest,  but  always  in  old  deserted  Indian  plantations:  I  suppose  it 
to  have  been  brought  from  the  S.  W.  beyond  the  Mississippi,  by  the  Chicasa ws."  Bartram  Travels 
Through  North  and  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  East  and  West  Florida,  etc.  38.  1793. 

'Bailey  Ev.  Nat.  Fr.  193.    1898. 


84  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

americana],  a  little  waved  on  their  edges,  marked  with  very  fine,  slight, 
coloured  serratures,  and  of  an  equal  shining  green  colour,  on  both  sides. 
The  blossoms  generally  come  out  very  thick  and  are  succeeded  by  oval, 
or  often  somewhat  egg-shaped  fruit,  with  a  very  thin  skin,  and  soft,  sweet 
pulp.  There  are  varieties  of  this  with  yellow  and  crimson  coloured  fruit. 
These  being  natives  of  the  Southern  states,  are  somewhat  impatient  of 
much  cold." 

The  tree -characters  given  by  Marshall  are  hardly  those  of  the  plum 
under  cultivation  which  we  have  been  calling  Prunus  angustifolia,  and 
his  statement  that  the  species  is  "  impatient  of  much  cold  "  at  once  sepa- 
rates the  cultivated  "  Angustifolias  "  from  the  true  species.  We  shall 
contrast  the  tree -characters  of  the  two  groups  of  plums  in  the  discussion 
of  Prunus  munsoniana.  Of  the  hardiness  of  the  two  it  may  be  said  that 
the  cultivated  varieties  which  we  have  placed  in  the  last  named  species 
are  for  the  most  part  hardy  as  far  north  as  Burlington,  Vermont,  while  the 
true  Prunus  angustifolia  cannot  be  grown  to  fruiting  as  far  north  as  Geneva, 
New  York.  Its  behavior,  too,  on  the  northern  limit  of  its  range,  and  the 
fact  that  it  did  not  follow  the  aborigines  northward  as  it  seems  to  have 
followed  them  from  place  to  place  within  its  range,  show  that  Prunus 
angustifolia  belongs  in  the  southern  states. 

This  plum  was  well  known  by  the  early  colonists  of  Virginia  and 
southward.  John  Smith  in  Virginia,  in  1607-9,  and  Strachey,  writing  a 
few  years  later,  saw  "  cherries  much  like  a  damoizm,  but  for  their  taste 
and  cullour  we  called  them  cherries."  Beverly  in  his  History  of  Virginia, 
written  in  1822,  speaks  of  two  sorts  of  plums,  "  the  black  and  the  Murrey 
Plum,  both  of  which  are  small  and  have  much  the  same  relish  with  the 
Damasine  "  ;  the  latter  was  probably  the  Angustifolia.  Lawson  in  his 
History  of  Carolina  speaks  of  several  plums,1  one  of  which,  the  Indian 
plum,  must  have  been  the  fruit  of  the  present  discussion.  Bruce'  quotes 

1  "  The  wild  Plums  of  America  are  of  several  sorts.  Those  which  I  can  give  an  account  of 
from  my  own  Knowledge,  I  will,  and  leave  the  others  till  a  farther  Discovery.  The  most  frequent 
is  that  which  we  call  the  common  Indian  Plum,  of  which  there  are  two  sorts,  if  not  more.  One 
of  these  is  ripe  much  sooner  than  the  other,  and  differs  in  the  bark;  one  of  the  barks  being  very  scaly, 
like  our  American  Birch.  These  Trees,  when  in  Blossom,  smell  as  sweet  as  any  Jessamine,  and 
look  as  white  as  a  Sheet,  being  something  prickly.  You  may  make  it  grow  to  what  Shape  you 
please;  they  are  very  ornamental  about  a  House,  and  make  a  wonderful  fine  Shew  at  a  Distance, 
in  the  Spring,  because  of  their  white  Livery.  Their  Fruit  is  red,  and  very  palatable  to  the  sick. 
They  are  of  a  quick  Growth,  and  will  bear  from  the  Stone  in  five  years,  on  their  Stock."  Lawson, 
John  History  of  Carolina  105.  1714. 

1  "  The  third  was  known  among  the  later  colonists  as  the  Indian  cherry  and  was  the  product 
of  a  tree  hardly  exceeded  by  the  English  peach  tree  in  girth  and  height,  and  showing  an  inclina- 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  85 

a  letter  from  William  Fitzhugh,  written  in  1686,  in  which  the  latter  speaks 
of  the  "  Indian  Cherry,"  meaning  of  course,  this  plum;  for  it  still  passes 
under  the  same  name. 

Of  the  horticultural  possibilities  of  Prunus  angustifolia,  little  can  be 
said  from  this  Station  as  the  trees  cannot  be  grown  here.  But  since  the 
species  has  been  so  long  known,  and  is  s6  near  at  hand  to  fruit-growers, 
without  more  of  its  offspring  coming  under  cultivation,  it  is  not  likely  that 
it  may  be  counted  upon  to  bring  forth  much  in  the  future  for  the  orchard. 
Such  trees  and  fruits  of  this  species  as  the  writer  has  seen  are  not  at  all 
promising  for  the  cultivator. 

PRUNUS  ANGUSTIFOLIA  WATSONI  (Sargent)  Waugh' 

i.  Waugh  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:239.    1899.      2.  Bailey  Cyc.  Am,  Hort.  1450  fig.  1901. 
P.  watsoni.      3.  Sargent  Gar.  and  For.  7:134,  fig.     1894.      4.  Waugh  Bot.  Gaz.  26:53.     1898. 
5.  Bailey  Ev.  Nat.  Fr.  218.    1898. 

Shrub  four  to  ten  feet  high;  branches  slender,  short-jointed,  zigzag,  reddish-brown; 
branchlets  at  first  bright  red  and  lustrous,  later  becoming  brownish-red  or  sometimes 
ashy-gray;  lenticels  few  and  light-colored;  leaves  small,  ovate,  apex  acute,  base  rounded 
or  cuneate,  margins  finely  crenulate;  upper  surface  glabrous,  shining,  lower  surface 
paler,  glabrous;  petioles  reddish,  one-half  inch  in  length,  biglandular  at  the  apex. 

Flowers  in  fascicles  of  two  to  four,  borne  with  or  before  the  leaves  and  in  great 
abundance;  calyx  cup-shaped,  the  lobes  acute,  eglandular,  ciliate  on  the  margins, 
pubescent  on  the  inner  surface;  petals  white,  obovate,  contracted  into  a  claw  at  the 
base;  filaments  glabrous,  anthers  reddish,  style  slender,  exserted;  pedicels  one-quarter 
inch  long. 


tion  for  the  soil  of  the  valleys  of  the  rivers,  and  of  the  narrow  bottoms  of  the  smaller  streams.  This 
variety  was  considered  to  be  of  extraordinary  excellence  in  flavor;  when  ripe  it  was  colored  a  dark 
purple,  and  there  was  only  a  single  cherry  to  the  stalk.  There  were  two  varieties  of  plums,  re- 
sembling, both  in  size  and  taste,  the  English  Damson."  Bruce,  Philip  Alexander  Economic  His- 
tory of  Virginia  in  the  Seventeenth  Century  1:94.  1896. 

1  Frank  A.  Waugh  was  born  in  Sheboygan  Falls,  Wisconsin,  July  8,  1869.  On  his  father's  side 
he  is  of  Scotch  descent,  though  the  family  has  long  been  in  America;  his  mother  came  from  Ger- 
many. He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Kansas  and  in  the  Kansas  State  Agricultural  Col- 
lege, graduating  from  the  latter  place  in  1891.  In  1893  ^e  became  professor  of  horticulture  in  the 
Oklahoma  Agricultural  College  and  horticulturist  at  the  Experiment  Station,  a  place  which  he  held 
for  nearly  three  years,  going  late  in  1895  to  take  the  same  position  in  the  University  of  Vermont. 
After  eight  years  of  arduous  service  in  Vermont,  during  which  time  he  became  well  known  by  his 
writings  on  horticultural,  botanical  and  agricultural  subjects,  he  left  Vermont  to  take  charge  of 
horticulture  in  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College  and  the  Hatch  Experiment  Station. 
Professor  Waugh's  study  of  plums  began  in  the  West,  Kansas  and  Oklahoma,  but  his  reports  in 
regard  to  this  fruit  have  come  from  Vermont  where  his  work  has  been  mainly  done.  The  chief 
titles  under  which  his  studies  have  been  published  in  the  bulletins  and  annual  reports  of  the  Ver- 
mont Station  are:  The  Pollination  of  Plums,  Classification  of  Plums,  A  Monograph  of  the  Wayland 


86  THE    PLUMS    OP   NEW   YORK. 

Fruit  two-thirds  inch  in  diameter,  globose,  sometimes  oblong,  orange-red,  bloom- 
less,  handsome;  skin  thin,  rather  tender;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  tender,  pleasant  flavor; 
of  comparatively  high  quality;  stone  somewhat  turgid,  compressed  at  the  apex,  thick- 
walled,  rounded  on  the  ventral  and  sometimes  on  the  dorsal  suture. 

Prunus  angustifolia  watsoni  is  the  Sand  plum  of  the  plains,  being  an 
inhabitant  of  southern  and  southeastern  Nebraska  and  central  and  west- 
ern Kansas  and  possibly  passing  into  western  Oklahoma.  It  is  usually 
found  along  the  banks  of  streams  and  rivers  where  it  often  forms  shrubby 
thickets.  The  wild  plums  are  held  in  high  esteem  for  dessert  and  culinary 
purposes,  becoming  a  commercial  product  in  parts  of  the  region  in  which 
they  grow,  and  are  occasionally  transplanted  to  the  garden  or  orchard. 
From  such  transplantings  a  half  dozen  varieties  have  arisen.  The  pro- 
ductiveness, hardiness  to  heat  and  cold  and  the  size  and  quality  of  the 
fruits  should  attract  plum-growers  in  the  region  of  its  habitat  and  experi- 
menters elsewhere  as  well.  Waugh  '  gives  the  following  interesting  sketch 
of  the  use  to  which  this  plum  has  been  put  in  Kansas: 

"  Early  settlers  in  Kansas,  before  their  own  orchard  plantings  came 
into  bearing,  used  to  find  the  sand  plums  well  worth  their  attention.  In 
July  and  August  everybody  for  fifty  miles  back  from  the  Arkansas  sand 
hills  used  to  flock  thither  to  pick,  and  it  was  an  improvident  or  an  unlucky 
family  which  came  off  with  less  than  four  or  five  bushels  to  can  for  winter. 
Whole  wagon  loads  of  fruit  were  often  secured,  and  were  sometimes  offered 
for  sale  in  neighboring  towns. 

"  The  fruit  gathered  from  the  wild  trees  was  of  remarkably  fine  quality, 
considering  the  conditions  under  which  it  grew.  The  plums  were  quite 
uniformly  large — I  would  say  from  memory  that  they  often  reached  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  diameter.  They  were  thin-skinned  and 
of  good  flavor,  not  having  the  unpleasant  astringency  of  the  wild  Ameri- 

Group  of  Plums,  Hybrid  Plums,  Types  of  European  Plums,  Propagation  of  Plums,  The  Myrobalan 
Plums,  A  Review  of  the  Americana  Plums  and  The  Grouping  of  Japanese-Hybrid  Plums.  In  1901 
he  published  Plums  and  Plum  Culture,  a  popular  presentation  of  the  various  phases  of  his  botanical 
and  horticultural  work  with  this  fruit.  The  titles  given  do  not  represent  the  extent  of  his  studies 
with  this  fruit  for  there  were  third  and  fourth  reports  upon  several  of  the  subjects  mentioned.  In 
particular  he  has  been  helpful  to  American  pomology  in  the  classification  of  native  plums,  in  his 
study  of  sex  in  plums  and  in  setting  forth  the  hardiness  of  the  various  species  and  groups.  Besides 
his  papers  on  plums,  Professor  Waugh's  chief  contributions  to  horticulture  have  been  a  book  en- 
titled Fruit  Harvesting,  Storing,  Marketing,  another  under  the  title  Systematic  Pomology  and  two 
works  on  apples.  He  has  also  published  two  books  on  Landscape  Gardening  which  have  given  him 
high  standing  in  this  division  of  horticulture.  Professor  Waugh  will  long  be  remembered  in 
horticulture  for  the  great  extent  of  his  work,  for  his  versatility  in  the  profession  and  for  his  ability  to 
present  well  to  both  readers  and  hearers,  either  technically  or  popularly,  horticultural  knowledge. 
'"The  Sand  Plums"  Country  Gentleman,  Jan.  27,  1898. 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  87 

cana  plums,  which  were  also  sometimes  gathered.  They  were  excellent 
for  canning  and  made  the  finest  of  jelly. 

"  Naturally,  the  settlers  who  went  every  year  to  the  sand  hills  for 
plums  brought  back  trees  to  plant  in  the  gardens  they  were  opening. 
Almost  every  farm  within  the  range  mentioned  above  had  a  few  or  many 
of  the  dwarf  trees  growing.  Some  of  these  were  fruitful  and  worth  their 
room,  but  most  of  them  have  now  died  out,  or  are  neglected  and  forgotten. 
This  is  because  people  have  paid  no  attention  to  their  selection,  propaga- 
tion and  cultivation.  Further  than  this,  however,  the  sand  plum  has 
often  failed  signally  to  come  up  to  its  record  when  transferred  to  cultiva- 
tion. It  seems  not  to  adapt  itself  readily  to  a  wide  diversity  of  soils  and 
conditions." 

The  sub-species  is  easily  mistaken  for  the  species;  in  herbarium  speci- 
mens it  is  almost  impossible  to  distinguish  between  them,  but  in  general 
the  Sand  plum  differs  from  Angustifolia  in  its  dwarfer  habit,  shorter-jointed, 
zigzag,  ashy-gray  branches,  smaller  but  thicker  leaves,  larger,  thicker 
skinned  and  better  flavored  fruit  which  ripens  later,  and  in  a  smaller  and 
somewhat  differently  marked  stone.  In  distinguishing  the  two  groups 
some  allowance  must  be  made  for  the  adaptability  of  plums  to  different 
environments. 

PRUNUS  ANGUSTIFOLIA  VARIANS  Wight  and  Hedrick 

Plant  a  small  tree,  attaining  a  height  of  twenty- five  feet;  trunk  small  but  well- 
defined;  branches  spreading,  bushy,  sometimes  armed  with  spinescent  branchlets; 
young  wood  slender,  more  or  less  zigzag,  usually  glabrous,  glossy,  reddish  but  approach- 
ing a  chestnut-brown;  lenticels  few,  scattered,  yellowish,  raised. 

Leaves  oblong,  oval-lanceolate  or  rarely  slightly  obovate-lanceolate,  one  and  one- 
fifth  to  two  and  one-fifth  inches  long,  three-quarters  to  one  inch  broad,  gradually  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex;  margins  very  minutely  glandular-serrate;  upper 
surface  glabrous  and  somewhat  lustrous;  lower  surface  paler,  glabrous  or  sparingly 
hairy  along  the  midrib  and  in  the  axils  of  the  lateral  veins;  petioles  slender,  usually 
reddish,  about  one-half  inch  long,  pubescent  along  the  upper  side,  eglandular  or  some- 
times with  one  or  two  glands  at  the  apex;  stipules  small,  linear  and  glandular-dentate. 

Flowers  appearing  from  early  in  March  and  before  the  leaves  in  the  South,  to  the 
middle  of  April  and  with  the  leaves  in  the  North,  in  dried  specimens  about  one-half 
inch  broad;  pedicels  three-eighths  to  one-half  inch  long,  glabrous;  calyx  campanulate, 
the  tube  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  usually  shorter  than  the  tube,  oblong  and  obtuse,  glab- 
rous on  the  outer  surface,  glabrous  or  sometimes  sparingly  pubescent  on  the  inner, 
the  margin  ciliate,  eglandular;  petals  obovate,  gradually  narrowed  toward  the  base, 
erose  or  entire  toward  the  apex. 

Fruit  globose  or  sub-globose,  varying  from  red  to  yellow,  usually  with  a  light  bloom; 
stone  about  one-half  inch  long,  two-fifths  inch  broad,  turgid,  ovoid  to  elliptic-oblong,  ob- 


88  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK 

scurely  pointed  at  the  apex  or  sometimes  slightly  obtuse,  truncate  or  obliquely  truncate 
at  the  base,  grooved  on  the  dorsal  edge,  ventral  edge  with  a  narrow,  thickened  and 
slightly  grooved  wing,  the  surfaces  irregularly  roughened. 

Yellow  Transparent  may  be  considered  a  typical  variety.  Type  spec- 
imens in  the  Economic  Collection  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  were 
collected  at  the  Eastern  Shore  Nurseries  of  J.  W.  Kerr,  Denton,  Maryland, 
(flowers)  I.  Tidestrom,  April,  1910;  (foliage  and  fruit)  P.  L.  Ricker  No. 
2933,  June  29,  1909. 

In  the  wild,  Prunus  angusttfolia  varians  forms  dense  thickets,  the 
larger  specimens  attaining  a  height  of  ten  or  twelve  feet.  When  budded 
and  grown  in  the  orchard  it  assumes  the  form  of  a  small  tree  with  well 
defined  trunk  and  spreading  branches,  sometimes  armed  with  rather 
slender  spinescent  branchlets.  It  is  distinguished  from  the  species  by 
its  usually  more  robust  habit,  by  its  having  the  young  twigs  less  reddish 
and  approaching  a  chestnut -brown  in  color,  rather  longer  leaves,  longer 
pediceled  flowers,  and  by  the  stone  in  most  cases  being  more  pointed  at  the 
apex.  Usually  in  more  fertile  soil  than  the  species,  it  occurs  locally  from 
southern  Oklahoma  through  eastern  Texas  southward  possibly  to  the 
Colorado  River,  and  probably  westward  to  the  Panhandle  region.  As  yet, 
however,  its  distribution  is  not  well  defined. 

Nearly  all  of  the  early  ripening  horticultural  varieties  previously 
referred  to  Prunus  angustifolia  belong  to  Prunus  angustifolia  varians.  The 
fruit  of  the  sub-species  appears  to  be  superior  to  that  of  the  species  though 
scarcely  equal  to  that  of  the  other  southern  plums  now  cultivated.  Hybrids 
between  this  form  and  Prunus  munsoniana  undoubtedly  occur  freely 
both  in  the  wild  state  and  under  cultivation.  The  varieties  Eagle  and  El 
Paso  have  probably  originated  in  this  way.  Nearly  all  of  the  plums  belong- 
ing to  this  species,  some  twenty  in  all,  are  tender  to  cold,  none,  so  far  as  is 
known,  succeeding  in  the  North.  African,  Cluck,  Jennie  Lucas  and  Yellow 
Transparent  may  be  named  as  representative  varieties. 

19.  PRUNUS  MUNSONIANA1  Wight  and  Hedrick 

Prunus  angustifolia.  i.  Bailey  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:58.  1892  (in  part).  2.  Ibid.  Ev.  Nat. 
Fr.  191-194.  1898  (in  part).  3.  Waugh  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  10:99,  105.  1897  (in  part). 

Prunus  hortulana.  4.  Bailey  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:48.  1892  (in  part).  5.  Waugh  Vt.  Sta. 
An.  Rft.  10:99,  I03-I05-  1896-97  (in  part). 

Tree  medium  to  large,  from  twenty  to  thirty  feet  in  height;  trunk  six  to  ten  inches 
in  diameter;  bark  grayish-brown,  shaggy,  furrowed;  branches  spreading,  rather  slender, 

1  Thomas  Volney  Munson,  after  whom  it  has  been  a  pleasure  to  name  this  species,  though  best 
known  as  a  viticulturist,  has  also  rendered  invaluable  service  to  plum-culture.  A  sketch  of  his 
life  appeared  in  The  Grapes  of  New  York  (page  122)  in  which  his  services  to  viticulture  were  briefly 


I'RVffVS  MVNSONIAffA 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  89 

zigzag,  little  or  not  at  all  thorny;  branchlets  slender,  zigzag,  reddish,  lustrous,  glabrous; 
lenticels  numerous,  large,  raised. 

Winter-buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  usually  free;  leaves  one  and  one-quarter  inches 
wide  by  four  inches  long,  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  sometimes  broadly  so,  some- 
what folded,  apex  acute  or  tapering,  usually  rounded  at  the  base,  texture  thin, 
margins  closely  and  finely  serrate,  teeth  with  small,  dark  red  glands;  upper  surface 
bright  green,  glabrous,  lustrous;  lower  surface  dull  green,  pubescence  sparse  along 
the  midrib  and  veins  or  sometimes  tufted  in  the  axils;  petioles  slender,  about  three- 
quarters  of  an  inch  long,  pubescent  on  the  upper  surface,  reddish,  usually  with  two 
glands  at  the  base  of  the  leaf -blade;  stipules  linear,  glandular,  serrate. 

Flowers  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves,  season  of  blooming  late,  about  three- 
quarters  inch  across,  odor  sometimes  disagreeable;  borne  on  lateral  spurs  and 
buds,  two  or  four  flowers  in  a  cluster;  pedicels  one  half  inch  long,  slender,  glabrous; 
calyx-tube  campanulate,  glabrous,  obscurely  nerved,  about  one-fourth  length  of  the 
pedicel;  calyx-lobes  as  long  as  tube,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  usually  glabrous 
outside,  pubescent  inside  at  least  toward  the  base,  glandular-ciliate,  erect;  petals  one- 
third  inch  long,  white,  creamy  in  the  bud,  oval  or  obovate,  margins  slightly  erose,  abruptly 
tapering  into  a  claw,  sometimes  pubescent ;  stamens  about  twenty  in  number,  equal 
to  or  shorter  than  the  petals;  filaments  glabrous;  anthers  yellow  or  sometimes 
tinged  red;  pistils  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  ripening  early;  globose  or  oval,  shortest  diameter  about  an  inch,  bright  currant- 
red,  rarely  yellow;  bloom  thin;  dots  few  or  numerous,  whitish,  large  or  small,  always 
conspicuous;  cavity  shallow,  narrow;  suture  a  line;  apex  rounded  or  slightly  depressed ; 
flesh  light  to  dark  yellow,  juicy,  soft  or  melting,  fibrous,  sweetish,  sour  at  the  pit, 
aromatic;  good;  stone  clinging  to  the  flesh,  varying  from  about  one-half  inch  in  length 
in  the  wild  fruits  to  at  least  three-quarters  inch  in  cultivated  varieties,  turgid,  oval, 
prolonged  and  pointed  at  the  apex,  usually  obliquely  truncate  at  the  base,  more  or 
less  roughened,  grooved  on  the  dorsal  edge,  thick-margined  and  markedly  grooved  on 
the  ventral  one. 

The  description  of  this  species  is  based  on  both  wild  and  cultivated 
material,  and  the  variety  Arkansas  may  be  considered  as  a  typical 

mentioned.  While  his  name  is  not  commonly  connected  with  the  .study  of  plums,  it  is  not  too  much 
to  say  that  without  his  aid  the  publications  of  those  who  have  written  during  the  last  quarter  cen- 
tury on  native  plums  would  have  lacked  much  of  the  information  they  contain  in  regard  to  the 
species  of  the  Southwest.  He  has  an  intimate  knowledge  of  the  wild  plums  of  Texas  and  has  freely 
given  of  it  to  all  who  have  asked,  often  supplementing  information  with  herbarium  specimens  or 
plants.  The  authors  of  The  Plums  of  New  York  wish  to  give  him  credit  for  much  of  the  informa- 
tion, furnished  directly  or  indirectly,  in  regard  to  the  wild  and  cultivated  plums  of  the  region  in 
which  he  lives,  in  recognition  of  which  his  name  is  given  to  one  of  the  most  important  species  of 
native  plums.  Mr.  Munson  has  grown  and  introduced  a  number  of  hybrid  plums  of  note,  chief  of 
those  of  his  own  growing  being  Nimon,  Minco  and  Burford.  Many  of  his  experiments  in  hybrid- 
izing plums,  though  unproductive  of  new  varieties,  are  of  much  value  as  a  guide  to  other  workers 
with  this  fruit. 


90  THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 

representative.  Type  specimens,  deposited  in  the  Economic  Collection  of 
the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  were  collected  by  W.  F. 
Wight  (flowers)  at  the  New  York  State  Experiment  Station,  Geneva, 
New  York,  No.  2721,  May  15,  1909,  and  (foliage)  at  the  Iowa  Experi- 
ment Station,  Ames,  Iowa,  No.  4178,  September  15,  1909. 

This  species  differs  from  Prunus  angustifolia,  with  which  it  has  long 
been  confused,  chiefly  in  being  a  much  larger  plant,  a  true  tree  while  the 
other  seldom  reaches  the  size  of  a  tree.  It  has  coarser  and  less  twiggy 
branches,  shaggier  bark  and  less  red  in  the  color  of  the  young  wood.  The 
leaves  are  larger,  thicker,  more  truly  lanceolate  in  shape,  less  folded, 
a  lighter  green  and  less  glossy.  The  flowers  of  the  new  species  are 
larger,  fewer  in  number,  borne  in  less  dense  umbels  which  are  not  so  nearly 
sessile  as  those  of  the  older  species  and  are  borne  on  longer  pedicels.  The 
calyx -lobes  are  erect  in  this  species  and  reflexed  in  Prunus  angustifolia, 
strongly  marked  by  marginal  glands  in  Prunus  munsoniana  and  eglandular 
in  Prunus  angustifolia.  The  fruits  are  larger  and  wholly  plum-like  in  the 
newly  made  species  and  cherry -like  in  Prunus  angustifolia.  The  stone  is 
very  plum-like  in  Prunus  munsoniana  but  in  the  older  species  it  might 
easily  be  mistaken  for  the  pit  of  a  cherry.  The  robust  form  is  hardy  as 
far  north  as  Geneva,  New  York,  at  least,  while  the  other  species  cannot 
be  grown  much  north  of  Mason  and  Dixon's  line. 

Of  the  varieties  which  certainly  belong  to  this  species  by  far  the 
greatest  number  have  originated  under  cultivation.  There  is  herbarium 
material  from  uncultivated  plants  to  show  that  this  species  is  rather  com- 
mon in  the  northern  part  of  Texas,  in  eastern  Oklahoma  and  in  parts  of 
Missouri.  It  is  a  species  forming  dense  thickets  in  its  native  habitat,  where 
it  is  usually  found  in  rather  rich  soils,  with  the  older  central  specimens 
sometimes  attaining  a  height  of  twenty  to  twenty-five  feet  and  gradually 
diminishing  in  height  to  the  edge  of  the  thicket.  When  budded  and 
grown  in  the  orchard  it  forms  a  well-defined  trunk  and  attains  a  height 
of  twenty-five  feet  or  more.  The  branches  are  little  or  not  at  all  spinescent, 
bark  of  the  stem  in  young  specimens  reddish  or  chestnut -brown,  and 
usually  rather  smooth,  becoming  scaly  and  losing  its  reddish  color  with 
age,  that  of  the  young  twigs  usually  chestnut -brown.  Its  natural  range, 
though  not  yet  definitely  determined,  probably  extends  from  central 
Tennessee  through  northern  Mississippi,  northern  Arkansas,  central 
Missouri  and  southeastern  Kansas  to  the  valley  of  the  Little  Wichita  River 
in  northern  Texas. 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  QI 

The  Wild  Goose  varieties,  now  placed  here,  in  the  past  have  been 
considered  hybrids  more  closely  resembling  Prunus  hortulana  than  any- 
other  species.  But  Wild  Goose  and  some  other  varieties  of  its  group  are 
not  to  be  distinguished  from  Prunus  munsoniana  and  beyond  question  belong 
in  this  species.  The  varieties  in  this  division  of  Munsoniana  are  largely 
seedlings  of  Wild  Goose,  each  variety  possibly  with  a  different  male  parent 
since  Wild  Goose  seldom  or  never  fruits  unless  cross-fertilized.  Thus,  of 
these  plums,  twelve  are  known  seedlings  of  Wild  Goose ;  seven  others 
originated  under  cultivation ;  the  origin  of  fourteen  is  not  known  and  it  is 
not  certain  that  any  beside  Wild  Goose  came  from  wild  plants.  From 
such  a  record,  and  from  the  characters  of  the  plants,  it  is  probable  that 
some  of  the  Wild  Goose  varieties  are  horticultural  hybrids,  many  of  them 
from  H.  A.  Terry  of  Iowa  in  whose  work,  with  many  varieties  of  several 
species,  hybridity  was  the  rule. 

Horticulturally,  this  is  the  most  important  group  of  native  plums  for 
the  South;  it  contains  a  greater  number  of  cultivated  varieties  than  any 
other  native  species  excepting  Prunus  americana,  no  less  than  sixty  sorts 
being  listed  in  The  Plums  of  New  York,  some  of  which  are  deservedly  the 
best  known  of  the  native  plums  for  either  home  or  market  use.  For  dessert 
or  the  kitchen  they  are  particularly  valuable,  having  a  sprightly  vinous 
flavor  making  them  very  pleasant  flavored  to  eat  out  of  hand  or  when 
cooked.  Their  bright  colors,  semi-transparent  skins  and  well-turned  forms 
make  them  very  attractive  in  appearance.  Considering  the  juiciness  of 
most  of  the  varieties,  these  plums  ship  and  keep  well.  Unfortunately 
nearly  all  of  the  varieties  of  this  species  are  clingstones.  This  group  hybri- 
dizes more  freely  than  any  other  of  the  plums  and  there  are  a  great  number 
of  promising  hybrids  of  which  it  is  one  of  the  parents.  Of  all  plums,  these 
are  most  in  need  of  cross-pollination,  some  of  the  varieties  being  nearly 
or,  as  in  the  case  of  Wild  Goose,  wholly  self -sterile.  While  these  plums 
are  especially  valuable  in  the  Southern  States,  some  of  them  are  desir- 
able in  the  North  as  well,  where  all  will  grow  at  least  as  far  north  as  central 
New  York.  Plums  of  this  species  are  occasionally  but  not  often  used  as 
stocks.  Some  recommend  them  for  stocks  for  low  or  wet  lands.  The  fact 
that  Prunus  munsoniana  suckers  very  badly  will  probably  preclude  its  use 
largely  in  propagating. 

The  leading  varieties  under  cultivation  of  this  species  are  Arkansas, 
Pottawattamie ,  Robinson,  Newman,  Wild  Goose  and  Downing,  all  of  which 
are  described  in  full  and  illustrated  in  colors  in  The  Plums  of  New  York. 


92  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

The  first  four  of  these    have   in  the  past   been  referred  by  botanists  and 
pomologists  to  Prunus  angusttfolia  and  the  last  two  to  Primus  hortulana. 

20.  PRUNUS  MARITIMA  Marshall 

I.  Marshall  Arbust.  Am.  112.  1785.  2.  Wangenheim  Amer.  103.  1787.  3.  Michaux  Fl. 
Bar.  Am.  1:284.  1803.  4.  Pursh  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  332.  1814.  5.  Nuttall  Gen.  N.  Am.  PI.  1:302. 
1818.  6.  Elliott  Sk.  Bot.  S.  C.  and  Ga.  1:543.  1821.  7.  Torrey  and  Gray  Fl.  N.  Am.  i  -.408.  1840. 
8.  Torrey  Fl.  N.  Y.  1:194.  1843.  9-  Emerson  Trees  of  Mass.  449.  1846.  10.  Bailey  Cornell  Sla. 
Bui.  38:75,  fig.  No.  9.  1892.  ii.  Waugh  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:234.  1899.  12.  Bailey  Cyc.  Am. 
Hort.  1449,  fig-  1901. 

P.  littoralis.      13.  Bigelow  Fl.  Bost.  Ed.  2:193.    1824. 

P.  fubescens.      14.  Torrey  Fl.  U.  S.  469.     1824. 

Cerasus  fubescens.  15.  Seringe  DC.  Prodr.  2:538.  1825.  16.  Beck  Bot.  Nor.  and  Mid.  U. 
S.  96.  1833. 

Shrub  four  to  ten  feet  high,  sometimes  a  low  tree  under  cultivation;  main  branches 
decumbent  and  straggling  or  upright  and  stout;  bark  dark  brown  or  reddish,  more 
or  less  spiny,  often  warty;  branchlets  slightly  pubescent  at  first,  becoming  glabrous, 
dark  reddish-brown,  straight  or  slightly  zigzag  and  rather  slender;  lenticels  few, 
small,  dark. 

Winter-buds  small,  long,  acute,  with  small  reddish  scales;  leaves  oval  or  obovate, 
short-acute  or  nearly  obtuse  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  nearly  acute  at  the  base, 
margins  closely  and  evenly  serrate,  thinnish  or  thickish  and  somewhat  leathery;  upper 
surface  glabrous,  dull  green,  lower  surface  paler  and  more  or  less  pubescent;  petioles 
less  than  one-half  inch  long,  stout,  tomentose  or  glabrous;  glands  two,  sometimes 
more,  at  the  base  of  the  leaves. 

Flowers  small,  appearing  before  the  leaves  but  the  latest  of  any  of  the  hardy  plums; 
borne  in  three-flowered  umbels  closely  set  along  the  rigid  branches ;  calyx-tube  campan- 
ulate,  tomentose;  petals  white,  sometimes  pinkish,  sub-orbicular,  narrowed  into  a  claw 
at  the  base;  pedicels  short,  slender,  stiff,  tomentose. 

Fruit  maturing  in  late  summer  in  Massachusetts;  one-half  inch  in  diameter,  globose, 
slightly  flattened  at  the  ends;  cavity  shallow,  borne  on  a  slender  pedicel  more  than  one- 
half  inch  in  length,  usually  dark  purple  with  a  heavy  bloom  but  variable,  sometimes 
red  or  less  frequently  yellow;  skin  thick,  tough  and  acrid;  flesh  crisp,  juicy,  sweetish; 
stone  free  from  the  flesh,  small,  turgid,  pointed  at  both  ends,  cherry-like,  acutely  ridged 
on  one  and  grooved  on  the  other  edge. 

Prunus  maritima,  or  as  it  has  long  been  known,  the  Beach  plum,  is 
as  yet  hardly  grown  as  a  domesticated  fruit.  It  is  destined,  however,  in 
the  minds  of  not  a  few,  because  of  qualities  which  we  shall  describe,  to 
play  a  more  important  part  in  the  future  of  the  cultivated  plum  flora  than 
it  has  in  the  past.  It  has  several  valuable  characters  that  should  fit  it 
alike  for  direct  cultivation  and  for  hybridizing  with  other  species.  It  is 
surprising  that  more  has  not  been  done  to  domesticate  the  Maritima  plums 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  93 

for  they  were  among  the  first  fruits  noticed  by  early  explorers  and  have 
always  been  used  by  both  Indians  and  Whites  for  culinary  purposes.  The 
fact  that  Domestica  plums  thrive  in  their  habitat  is  the  only  explanation 
of  the  non -amelioration  of  this  plum  before  this. 

September  third,  1609,  Hudson  entered  the  river  bearing  his  name 
and  found  "  a  very  good  harbor,  abundance  of  blue  plums,  some  currants 
brought  by  the  natives  dried  and  the  country  full  of  great  and  tall  oaks." 
The  blue  plum  was  the  Maritima;  and  from  Hudson's  time  nearly  all  of 
the  accounts  of  the  New  World  given  by  early  explorers  mention  this 
plum.  It  is  probably  one  of  the  plums  described  by  Captain  John  Smith 
as  a  cherry  "much  like  a  Damson;"  by  Edward  Winslow  in  1621,  in  a 
letter  to  England  to  a  friend,  as  one  of  his  "plums  of  three  sorts";  by 
Francis  Higginson  in  his  New  England's  Plantation  in  1630;  described  by 
Thomas  Morton  in  1632  in  his  New  English  Canaan  as  having  "  fruit  as 
bigg  as  our  ordinary  bullis."  John  Lawson,  one  of  the  first  of  American 
naturalists,  describes  them  rather  more  fully  as  follows:1  "  The  Amer- 
ican Damsons  are  both  black  and  white,  and  about  the  Bigness  of  an 
European  Damson.  They  grow  any  where  if  planted  from  the  Stone  or 
Slip;  bear  a  white  blossom,  and  are  a  good  fruit.  They  are  found  on  the 
Sand-Banks  all  along  the  Coast  of  America.  I  have  planted  several  in 
my  Orchard,  that  came  from  the  Stone,  which  thrive  well  amongst  the  rest 
of  my  Trees.  But  they  never  grow  to  the  Bigness  of  the  other  Trees  now 
spoken  of.  These  are  plentiful  Bearers."  These  are  but  a  few  of  the  many 
references  to  the  Beach  plum  but  they  are  enough  to  show  that  the  colo- 
nists were  attracted  by  this  wild  plum  found  on  a  long  stretch  of  the  Atlantic 
seaboard — probably  the  first  fruit  to  attract  attention  from  Virginia  to 
New  England. 

To  be  more  explicit  as  to  its  range,  Prunus  maritima,  in  its  typical 
form,  is  an  inhabitant  of  the  sea  beaches  and  sand  dunes  from  New  Bruns- 
wick to  the  Carolinas,  or  possibly  farther  south,  growing  inland  usually 
as  far  as  recent  ocean  soil  formations  extend.  As  it  leaves  the  seaboard 
marked  variations  make  their  appearance,  chief  of  which  are,  smaller, 
more  oval,  smoother  and  thinner  leaves  and  smaller  fruit.  The  species 
has  been  reported  as  an  inhabitant  of  the  sands  at  the  head  of  Lake 
Michigan,1  but  the  writer,  who  is  well  acquainted  with  this  region,  has 
never  seen  it  there,  nor  is  it  to  be  found  in  the  chief  herbaria  of  Michigan 
as  having  been  collected  in  the  state. 

'Lawson,  John  History  of  Carolina  105.    1714. 

1  Waugh  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:235.     1899.      Bailey  Cyc.  Am.  Hart.  1449.     1901. 


94  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

In  the  region  where  it  is  found  wild  the  Maritima  plum  is  a  rather 
common  article  of  trade.  The  fruit  is  usually  sold  by  the  quart,  the  price 
being  five  or  ten  cents,  and  is  used  for  both  dessert  and  culinary  purposes 
though  for  most  part  for  the  latter. 

The  species  is  one  of  the  most  variable  of  the  true  plums  and  there 
is,  probably  must  ever  be,  much  disagreement  as  to  its  botanical  relation- 
ships. Several  botanical  varieties  of  Prunus  maritima  have  already  been 
named  and  there  are  yet  groups  within  the  species  which  seem  to  be  nearly 
as  distinct  as  those  described  and  possibly  worth  distinguishing.  Since 
the  variations  show  in  the  size,  color  and  edible  qualities  of  the  fruit,  as 
well  as  in  the  characters  of  the  plant,  it  is  to  be  expected  that  the  species 
has  a  horticultural  future  though  at  present  it  has  but  one  cultivated 
variety — Bassett.  Professor  J.  W.  Macfarlane  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  has  shown  well  the  great  range  of  variations  in  this  plum 
both  from  botanical  and  horticultural  aspects.1  He  holds  that  these 
variations  are  sufficiently  distinct  to  make  many  varieties  of  this  plum  in 
the  wild,  to  which  DeVries  agrees  with  the  statement  that  they  indicate 
"  the  existence  of  separate  races  as  elementary  species."  '  The  plum  which 
Small  has  described  as  Prunus  gravesii,  to  be  discussed  later,  is  a  marked 
variation  of  Prunus  maritima. 

As  it  grows  on  the  sea-coast  Prunus  maritima  is  a  low  bush  three  to 
six  feet  high,  occasionally  reaching  a  height  of  ten  or  twelve  feet.  Usually 
the  plant  is  straggling  but  sometimes  it  is  compact  or  even  tree-like.  In- 
land, on  better  soils,  or  under  cultivation  it  makes  a  rather  handsome 
dwarf  tree.  The  flowers  are  borne  in  great  numbers,  completely  covering 
the  plant  and  coming  later  than  most  of  the  plums  bloom.  The  species 
bears  fruit  very  abundantly,  which  is  always  attractive  but  of  quite  diverse 
value  for  food.  The  fruit  varies  in  size  from  a  half  to  three-quarters  of  an 
inch  in  diameter  and  is  almost  spherical,  though  sometimes  oval  and  with 
or  without  a  distinct  suture.  The  usual  color  is  a  rich  bluish -black  with 
a  waxy  bloom,  but  red,  yellow,  amber  and  orange  fruits  are  often  found. 
In  taste  the  Maritima  plums  range  from  inedible  to  nearly  as  rich  a  flavor 
as  is  found  in  the  best  of  the  Domestica  plums.  Besides  variations  in 
the  above  and  other  qualities,  Macfarlane  calls  attention  to  the  range 
in  ripening  of  the  fruit  of  this  plum,  showing  that  it  extends  over  a  period 
of  two  months,  an  exceptionally  wide  variation  for  a  wild  plant. 

1  Cant.  Bot.  Lab.  University  of  Pa.  2:216.    1899-1900. 

2  DeVries,  Hugo  Species  and  Varieties,  etc.  57.    1905. 


THE    PLUMS   OF    NEW    YORK.  95 

This  plum  has  a  number  of  qualities  that  commend  it  to  the  fruit- 
grower. Since  in  the  wild  it  grows  on  sandy  soils  it  is  not  likely  under  cul- 
tivation to  make  great  demands  on  either  the  moisture  or  the  fertility 
of  soils.  It  is  very  hardy  and  very  productive  and  seldom  fails  to  bear. 
It  seems  to  be  free  or  nearly  so  from  some  of  the  pests  of  cultivated  plums. 
Lastly,  the  great  number  of  wild  varieties  of  the  plums  give  many  starting 
points  from  which  to  breed  cultivated  varieties.  Two  objections  to  the 
wild  fruits  are  that  when  the  fruit  is  harvested  the  juice  often  exudes 
from  the  wound  made  by  the  parting  from  the  stem,  and  secondly,  the 
secretion  of  some  substance  forming  a  dark  colored,  hard  core  in  the  pulp 
which  gives  a  very  bitter  taste  to  the  fruit.  The  last  defect  is  very  common 
in  the  wild  plums  and  is  probably  due  to  the  sting  of  an  insect.  Under 
cultivation  it  may  be  possible  to  obtain  fruits  free  from  these  faults. 

It  would  be  desirable  if  some  of  the  characters  enumerated  above 
could  be  combined  with  those  of  other  species.  Burbank  has  hybridized 
the  Maritima  plum  with  other  species,  with  promising  results.  Of  these 
he  writes  under  date  of  December  6,  1909,  as  follows: 

"  I  first  began  raising  Prunus  maritima  about  1887 — twenty-two 
years  ago — collecting  myself  and  having  specimens  sent  me  all  the  way 
from  the  coast  of  Labrador  to  South  Carolina,  the  finest  of  which  were 
obtained  from  the  eastern  coast  of  Massachusetts.  Among  the  seedlings, 
of  which  I  raised  and  fruited  several  hundred  thousands,  were  yellow, 
red,  purple  and  almost  black  ones,  early  and  late,  round,  oval,  oblate  and 
flattened,  with  big  stones  and  little  stones,  free  stone  and  cling  stone,  and 
much  variety  in  productiveness  and  growth  of  the  young  bushes,  but 
not  one  of  them  the  first  two  or  three  generations  were  very  much  increased 
in  size — probably  the  largest  being  about  the  size  of  a  cranberry  or  a  small 
hazelnut — and  none  of  them  of  very  exceptional  quality,  though  their 
habit  of  blooming  late  was  a  tremendous  advantage,  as  they  invariably 
escaped  our  spring  frosts.  This,  with  their  unusual  hardiness  induced 
me  to  continue  experimenting  with  them.  Finally  after  some  ten  years 
I  obtained  a  very  delicious  variety,  about  an  inch  in  length  and  three- 
quarters  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  tree  much  increased  in  size,  larger  foliage 
and  more  productive  and  producing  enormous  quantities  of  most  delicious 
fruit.  From  this  I  raised  a  great  many  thousand,  almost  as  good  and  a 
few  of  them  even  better,  several  hundred  of  which  have  been  selected  and 
are  now  bearing  on  my  Sebastopol  place.  Some  of  these  improved  seedling 
trees  grow  five  to  ten  times  as  large  as  the  ordinary  Maritima,  with  larger 
leaves  and  in  every  possible  way  improved.  My  greatest  success  with 
this  species  (and  one  of  the  most  striking  occurrences  in  my  work  with  plums) 


96  THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 

was  produced  by  pollinating  one  of  the  somewhat  improved  Maritimas 
with  Prunus  triflora. 

"  The  very  first  generation,  a  plum  was  produced  which  is  an  astonish- 
ing grower  for  a  Maritima — almost  equal  to  the  Triflora,  with  large,  broad 
glossy  foliage  of  almost  the  exact  shape  of  the  Maritima,  Maritima  blossoms, 
and  fruit  weighing  nearly  one-quarter  of  a  pound  each,  with  an  improved 
superior  Maritima  flavor,  Maritima  pit  in  form,  but  enlarged.  The  most 
singular  peculiarity  of  this  plum,  which  is  so  enormous,  is  that  the  trees 
commence  to  bloom  about  with  the  Triflora  and  bloom  and  bear  fruit 
all  summer,  so  that  blossoms,  young  fruit  and  the  enormous  deep  red 
ripening  fruit  can  be  seen  on  the  trees  at  the  same  time." 

21.  PRUNUS  GRAVESII  Small 

I.  Small  Torrey  Bot.  Club  Bui.  24:44,  PI.  292.  1897.  2.  Britton  and  Brown  N.  Am.  Trees 
2:249.  1897.  3.  Robinson  and  Fernald  Gray's  Man.  Ed.  7:498.  1908. 

Shrub  low,  slender,  attaining  a  height  of  four  feet;  main  trunk  much  branched, 
with  dark,  rough  bark;  branches  ascending,  slender,  leafless,  unarmed;  branchlets 
of  the  season  puberulent.  Leaves  oval-orbicular,  orbicular  or  slightly  obovate,  rounded, 
retuse  or  apiculated  at  the  apex,  base  truncate  or  at  least  obtuse,  margins  sharply  ser- 
rate or  crenate-serrate ;  upper  surface  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrous,  lower  surface 
pubescent,  especially  on  the  veins. 

Flowers  white,  one-half  inch  broad;  borne  in  two  or  three-flowered,  lateral  umbels, 
appearing  with  the  leaves;  calyx-tube  campanulate,  pubescent;  petals  sub-orbicular, 
abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base;  pedicels  stout,  stiff,  pubescent. 

Fruit  maturing  in  September;  globose,  one-half  inch  in  diameter,  nearly  black, 
with  a  light  bloom,  acid  and  astringent;  stone  broadly  oval,  rounded  at  the  apex, 
acute  at  the  base. 

Prunus  gravesii  is  now  known  only  in  Connecticut,  where  it  is  found 
on  a  gravelly  ridge  at  Groton  near  Long  Island  Sound.  It  grows  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Prunus  maritima  to  which  it  is  evidently  closely  related. 
Small  in  describing  the  species  gives  the  following  differences  between  the 
Gravesii  and  the  Maritima  plums:  (i)  Prunus  gravesii  is  more  slender 
and  delicate  in  habit,  and  matures  its  leaves  and  fruit  earlier  in  the  season. 
(2)  The  leaf  of  Prunus  gravesii  is  small  and  sub-orbicular  while  that  of  the 
other  is  larger  and  more  elongated.  (3)  The  new  species  has  smaller  flowers 
with  sub-orbicular  petals  while  those  of  Prunus  maritima  are  broadly 
obovate  and  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base.  (4)  The  fruit  of  Prunus 
gravesii  is  smaller  and  more  globose  and  has  shorter  pedicels.  (5)  The 
stone  is  more  turgid  and  is  pointed  only  at  the  base ;  that  of  Prunus 
maritima  is  usually  pointed  at  both  ends.  (6)  Sprouts  arising  from  the 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  97 

ground   do  not  produce  flowers   as  they  frequently   do   in   the   case  of 
Prunus  maritima. 

The  cultivation  of  this  plum  has  not  been  attempted  and  as  compared 
with  Maritima  it  promises  little  for  the  fruit-grower. 

22.  PRUNUS  ORTHOSEPALA  Koehne 

i.  Koehne  Deut.  Dend.  311.  1893.  2.  Sargent  Gar.  and  For.  7:184,  187  fig.  1894.  3.  Bailey 
Cyc.  Am.  Hon.  1450.  1901. 

Shrub  four  or  five  feet  high;  branches  dense  and  twiggy;  stems  sometimes  armed 
with  slender  spines;  bark  separating  in  large,  loose  scales;  branchlets  stout,  slightly 
zigzag,  reddish-brown  becoming  dark  brown. 

Winter-buds  obtuse,  three-lobed  at  maturity;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  thin  and 
firm,  acuminate,  long-pointed,  two  and  one-half  to  three  inches  long,  two-thirds  inch 
broad,  unequally  cuneateor  rounded  at  the  base;  margins  closely  serrate  with  incurved, 
calloused  or  rarely  glandular  teeth;  upper  surface  glabrous,  light  green,  lower  surface 
paler  and  pilose;  petioles  slender,  slightly  grooved,  puberulous,  one-half  inch  long; 
glands  two,  large,  at  the  apex  of  the  petiole. 

Flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves;  borne  in  three  or  four-flowered  fascicles  on 
stout  pedicels  one-half  inch  long;  calyx- tube  turbinate;  lobes  puberulous  on  the  outer 
surface,  with  thick  tomentum,  often  tipped  with  red  on  the  inner  surface;  petals 
narrowly  obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowing  at  the  base  into  slender  claws,  white 
or  tinged  with  pink;  stamens  orange,  exserted;  style  glabrous,  thickened  at  the  apex 
into  a  truncate  stigma. 

Fruit  globose,  an  inch  in  diameter,  deep  red  with  a  heavy  bloom;  skin  thick; 
flesh  yellow,  juicy,  of  good  flavor;  stone  flattened,  oval,  slightly  rugose,  deeply 
grooved  on  the  dorsal  and  ridged  on  the  ventral  edge. 

The  history  and  habitat  of  Orthosepala  are  given  by  Sargent  as  fol- 
lows: 'The  history  of  this  plant  as  I  know  it,  is  briefly  this :  In  June, 
1880,  Dr.  George  Engelmann  of  St.  Louis,  sent  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum 
a  package  of  seeds  marked  '  Prunus,  sp.  southern  Texas.'  Plants  were 
raised  from  these  seeds  and  in  1888,  or  earlier,  they  flowered  and  produced 
fruit,  which  showed  that  they  belonged  to  a  distinct  and  probably  un de- 
scribed species.  A  name,  however,  was  not  proposed  for  it,  and  in  1888, 
probably,  plants  or  seeds  were  sent  to  Herr  Spath,  of  the  Rixdorf  Nurseries, 
near  Berlin,  where  this  plum  was  found  in  flower  by  Dr.  Emil  Koehne, 
who  has  described  it  under  the  name  of  Prunus  orthosepala." 

Of  the  affinity  of  this  species  Sargent  says:  "Prunus  orthosepala  is 
a  true  plum,  rather  closely  related  to  Prunus  hortulana,  from  which  it  can 
be  distinguished  by  the  smaller  number  of  glands  of  the  petioles,  by  the 
eglandular  calyx-lobes,  the  dark  colored  fruit  and  smoother  stone."  As 
the  writer  has  seen  this  plum  growing  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum,  Jamaica 


98  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Plains,  Massachusetts,  and  the  City  parks  at  Rochester,  New  York,  it 
seems  well  worth  cultivating.  Mr.  J.  W.  Kerr  writes  of  it  as  follows: 

"  I  have  P.  orthosepala  fruiting  here,  and  with  me  its  fruit  is  excep- 
tionally fine  in  quality,  sparingly  produced — attributable  I  believe  to  the 
fact  that  no  variety  stands  near  enough  to  it  for  proper  inter-pollination. 
The  trees  are  rather  dwarfish  in  habit,  close-headed,  with  fine  clean  foliage. 
The  fruit  is  globular  in  form;  size  equal  to  fair  specimens  of  Hawkeye 
or  Wyant;  skin  a  greenish-yellow,  almost  entirely  covered  with  deep  red." 

W.  F.  Wight  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  has 
collected  specimens  of  a  cultivated  plum,  taken  from  the  wild,  locally  known 
as  the  Laire,  in  Rooks  and  neighboring  counties  in  Kansas,  with  foliage 
very  similar  to  Prunus  orthosepela.  While  the  identity  of  Laire  with  the 
species  under  discussion  cannot  be  established  at  this  time,  the  reported 
source  of  the  seeds,  "southern  Texas,"  from  which  Prunus  orthosepela  was 
grown  may  be  an  error. 

23.  PRUNUS  GRACILIS  Engelmann  and  Gray 

I.  Engelmann  and  Gray  Bust.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.  5:243.  1845.  3-  Torrey  Pac.  R.  Rft.  4:83. 
1854.  3.  Britton  and  Brown  III.  Fl.  2:249,  fig.  1897. 

P.  chicasa  var.  normalis.      4.  Torrey  and  Gray  Fl.  N.  Am.  1:407.    1840. 
P.  normalis  5.  Small  Fl.  S.  E.  U.  S.  572.     1903. 

Shrub  low,  attaining  a  height  of  five  or  six  feet;  branches  many,  straggling,  more 
or  less  spiny;  branchlets  at  first  densely  tomentose  or  soft-pubescent,  becoming  glabrous; 
leaves  small,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oval,  margins  finely  and  evenly  serrate,  rather  thick, 
texture  harsh  and  firm;  upper  surface  dark  green,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  at  maturity, 
lower  surface  paler,  soft-pubescent  becoming  nearly  glabrous;  petiole  short  and  stout. 

Flowers  white,  small,  appearing  before  the  leaves;  borne  in  sessile,  several -flowered 
umbels;  pedicels  short,  slender,  soft-pubescent. 

Fruit  globose  or  oval,  very  small,  not  more  than  one-half  inch  in  diameter,  variable 
in  color,  mostly  in  shades  of  red;  stone  turgid,  nearly  orbicular,  pointed  at  both  ends. 

Prunus  gracilis  is  found  in  dry,  sandy  soils  from  southern  Kansas 
and  western  Arkansas  to  central  Texas.  It  grows  most  abundantly  and 
thrives  best  in  Oklahoma,  a  fact  which  leads  Waugh  to  call  it  the  "  Okla- 
homa "  plum.  All  who  know  the  species  agree  that  it  is  a  near  approach 
to  Maritima  in  many  of  its  characters.  This  plum  is  very  variable  and 
some  of  its  forms  seem  not  to  have  been  well  studied.  As  a  fruit  plant 
Gracilis  is  hardly  known  in  cultivation  though  Torrey  says  it  is  cultivated 
in  the  region  of  its  habitat  under  the  name  Prairie  Cherry.  The  wild 
fruit  is  used  more  or  less  locally  and  is  sometimes  offered  for  sale  in  the 
markets  of  western  towns.  The  quality  is  about  the  same  as  that  of  the 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  99 

wild  Americanas  and  under  cultivation  would  probably  improve.  The 
small  size  of  plant  and  fruit  are  the  most  unpromising  characters  though 
the  species  is  also  much  subject  to  black -knot. 

24.  PRUNUS  RIVULARIS  Scheele 

z.  Scheele  Linnaea  21:594.  1848.  2.  Gray  PI.  Wright.  1:67.  1852.  3.  Hall  PI.  Texas,  g 
1873.  4.  Coulter  Cora.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  2:101.  1891.  5.  Waugh  Bot.  Gaz.  26:50-52.  1898. 
6.  Bailey  Ev.  Nat.  Fr.  223.  1898. 

Shrub  three  to  seven  feet  high;  branches  angular,  smooth,  shining,  ash-colored, 
rough;  lenticels  small,  crowded;  leaves  oblong-ovate  or  sometimes  ovate,  rarely 
lanceolate,  apex  acute,  margins  coarsely  or  doubly  serrate,  glabrous  above  and  sparingly 
pubescent  below;  petioles  glandular,  grooved,  pubescent;  flowers  in  lateral  umbels, 
in  pairs  or  several-flowered;  fruit  about  one-half  inch  in  diameter,  oblong-oval,  cherry- 
red;  skin  thick,  smooth  and  tough,  acid. 

The  preceding  description  is  largely  compiled  from  the  authors  given 
in  the  references,  the  writer  having  seen  only  herbarium  specimens.  The 
species  is  included  here  largely  upon  the  authority  of  Professor  C.  S.  Sargent 
of  the  Arnold  Arboretum  and  W.  F.  Wight,  who  know  the  plant  as  de- 
scribed by  Scheele  in  the  field.  Gray  described  the  plant  as  "  verging 
to  Americana."  Bailey  says  "  it  evidently  bears  the  same  relation  to 
Prunus  americana  that  Prunus  watsoni  does  to  the  Chickasaw  plum." 
Waugh  is  "  convinced  that  Prunus  rivularis  Scheele  is  nothing  more,  than 
one  of  the  more  distinct  sub-divisions  of  the  multiform  hortulana  group."  l 
T.  V.  Munson  writes  me  that  the  Waylandi  plums  belong  in  this  species. 
My  own  opinion  is,  from  the  herbarium  specimens  examined,  from  correspond- 
ence and  conversation  with  those  who  have  seen  the  plant  in  the  field,  that 
Scheele 's  species  is  a  good  one  and  quite  distinct  from  the  species  named 
by  Bailey,  Waugh  and  Munson  as  allied  to  it.  It  is  to  be  looked  for  along 
the  streams  and  bottom-lands  in  the  neighborhood  of  San  Antonio  and 
New  Braunfels,  Texas.  The  plum  is  locally  known  as  the  Creek  plum 
and  in  common  with  other  plums  is  gathered  for  home  consumption.  The 
species  seems  to  offer  but  few  possibilities  for  the  fruit-grower. 

1  The  references  given  contain  these  quotations. 


IOO  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

CHAPTER  II 

PLUM  CULTURE, 

Ten  states  produced  over  82  per  ct.  of  the  plum  crop  of  the  United 
States  in  1899.  The  census  of  1900  shows  that  in  the  preceding  year  the 
total  crop  in  the  country  was  8,764,032  bushels  of  which  California,  Oregon. 
New  York,  Washington,  Michigan,  Iowa,  Texas,  Arkansas,  Ohio  and 
Kansas,  named  in  order  of  yield,  produced  7,429,248  bushels.  All 
other  states  yielded  1,334,784  bushels.  Of  these  ten  states,  three,  California, 
Oregon  and  Washington,  holding  first,  second  and  fourth  places  in  produc- 
tion, use  by  far  the  greater  parts  of  their  crops  for  prunes.  Four  others, 
Iowa,  Texas,  Arkansas  and  Kansas,  grow  the  native  and  Triflora  varieties 
almost  exclusively.  New  York  with  a  crop  of  313,668  bushels  in  1899, 
Michigan  with  213,682  bushels  the  same  year  and  Ohio  with  81,435  bushels, 
grew  the  main  crop  of  Domesticas  for  the  states  in  which  plums  are  not 
made  into  prunes. 

At  the  end  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  the  plum  ranked  third  in  com- 
mercial value  among  orchard  products,  being  surpassed  by  the  apple  and 
the  peach.  The  increase  in  number  of  trees  and  bushels  of  fruit  for  the 
whole  country  for  the  decade  ending  with  1899  was  remarkable,  being  for 
trees  334.9  per  ct.  and  for  bushels  of  fruit  243.1  per  ct.  These  great  in- 
creases were  due  to  very  large  planting  of  plums  for  prunes  on  the  Pacific 
Coast  and  to  the  widespread  distribution  during  these  ten  years  of  native 
and  Triflora  varieties.  It  is  very  doubtful  if  the  percentage  of  increase 
has  been  nearly  so  great  during  the  present  decade.  It  is  likely  that  the 
development  of  rapid  transportation  and  refrigerator  service  between  the 
great  plum-growing  region  of  the  far  West  and  the  markets  of  the  East  has 
caused  a  decrease  in  trees  and  production  in  the  eastern  states. 

Plum-growing,  as  with  the  growing  of  all  fruits,  is  confined  to  localities 
geologically,  climatically  and  commercially  adapted  to  the  industry.  If 
we  take  New  York  as  an  example  we  find  that  plums  are  grown  largely 
only  in  ten  of  the  sixty -one  counties,  according  to  the  census  of  1900.  These 
with  the  number  of  trees  in  each  are  as  follows:  Niagara  184,133,  Ontario 
92,917,  Seneca  59,205,  Monroe  57,246,  Schuyler  48/336,  Orleans  41,985, 
Yates  32,742,  Albany  32,373,  Erie  30,281,  Wayne  30,047.  Over  62  per 
ct.  of  all  the  trees  in  the  State  are  in  these  counties  and  probably  they 
produce  more  than  90  per  ct.  of  the  plums  sent  to  market. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  IOI 

A  canvass  of  the  acreage  of  four  hundred  plum-growers  in  New  York 
shows  that  the  following  in  order  named  are  the  leading  commercial  varie- 
ties: Bradshaw,  including  Niagara,  which  is  identical,  Reine  Claude  includ- 
ing its  several  near  variations,  Italian  Prune,  German  Prune,  Lombard, 
Shropshire,  Grand  Duke,  Washington  and  Gueii.  Abundance  and  Bur- 
bank  are  as  widely  distributed  as  any  of  these,  chiefly  owing  to  the  zeal 
with  which  nurserymen  have  sold  these  varieties,  but  are  seldom  grown 
exclusively  in  commercial  plantations,  and  their  popularity  is  now  on  the 
wane  as  is  also  the  case  with  Red  June  which  has  been  largely  planted. 
Varieties  of  native  plums  are  hardly  grown  in  New  York  though  now  and 
then  they  are  found  in  home  collections  and  there  are  a  few  small  com- 
mercial plantations  of  them. 

The  fruit  of  the  native  and  Triflora  plums  is  so  inferior  to  that  of  the 
Domestica  sorts  for  market  and  domestic  purposes,  that  varieties  of  these 
are  not  likely  to  take  the  place  of  the  Domestica  plums.  Producers  and 
purchasers  are  now  familiar  with  the  possibilities  of  the  natives  and  of 
the  Orientals  and  have  not  been  greatly  attracted  by  them  in  New  York. 
It  is  true,  however,  that  the  natives  have  been  chiefly  represented  by 
Wild  Goose  and  the  Trifloras  by  Abundance  and  Burbank — scarcely  the 
best  that  these  groups  of  plums  can  produce.  It  is  true,  too,  that  the 
varieties  have  been  greatly  over-praised  and  that  they  now  suffer  from  the 
reaction.  Yet  the  Domesticas  command  the  market  and  their  reliableness 
in  the  orchard  gives  them  a  popularity  in  this  region  which  other  plums 
cannot  for  a  long  while  trench  upon. 

This  brings  us  to  a  discussion  of  the  conditions  under  which  plums  are 
now  grown  in  North  America  and  more  particularly  in  New  York.  Of 
these,  climate,  with  this  fruit,  should  be  first  discussed,  outranking 
all  others  in  importance. 

CLIMATE 

Climatic  conditions  determine  the  culture  of  the  plum  not  only  for  a 
region  but  for  a  locality;  not  only  as  to  whether  it  is  possible  to  grow 
plums  at  all  but  as  to  whether  this  fruit  can  be  grown  with  reasonable 
prospects  of  commercial  success  in  competition  with  other  localities.  The 
constituents  of  climate  which  are  important  in  plum-growing  are  tempera- 
ture, rainfall  and  air  currents,  the  last  two  being  largely  dependent  upon 
the  first.  The  relationship  existing  between  plums  and  these  factors  of 
climate  are  fairly  well  known  for  they  have  received  attention  from  the 
very  beginning  of  plum  culture. 


IO2  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

There  are  four  phases  of  temperature  that  need  to  be  considered  in 
order  to  get  a  clear  insight  into  the  climatic  conditions  which  govern  pro- 
duction of  fruit  crops.  These  are,  the  daily,  monthly  and  annual  changes 
in  temperature  and  the  extremes  in  temperature.  Of  these  the  daily  and 
annual  changes  are  of  little  importance.  All  plants  are  very  adaptable  to 
daily  variations  in  climate  and  are  little  affected  by  them.  Annual  varia- 
tions are  shown  by  statements  of  the  annual  mean  temperatures  but  such 
statements  are  of  small  value  to  fruit-growers  as  they  may  be  the  result 
'of  averaging  very  divergent  temperatures  or  temperatures  very  close 
together.  The  monthly  mean,  however,  is  a  very  fair  criterion  of  climate 
for  fruit-growing,  especially  when  given  with  the  amount  and  distribution 
of  rainfall. 

But  far  more  important  than  any  of  the  above  phases  are  the  extremes 
in  temperature  and  more  particularly  of  cold.  A  plant  can  not  be  grown 
profitably  where  the  temperature,  even  occasionally,  falls  below  the 
point  where  winter-killing  results  to  tree  or  bud,  or  where  the  blossom 
is  injured  by  frost.  Extremes  of  heat  are  disastrous  usually  only  when 
long  continued.  For  each  fruit,  too,  there  must  be  a  total  amount  of 
heat  available  to  carry  it  from  the  setting  of  the  fruit  to  maturity, 
in  which  respect  varieties  of  any  fruit  may  differ  materially.  Of  the 
injurious  effects  and  of  the  necessary  amounts  of  heat,  however,  we  know 
but  little. 

These  general  considerations  of  temperature  lead  us  to  their  applica- 
tion to  the  plum  and  especially  to  a  discussion  of  the  most  important  of 
the  several  factors —hardiness. 

Hardiness  to  cold,  a  matter  of  prime  importance  with  all  fruits,  is 
especially  so  with  the  plum  because  of  the  many  different  species,  each 
with  its  own  capacity  for  withstanding  cold.  As  the  different  species  are 
taken  from  their  natural  habitat  to  other  regions,  there  to  become  accli- 
matized, and  as  new  forms  originate  by  hybridization,  the  matter  becomes 
more  complicated  and  more  important.  Waugh  '  has  investigated  the 
hardiness  of  plums  and  we  publish  a  table  given  by  him  showing  the 
hardiness  of  representative  varieties  of  the  species  most  generally  culti- 
vated. We  have  taken  the  liberty  of  adding  a  few  plums  not  given  in 
the  original  table  and  have  also  made  some  changes  in  the  nomenclature 
of  the  groups. 


'Waugh,  F.  A.  Vt.  Sta.  An.   Rpt.  11:273.    1897-98. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 


103 


TABLE  SHOWING  THE  HARDINESS  OF  REPRESENTATIVE  VARIETIES  OF  PLUMS  AT  VARIOUS  PLACES. 

h — hardy;  hh — half-hardy;  t — tender. 


.2 
0 

Indiana 

Illinois 

a 

a 

M 

Colorado 

Nebraska 

x 
E 

o 

>t 

£ 

I 
$ 

Vermont 

Ontario 

I 

a 
S 

Wisconsin 

a 
o 

h-l 

Minnesota 

Americana  Plums: 
De  Soto  

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

Hawkeye  

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

Wolt  

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

Domestica  Plums: 
Lorn  ba  rd 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

hh 

Reine  Claude  ... 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

hh 

h 

hh 

h 

t 

Bradshaw    

h 

h 

t 

hh 

h 

h 

h 

hh 

hh 

hh 

hh 

hh 

t 

Arctic  

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

hh 

Hortulana  Plums: 
Moreman       .    .    . 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

? 

h 

hh 

t 

Golden  Beauty.    .    . 

? 

h 

h 

h 

h 

j 

h 

h? 

? 

? 

hh 

h 

t 

Wayland  

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

? 

h 

h 

? 

? 

hh 

hh 

t 

Insititia  Plums: 
Damsons  

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

hh 

Munsoniana  Plums: 
Pottawattamie  

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

hh 

t 

h 

h 

h 

Newman  

h 

h 

h 

h 

? 

j 

h 

? 

t 

t 

hh 

t 

t 

Robinson  

h 

h 

h 

h 

? 

? 

h 

? 

t 

t 

t 

hh 

t 

Nigra  Plums  

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

The  Simon  Plum  

h 

h 

h 

h 

hh 

hh 

h 

hh 

hh 

t 

t 

t 

t 

Triflora  Plums: 
Abundance  

h 

h 

h 

h 

hh 

h 

h 

h 

h 

hh 

hh 

hh 

t 

Burbank  

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

h 

hh 

hh 

hh 

t 

Satsuma  

hh 

h 

h 

hh 

t 

h 

hh 

hh 

hh 

t 

t 

hh 

t 

Kelsey  

t 

? 

t 

hh 

t 

t 

t 

t 

t 

t 

t 

t 

t 

A  few  general  statements  in  addition  to  the  above  table  will  help 
to  make  plain  the  comparative  hardiness  of  the  different  groups  of  cul- 
tivated plums.  The  Nigras  may  be  rated  as  the  hardiest  of  the  plums 
to  be  considered  though  the  Americanas  are  but  slightly  less  hardy.  The 
plums  of  these  species  are  the  hardiest  of  our  tree-fruits  and  are  able  to 
resist  nearly  as  much  cold  as  any  other  cultivated  plant.  The  Insititias, 
as  represented  by  the  Damsons,  at  least,  come  next  hardiest  after  the  above 
species,  with  varieties  of  Domestica,  as  Arctic,  Lombard  and  Voronesh, 


104  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

nearly  as  hardy.  So  far  as  resistance  to  cold  is  concerned  the  Domestica 
plums  as  a  class  are  less  hardy  than  the  apple,  ranking  in  this  respect  with 
the  pear.  Of  the  Domesticas  the  Reine  Claude  plums  are  as  tender  to  cold 
as  any  though  some  consider  Bradshaw  as  more  tender.  Between  these 
last  sorts  and  the  hardiest  varieties  there  is  a  great  range  in  capacity  to 
endure  cold,  as  would  be  expected  with  so  large  a  number  of  varieties  originating 
in  widely  separated  climates.  The  Triflora  plums  vary  more  in  hardiness 
than  any  other  of  the  cultivated  species.  Speaking  very  generally  they 
are  less  hardy  than  the  Domesticas,  the  hardiest  sorts,  Burbank  and 
Abundance,  being  somewhat  hardier  than  the  peach,  while  the  tenderest 
varieties,  of  which  Kelsey  is  probably  most  tender,  are  distinctly  less 
hardy  than  the  peach.  Of  the  remaining  plums,  the  Hortulana,  Munsoniana 
and  Watsoni  groups,  there  are  great  diversities  in  opinion  as  to  hardiness. 
Probably  all  of  the  varieties  in  these  last  groups  are  as  hardy  as  the 
peach  with  a  few  sorts  in  each  more  hardy  than  the  peach.  It  is  to  be 
expected  from  the  more  northern  range  of  the  wild  prototypes  that  the 
Hortulana  and  Watsoni  plums  are  somewhat  hardier  than  Prunus 
munsoniana. 

The  rainfall  is  of  comparatively  small  concern  to  plum-growers  in 
America,  since,  with  now  and  then  an  exception,  in  eastern  America  it  is 
sufficient  under  proper  cultivation,  and  on  the  Pacific  Coast  the  crop  is 
largely  grown  under  irrigation.  Summarized  statements  of  annual  rainfall 
are  of  little  or  no  importance  since  almost  all  depends  upon  the  distribution 
of  the  amount  throughout  the  year  and  upon  the  manner  in  which  it  falls. 
Monthly  and  seasonal  "means"  of  precipitation,  as  in  the  case  of 
temperature,  may  be  of  considerable  importance  in  determining  the 
desirability  of  a  locality  for  plums. 

Air  currents  are  of  local  or  regional  occurrence  and  though  not  often 
the  determinant  of  profitable  culture  of  plums  have  sometimes  been  im- 
portant factors  in  choosing  a  location  to  grow  this  fruit.  The  occurrence, 
direction,  moisture  condition  and  temperature  are  the  attributes  of  air 
currents  usually  considered.  The  failure  of  many  plums  to  grow  in  the 
prairie  region  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  the  Great  Plains  is  no  doubt 
due  in  some  measure  to  winter  winds.  The  problem  of  varietal  adapta- 
tion is  more  or  less  complicated  in  any  region  by  the  nature  of  the  air 
currents. 

An  extremity  of  any  of  the  constituents  of  what  we  call  "  weather  " 
endangers  the  plum  crop  at  blossoming  time.  In  New  York  stresses  of 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  IO$ 

weather  are  probably  the  predominating  causes  of  the  non -setting  of  fruit 
on  plum  trees  which  bear  an  abundance  of  blossoms.  This  is  well  shown  in 
a  study  of  the  relations  of  weather  to  the  setting  of  fruit  made  by  the  New 
York  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  in  which  it  is  held  that  several 
phases  of  weather  at  blossoming  time  cause  the  loss  of  plum  crops.1  Thus 
late  frosts,  wet  weather,  low  temperature,  strong  winds  and  wide  daily 
ranges  in  temperature  were  factors  in  the  loss  of  fruit  crops  in  all  of  the 
failures  during  a  period  of  twenty-five  years.  Quite  as  significant  was  the 
fact  that  in  all  of  the  years  during  this  period  when  there  was  sunshine 
and  warm,  dry  weather  during  blossoming  time  there  were  good  crops  of 
fruit. 

Locations  for  growing  the  different  varieties  of  plums  are  selected 
with  reference  to  general  and  local  climate.  As  regards  general  climate, 
latitude,  altitude  and  proximity  to  large  bodies  of  water  are  the  chief 
determining  characters;  as  regards  local  climate,  the  lay  of  the  land  has 
most  to  do  as  a  determinant.  Again,  varieties  are  selected  with  reference 
to  time  of  blooming,  that  they  may  escape  in  some  degree  injurious  cli- 
matal  agencies.  Lastly,  varieties  are  selected  having  greater  capacity, 
from  one  cause  or  another,  to  withstand  injurious  weather.  With  all 
varieties  it  is  found  that  cultural  treatment  to  induce  strong  vitality  helps 
a  tree  to  withstand  stresses  of  harmful  weather  at  blossoming  time. 

The  above  considerations  show  that  the  blossoming  dates  of  plums 
should  be  known  for  the  proper  culture  of  this  fruit.  In  the  following 
table  averages  of  the  blooming  dates  of  varieties  of  plums  for  the  eight 
years  just  past,  1902  to  1909,  inclusive,  are  given. 

In  making  use  of  these  dates,  consideration  must  be  given  to  the 
environment  of  the  orchards  at  Geneva.  The  latitude  of  the  Smith  Astro- 
nomical Observatory,  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  Station  orchards  is  42° 
52'  46.2"  ;  the  altitude  of  the  orchards  is  from  five  hundred  to  five  hundred 
and  twenty-five  feet  above  the  sea  level ;  the  soil  is  a  stiff  and  rather  cold 
clay;  the  orchards  lie  about  a  mile  west  of  Seneca  Lake,  a  body  of  water 
forty  miles  in  length  and  from. one  to  three  and  one-half  miles  in  width  and 
more  than  six  hundred  feet  deep.  The  lake  has  frozen  over  but  a  few  times 
since  the  region  was  settled,  over  a  hundred  years  ago,  and  has  a  very  bene- 
ficial influence  on  the  adjacent  country  in  lessening  the  cold  of  winter  and 
the  heat  of  summer,  and  in  preventing  early  blooming. 

'Hedrick.  U.  P;     The  Relation  of  Weather  to  tlie  Setting  of  Fruit.     Bui.  299.  1908. 


io6 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 


The  dates  are  those  of  full  bloom.  They  were  taken  from  trees  grown 
under  normal  conditions  as  to  pruning,  distance  apart,  and  as  to  all  other 
factors  which  might  influence  the  blooming  period. 

An  inspection  of  the  table  shows  that  there  is  a  variation  of  several 
days  between  the  time  of  full  bloom  of  the  different  varieties  of  the  same 
species.  These  differences  can  be  taken  advantage  of  in  selecting  sorts 
to  avoid  injury  from  frost.  The  same  table  shows  the  ripening  season 
of  the  plums  growing  on  the  Station  grounds.  Now  and  then  the  late  and 
very  late  plums  given  in  the  table  may  be  caught  by  fall  frosts  in  the 
colder  parts  of  New  York  or  in  regions  having  a  similar  climate. 

TABLE  SHOWING  BLOOMING  DATES  AND  SEASON  OF  RIPENING. 

The  "  blooming  date  "  is  that  of  full  bloom. 

Under  season  of  ripening  "very  early"  is  from  July  15  to  August  10;  "early,"  August  10 
to  August  20;  "mid-season,"  August  20  to  September  10;  "late,"  September  10  to  September 
20;  "  very  late,"  September  20  to  October  i. 


Blooming  date 

Sea  so 

n  of  rip 

sning 

Verv 

Mid- 

Vprv 

12     13     14     15     l6     17     l8     19    2O    21     22     23     24 

veiy 
early 

Early 

season 

Late 

late 

P.  americana: 
De  Soto  

* 

* 

Hawkeye  

* 

* 

New  Ulm  

* 

* 

* 

* 

Oren  

* 

* 

Rollingstone  

* 

Stoddard  

* 

* 

Surprise  

* 

* 

Wolf  

* 

• 

Wood  

* 

* 

Wyant  

* 

* 

P.  cerasifera: 
De  Caradeuc  

* 

* 

Golden  Cherry  

P.  domestica: 
Agen  

* 

* 

* 

* 

Altham  

* 

* 

American  

* 

* 

Arch  Duke  

* 

* 

Autumn  Compote..  . 
Arctic  

* 
* 

* 

Bavay      

* 

* 

Bejonniers  

* 

* 

Belgian  Purple  
Belle  

* 

* 

* 

* 

Bradshaw  

* 

* 

* 

* 

THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 
TABLE  SHOWING  BLOOMING  DATES  AND  SEASON  OP  RIPENING— Continued. 


107 


Blooming  date 

Season  of  ripening 

May 

Very 
early 

Early 

Mid- 
season 

Late 

Very 
late 

12   13   14   15   16  17   18  19  20  21   22   23  24 

P.  domestica: 
Chambourcy  

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

* 
* 

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

* 
* 
* 

* 

* 
* 

* 
* 
* 

* 
* 

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

* 
* 

* 

* 
* 

* 
* 
* 

* 

* 

* 
* 

* 

* 
* 

* 
* 

* 

* 

Champion  

Cling  Stern       .  . 

Clyman  

Czar  

Dawson      .  .      .    . 

Diamond  

Doretts  

Duane  

Early  Rivers 

Early  Orleans   

Early  Royal  
Early  Tours  
Empire     .  .    .    . 

Englebert  

Esjum  Erik  

Field  

Freeman  

Furst    

German  Prune  
Giant  

G.  No.  4  

Golden  Drop.  .  . 

Golden  Gage  

Goliath  

Grand  Duke  

Guthrie  Late... 

Hand  

Harriet  

Hector  

Hudson  

Ickworth  

Imperial  Epineuse  .  . 
Imperial  Gage.  .  .  . 

Italian  Prune  

Jefferson  
Kirke  

Lafayette  

Large  English. 

Late  Orleans.  .  . 

Late  Muscatelle  .... 
Lombard  

Lucombe  

Middleburg  

Miller  No.  i  

Miller  Superb 

Missouri  Green  Gage 
Morocco  

Mottled  Prune  

108  THE    PLUMS    OP   NEW    YORK. 

TABLE  SHOWING  BLOOMING  DATES  AND  SEASON  OF  RIPENING — Continued. 


Blooming  date 

Season  of  ripening 

May 

Very 
early 

Early 

Mid- 
season 

Late 

Very 
late 

12     13     14     15     16     17     l8     ip    20    21     22     23     24 

P.  domestica: 
Newark  

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

* 
* 

* 

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

* 

* 
* 

* 

* 

* 

* 
* 

if 

* 
* 

* 
* 

* 
* 

*' 
* 
.    * 

* 

* 

* 

* 
* 
* 

* 

* 

* 
* 

* 

* 
* 

* 

* 

* 
* 

* 
* 

* 

* 
* 

\ 

* 

* 

* 
* 

Nicholas  

Ottoman  Seedling.  . 
Oullins  

Pacific      

Paul  Early  

Pearl  

Peters  

Pond  

Red  Date  

Sheldrake  

Shipper    

Smith  Orleans  

Stanton  

St.  Catherine  

Tennant  

Tragedy.  . 

Union  

Urvanv  .  . 

Victoria  

Voronesh  

Warner  

Washington  

Yellow  Egg  

Yellow  Gage  

York  State  Prune..  . 

P.  hortulana: 
Golden  Beauty  
Wayland  

World  Beater  

HYBRIDS: 
America  

Ames  

Apple.  . 

Bartlett  

Climax  

Downing  .  . 

THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 
TABLE  SHOWING  BLOOMING  DATES  AND  SEASON  OP  RIPENING — Continued. 


109 


Blooming  date 

Season  of  ripening 

May 

Very 
early 

Early 

Mid- 
season 

Late 

Very 
late 

12   13    14   15   16   17   18   19  20  21   22   23   24 

HYBRIDS: 
Golden  

* 
* 
* 

* 
* 
* 
* 

* 
* 

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

* 

* 

* 

* 
* 

* 
* 
* 
* 

* 
* 

* 

* 

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

* 

* 
* 

* 
* 

* 

* 
* 

* 

* 
* 
* 
* 

* 

* 
* 

* 
* 

* 
* 

* 
* 

* 

* 
* 

* 

* 
* 
* 

* 
*• 

* 
* 

* 

* 

Hammer  

Milton  

P.  insititia: 
Black  Bullace  

Crittenden  

Freestone  

French  

King  of  Damsons.  .  . 

Mirabelle  

Reine  des  Mirabelles 
Shropshire     .    .    . 

Sweet  Damson  .... 

White  Bullace  

P.  hortulana  mineri: 
Forest  Garden  
Maquoketa  

P.  munsoniana: 
Arkansas  

Newman  

Poole  Pride  

Pottawattamie  
Robinson  

Wild  Goose  

P.  nigra: 
Cheney  

P.  triflora: 
Abundance  

Chabot  

Engre  

Earliest  of  All  

Hale  

Long  Fruit  
Maru 

Ogon 

110  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

THE  POLLINATION  OF  PLUMS. 

One  of  the  discouragements  in  plum-growing  is  the  uncertainty  which 
attends  the  setting  of  the  fruit  in  some  varieties  even  though  the  trees 
bear  an  abundance  of  blossoms.  Blooming,  the  prelude  of  fruiting,  had 
little  significance  to  the  fruit-grower  until  the  discovery  was  made  that 
many  varieties  of  several  fruits  were  unable  to  fertilize  themselves  and 
that  failures  of  fruit  crops  were  often  due  to  the  planting  of  infertile  varie- 
ties. Investigations  as  to  the  self -sterility  of  pears,  plums  and  grapes  have 
shown  blossoming-time  to  be  one  of  the  most  important  life  periods  of  these 
fruits.  The  knowledge  obtained  by  workers  in  this  field  has  to  some  degree 
modified  the  planting  of  all  orchard-fruits  and  of  none  more  than  of  the 
plums.  Indeed,  it  is  held  by  many  that  it  is  hardly  safe  to  plant  any 
excepting  the  Domestica  and  Insititia  plums  without  provision  for  cross- 
pollination. 

A  variety  is  in  need  of  cross-pollination  when  the  pollen  from  its  own 
blossoms  does  not  fecundate  the  ovules  of  the  variety.  There  is  a  delicate 
and  complicated  procession  during  the  process  of  fruit  formation  and 
the  life  of  the  fruit  may  be  jeopardized  by  any  one  of  a  number  of  external 
or  internal  influences.  These  deleterious  influences  are  most  often  unfav- 
orable weather  or  defects  in  the  reproductive  organs  of  the  plants  them- 
selves. Of  the  latter,  in  the  plum  there  are  several  rather  common  ones 
which  cause  self-sterility,  as  impotency  of  pollen,  insufficiency  of  pollen, 
defective  pistils  and  difference  in  the  time  between  the  maturity  of  the 
pollen  and  the  receptiveness  of  the  stigmas. 

It  is  held  that  the  main  cause  of  the  infertility  in  plums  is  impotency 
of  pollen  on  the  pistils  of  the  same  variety.  The  pollen  may  be  produced 
in  abundance,  be  perfect  as  regards  appearance,  and  potent  on  the  pistils 
of  other  varieties  but  wholly  fail  to  fecundate  the  ovaries  of  the  variety 
from  which  it  came.  The  most  marked  examples  of  such  impotency  are 
to  be  found  in  the  native  plums  though  the  Triflora  sorts  are  generally 
accredited  with  being  largely  self -sterile  and  the  Domesticas  somewhat  so. 
The  proof  offered  to  show  the  impotency  of  plums  is  for  most  part  the 
records  of  fruit  setting  under  covered  blossoms.  In  this  method  of  testing 
the  impotency  of  pollen  there  are  several  sources  of  error  and  the  figures 
given  by  experimenters  probably  greatly  exaggerate  the  infertility  of 
plums,  but  since  the  experience  of  plum-growers  generally  affirms  the 
results  in  some  measure  it  is  well  to  hold  that  the  native  plums  at  least 
should  be  so  planted  as  to  secure  cross -pollination.  It  is  doubtful  if  the 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  Ill 

Domestica  and  Triflora  plums  are  self -sterile  and  yet  the  question  is  an 
open  one  as  regards  some  varieties  of  these  species. 

There  is  great  difference  in  the  quantity  of  pollen  produced  by  the 
several  groups  of  plums  but  it  is  very  doubtful  if  insufficiency  of  pollen 
is  a  factor  of  any  considerable  importance  in  the  self -sterility  of  this  fruit. 
Yet  the  matter  is  worth  attention  because  of  its  bearing  upon  the  selection 
of  pollinizers.  Of  the  several  botanic  groups,  speaking  somewhat  generally, 
the  Americanas  and  Nigras  bear  most  pollen ;  the  Munsoniana  plums  are 
abundant  pollen  bearers;  the  Trifloras  seldom  show  a  shortage  but  bear 
rather  less  than  the  others  named;  the  Domesticas  produce  pollen  abun- 
dantly ;  while  the  hybrid  groups  are  the  most  capricious  of  all  the  plums 
in  this  respect,  some  varieties  bearing  much  and  others  but  little  pollen. 
Probably  the  amount  of  pollen  which  the  flowers  of  any  tree  produce 
is  somewhat  modified  by  the  climate  in  which  the  tree  is  growing,  by  the 
weather  and  by  the  vigor  of  the  tree. 

Waugh  '  and  Goff  *  have  shown  that  self -sterile  plums  often  have 
abnormal  pistils  or  pistils  too  weak  for  the  development  of  fruits.  Not 
infrequently  flowers  of  the  plum  are  without  pistils,  as  occasionally,  but 
less  rarely,  occurs  with  the  stamens  and  petals.  These  abnormalities 
cannot  be  very  general  causes  of  self -sterility  in  plums,  however,  as  varie- 
ties, or  even  trees,  cannot  often  be  found  which  are  not  fruitful  if  other 
varieties  are  growing  near  them.  It  is  very  doubtful  if  even  so  much 
as  fifty  per  ct.  of  abnormal  flowers,  seriously  jeopardizes  a  plum  crop, 
as  the  trees  bear,  if  they  blossom  at  all,  several  times  as  many  flowers  as 
they  can  mature  plums.  But  a  high  percentage  of  abnormal  flowers  nearly 
always  indicates  a  general  weakness  in  fruit -setting. 

Another  cause  often  assigned  for  the  failure  of  plums  to  set  fruit  is 
the  difference  in  time  of  maturity  of  stamens  and  pistils.  It  is  claimed 
that  when  these  organs  do  not  mature  simultaneously  the  plums  do  not 
set  unless  pollen  is  supplied  from  some  other  source.  The  task  of  taking 
notes  at  blossoming  time  on  more  than  three  hundred  varieties  of  plums 
on  the  grounds  of  this  Station  has  given  abundant  opportunity  to  observe 
the  comparative  degrees  of  maturity  of  pistils  and  stamens  in  varieties 
of  this  fruit.  In  general  the  pistils  mature  first,  often  three  or  four  days 
before  the  stamens.  Rarely  the  pollen  is  disgorged  before  the  stigmas  are 
receptive.  But  stigmas  remain  receptive,  weather  conditions  being  favor- 

1  Waugh,  F.  A.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  53:51.    1896. 
'Goff,  E.  S.  Wis.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  18:302.    1901. 


112  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

able,  for  several  days  and  the  pollen  from  all  anthers  is  not  shed  at  once 
and  is  produced  with  such  seeming  prodigality  as  to  almost  insure  the 
retaining  of  a  sufficient  amount  to  pollinate  late-maturing  stigmas.  In 
view  of  these  considerations,  premature  or  retarded  ripening  of  either  pistils 
or  stamens  does  not  seem  of  great  significance  in  the  setting  of  fruit 

From  the  statements  just  made  it  may  be  seen  that  the  main  cause 
of  the  failures  to  set  fruit  when  trees  bloom  freely  must  be  ascribed  to  the 
failure  of  pollen  to  fertilize  the  pistils  of  the  flowers  of  the  same  variety. 
The  solution  of  the  problem  of  self-sterility  in  the  main,  then,  is  to  so 
plant  that  varieties  will  be  mutually  cross-fertilized.  In  the  selection  of 
varieties  for  such  cross-pollination  two  factors  must  be  considered,  simul- 
taneity of  blossoming  and  sexual  affinity. 

It  is  evident,  if  cross-fertilization  is  to  play  an  important  part  in 
fruit-growing,  in  planting  to  secure  it  kinds  must  be  chosen  which  come 
into  blossom  at  the  same  time  as  those  they  are  expected  to  fertilize 
The  table  on  pages  106  to  109  shows  the  sorts  that  bloom  together  or 
nearly  enough  so  to  make  cross-pollination  possible.  It  will  be  found 
upon  examining  the  table  that,  under  normal  conditions  and  during  the 
average  season,  varieties  of  any  one  species  overlap  sufficiently  for  the 
above  purpose  unless  it  be  the  very  early  and  very  late  varieties.  Varia- 
tions due  to  locality  and  to  season  must  be  expected  but  within  the  bounds 
of  New  York  these  will  be  slight.  If  the  table  is  used  for  other  regions 
than  New  York  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  farther  south,  the  longer 
the  blossoming  season;  the  farther  north,  the  shorter  the  season.  Prop- 
erly interpreted  the  table  of  dates  should  be  a  useful  guide  as  to  the  simul- 
taneity of  blooming. 

Varieties  of  plums  seem  to  have  sexual  affinities.  That  is,  some  varie- 
ties will  fertilize  each  other  very  well  and  some  will  not,  even  though  they 
belong  to  the  same  species.  There  seems  to  be  little  definite  knowledge 
as  to  the  sexual  affinities  of  plums  and  it  is  not,  therefore,  possible  to  lay 
down  exact  rules  for  the  selection  of  pollinizers  for  individual  varieties. 
In  the  current  discussions  of  cross-pollination  it  is  probable  that  the  im- 
portance of  "  affinities  "  is  over-rated,  and  yet  the  subject  is  worthy  of 
consideration.  Waugh  and  Kerr  have  given  this  subject  considerable 
attention  for  native  and  Japanese  plums  and  have  recommended  a  list 
of  pollinizers  for  the  several  species.1  The  Domesticas  and  Insititias,  the 

1  Waugh,  F.  A.  Plum  Cult.  297-300.     1901. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  113 

above  writers  hold,  are  best    cross-pollinated   by  varieties   from  the  same 
srjecies  if  cross-pollination  is  essential. 

The  subject  cannot  be  closed  without  the  expression  of  the  opinion 
that  the  lack  of  cross-pollination  as  a  cause  of  the  uncertainties  in  the 
setting  of  fruit  has  been  over  estimated  in  the  planting  of  plum  orchards. 
This  expression  of  doubt  is  made  because  there  are  serious  disadvantages 
in  the  planting  of  mixed  orchards  of  any  fruit  and  the  question  as  to  whether 
these  do  not  outweigh  the  advantages  must  ever  be  considered. 

LOCATIONS  AND  SOILS  FOR  PLUMS. 

The  plum  is  comparatively  easy  to  suit  in  the  matter  of  location  of 
orchards,  as  is  shown  by  the  exceedingly  wide  range  of  this  fruit  in  New 
York.  Plums  are  grown  with  eminent  success  on  the  elevated  and  sloping 
lands  adjoining  the  Great  Lakes,  the  Central  Lakes  of  western  New  York 
and  on  both  banks  of  the  Hudson.  Unquestionably  there  are  many  other 
localities  than  those  named  about  the  waterways  of  the  State  and  also 
upon  the  elevated  lands  in  the  western  interior  formed  by  morainic  hills, 
and  upon  the  slopes  of  the  mountains  in  eastern  New  York.  Upon  any 
land  in  the  State  suited  to  general  farm  crops,  where  the  severity  of  winter 
is  tempered  by  the  lay  of  the  land  or  proximity  to  water,  and  where  late 
spring  frosts  are  infrequent,  plums  may  be  grown.  The  early  blooming 
plums,  the  Trifloras  in  particular,  require  more  or  less  consideration  as  to 
the  slope  of  land,  a  northern  exposure  to  retard  blooming-time  being  best. 
With  other  species  the  direction  of  the  slope  makes  little  difference,  though 
a  slope  for  air  and  water  drainage  is  always  better  than  a  dead  level. 

The  plum  is  now  thriving  in  New  York,  and  in  the  country  at  large, 
in  a  great  diversity  of  soils.  The  chief  requisite  for  the  genus  in  general 
seems  to  be  good  drainage.  Given  this  condition,  some  sort  of  plums 
can  be  grown  on  almost  any  soil  found  in  America  not  wholly  prohibitive 
of  plant  growth.  Plums  can  be  found  which  will  stand  rather  more  water 
than  any  other  of  the  tree-fruits,  and  since  plums  can  be  grafted  on  several 
stocks,  each  having  its  own  adaptation  to  soils,  the  adaptability  of  the 
genus  is  still  further  increased.  Yet  the  several  species  have  somewhat 
decided  soil  preferences. 

The  Domesticas  and  Insititias,  the  plums  now  almost  exclusively 
grown  in  New  York,  grow  most  satisfactorily,  all  things  considered,  on 
rich  clay  loams.  The  plum  orchards  in  this  State  on  such  soils  contain 
the  largest  and  most  productive  trees  and  produce  the  choicest  fruit  from 


114  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

the  standpoints  of  size,  appearance  and  quality.  Yet  there  are  exceptions 
in  which  exceedingly  fine  Domestica  plums  are  grown  on  light  loams. 
The  Station  collection  of  about  two  hundred  varieties  of  European  plums 
is  on  stiff  clay,  but  well  drained,  and  the  results  are  uniformly  good.  The 
Americanas  and  Nigras  grow  very  well  on  much  the  same  soils  as  the 
European  sorts,  speaking  from  the  experience  on  the  grounds  of  this  Station, 
for  varieties  of  these  species  are  not  generally  grown  in  New  York.  Beyond 
question  the  Triflora  plums,  next  most  widely  grown  in  New  York  after  the 
Domesticas,  are  giving  the  best  results  on  light  soils — those  most  favorable 
for  the  peach.  The  ideal  soil  for  this  species  is  a  sandy  or  gravelly  loam 
but  they  are  growing  well  on  soils  having  either  more  sand  or  more  clay 
than  the  ideal  types.  The  Hortulana  and  Munsoniana  plums  incline  to 
the  comparatively  light  types  of  soils  named  as  being  best  for  the  Trifloras 
rather  than  to  the  heavier  lands  on  which  the  European  plums  are  most 
commonly  grown. 

Plum-growers  are  well  aware  of  the  necessity  of  good  drainage  for 
this  fruit  but  few  seem  to  realize  the  importance  of  warmth  in  a  plum  soil. 
The  plum,  in  common  with  all  stone-fruits,  grows  best,  as  a  rule,  on 
soils  having  the  power  to  absorb  and  retain  heat,  or  if  the  soil  have  not 
these  properties  the  location  and  the  cultivation  should  be  such  as  to  pro- 
vide as  far  as  possible  for  "  bottom  heat." 

STOCKS  AND  PROPAGATION. 

A  discussion  of  stocks  naturally  follows  one  of  soils,  for  the  two  are 
intimately  related.  The  plum  can  be  successfully  grown  on  various  stocks 
and  for  this  reason  the  practices  of  nurserymen  are  diverse,  depending 
upon  the  cost  of  the  stocks,  the  ease  with  which  they  may  be  budded  or 
grafted  and  the  adaptability  of  the  tree  to  the  stocks.  Unfortunately 
there  is  little  experimental  data  to  show  which  of  the  several  stocks  is 
best  for  the  different  plums  and  since  growers  seldom  know  what  stocks 
their  plums  are  growing  upon  they  can  give  almost  no  information  as  to 
the  desirability  of  propagating  on  this  stock  or  that.  Nurserymen  know  the 
stocks  best  adapted  to  their  purpose  and  from  them  we  have  sought  infor- 
mation. 

A  letter  of  inquiry  sent  to  representative  nurserymen  in  all  parts 
of  the  United  States  as  to  the  relative  merits  of  the  several  stocks  for  the 
different  species  of  plums  shows  that  plum  propagators  in  different  regions 
use  somewhat  different  stocks.  In  New  England  and  the  North  Atlantic 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  1 15 

States,  the  Myrobalan  seems  to  be  almost  the  universal  choice,  the  excep- 
tion being  a  few  propagators  who  claim  that  the  Japanese  sorts  should  be 
worked  on  the  peach,  especially  for  sandy  soils,  and  a  few  others  who  are 
using  Americana  stocks  for  the  American  species. 

In  the  Atlantic  states  south  of  Pennsylvania  and  in  the  Gulf  states 
to  the  Mississippi  the  preferences  are  very  diverse,  with  the  majority  of  the 
nurserymen  in  this  region  favoring  the  peach,  Myrobalan  following  as  a 
close  second  choice.  For  light  soils  it  would  seem  that  the  peach  is  always 
to  be  preferred  for  this  great  region.  The  opinions  expressed  by  the  veteran 
plum-grower,  J.  W.  Kerr  of  Denton,  Maryland,  on  this  subject  are  worth 
printing  in  full.  He  says: 

"  In  this  locality  for  all  varieties  of  the  Domesticas  that  unite  thor- 
oughly with  it,  the  peach  is  preferable  as  a  stock.  There  are,  however, 
a  good  many  varieties  of  Domesticas  that  refuse  to  unite  firmly  with  the 
peach.  For  these  the  Marianna  or  the  Myrobalan  gives  best  results.  For 
all  of  the  Japanese  plums  the  peach  has  proved  most  satisfactory,  when 
the  trees  are  propagated  by  root-grafting  on  the  whole-root  plan. 
Nearly  forty  years  of  experimenting  and  testing  stocks  of  various  kinds 
gives  me  a  decided  preference  for  the  peach  as  a  stock  for  native  plums ; 
results  doubtless  would  be  different  in  colder  climates  and  soils  than  this, 
but  long  and  critical  experience  has  conclusively  demonstrated  the  supe- 
riority of  this  stock  when  used  as  indicated  for  the  Japanese." 

In  the  interior  region  between  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States  and  the 
Mississippi,  the  Myrobalan  is  used  almost  exclusively  for  the  European 
plums  and  most  largely  for  the  other  species.  Several  nurserymen  from 
this  region,  however,  state  that  the  St.  Julien  is  better  than  the  Myrobalan 
for  the  Domesticas  and  Insititias  but  object  to  them  because  the  stocks 
cannot  be  obtained  as  cheaply.  The  peach  is  generally  recommended 
for  the  Triflora  sorts  and  the  statement  is  several  times  repeated  that  the 
Americanas  would  be  preferred  for  the  native  species  if  stocks  of  this  species 
could  be  obtained  readily. 

In  the  northern  states  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  all  nurserymen  agree 
that  plums  must  be  worked  on  Americana  stocks.  In  this  region  the 
hardy  natives  only  are  grown. 

South  of  the  northern  tier  in  the  states  of  the  plains  the  Myrobalan 
is  used  almost  exclusively  for  the  European  species,  most  largely  for  the 
Trifloras,  with  the  peach  second  for  this  species,  and  Americana  stocks 
for  the  native  species.  Stark  Brothers  of  Louisiana,  Missouri,  large  growers 


Il6  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

of  nursery  stock  in  this  region,  express  the  opinion  that  "  the  right  stock 
for  native  plums  is  yet  to  be  found."  In  Oklahoma,  Texas  and  New  Mexico 
the  Marianna  is  mentioned  by  several  nurserymen  as  desirable,  and  is, 
from  these  statements,  rather  more  commonly  used  for  stocks  in  these 
states  at  present  than  in  any  other  region. 

On  the  Pacific  Coast  propagators  use  Myrobalan  and  peach  in  about 
equal  quantities — the  first  named  for  heavy  soils  and  the  last  for  the  lighter 
soils.  The  native  plums  are  not  grown  in  this  region.  The  almond  is 
mentioned  as  being  desirable  in  California  under  some  conditions.  Some 
plum-growers  in  the  states  of  the  Pacific  propagate  their  own  trees  from 
suckers. 

The  information  given  by  nurserymen  shows  that  by  far  the  greatest 
number  of  plums  in  the  country  are  grown  on  Myrobalan  stocks.  In  New 
York  this  stock  is  used  almost  exclusively.  In  Europe  the  writer  found 
that  the  nurserymen  hold  that  this  is  a  dwarfing  stock,  and  that  the  trees 
on  it  are  shorter-lived  than  on  some  other  stocks.  In  the  nurseries  in 
New  York,  plums  in  general,  but  more  especially  the  Europeans,  are  larger 
and  finer  trees  at  two  years,  the  selling  age,  grown  on  Myrobalan  roots 
than  trees  grown  on  other  stocks.  Nurserymen  lodge  but  two  complaints 
against  it;  these  are  that  in  the  South  it  suckers  badly  and  in  the  cold 
states  of  the  Great  Plains  the  roots  are  killed  by  the  winters.  Its  advan- 
tages from  the  tree-growers'  standpoint  are:  Cheapness  of  the  stock, 
which  is  usually  imported  from  France,  large  handsome  trees  in  the  nursery, 
ease  of  budding  and  a  good  union  with  nearly  all  varieties.  Some  growers 
complain  that  certain  varieties  overgrow  this  stock  making  in  the  end  a 
badly  mal-formed  trunk.  The  Myrobalan  plums  are  very  variable,  a  fact 
which  finds  record  in  nearly  all  the  characters  of  tree  and  fruit  and  this 
is  somewhat  against  it  as  a  stock.  It  is  for  this  reason  that  there  are  so 
many  "  true  "  and  "  false  "  Myrobalans  among  nurserymen.  Many  im- 
porters hold  that  this  stock  is  grown  in  France  from  cuttings.  Such  it 
seems  was  the  old  practice  but  now,  if  information  from  France  is  correct, 
most  of  these  stocks  are  grown  from  seed.  Hansen  reports  that  in  South 
Dakota  this  stock  is  worthless  because  it  winter-kills.  He  says1  "in  experi- 
ments at  this  Station  a  very  small  per  cent,  of  Myrobalan  stocks  sur- 
vived the  first  winter  and  these  died  the  ensuing  summer."  It  is  likely 
that  this  stock  would  suffer  in  the  coldest  parts  of  New  York. 

'Hansen,  N.  E.  S.  D.  Sta.  Bui.  93:67.    1905. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  117 

In  this  region  the  St.  Julien  is  probably  the  next  most  common  stock 
in  plum  orchards  though  trees  on  it  are  for  most  part  old,  as  its  use  is  on 
the  decrease.  There  is  a  wide-spread  opinion  among  plum-growers  that 
this  is  a  much  better  stock  for  Domestica  and  Insititia  plums  than  any 
other.  On  St.  Julien  stocks  varieties  of  these  species,  it  is  claimed,  with 
much  to  substantiate  the  claim,  produce  trees  that  are  longer-lived,  thrif- 
tier, hardier,  deeper  feeders,  sprout  less  and  are  less  susceptible  to  changes 
in  soils.  The  chief  objections  to  this  stock  are :  It  is  more  expensive,  some- 
times scarcely  obtainable  in  France;  difficult  to  bud;  the  young  trees 
do  not  make  as  good  growth  as  on  the  Myrobalan  stocks;  and  the 
yearlings  are  much  more  susceptible  to  fungi  while  in  the  nursery  row, 
though  the  latter  troubles  can  be  remedied  wholly  or  in  part  by  spraying. 
Hansen,  in  the  reference  given  above,  says  that  "  the  St.  Julien  and 
European  Sloe  (Prunus  spinosa)  both  winter-killed  "  in  South  Dakota  when 
used  as  stocks.  The  St.  Julien  stock  is  propagated  from  layers  when 
properly  grown  in  France  '  but  much  undesirable  stock  is  now  raised 
from  seed.  There  are  fruiting  trees  of  this  stock  about  the  nurseries  in  the 
neighborhood  of  this  Station  which  show  it  to  be  an  Insititia  of  the  Damson 
type,  a  type  likely  to  come  fairly  true  to  seed  yet  not  sufficiently  so  as  to 
make  seed-grown  trees  desirable. 

The  Horse  plum  was  formerly  used  as  a  stock  by  nurserymen  a  great 
deal  but  is  now  wholly  superseded.  Indeed,  it  is  so  nearly  lost  to  the  trade 
as  to  make  it  almost  impossible  to  really  know  what  the  plum  of  this  name 
is.  Some  describe  it  as  a  small -fruited  Domestica,  others  as  an  Insititia 
similar  to  the  St.  Julien,  but  the  majority  of  the  trees  shown  by  old  nur- 
serymen in  the  nursery  region  of  New  York,  about  the  only  place  in  which 
the  stock  was  used,  show  it  to  be  a  Cerasifera  but  not  Myrobalan.  Some 
of  the  named  varieties  of  Cerasifera  probably  sprung  from  sprouts  of  this 
stock.  It  seems  to  have  had  no  qualities  which  would  make  it  worth 
while  to  attempt  to  re-establish  the  stock. 

The  testimony  of  a  large  number  of  nurserymen  is  in  favor  of  the 
peach  as  a  stock  for  plums.  Budded  on  the  peach,  plums  of  many  varieties 
are  grown  very  successfully  on  the  warm  sandy  and  gravelly  soils  so  well 
suited  to  the  peach.  This  stock  enables  the  tree  to  make  a  quick  growth 
and  come  into  bearing  early,  and  the  roots  do  not  produce  sprouts.  The 
budding  with  the  peach  is  easily  done,  the  young  trees  make  a  vigorous 

1  Carriere,  E.  A.  Prunier  Saint  Julien.  Revue  Horticole  438-439.    1892. 


Il8  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

growth  in  the  nursery  and  plums  on  peach  roots  can  probably  be  grown 
at  a  less  cost  than  on  any  other  stock.  Triflora  plums  in  particular  make 
excellent  trees  worked  upon  peach  stock,  the  roots  are  as  hardy  as  the 
tops  and  the  union  is  sufficiently  congenial  to  make  the  resulting  tree 
long-lived.  For  the  Domestica  and  Insititia  plums  the  peach  stock  is  not 
so  valuable,  for  with  some  varieties  a  good  union  is  not  secured  and  the 
roots  are  less  hardy  than  the  tops.  Among  the  varieties  which  nursery- 
men say  will  not  unite  with  the  peach  are:  Lombard,  Damsons,  Yellow 
Egg  and  Washington.  Peach  borers  are  sometimes  troublesome  when 
plums  are  budded  on  peach  stocks. 

Mr.  Kerr,  in  his  statement  regarding  stocks,  on  page  115,  says  that 
it  is  his  practice  to  whip-graft  the  plum  on  "  whole -root  "  peach  roots 
obtaining  eventually  the  plum  on  its  own  roots.  This  method  is  certainly 
well  adapted  to  Mr.  Kerr's  conditions  but  whether  it  would  do  in  heavier 
soils  and  a  colder  climate  is  doubtful.  One  would  suspect  that  some  varie- 
ties of  Domesticas  and  Insititias  at  least  would  sprout  badly. 

In  the  South,  more  particularly  Texas  and  the  Southwest,  Marianna 
stocks  find  favor,  though  their  use  seems  to  be  on  the  decrease.  The  advan- 
tages of  this  stock  are  such  as  appeal  to  the  nurserymen  rather  than  to 
the  plum-grower.  These  are  that  the  Marianna  readily  strikes  root  from 
cuttings  and  the  growth  in  the  nursery  is  all  that  can  be  desired.  Cuttings 
strike  more  easily  in  the  South  than  in  the  North,  hence  its  popularity  in 
the  first  named  region. 

For  the  colder  parts  of  the  Great  Plains  and  as  far  east  as  to  include 
Wisconsin,  Americana  seedlings  are  the  only  stocks  that  will  withstand 
the  winter.  In  this  region  Americana  stocks  are,  of  course,  used  only  for 
the  native  plums  and  data  seem  to  be  lacking  as  to  whether  other  plums 
cultivated  for  their  fruit  could  be  grown  on  this  stock  or  not.  The  W. 
&  T.  Smith  Company  of  Geneva  report  that  they  are  now  using  Americana 
seedlings  for  native  plums  for  their  eastern  trade,  speaking  of  them  as 
follows:  "  We  think  we  get  a  larger  growth  and  a  better  root  system  by 
using  the  native  (Americana)  stocks.  We  also  consider  that  the  Flower- 
ing Almonds,  Prunus  triloba  and  Prunus  pissardi,  make  a  better  growth 
on  native  stocks."  From  the  last  statement  one  would  suspect  that  it 
would  be  feasible  to  grow  other  orchard  plums  than  the  native  species 
on  this  stock.  As  yet  Americana  seedlings  are  expensive,  and  until  they 
cost  less  their  use  in  competition  with  the  Myrobalan  and  peach  stocks 
will  be  almost  precluded.  The  chief  fault  of  the  Americana  stock  is  that 
the  trees  sucker  rather  badly. 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  1 19 

Besides  the  plants  discussed  above  various  nondescript  members  of 
the  genus  Prunus  are  used  as  stocks  for  cultivated  plums  under  particular 
circumstances  or  for  particular  purposes.  Seedlings  of  Munsoniana  plums 
are  supposed  to  be  preeminently  adapted  for  low  wet  lands.  J.  W.  Kerr 
believes  that  seedlings  of  Prunus  hortulana  are  excellent  stocks  for  native 
plums  as  they  never  sucker.1  The  Sand  plum  (Prunus  augustifolia 
watsoni)  offers  possibilities  as  a -stock  for  dwarfing  larger  growing  species. 
According  to  Hansen,3  who  reviews  the  literature  and  describes  several 
experiments  of  his  own,  the  western  Sand  cherry  (Prunus  besseyi) 
dwarfs  varieties  worked  upon  it  and  has  the  merits  of  being  extremely 
hardy  and  of  producing  trees  which  bear  early  and  abundantly.  As  stated 
in  the  discussion  of  Subcordata,  stocks  of  this  plum  have  been  used  on 
the  Pacific  Coast  and  discarded  because  it  dwarfs  trees  and  suckers  badly. 
According  to  Wickson,'  the  apricot  and  almond  are  sometimes  used  as 
stocks  for  plums  in  California  and  in  some  instances  with  considerable 
success. 

Lastly,  suckers  are  not  uncommonly  used  by  plum-growers  for  certain 
varieties.  Thus  in  the  western  part  of  New  York,  the  plum-growing  region  • 
of  the  East,  several  varieties  as  the  Reine  Claudes  and  some  of  the  Dam- 
sons are  propagated  from  sprouts  taken  from  the  base  of  old  trees.  This 
method  can  be  used,  of  course,  only  when  the  trees  are  grown  upon  their 
own  roots.  The  writer  was  told  by  plum-growers  in  Germany  and  France 
that  most  of  the  plums  in  gardens  and  small  plantations,  constituting  the 
majority  of  the  plums  in  the  two  countries,  were  propagated  from  suckers. 
This  method  has  small  merit  except  that  it  enables  a  grower  to  get  a  few 
trees  cheaply  and  perhaps  gives  a  better  tree  of  some  varieties  for  a  heavy 
soil.  Beyond  question  it  gives  trees  with  a  tendency  to  sucker — an  un- 
desirable attribute. 

In  the  horticultural  literature  of  the  time  recommendations  for  top- 
working  plums  are  rather  frequent.  It  is  true  that  many  varieties  of 
plums  grow  slowly  and  make  crooked  growths,  especially  in  the  nur- 
sery, but  in  the  attempts  at  grafting  in  New  York  the  failures  are 
more  conspicuous  than  the  successes.  If  top-working  is  decided  upon, 
the  earlier  in  the  life  of  the  tree  it  is  done,  the  better.  For  the  Domesticas 
at  least,  the  Lombard  is  probably  the  best  stock.  The  method  of  top- 

1  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  247.     1901. 

'Hansen,  N.  E.  S.  D.  Sta.  Bui.  87.    1904.      Ibid.  93:68.     1905. 

'  Wickson,  E.  J.  California  Fruits  348.     1891. 


120  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

working  is  to  graft  in  early  spring  or  bud  in  late  summer.  Grafting 
ought  to  be  used  more  often  than  it  is  to  renew  the  tops  of  injured  trees, 
as  the  difficulties  in  doing  this  are  not  much  greater  than  in  the  case  of 
apples. 

PLUM  ORCHARDS  AND  THEIR  CARE. 

Plum  trees  in  New  York  are  set  from  twelve  to  twenty  feet  apart. 
The  amount  of  room  given  seems  to  depend  mostly  upon  the  custom  in 
the  locality,  though,  as  all  agree,  it  should  depend  upon  the  soil  and  the 
variety.  The  deduction  which  plum-growers  are  drawing  from  these 
experiences  is  that  the  plum  should  have  more  room  than  is  generally  given 
it,  therefore,  wider  plantings  are  more  the  rule  now  than  formerly.  Little 
attention  has  been  paid  to  mixed  planting  for  cross-pollination  in  this 
State,  as  the  Domesticas  are  planted  almost  exclusively  and  seem  under 
orchard  conditions  to  be  self-fertile. 

In  this  region  plum  trees  are  usually  planted  two  years  from  the  bud, 
the  exception  being  the  Japanese  which  are  sometimes  set  at  a  year  from 
the  bud.  Plum  trees  in  the  past  have  been  headed  at  three  or  four  feet 
above  the  ground  but  the  tendency  now  is  to  head  them  lower — half  the 
above  distances,  and  in  orchards  so  planted  there  seems  to  be  no  incon- 
venience in  tilling  with  modern  implements.  In  the  commercial  orchards 
of  the  State  the  heads  are  formed  of  four  or  five  main  branches  and  in 
the  case  of  the  Domesticas  and  Insititias  about  a  central  trunk  but  with 
the  Trifloras  the  leader  is  often  removed  leaving  a  vase-formed  head.  After 
the  head  is  formed  the  subsequent  pruning  is  simple,  consisting  of  cutting 
out  injured  and  crossed  branches  and  heading-in  long,  whip-like  growths. 
The  Trifloras  receive  more  pruning  than  the  European  varieties,  as  much 
of  the  fruit  is  borne  on  the  growth  of  the  previous  season  and  it  is  necessary 
to  keep  the  bearing  wood  near  the  trunk.  It  is  the  custom  to  cut  rank 
growing  Trifloras  severely  but  the  value  of  such  a  procedure  is  doubtful, 
as  the  more  such  a  plum  is  pruned  the  more  it  will  need  pruning  in  the 
years  to  follow.  A  better  plan  seems  to  be  to  curtail  the  food  and  prune 
as  little  as  possible,  though  on  rich  soils  the  tree  would  probably  grow 
out  of  all  bounds  unless  cut  back  somewhat  year  after  year. 

About  the  only  cultivated  native  plums  to  be  found  in  New  York, 
if  a  few  Wild  Goose  trees  here  and  there  are  excepted,  are  on  the  grounds 
of  this  Station.  Experience  here  demonstrates  that,  prune  as  you  will, 
certain  varieties  of  the  native  species  will  remain  crooked,  ungainly  and 
unkempt.  Pruning  some  varieties  is  necessary  in  order  to  permit  pickers 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  121 

to  get  into  the  dense,  thorny  heads;  heading-in  such  varieties  would  make 
their  tops  wholly  impenetrable. 

In  common  with  all  tree -fruits  the  best  plum  orchards  are  tilled. 
Such  tillage  usually  consists  of  plowing  in  the  spring  followed  by  frequent 
cultivation  until  the  middle  of  August,  at  which  time  a  cover-crop  of 
clover,  oats  or  barley  is  sown.  The  plum  seems  to  require  more  water 
than  other  tree-fruits—it  often  thrives  in  comparatively  moist  land  and 
fails  on  sandy  soils  where  the  peach  would  grow  luxuriantly.  Culti- 
vation to  save  moisture  is  very  necessary  for  the  plum  in  the  experience 
of  New  York  growers.  Grass  and  grain  have  proved  ruinous  in  most 
orchards  where  tried,  though  cultivated  crops  between  young  trees  to 
pay  for  keep  until  fruiting-time  are  very  generally  planted.  The  claim 
is  made  by  some,  and  with  a  show  of  reason,  that  there  is  less  of  the  brown- 
rot  in  tilled  orchards  than  in  neglected  ones  for  the  reason  that  the  mummied 
fruits  which  carry  the  fungus  through  the  winter  are  buried  by  plowing 
and  with  shallow  cultivation,  at  least,  do  not  come  to  light  and  life. 

Plum-growers  very  generally  recognize  the  several  distinct  and  valu- 
able purposes  which  cover-crops  serve  in  orchards.  They  protect  the  tree 
from  root-killing,  from  cold,  keep  the  soil  from  washing,  add  humus  and, 
with  legumes,  nitrogen  to  the  soil,  modify  the  physical  structure  of  the  soil 
and  hasten  seasonal  maturity  of  the  tree.  There  is  one  other  function 
which  is  not  so  often  taken  into  account.  Plum  orchards  in  which  cover- 
crops  are  regularly  grown,  even  though  the  crop  be  not  a  legume,  need  less 
fertilizers  than  those  in  which  no  such  crop  is  grown.  There  are  several 
reasonable  suppositions  as  to  why  there  should  be  such  an  effect,  but  one 
not  usually  given  sufficient  consideration  is  that  cover-crops  make  available 
much  plant  food  in  the  soil.  Each  plant  in  the  crop  collects  food  from  soil 
and  air,  most  of  it  otherwise  unavailable,  and  turns  it  over  to  the  trees. 

A  discussion  of  fertilizers  naturally  follows.  Present  practices  in  the 
use  of  fertilizers  with  the  plum,  as  with  other  fruits,  are  very  diverse. 
It  is  impossible  to  ascertain  what  considerations  have  governed  the  appli- 
cations of  fertilizers  in  the  plum  orchards  of  New  York  or  what  the  results 
have  been.  Too  often,  it  is  to  be  feared,  fertilizers  have  been  used  as  "cure 
alls"  for  any  or  all  of  the  ills  to  which  trees  are  heirs.  Out  of  the  mass  of 
conflicting  data  as  to  the  effects  of  fertilizers  on  plums,  the  most  apparent 
fact  is  that  much  of  the  fertilizers  for  this  fruit  is  wasted;  this  in  face  of 
the  fact  that  plums  want  rich  soils.  But  the  plum  crop  is  mostly  water, 
the  foliage  remains  on  the  ground,  the  trees  grow  several  years  before 


122  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

fruiting,  their  growing  season  is  from  early  spring  until  late  fall,  the  roots 
go  deep  and  spread  far,  the  trees  transpire  large  amounts  of  water,  hence 
may  thrive  on  diluted  solutions  of  plant  food,  and  now  and  then  there  is 
an  off  year  in  bearing  for  the  trees  to  recuperate. 

It  does  not  follow  from  the  above  consideration  that  plums  never 
need  fertilizers,  but  it  does  seem  plain  that  they  need  rather  less  than 
truck  or  farm  crops  and  that  applications  of  plant  food  must  be  made 
with  exceedingly  great  care  if  fertilizing  is  to  be  done  without  waste.  There 
is  a  growing  disposition  on  the  part  of  plum-growers  to  experiment  very 
carefully  and  know  that  they  are  getting  the  worth  of  their  money  before 
using  any  considerable  quantity  of  fertilizers  for  their  trees. 

Thinning  the  fruit  should  be  a  regular  practice  with  plum-growers,  but 
it  is  the  operation  in  the  growing  of  this  fruit  about  which  growers  are 
most  careless  both  as  to  whether  it  is  done  at  all  and  in  the  manner  of  doing. 
Many  growers  in  New  York,  realizing  the  great  necessity  of  thinning  certain 
varieties  of  Triflora,  as  Burbank  and  Abundance,  follow  the  practice 
very  regularly  with  plums  of  this  group;  but  the  Domesticas  are  seldom 
well  thinned,  though  some  of  them,  of  which  Lombard  is  a  conspicuous 
example,  ought  nearly  always  to  have  anywhere  from  one -fifth  to  half 
of  the  fruit  removed.  Growers  of  some  of  the  native  varieties  in  regions 
where  these  sorts  are  grown  say  that  under  cultivation  some  kinds  of  these 
plums  will  bear  themselves  to  death  if  a  part  of  the  crop  be  not  removed 
in  most  years.  Those  growers  in  New  York  who  thin,  do  the  work  as  soon 
as  possible  after  the  June  drop  has  taken  place. 

HARVESTING  AND  MARKETING. 

Plum  trees  in  this  climate  begin  to  bear  when  set  from  three  to  five 
years.  The  Triflora  varieties  will  bear  soonest,  the  Old  World  varieties 
next  in  order,  say  at  four  years  from  setting,  and  the  native  sorts,  as  a 
rule,  come  in  bearing  last.  At  eight  or  ten  years  of  age,  prolific  varieties 
of  the  Triflora  and  Domestica  sorts  bear  in  a  good  year  about  three  bushels 
of  fruit ;  the  Insititia  and  native  varieties,  on  the  Station  grounds,  at  least, 
do  not  bear  as  much,  though  most  of  the  plums  of  these  two  groups  bear 
more  regularly  than  the  first  named  groups. 

Plums  in  this  State,  and  east  of  the  Mississippi  generally,  are  picked 
and  put  upon  the  market  just  before  they  reach  edible  condition ;  while 
farther  away  they  must  be  picked  much  greener.  It  is  the  practice  in 
the  East  to  pick  while  still  somewhat  green  because  the  fruit  so 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  123 

picked  is  best  handled  at  this  stage  of  maturity  and  the  brown-rot  fungus 
is  likely  to  destroy  much  of  the  crop  if  left  until  fully  matured.  Some 
of  the  Triflora  sorts,  Abundance,  Burbank  and  October,  for  example, 
are  picked  from  a  week  to  ten  days  before  ripe  and  yet  develop  very  good 
color  and  flavor.  The  Domesticas  need  not  be,  and  are  not,  picked  quite 
so  green.  In  picking,  great  diversity  exists  as  to  ladders,  receptacles,  and 
manner  of  conveyance  from  orchard  to  packing  house.  These  need  not 
be  discussed  here,  nor  need  the  methods  of  picking  be  spoken  of  further 
than  to  say  that  while  good  growers  consider  it  vital  not  to  bruise  the 
fruit  nor  destroy  the  delicate  bloom,  if  such  injuries  can  be  avoided, 
pickers  in  general  are  not  nearly  as  observant  of  these  important  details 
as  they  should  be. 

The  plum  crop  is  sent  to  market,  for  most  part  in  New  York,  in  six, 
eight  and  ten-pound  grape  baskets  with  the  preference  at  present  for  the 
smallest  of  these  baskets.  Occasionally  some  fruit  is  packed  in  four  pound 
baskets.  Rarely,  and  always  to  the  disadvantage  of  both  producer  and 
consumer,  plums  go  to  market  in  the  packages  in  which  the  fruit  is  picked. 
Indeed,  it  is  seldom  advantageous  to  pack  the  fruit  in  the  field,  it  being 
far  better  to  convey  it  to  the  packing  house  where  the  preparations  for 
shipping  may  be  more  carefully  made,  as  the  package  and  the  manner  of 
packing  advertise  the  product.  Plums  coming  to  this  State  from  the  far 
West  are  often  wrapped  individually  in  tissue  paper  as  a  help  in  safe  ship- 
ping and  to  add  to  their  attractiveness  but  the  fruit  grown  in  the  State 
is  seldom,  if  ever,  so  treated,  though  it  is  possible  that  choice  specimens 
could  be  profitably  wrapped.  Of  the  sorting,  grading,  facing  and  marking 
the  packages,  little  need  be  said  except  that  they  are  too  rarely  well  done 
in  present  methods,  though  there  is  a  steady  improvement  in  attending 
to  these  important  matters. 

Few  plums  are  stored  longer  than  a  week  at  most  in  common 
storage  and  three  weeks  or  a  month  is  quite  the  limit  for  most  varieties 
in  cold  storage.  Late  plums  and  in  particular  some  of  the  prunes  might 
well  be  stored  longer  than  is  now  the  custom  if  proper  precautions  are 
taken,  as  is  shown  by  the  experience  at  this  Station  where  a  considerable 
number  of  the  Domestica  and  Insititia  varieties  are  annually  kept  in  com- 
mon storage  for  a  month  or  longer  without  unusual  precautions.  Some 
of  the  new  varieties  offered  to  growers,  as  Apple  and  Occident,  are  recom- 
mended as  keeping  for  several  weeks  after  picking.  There  is  a  most  marked 
difference  in  the  keeping  qualities  of  this  fruit  and  it  is  certain  that  varie- 


124  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

ties  can  now  be  selected  for  long  keeping  and  that  there  is  a  fine  oppor- 
tunity for  breeding  sorts  that  will  keep  even  longer  than  any  we  now  have. 

Marketing,  the  actual  selling,  is  a  business  quite  by  itself,  and  since 
it  is  one  which  has  changed  greatly  in  the  past  few  years  and  is  destined 
to  change  even  more  in  the  near  future,  a  few  observations  on  the  subject 
are  worth  putting  on  record.  A  well  developed  local  market  is  undoubtedly 
the  best  selling  place  for  the  plum  producer,  as  in  it  the  sales  are  directly 
to  the  consumer,  eliminating  expensive  middlemen.  The  westward  spread 
of  manufacturing  industries,  the  workers  in  which  use  up  the  western- 
grown  fruit,  is  making  better  local  markets  for  eastern  plums,  a  point 
worth  noting,  for  many  New  York  plum-growers  have  ceased  planting, 
indeed  have  been  removing  trees,  fearing  western  competition. 

By  far  the  greater  part  of  the  plum  crop  now  finds  its  way  to  consu- 
mers through  the  following  costly  distributive  system:  ist.  Local  buyers 
who  ship  to  centers  of  consumption.  2nd.  Transportation  companies. 
3rd.  Commission  companies  who  collect  and  distribute  the  crop  in  con- 
suming centers.  4th.  Retailers  who  parcel  out  the  quantities  and  the 
qualities  demanded  by  the  consumer.  The  great  defect  in  handling  the 
crop  is,  that  there  are  too  many  men  and  too  much  machinery  to  do  the 
work  cheaply — moreover,  the  risks  of  depreciation  are  great,  and  the 
fruit  is  not  handled  on  a  large  scale  chiefly  because  of  a  lack  of  capital 
by  the  grower  or  local  buyer.  These  defects  in  the  present  distribution 
of  plums  in  New  York  make  the  price  received  by  the  grower  about  half 
that  paid  by  the  consumer  and  the  selling  of  the  crop  a  more  or  less  specu- 
lative business.  The  plum  industry,  as  is  the  case  with  all  fruits,  is  greatly 
hampered  by  the  present  marketing  systems. 

Unfortunately  there  is  yet  but  a  small  outlet  for  surplus  plums  as 
manufactured  products.  As  a  rule  the  commercial  outlook  is  best  for 
those  fruits  of  which  the  surplus  can  be  turned  into  by-products.  The 
only  outlet  for  the  plum  in  the  East  is  in  canning,  as  this  region  is  unable 
to  compete  with  the  West  in  the  making  of  prunes  '  and  as  the  several 

1  A  prune  is  a  dried  plum.  The  requisite  for  a  prune-making  plum  is  that  it  have  a  large  pro- 
portion of  solids,  particularly  sugar.  Comparatively  few  varieties  of  plums  bear  sufficient  amounts 
of  solids  so  that  they  may  be  successfully  cured  into  a  firm,  long-keeping  product.  Only  varieties 
of  the  Domesticas  are  used  in  making  prunes,  though  possibly  some  of  the  Insititias  might  be  so 
used.  Prunes  are  chiefly  used  in  cookery  though  some  of  the  finer  grades  from  France  are  sold 
as  confections. 

Prunes  are  either  dried  in  the  sun  as  in  California;  partially  cooked  in  ovens  and  the  curing 
completed  indoors,  as  in  European  countries;  or  wholly  dried  in  evaporators,  as  in  the  Pacific 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  125 

plum  products  of  the  Old  World  are  not  in  demand  in  the  New  World. 
Beyond  question  there  are  a  number  of  products,  as  preserves,  jellies  from 
the  native  plums,  glace"  fruits,  plum  butter,  marmalades  and  the  like, 
which  could  be  made  profitable  for  the  markets  and  thus  a  great  help  in 
utilizing  surplus  plums. 

DISEASES. 

Plums  are  subject  to  a  considerable  number  of  fungus  diseases,  several 
of  which  are  often  virulent,  the  virulence  depending  on  locality,  season, 
weather  and  variety.  Happily  for  the  plum  industry,  knowledge  of  plant 
pathology  has  made  such  advancements  in  recent  years  that  nearly  all 
of  the  diseases  of  this  fruit  are  now  controlled  by  preventive  or  remedial 
measures. 


Northwest.  Sun-drying  is  the  most  economical  method  where  the  climate  permits.  The  half 
cooking  does  not  make  so  attractive  a  product  but  when  skillfully  done  the  prunes  are  possibly 
more  palatable,  as  the  cooked  flavor  is  liked  by  consumers.  Beyond  question  the  best  prunes  are 
made,  however,  all  things  considered,  in  well-managed  evaporators.  In  evaporators  the  changes 
of  curing  take  place  most  perfectly  and  uniformly  so  that,  as  a  rule,  the  prune  looks  better,  keeps 
longer,  is  not  so  tough  and  has  a  more  natural  taste  of  the  green  fruit. 

In  prune-making  the  fruit  is  allowed  to  remain  on  the  trees  until  ripe  enough  to  fall  to  the 
ground,  as  the  maximum  proportion  of  solids  is  thus  obtained.  After  picking,  the  plums  are 
passed  over  graders  to  remove  rubbish  and  to  secure  uniformity  in  size,  this  being  essential  to 
obtain  evenness  in  curing,  since  the  small  fruits  dry  more  rapidly  than  large  ones.  Usually  before 
evaporation  begins  the  fruit  is  dipped  in  boiling  lye  or  pricked  by  needles  in  a  pricking  machine 
to  make  tender  the  tough  skin  and  so  allow  the  moisture  to  escape  more  readily.  The  dipping 
consists  of  immersing  the  fruit  for  a  minute  or  less  in  a  solution  of  lye  in  the  proportion  of  i  pound 
of  concentrated  lye  to  from  10  to  50  gallons  of  water  maintained  at  the  boiling  point.  The  fruit 
is  carried  mechanically  through  the  lye  vat  and  a  rinser  by  a  modified  endless  chain,  or  it  may  be 
dipped  in  wire  baskets.  After  rinsing  the  plums  are  ready  for  curing. 

Exposure  to  the  sun  in  curing  varies  from  five  to  twelve  days,  depending  upon  the  heat  of  the 
sun  and  the  size  and  the  variety  of  the  plum.  Curing  in  evaporators  varies  with  the  fruit  and  with 
the  make  of  the  machine.  In  general  the  temperature  in  the  evaporator  is  from  120°  to  140°  at 
the  start,  increasing  to  from  160°  to  180°  and  decreasing  when  the  prunes  are  taken  out.  Too 
much  heat  at  first  causes  the  cells  of  the  fruit  to  burst,  thereby  producing  drip  and  discoloration. 
Important  factors  in  evaporating  in  machines  are  the  circulation  of  air,  convenience,  cost  of  fuel 
and  power.  The  time  required  for  curing  ranges  from  twelve  hours  for  a  small  plum  to  forty-eight 
hours  for  a  large,  juicy  one.  If  not  cured  enough  fermentation  and  molding  result;  if  cured  too 
much  the  weight  is  lessened,  the  quality  is  injured,  the  prune  is  harsh  and  coarse  and  has  a  dried 
up  appearance. 

When  sufficiently  dried  the  prunes  are  put  in  bins  or  piles  to  sweat,  a  process  taking  from  one 
to  three  weeks,  after  which  they  are  graded,  processed  and  packed.  In  grading,  the  prunes  are 
separated  into  sizes  indicating  the  number  of  prunes  required  to  make  a  pound,  as  30*3  to  4o's,  4o's 
to  50*3  and  so  on  to  the  smallest  size,  izo's  to  i3o's.  The  processing  is  done  by  dipping  the 
prunes  in  boiling  water  and  glycerine  or  by  steaming  or  by  using  some  special  preparation  in 
the  final  dipping  or  by  rattling  in  a  revolving  cylinder.  Processing  is  reputable  if  it  adds  beauty 
to  the  color,  or  kills  insects'  eggs  or  sterilizes  the  prunes.  It  is  disreputable  when  the  aim  is  to  add 
to  the  weight.  The  best  prunes  are  packed  in  boxes,  in  which  process  lining  with  paper,  filling 


126  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

One  of  the  commonest  and  most  striking  of  the  diseases  of  the  plum  is 
black -knot1  (Plowrightia  morbosa  (Schw.)  Saccardo)  characterized  by  wart- 
like  excrescences  on  shoots  and  branches.  In  early  summer  these  knots  are 
dark  green,  soft  and  velvety,  but  as  the  fungus  ripens  in  the  fall  the  color 
changes  to  a  carbon-like  black  and  the  knots  become  hard  and  brittle. 
The  disease  is  usually  confined  to  one  side  of  the  twig  or  branch  so  that 
death  of  the  affected  part  does  not  ensue  at  once.  Black -knot  is  an 
American  malady,  at  one  time  confined  to  the  eastern  part  of  the  continent 
where  in  some  localities  its  ravages  forced  the  abandonment  of  plum- 
growing.  The  fungus  is  now  endemic  to  wild  or  cultivated  plants  in  prac- 
tically all  the  plum-growing  regions  of  the  continent,  but  it  is  still  epidemic 
only  in  the  East,  the  South  and  West  being  practically  free  from  the  dis- 
ease. Unless  especially  virulent  black-knot  is  controlled  by  cutting  out 
the  diseased  wood.  Usually  eradication  is  not  possible  without  several 
prunings  during  a  season. 

Much  has  been  made  of  the  supposed  immunity  of  some  varieties 
of  plums  to  black -knot.  In  the  vicinity  of  this  Station,  where  the  disease 
is  always  present  and  often  rampant,  the  differences  in  immunity  are  not 
very  marked  in  varieties  of  the  same  species.  The  Trifloras  are  less  at- 

facing,  pressing  and  labeling  are  important  details.  A  well  cured  prune  is  soft  and  spongy,  the 
pit  is  loose  but  does  not  rattle,  the  skin  is  bright,  the  product  is  free  from  drippings  or  exudation, 
the  flesh  is  meaty,  elastic,  and  of  a  bright,  lively  color. 

The  custom  has  been  to  bleach  light  colored  prunes  with  sulphur  fumes.  This  process  injures 
the  quality  and  possibly  makes  the  product  somewhat  poisonous.  Sulphuring  is  now  regulated 
by  the  Federal  Pure  Food  Law. 

If  poorly  managed  or  if  the  plums  are  not  of  the  best,  several  difficulties  are  encountered  in 
curing  prunes.  Thus,  a  syrupy  liquid  sometimes  oozes  from  the  prunes,  besmearing  and  making 
unattractive  the  final  product.  Again,  the  finished  prunes  may  be  covered  with  globules  of  sugar, 
rendering  them  sticky  and  destroying  the  lustre.  Fruit  grown  on  poor  soils,  on  unhealthy  trees 
or  picked  green  may  cure  into  small  prunes  of  an  abnormal  shape  called  "  Frogs  "  or  they  may 
ferment  and  swell  up  in  large  soft  prunes  called  "  Bloaters." 

The  plum  chiefly  used  in  California  in  making  prunes  is  the  Agen,  usually  called  Petite,  a  prune 
curing  into  a  bright  amber-colored  product.  This  plum  is  easily  cured,  and  the  prune  from  it  needs 
little  sugar  in  cooking.  In  the  states  north  of  California  the  Italian  Prune  is  the  favorite,  produc- 
ing a  dark  red,  almost  black  product,  more  tart  but  on  the  whole  rather  better  flavored  than  the 
prune  from  the  preceding  variety.  Other  varieties  more  or  less  used  are  Golden  Drop,  the  pro- 
duct from  which  is  known  as  the  Silver  Prune;  Reine  Claude,  which  makes  a  fancy  product  often 
used  as  a  confection;  Yellow  Egg,  which  sells  as  the  Silver  Prune  when  evaporated;  the  German 
Prune,  making  a  product  much  like  the  Italian  Prune;  "Hungarian  Prune,"  from  a  very  large  plum 
and  making  a  fancy  product  but  very  difficult  to  cure;  the  Tragedy  Prune,  an  early  plum  of  the 
Italian  type;  Golden  Prune,  much  like  the  Silver  and  possibly  better;  and  the  Champion,  Willam- 
ette, Pacific,  Tennant,  Steptoe  and  Dosch,  all  of  the  Italian  type. 

•Farlow,  W.  G.  The  Black  Knot,  Bulletin  Bussey  Institution  440-453.  1876.  Halsted,  B.  D. 
Destroy  the  Black  Knot,  etc.  N.  J.  Sta.  Bui.  78:1-14.  1891. 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  127 

tacked,  however,  than  any  other  group  of  plums,  and  the  Insititias  rank 
next  in  immunity.  No  variety  of  the  Domesticas  has  yet  proved  to  be  free 
from  the  disease  but  strong  claims  are  made  that  Middleburg  and  Palatine 
are  relatively  free. 

Next  in  order  of  seriousness  among  the  diseases  which  attack  culti- 
vated plums  is  the  brown -rot '  (Sclerotinia  fructigena  (Persoon)  Schroeter) 
known  also  very  commonly  as  the  ripe-rot  and  sometimes  as  peach-blight. 
The  disease  is  most  conspicuous  on  the  ripe  fruits  of  the  various  drupes 
and  is  popularly  supposed  to  be  confined  to  the  fruits  alone.  Such  is  not 
the  case,  for  it  also  attacks,  and  very  vigorously  oftentimes,  the  flowers  and 
shoots.  The  presence  of  the  disease  on  the  fruits  is  known  by  a  dark 
discoloration  of  the  skin  which  is  afterward  partly  or  wholly  covered  by 
pustule-like  aggregations  of  grayish  spores.  The  decayed  fruits  may  fall 
to  the  ground,  or  as  is  more  usual  in  the  case  of  plums,  they  hang  to  the 
tree  and  as  the  juice  evaporates  become  shriveled  mummies,  each  mummy 
being  a  storehouse  of  the  fungus  from  which  infection  spreads  the  following 
season.  The  twigs,  flowers  and  leaves  are  known  to  be  suffering  from 
inroads  of  the  parasite  when  they  are  blackened  as  if  nipped  by  frost. 
In  warm,  damp  weather  the  rot  spreads  with  great  rapidity  and  fruits  touch- 
ing in  clusters  or  in  boxes  stored  for  shipping  are  well  placed  to  spread 
the  epidemic.  Destruction  of  the  mummy -like  fruits  and  all  other  sources 
of  infection,  and  spraying  with  bordeaux  mixture  are  now  practiced  as 
preventives,  but  so  far  as  the  crop  is  concerned  with  but  indifferent  success. 
A  better  remedy  than  we  now  have  is  eagerly  looked  for  by  growers  of 
fruits. 

The  hosts  of  this  fungus  show  varying  degrees  of  susceptibility  to  it, 
the  peach  and  the  sweet  cherries  being  more  subject  to  it  than  plums. 
Similarly,  among  plums  some  species  and  varieties  are  more  susceptible 
than  others.  Thus  the  Trifloras  and  Americanas,  the  latter  especially 
in  the  South,  are  injured  more  by  the  brown-rot  than  other  species.  The 
idiosyncrasies  of  varieties  in  this  regard  are  best  shown  in  the  discussions 
of  the  individual  sorts. 

Several  interesting  and  sometimes  destructive  diseases  of  plums  are 
caused  by  various  species  of  the  fungal  genus  Exoascus. '  The  most  common 
of  these,  and  the  most  striking  and  destructive,  is  plum-pockets  (Exoascus 

'Smith,  E.  F.  Peach  Rot  and  Peach  Blight  Journ.  Myc.  5:123-134.     1889.      Quaintance,  A. 
L.  The  Brown  Rot,  etc.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  50:237-269,  figs.  1-9.     1900. 

1  Atkinson,  G.  F.  Leaf  Curl  and  Plum  Pockets  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  73:319-355,  Pis.  1-20.    1894. 


128  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

pruni  Fuckel),  which  causes  prominent  deformities  of  the  fruit.  These 
give  the  disease  the  common  name  or  less  frequently  "  bladders  " 
and  "  curl."  The  fungus  attacks  the  developing  fruits  at  an  early  stage 
of  their  growth  and  causes  the  production  of  a  spongy  mass  in  the  fleshy 
tissue  which  greatly  enlarges  and  distorts  the  plum.  The  stone  in  a  dis- 
eased plum  is  but  rudimentary  or  very  often  not  at  all  developed.  Less 
prominently  but  quite  as  frequently,  the  leaves  are  attacked,  showing 
as  they  unfold  more  or  less  red  or  yellow  with  a  very  decided  curling  and 
arching  of  the  leaf -blade.  The  disease  usually  spreads  from  the  leaves 
to  the  shoots,  the  infected  shoots  with  their  rosettes  of  mal-formed  leaves 
giving  the  tree  a  most  unsightly  appearance.  Prevention  at  present  con- 
sists of  removing  the  diseased  parts  and  spraying  with  bordeaux  mixture 
when  the  buds  begin  to  swell.  Munsoniana  and  Hortulana  plums  seem  to 
be  most  susceptible  to  this  disease.  Atkinson '  has  described  several 
species  of  Exoascus  on  the  different  species  of  wild  plums,  some  of  which 
are  liable  to  be  found  on  the  cultivated  varieties  of  the  native  plums.  They 
are  all  very  similar  to  Exoascus  pruni,  differing  chiefly,  in  the  eyes  of  the 
layman,  in  forming  smaller  pockets.  Sturgis2  records  an  attack  of  one  of 
the  leaf-curl  fungi,  distinct  from  the  plum-pockets  fungus,  on  varieties 
of  Triflora  in  Connecticut,  which  seemed  to  him  to  be  of  scientific  and 
economic  importance. 

The  leaves  of  the  different  species  of  cultivated  plums  are  attacked 
by  several  fungi  which  produce  diseased  spots  on  the  foliage,  which  for 
most  part  drop  out,  causing  a  shot -hole  effect.  These  diseases  pass  under 
such  descriptive  names  as  "  shot -hole  fungus,"  "  leaf-spot,'*  and  "  leaf- 
blight."  The  fungus  probably  responsible  for  most  of  this  trouble  is  best 
known  as  the  shot  -hole  fungus3  (Cylindrosporium  padi  Karsten).  The 
Domestica  and  Triflora  varieties  are  very  susceptible  to  this  fungus,  which, 
on  the  foliage  of  the  first,  causes  spots  for  most  part,  while  on  the  latter 
the  spots  on  the  leaves  are  nearly  always  followed  by  holes.  Varieties  of 
the  native  species,  especially  those  of  Americana  and  Nigra,  are  relatively 
free  from  this  disease.  Another  of  these  shot-hole  fungi  is  Cercospora 
circumscissa  Saccardo4  much  less  common  than  the  former,  but  still  to  be 
considered  and  especially  on  the  foliage  of  Americana.  All  of  these  dis- 

1  Ibid. 

1  Sturgis,  W.  C.  A  Leaf  Curl  of  the  Plum  Conn.  Sta.  Rpt.  19:183,  PI.  2.    1895. 
3  Arthur,  J.  C.  Plum  Leaf  Fungus  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  5:276-281,  Pis.  6-10.    1887. 
'  Duggar,  B.  M.  Fungous  Diseases  of  Plants  314,  figs.  147,  148.    1909.      Pierce,  N.  B.  A  Disease 
of  Almond  Trees  Jour.  Myc.  7:66-67,  Pis.  11-14.    1892. 


THE    PLUMS   OF    NEW   YORK.  1 29 

eases  of  the  foliage  are  prevented  to  some  degree  by  the  proper  use  of 
bordeaux  mixture,  which,  on  the  Triflora  plums  at  least,  must  be  used  with 
great  care  to  avoid  injury.  Cultivation  has  a  salutary  effect  as  it  destroys 
the  diseased  leaves  which  harbor  the  fungi. 

Another  disease  of  plum  foliage,  occurring  rarely  on  the  fruit,  is  the 
plum-leaf  rust  '  (Puccinia  pruni-spinosae  Persoon)  which  produces  so 
considerable  a  number  of  spore  cases  on  the  underside  of  the  leaves  as 
to  give  the  foliage  a  brownish  cast  and  to  cause  defoliation  in  severe  infec- 
tions. The  fungus  is  most  apparent  in  the  fall  and  most  troublesome  in 
warm,  mois*  climates.  Bordeaux  is  used  as  a  preventive. 

Stewart  and  Rolfs  have  shown  that  trunks  and  branches  of  plums 
affected  by  sunscald  in  New  York  are  almost  invariably  infested  by  a 
fungus  '  (Valsa  leucostoma  Persoon)  which  in  the  Old  World  is  known 
as  the  "  die  back  "  of  the  peach.  The  disease  manifests  itself  on  plums 
chiefly  by  affected  areas  much  depressed  at  the  boundary  between  the 
living  and  the  dead  bark,  these  areas  usually,  not  always,  having  connec- 
tion with  sunscald  injuries  on  the  trunk.  The  disease  is  accompanied  by 
more  or  less  gumming. 

In  common  with  nearly  all  rosaceous  plants,  in  nearly  all  countries, 
the  plum  is  sometimes  seriously  injured  by  the  powdery  mildew  '  (Podo- 
spfiaera  oxyacantliae  DeBary).  The  affected  leaves  have  a  grayish  appear- 
ance caused  by  the  parts  of  the  fungus  which  project  beyond  the  leaf 
tissue ;  when  badly  diseased  the  leaves  are  more  or  less  arched  and  curled. 
Mildew  is  seldom  prevalent  enough  on  plums  to  require  treatment. 

The  crown  gall,4  (Bacterium  tutnefaciens  Smith  and  Townsend) 
is  a  parasite  on  all  of  the  fruits  of  the  order  Rosaceae  and  is  especially 
common  on  nursery  stock,  attacking  plums  in  many  soils  but  rarely,  how- 
ever, to  the  great  injury  of  the  plant.  These  galls  are  perennial  structures 
of  very  varying  duration.  They  are  to  be  found  on  the  loots,  usually 
at  the  collar  of  the  plant,  and  vary  from  the  size  of  a  pea  to  that  of  a  man's 
fist,  forming  at  maturity,  rough,  knotty,  dark -colored  masses.  Means  of 

'Scribner,  F.  L.  Leaf  Rust  of  the  Cherry,  etc.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Rft.  353-335.  PI.  3-  1887. 
Hedrick,  U.  P.  Prune  Rust  Oreg.  Sta.  Bui.  45:67.  1897. 

'Stewart,  F.  C.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  Bui.  191:323-324.  1900.  Rolfs,  F.  M.  Die  Back  of  Peach  Trees 
Science  26:87.  I9°7- 

1  Duggar,  B.  M.  Fungous  Diseases  of  Plants  226.    1909. 

4  Smith,  E.  F.  and  Townsend,  C.  O.  A  Plant  Tumor  of  Bacterial  Origin  Science  35:671-673. 
1907.  Tourney,  J.  W.  Cause  and  Nature  of  Crown  Gall  Ariz.  Sta.  Bui.  33:1-64,  figs.  1-31. 
1900.  Hedgcock.G.C.  Crown  Gall.etc.  U.S.  Deft.  Agr.  Bur.  PI.  Ind.Bul.  90:15-17,  Pis.  3-5.  1906. 


:  ;r  THE  PLUMS  OP  XKW  YORK. 

prevention  or  core  are  not  established  though  all  agree  that  sofls  may  be 
inoculated  with  the  disease  from  infected  stock;  hence  the  nM^sfty  of 
discarding  diseased  trees  at  transplanting  time. 

Smith  found  in  Michigan  and  Clinton  in  C"""**AkTil  a  disease  of  the 
fruit  called  bacterial  black  spot1  (Pstmdomtmas  fnuu  Smith)  of  the  same 
generic  origin  as  the  crown  gall  but  widely  different  in  nature.  The  writ- 
ers and  the  growers  who  found  the  infected  fruit,  saw  the  disease  only  on 
the  Ttiflora  plums.,  It  attains  the  giuui  fruits  which  show  conspicuous, 
black-purple,  sunken  spots  sometimes  as  large  as  half  an  inch  in  diameter. 
The  injuries  are  usually  isolated  and  quite  superficial  but  nevertheless, 
spoil  the  fruit. 

The  phnn  in  *-rm*nrm*  with  other  stone-fruits  often  suffers  from  an 
excessive  flow  of  gum,  for  which  trouble  the  name  gnmmosis*  is  now 
generally  applied.  The  disease  is  to  be  found  wherever  plums  are  giuwu 
but  it  is  much  more  destructive  on  the  Pacific  than  on  the  Atlantic  sea- 
board. So  far  as  is  now  known,  gnmnxxas  is  secondary  to  injuries  caused 
by  fungi,  bacteria,  insects,  frost,  sunscald.  and  mechanical  agencies.  The 
disease  is  least  common  in  species  and  varieties  having  hardwood;  on 
UULI>  on  sofls  favoring  the  maluiii^  of  wood;  under  conditions  where 
son  and  frost  are  not  injurious;  and.  obviously,  in  orchards  where  by 
good  care  the  primary  cantsts  of  gumming  are  ktjA  out.  Stewart*  has 
recorded  an  interesting  case  of  gum-pockets  in  the  fruit,  but  could  assign 


injuries  uofu.  the  5*1**),  fiosA  and  hail  are  1  rrnihln 
which  nearly  aH  plum-growers  must  contend  at  one  time  or  another.    La 

..•«-  -    ft     -      _  f*m  ____  »-  :     —  __  :      _  1     .,,.  ** 

me  mvevne  \jauoe  ano.  innora  iii"iii^^  suner 


bat  none  are  wholly  immune,  M1*1!*^1  Tximlaiid  is  possibly  most  so.  These 
injuries  from  the  dements  of  weather  are  often  mistaken  for  diseases. 
and  are  so  often  foubwed  by  fungal  parasites  and  insects  as  to  make  it 
difficult  to  ilfflinjMHfili  the  primary  from  the  secondary  trouble.  Low- 
heading  of  the  trees  is  the  best  preventive  of  these  trunk  injuries. 

Prams  are  somewhat  subject  to  attacks  of  the  well-known  peach 
scab  •  (Cladosporimm  tarfofkHmm  Thumen).  The  scab  appears  in  numer- 
ous, small,  sooty,  circular  spots  of  Uomuisib  color,  often  confined  to  one 


THE    PLUMS   OF   NEW    YORK.  131  ' 

side  of  a  fruit  but  in  other  cases  distributed  over  the  whole  surface.  None 
of  the  cultivated  species  are  free  from  the  disease  but  the  Munsoniana, 
and  Hortulana  varieties  are  most  susceptible  to  it.  Pear  blight,1 
(Bacillus  amyiovonts  (Burrill)  DeToni)  commonly  thought  of  as  a 
disease  of  the  pear  and  apple  has  been  found  on  various  plums,  and  the 
yellows  of  the  peach,  cause  unknown,  is  often  quite  destructive  to  Tri- 
flora  plums.  According  to  Smith  the  peach  rosette,1  cause  unknown, 
attacks  both  wild  and  cultivated  plums  in  the  South  and  is  quickly  fatal. 
The  disease  was  prevalent  on  the  wild  Angustifolias,  on  two  varieties  of 
Triflora,  Kelsey  and  Botan,  but  the  observer  had  not  seen  rosette  on 
varieties  of  Domestica. 

Waugh  describes  a  trouble  which  he  calls  "  flyspeck  fungus  "  *  found 
on  fruits  sent  from  the  Southern  States,  in  which  small  areas  are  thickly 
dotted  with  black  spots;  also  a  fruit -spot  on  plums  from  Texas  caused, 
as  he  states,  by  an  undetermined  Phoma.4  Stames  of  Georgia  describes 
a  malady  of  the  Triflora  plums  called  "  wilt,"  *  cause  unknown,  which 
he  states  is  the  most  serious  obstacle  to  the  culture  of  this  plum  in  the 
South.  In  this  peculiar  disease  the  foliage  passes  directly  from  a  green, 
healthy  state  into  a  wilted  and  then  parched  condition,  the  death  warrant 
being  signed  when  a  tree  is  once  affected.  In  Oregon  and  Washington 
the  Italian  Prune  is  subject  to  a  leaf -curl  •  which  begins  in  mid-summer 
and  curls  the  leaves  conduplicately  without  withering  but  shriveling  some- 
what. As  the  season  advances  the  leaves  turn  yellow  and  many  of  them 
drop.  Neither  cause  nor  cure  is  known.  Smith  described  a  plum-blight  * 
of  native  plums  in  Georgia  which  "  destroys  large  branches  or  even  whole 
trees  in  mid-summer  in  the  course  of  a  few  weeks." 

INSECTS. 

Cultivated  plums  furnish  food  for  a  great  number  of  insects.  Many 
of  the  destructive  insect  pests  of  the  several  cultivated  species  of  Prunus 
are  known  to  have  come  from  the  wild  plants  of  the  genus,  but  others, 
and  possibly  the  majority,  come  from  over  the  seas.  Xo  less  than  forty 

1  Jones,  L.  R.  Studies  upon  Ptam  Blight  Vt.  Ex.  Sta.  Rf*.  15:131-939.    1901. 
'Smith.  E.  F.  The  Peach  Rosette  Jour.  3tyc.  6:144-    1891. 
•Wangh,  P.  A.  Phtm  Ct*.  329.    1901. 
•Ibid. 

*  Stames,  H.  X.  Japan  and  Hybrid  Plums  Go.  Sta.  BuL  68:12-24.    1905. 

•  Red  nek.  U.  P.  Corf-leaf  of  the  ItaKan  Prune  Ong.  Sta.  BuL  45:72-74.    1897. 
'  Smith,  E.  F.  Field  Notes  /Mr.  3lyc.  6:108.    1891. 


132  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

species  of  insects  may  be  enumerated  as  pests  of  the  plum  and  many  more 
can  be  counted  as  occasional  parasites  on  one  or  another  of  the  species. 
Of  the  formidable  pests  the  plum  curculio  is  probably  the  most  troublesome. 
The  plum  curculio  '  (Conotrachelus  nenuphar  Herbst)  is  a  rough,  grayish 
snout -beetle  somewhat  less  than  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  length,  an  insect 
so  familiar  to  fruit-growers  as  hardly  to  need  a  description.  The  female 
beetle  pierces  the  skin  of  the  young  plums  and  places  an  egg  in  the  puncture. 
About  this  cavity  she  gouges  out  a  crescent -shaped  trench,  the  puncture 
and  trench  making  the  "  star  and  crescent  "  of  the  Ottoman  Empire,  hence 
the  common  name  of  the  beetle,  "  The  Little  Turk."  The  egg-laying 
process  may  be  repeated  in  a  number  of  fruits  and  from  each  egg  a  larva 
hatches  within  a  week  and  burrows  to  the  stone,  making  a  wormy  fruit. 
Most  of  the  infested  plums  drop.  In  years  past  plum-growers  relied  upon 
jarring  the  beetles  from  the  trees  in  the  early  morning,  but  the  treatment 
was  too  expensive,  and  poisoning  with  an  arsenate  is  now  the  chief  means 
of  combating  the  pest.  Rubbish  and  vegetation  offer  hiding  places  for 
the  insects  and  hence  cultivated  orchards  are  more  free  from  curculio.  Thin 
skinned  varieties  are  damaged  most  by  the  insect  but  there  are  no  "  cur- 
culio-proof  "  plums. 

A  larger  snout -beetle  than  the  curculio,  the  plum  gouge  r  '  (Anthon- 
omus  scutellaris  LeConte),  occasionally  does  much  damage  to  plums. 
The  work  of  the  gouger  may  be  told  from  that  of  the  curculio  by  the 
absence  of  the  crescent  cut  about  the  puncture  made  for  the  egg,  and 
from  the  fact  that  the  larva?  of  this  pest  chiefly  infest  the  stone  and  those 
of  the  other  insect  the  flesh  of  the  plum.  The  remedies  are  the  same 
for  the  two  insects  though  the  gouger  is  more  easily  destroyed. 

Among  the  several  borers  which  are  more  or  less  destructive  to  species 
of  Rosaceae  only  the  peach  borer 3  (Sanninoidea  exitiosa  Say.)  may  be 
counted  as  a  troublesome  pest  of  the  plum.  The  larvae  of  this  insect  are 
frequently  to  be  found  in  both  wild  and  cultivated  plum  trees  and  must 
be  combated  in  nearly  all  plum  orchards  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
The  prevention  of  the  work  of  the  borer  is  best  accomplished  by  thorough 
cultivation,  the  use  of  coverings  of  tar  and  poisonous  washes  and  mounding 
the  trees.  Destruction  is  effectively  carried  out  only  by  digging  out  the 
borer  with  knife  or  wire.  The  lesser  peach  borer  *  (Sesia  pictipes  Grote 

1  Riley,  C.  V.  An.  Rpt.  State  Entomol.  Mo.  1:50-56.     1869;    3:11-29.    1871. 
'Ibid.     3:39-42.    1871. 

3  Beutenmfiller,  W.  Sesiidae  of  America,  eta.  266-271.    1901. 

4  Ibid.     291-292.     1901. 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  133 

&  Robinson)  attacks  the  plum  and  in  New  York  has  been  found  particu- 
larly injurious  to  the  Wickson  plums.  The  flat -headed  apple  tree  borer  l 
(Chrysobothris  femorata  Fabricius)  is  frequently  found  in  the  wood  of 
wild  plums  and  is  sometimes  a  pest  of  the  several  cultivated  species.  It 
is  treated  as  is  the  peach  borer.  The  shot -hole  borer  '  (Eccoptogaster  rugu- 
losus  Ratzeburg)  a  diminutive  insect  which  deposits  its  eggs  in  the  trunks  or 
large  branches  of  various  members  of  the  genus  Prunus,  may  be  regarded 
as  an  effect  rather  than  a  cause  of  disease,  for  it  seldom  injures  perfectly 
healthy  plum  trees.  The  peach  bark-beetle '  (Phlceotribus  liminaris 
Harris)  is  somewhat  similar  in  its  work  to  the  shot -hole  borer  and  like 
it  is  found  for  most  part  only  in  diseased  and  decrepit  trees. 

The  plum  aphis  *  (Aphis  prunifolii  Fitch)  is  sometimes  very  destruc- 
tive to  varieties  of  the  native  plums,  especially  the  Americanas,  and  occa- 
sionally injures  or  even  kills  the  young  trees  of  the  Domestica  sorts.  It 
is  not  a  formidable  foe  in  New  York,  and  it  is  the  exception  when  trees 
must  be  treated  for  it,  the  treatment  being  any  of  the  contact  solutions 
used  against  sucking  insects.  The  cherry  aphis  '  (Myzus  cerasi  Linnaeus) 
and  the  green  peach  aphis  '  (My::.us  persicce  Sulzer)  are  much  less  common 
than  the  plum  aphis  on  plum  trees,  but  are  sometimes  abundant  on  foliage 
of  this  fruit  and  are  combated  in  the  same  way  as  the  more  common  aphis. 
Gillette  enumerates  two  other  aphids  as  attacking  the  plum  in  Colorado — 
the  rusty  brown  plum  louse  '  (Aphis  setaria  Thomas)  and  the  mealy 
plum  louse  '  (Hyalopterus  arundinis  Fabricius). 

Several  scale  insects  infest  the  plum.  Chief  of  these  is  the  dreaded 
San  Jose  scale  '  (Aspidiotus  perniciosus  Comstock)  known  and  feared 
by  all  fruit-growers  in  the  United  States.  The  lime  and  sulphur  solution 
is  now  the  most  common  and  probably  the  most  effective  spray  for  this 
insect.  The  European  fruit  lecanium  '"  (Lecanium  corni  Bouche)  occa- 
sionally does  a  great  deal  of  damage  in  New  York  and  now  and  then  de- 
stroys the  whole  crop  in  an  orchard.  The  winter  treatment  for  San  Jose" 

1  Riley,  C.  V.  An.  Rpt.  Slate  Entomol.  Mo.  1:46-47.    1869. 

'Lowe,  V.  H.  AT.  Y.  Sta.  Bui.  180:122-128.    1900. 

'Wilson,  H.  P.  The  Peach-tree  Barkbeetle  U.  S.  D.  A.  Bur.  Ent.  Bui.  68:91-108.    1909. 

4  Hunter,  W.  D.  The  Aphidids  of  N.  A.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  60:103.    1901. 

'Ibid.  107,  108. 

*  Ibid.  108,  109. 

7  Gillette,  C.  P.  A  Few  Orchard  Plant  Lice  Col.  Sta.  Bui.  133:41-    1908. 

'Ibid:  39, 

9  Marlatt,  C.  L.  The  San  Jose  or  Chinese  Scale  U.  S.  D.  A.  Bur.  Ent.  Bui.  62:1-89.    1906. 

10  Lowe,  V.  H.  The  New  York  Plum  Lecanium  N.  Y.  Sta.  Bui.  136.583.    1897. 


134  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK 

scale  is  used  to  control  this  pest,  but  usually  such  treatment  is  supple- 
mented by  a  summer  spray  about  July  first  with  such  contact  sprays  as 
whale  oil  soap  and  kerosene  emulsion.  Of  the  other  scales  '  which  feed 
upon  plums  and  now  and  then  become  pestiferous  the  following  may  be 
named:  The  fruit  pulvinaria  (Pulvinaria  amygdali  Cockerell),  the  mealy 
bug  (Pseudococcus  longispinus  Targioni),  the  scurfy  scale  (Chionaspis 
furfur  a  Fitch),  the  West  Indian  peach  scale  (A  ulacaspis  pentagona  Targioni), 
the  Putnam  scale  (Aspidiotus  ancylus  Putnam),  the  cherry  scale  (Aspid- 
iotus  forbesi  Johnson),  the  walnut  scale  (Aspidiotus  juglans-regia  Corn- 
stock)  ,  Howard's  scale  (Aspidiotus  howardii  Cockerell) ,  the  European 
fruit  scale  (Aspidiotus  ostreczformis  Curtis),  the  red  scale  of  California 
(Chrysomphalus  aurantii  Maskell),  the  oyster-shell  scale  (Lepidosaphes 
ulmi  Linnaeus),  and  the  soft  scale  (Coccus  hesperidum  Linnaeus). 

Wild  plums  of  several  species  seem  to  be  favorite  feeding  grounds 
for  the  tent  caterpillar  *  (Malacosoma  americana  Fabricius),  but  culti- 
vated plums  are  not  so  often  attacked ;  the  spraying  with  arsenites  usually 
given  for  the  curculio  is  fatal  to  this  pest  as  well.  The  spring  canker- 
worm  '  (Paleacrita  vernata  Peck)  and  the  fall  canker-worm  4  (Alsophila 
pometaria  Harris)  are  other  caterpillars  which  often  do  much  damage 
unless  checked  by  destructive  measures,  of  which  the  best  are  the  arsenical 
sprays.  The  larvae  of  a  considerable  number  of  other  moths  and  butter- 
flies are  often  found  on  plum  foliage  but  seldom  in  such  numbers  as  to 
require  systematic  destruction. 

The  eye-spotted  bud-moth '  (Tmetocera  ocellana  Schiffermuller)  is 
a  rather  serious  pest  in  plum  nurseries  where  the  larvae  eat  into  the  young 
buds  at  the  time  they  are  opening,  often  destroying  the  shoots.  Some- 
times the  larvae  are  found  destroying  buds  on  old  trees.  The  arsenical 
sprays  are  used  to  destroy  this  pest.  The  peach  twig-moth  (Anarsia 
lineatella  Zeller)  is  now  and  then  found  in  plum  twigs  but  is  seldom  classed 
as  a  plum  pest. 

The  clover  mite  '  (Bryobia  pratensis  Garman)  formerly  considered 
a  serious  pest  of  the  plum  only  in  the  far  West,  is  now  abundant  in  plum. 

1  For  references  to  these  scales  see    Fernald,    Mrs.     M.     E.    Coccidae    of    the    World    Mass, 
Sta.  Bui  88:1-360.    1903. 

*  Lowe,  V.  H.  The  Apple-tree  Tent  Caterpillar  TV.  Y.  Sta.  Bui.  152:279-293.  1898. 

'  Riley,  C.  V.  An.  Rpt.  State  Entom.  Mo.  2:94-103.    1870. 

4  Ibid.  7:83-90.    1875. 

6  Saunders,  W.  Insects  Injurious  to  Fruits  95,  96.    1883. 

•Riley,  C.  V.  and  Marlatt,  C.  L.  The  Clover  Mite  Insect  Life  3:45-53-     1890. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  135 

orchards  in  New  York.  It  can  be  controlled  by  applications  of  lime  and 
sulphur.  The  bumble-flower  beetle '  (Euphoria  inda  Linnaeus)  is 
reported  by  Goff  to  be  occasionally  very  injurious  to  plums  in  Wisconsin. 
Remedies  seem  not  to  have  been  tried.  The  larvae  of  the  cherry  slug ' 
(Selandria  cerasi  Peck)  is  not  infrequently  found  doing  damage  to  plum 
foliage  and  occasionally  the  larvae  of  one  or  two  other  saw-flies  feed  on 
the  plum.  These  are  all  overcome  by  the  use  of  arsenical  sprays.  At 
least  one  of  the  curious  insects  know  as  "  case-bearers  "  attacks  the  plums. 
The  troublesome  one  is  the  pistol  case-bearer  *  (Coleophora  malivorella 
Riley),  which  is  not  often  a  pest  but  has  sometimes  done  considerable 
damage.  Attempts  to  check  this  insect  with  the  arsenical  sprays  have 
usually  proved  successful.  The  plum  tree  is  a  host '-plant  of  the  hop  aphis  4 
(Phorodon  humuli  Schrank).  So  much  does  this  insect  feed  on  the  plum 
that  the  destruction  of  plum  trees  in  the  vicinity  of  hop  fields  is  recom- 
mended to  hop-growers  by  Riley. 

1  Saunders,  W.  Insects  Injurious  to  Fruits  159.    1883. 

'Ibid.     150-153.    1883. 

•Lowe,  V.  H.  The  Pistol  Case-bearer  N.  Y.  Sta.  Bui.  122:221-232.    1897. 

4  Riley,  C.  V.  Insect  Life  1:133.    1889. 


136  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

CHAPTER  ED 

LEADING  VARIETIES  OF  PLUMS. 

ABUNDANCE 

Prunus  triflora 

i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  96.  1887.  2.  Am.  Card.  9:360.  1888.  3.  Ga.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  51,  54, 
53,  99.  1889.  4.  Bailey  Ann.  Hort.  103.  1889.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  106,  125.  1891.  6.  Am. 
Card.  13:700.  1892.  7.  Rural  N.  Y.  52:666.  1893.  8.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  62:19,  27,  32.  1894. 
9.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.  32:488.  1894.  10.  Rev.  Hon.  160.  1895.  n.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  118:52.  1893. 
12.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  106:41,  43,  44,  47,  48,  49.  1896.  13.  Va.  Sta.  Bui.  67:96.  1896.  14.  Cornell 
Sta.  Bui.  131:195.  1897.  15.  Ibid.  139:37,  38,  39,  40.  1897.  16.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  26.  1897. 

17.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  175:141,  142,  143.     1899.     18.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  132,  135.     1901.     19.  Mich. 
Sta.  Bui.  169:242,  248.     1899.     20.  Ont.  Fruit  Exp.  Sta.  Rpt.  15.     1902.     21.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:254, 
255.     1905.     22.  Texas  Nur.  Co.  Cat.  9.     1907.     23.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  68:7,  28.     1905. 

Abundance  7.     Babcock  (?)  15,  17.     Babcock  12,  16,  18.     Botan  i,  2,  3,  5,  6,  10.     Botan  12,  16, 

18.  Botankio  12.     Botankio  3.      Burbank  No.  2.     n,  12.     Chase  12.     Chase  14,  15,  17.     Douglas 
9,  15,  18.     Douglas  17.     Hattankio  8,  15.     Hattonkin  12.     Hytankayo  8,  9.     Munson  8.     Munson 
9,  18.     Oriole  22.     Sweet  Botan  7.     Sweet  Botan  15.     Yellow  Fleshed  Botan  3,  6,  8,  17,  23.    Yellow 
Fleshed  Botan  5.     Yellow  Japan  12.     Yellow  Japan  8,   14. 

Though  Abundance  has  been  in  America  only  a  quarter  of  a  century, 
it  is  now  about  as  well  known  as  any  other  plum,  being  probably  the 
best  known  of  the  Triflora  plums.  The  two  chief  assets  which  have  given 
the  variety  its  great  popularity  so  quickly  are  adaptability  to  a  wide 
diversity  of  soils  and  climates  and,  as  its  name  implies,  abundance  of  fruit, 
for  it  bears  not  only  heavily  but  yearly.  As  a  market  plum  Abundance 
has  been  overplanted  since  it  ships  and  keeps  poorly,  is  much  subject  to 
brown -rot,  matures  unevenly  and  drops  rather  too  readily  as  it  ripens. 
Whether  for  market  or  home  use,  the  fruit  of  this  variety  should  be  picked 
before  it  is  quite  ripe  as  it  develops  in  flavor  best  when  so  picked  and  the 
dropping  and  rot  are  thus  avoided  to  some  extent.  It  is  an  exceedingly 
variable  plum  and  undoubtedly  several  well  marked  strains  could  be  se- 
lected, some  of  which  are  not  as  hardy  or  otherwise  as  valuable  as  others. 
While  Abundance  has  passed  the  heyday  of  its  popularity  it  is  still  one  of 
the  most  desirable  of  the  Triflora  plums. 

This  variety  was  imported  from  Japan  by  Luther  Burbank  in  1884, 
and  was  introduced  by  John  T.  Lovett,  Little  Silver,  New  Jersey,  under 
the  name  Abundance,  in  1888.  A  large  number  of  Japanese  plums  that 
have  since  been  introduced  have  proved  to  be  either  identical  or  so  nearly 
like  the  Abundance  that  much  confusion  has  arisen.  Abundance  was 
first  known  as  Botan,  but  that  name  was  dropped  as  it  refers  to  a  group 


ABUNDANCE 


THE    PLUMS   OF    NEW    YORK.  137 

of  plums  in  Japan  rather  than  to  a  variety.  Babcock,  which  is  said  to  have 
been  imported  by  Burbank  in  1885  and  named  for  Colonel  E.  F.  Babcock, 
a  nurseryman  of  Little  Rock,  Arkansas,  has  been  described  by  Bailey 
as  indistinguishable  from  Abundance.  Botankio,  described  in  the  Georgia 
Horticultural  Society  Report  for  1889,  proved  to  be  the  Abundance  as 
tested  at  the  Cornell  Experiment  Station.  The  Chase  plum,  also  dissem- 
inated in  New  York  under  the  name  Yellow  Japan,  was  bought  by  the 
R.  G.  Chase  Company,  Geneva,  New  York,  for  the  Abundance,  but  as  it 
was  thought  to  blossom  and  fruit  later  than  that  variety,  it  was  dis- 
tributed as  a  new  plum;  in  1897  Bailey  considered  it  the  same  as  Chabot, 
but  in  1899  he  stated  that  it  and  Abundance  were  identical.  The  Douglas 
plum  is  also  identical.  Dr.  J.  T.  Whitaker  of  Tyler,  Texas,  imported  this 
variety  and  introduced  it  in  1886  under  the  name  of  Hytankayo.  Bailey, 
who  tested  Whitaker's  variety  from  trees  obtained  from  T.  V.  Munson, 
Denison,  Texas,  found  a  yellow-fruited  strain  and  to  distinguish  the  purple 
form  named  the  latter  Munson.1  As  this  name  had  been  applied  to  a 
native  plum,  R.  H.  Price,  of  the  Texas  Experiment  Station,  in  1894  re- 
named the  variety  calling  it  Douglas.2  There  have  been  two  types  of  this 
Douglas  plum  disseminated;  Bailey,  in  1899,  found  no  difference  between 
it  and  Abundance  except  that  the  Douglas  seemed  to  have  a  little  drier 
flesh;  others  testing  Douglas  found  it  to  be  identical  with  the  Chabot. 
Burbank  No.  2,  imported  by  Luther  Burbank  in  1885  and  introduced  by 
him  in  1889,  is  very  similar  if  not  identical  with  the  Abundance.  Oriole, 
recently  introduced  by  the  Texas  Nursery  Company,  Sherman,  Texas,  is  so 
nearlv  like  Abundance  as  to  be  unworthy  of  a  separate  name.  The 
American  Pomological  Society  added  Abundance  to  its  fruit  catalog  list 
in  1897. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  vasiform,  open-topped,  hardy  in  New  York,  very  productive, 
susceptible  to  attacks  of  shot-hole  fungus;  branches  rough,  dark  ash-gray,  inclined  to 
split  when  overloaded,  with  few,  slightly  raised  lenticels;  branchlets  slender,  short, 
with  short  internodes,  red  early  in  the  season  changing  to  dark  brown,  glossy, 
glabrous,  with  numerous,  inconspicuous,  small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  small,  short,  conical, 
plump,  free. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  narrow-obovate  or  oblanceolate,  peach-like,  one  and  three- 
eighths  inches  wide,  three  and  one-quarter  inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface  light 
green,  smooth,  glabrous,  with  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  pale  green,  pubescent 
on  the  midrib  and  larger  veins;  apex  taper-pointed,  base  cuneate,  margin  very  finely 


1  Cornell  Sta.   Bui.  62:27.     1894. 

2  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.  32:488.     1894. 


138  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

serrate,  with  small,  brownish  glands;  petiole  three-eighths  inch  long,  slightly  pubescent 
along  one  side,  reddish,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  five  small,  globose,  green  or 
reddish  glands  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  early;  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  medium  in  size;  borne 
in  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  in  pairs  or  in  threes;  pedicels  of  medium  length  and 
thickness,  slightly  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  obconic,  glabrous;  calyx- 
lobes  obtuse,  with  ciliate  margins,  glabrous,  erect;  petals  broadly  oval,  entire,  abruptly 
clawed;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  of  average  length;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the 
stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  early,  season  short;  one  and  three-eighths  inches  in  diameter,  roundish- 
ovate,  halves  nearly  equal,  slightly  compressed;  cavity  medium  in  depth  and  width, 
abrupt,  regular;  suture  shallow,  distinct;  apex  pointed;  color  pinkish-red  changing 
to  darker  red,  mottled,  with  thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  of  medium  size,  russet,  con- 
spicuous; stem  one-half  inch  long,  glabrous,  parting  easily  from  the  fruit;  skin  thin, 
tough,  bitterish,  separating  readily;  flesh  yellow,  very  juicy,  tender  and  melting,  sweet 
except  next  to  the  pit,  pleasantly  aromatic;  good;  stone  clinging,  three-quarters  inch 
by  one-half  inch  in  size,  oval,  somewhat  compressed,  pointed,  rough,  ridged  along  the 
ventral  suture;  dorsal  suture  grooved. 

AGEN 

Prunus  domestica 

I.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  3:38,  Tab.  189  fig.  i.  1796.  2.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  143,  147,  152,  153. 
1831.  3.  Prince  Pont.  Man.  2:75,  100.  1832.  4.  Poiteau  Porn.  Franc.  I.  1846.  5.  Downing  Fr. 
Trees  Am.  309.  1845.  6.  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.  30.  1854.  7.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  519.  1859. 
8.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  86.  1862.  9.  Oberdieck  Dent.  Obst.  Sort.  427.  1881.  10.  Hogg  Fruit  Man. 
683.  1884.  IT.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:81,  fig.  1866-73.  I2-  Cal.  State  Bd.  Hort.  291.  1885-86.  13. 
Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  343.  1887.  14.  Cal.  State  Bd.  Hort.  49,  50.  1887-88.  15.  Ibid.  233,  235, 
340.  1890.  16.  Ibid.  96,  105,  PI.  i.  1891.  17.  Guide  Prat.  160,  353.  1895.  18.  Oregon  Sta.  Bui. 
45:24.  1897.  19.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:191.  1897.  20.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Div.  Pom.  Bui.  7:313,  316. 
PI.  IV,  fig.4.  1898.  21.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:241,  242.  1899.  22.  Cal.  Fr.  Gr.  Con.  29.  1901, 
23.  Waugh  PlumCuli.  94,  95  fig.  1901.  24.  Baltet  Cult.  Fr.  495,  fig.  331,  506,  507,  fig.  336.  1908 
25.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  225.  1908.  26.  Cal.  Fr.  Grower  40:18,  19,  fig.  1909. 

Agen  22.  Agener  Kaiserzwetsche  17.  Agen  Date  3.  Agen  Datte  5,  10.  Agener  Pflaume  17. 
Agener  Pflaume  9.  Agen  Prune  21.  California  20.  California  16.  D'Agen  2,  10,  n,  17,  24. 
D'Agen  3,  3,  8,  13,  20.  D'Ast  13,  17.  Date  21.  Datte  17.  De  Brignole  17.  D'Ente  13,  17,  24. 
D'Ente  d'Agen  13.  Datte  Violette  i,  13,  17.  Die  Elaine  Dattelpflaume  17.  Die  Blaue  Dattelpflaume  i. 
Du  Roi  17.  French  20.  French  Prune  15,  18,  23,  23.  French  Prune  (?)  2,  12,  14,  13,  26.  Lot 
d'Ente  18.  Petite  20.  Petite  d'Agen  14,  20,  26.  Petite  Prune  18.  Petite  Prune  23.  Petite  Prune 
d'Agen  25.  Prune  d'Agen  5,  6,  7,  8,  15,  17,  19,  25.  Prune  d'Agen  14,  16,  18,  23.  Prune  de  Brig- 
nole (of  some)  5,  7,  17.  Prune  d'Ante  3.  Pruned'Ast  5,  7,  10,  n.  Pruned'Ente  7,  12,  18.  Prunier 
d'Agen  3.  Prunier  d'Agen  6.  Prune  d'Ente  22.  Prune  du  Roi  10.  Robe  de  Sergent  3,  3,  7,  S, 
n,  13,  17,  18.  Robe  de  Sargent  10,  12.  Roi  d'Agen  2.  Saint  Maurin  2,  4.  St.  Maurin  5,  7,  10,  17. 
Saint  Mauriniana  4.  Violette  Dattelzwetsche  17. 

Agen  is  the  plum  par  excellence  for  prune-making  in   France  and 
America.     Several  qualities  make  it  admirably  fit  for  curing  into  prunes. 


AGEN 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  139 

To  begin  with,  it  has  a  high  percentage  of  sugars  and  solids  so  that  the 
plum  cures  readily  into  a  firm,  sweet,  long-keeping  prune  which  in  cooking 
needs  comparatively  little  sugar;  again,  the  trees  bear  regularly,  abund- 
antly and  the  plums  are  uniform  in  size, — productiveness,  regular  bearing 
and  uniformity  of  size  of  fruit  being  necessary  attributes  of  a  good  prune- 
making  plum;  lastly,  it  hangs  well  on  the  tree  as  it  ripens  and  afterwards 
so  that  the  curing  really  begins  on  the  tree.  Besides  making  most  excellent 
prunes,  the  Agen  is  a  very  good  dessert  plum — one  of  the  best — and  ought 
to  be  in  every  home  orchard  and,  where  it  attains  sufficient  size,  in  every 
commercial  plantation.  Lack  of  size  is  the  defect  in  this  variety  which  has 
kept  it  from  being  more  largely  grown  outside  of  prune -making  regions. 
If  by  pruning,  thinning  and  other  cultural  treatment  the  size  of  the  plums 
could  be  increased,  the  Agen  should  prove  a  valuable  commercial  fruit 
in  New  York. 

The  name  of  this  variety  is  derived  from  Agen,  a  region  in  France 
where  it  is  extensively  grown.  Tradition  says  that  on  their  return  from 
the  Crusades,  the  Benedictine  monks  brought  with  them  from  Turkey  or 
Persia  what  was  then  known  as  the  Date  plum  and  planted  it  in  the  garden 
of  their  abbey  on  the  River  Lot,  in  the  vicinity  of  Bordeaux,  France,  and 
that  afterwards  this  became  the  Agen.  Its  first  recorded  importation  into 
the  United  States  was  made  in  1854  by  the  United  States  Patent  Office, 
though  it  was  described  by  Prince  as  early  as  1832.  The  most  important 
introduction  was  made,  however,  in  1856,  when  Louis  Pellier  of  San  Jose, 
California,  introduced  Agen  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  where  it  soon  became 
and  still  is  the  leading  plum,  though  with  curious  persistency  the  fruit- 
growers there  call  it  the  "  French  Prune  "and  the  "  Petite  Prune."  In 
1862  this  variety  was  added  to  the  fruit  catalog  list  of  the  American 
Pomological  Society.  There  are  many  strains  of  Agen  in  America,  due 
to  the  numerous  importations  of  grafts  from  various  parts  of  France,  where 
the  plum  orchards  are  frequently  grown  from  seedlings  or  from  sprouts; 
some  of  these  strains  are  worthy  of  varietal  recognition. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  upright-spreading,  dense-topped,  hardy,  very  productive; 
branches  ash-gray,  smooth,  with  numerous,  large,  raised  lenticels;  branchlets  slender, 
short,  with  short  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  dark  brownish-drab,  dull, pubes- 
cent, with  small  lenticels;  leaf-buds  of  medium  size  and  length,  conical,  free. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  obovate  or  oval,  one  and  three-quarters  inches  wide,  three 
and  one-quarter  inches  long,  velvety;  upper  surface  with  few  fine  hairs  and  a  narrow, 
grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  pale  green,  thickly  pubescent;  apex  abruptly  pointed, 


I4O  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

base  acute,  margin  doubly  serrate;  petiole  one  inch  long,  slender,  pubescent,  tinged 
red,  with  two  or  three  small,  globose,  greenish-brown  glands  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Season  of  bloom  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the 
leaves,  one  and  one-eighth  inches  across,  white;  borne  on  lateral  spurs,  singly  or  in 
pairs;  pedicels  five-eighths  inch  long,  thick,  glabrous  except  for  a  few  short  hairs, 
greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate,  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  obtuse,  somewhat 
pubescent  within,  with  glandular  margin,  reflexed;  petals  broadly  oval  or  obovate, 
entire,  tapering  to  short,  broad  claws;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  five-sixteenths 
inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  late,  season  short;  one  and  one-half  inches  by  one  and  one-eighth  inches 
in  size,  obovate,  the  base  necked,  halves  equal;  cavity  shallow,  narrow,  flaring;  suture 
very  shallow,  indistinct;  apex  roundish  or  flattened;  color  reddish  or  violet-purple, 
overspread  with  thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  brown,  obscure,  clustered  about 
the  apex  and  interspersed  between  russet  flecks;  stem  thick,  seven-eighths  inch  long, 
glabrous,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tough;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  tender, 
sweet,  aromatic;  very  good  to  best;  stone  semi-free  or  free,  seven-eighths  inch  by 
one-half  inch  in  size,  oval,  flattened,  with  pitted  surfaces,  rather  abrupt  at  the  base 
and  apex;  ventral  suture  somewhat  narrow,  furrowed,  with  distinct  wing;  dorsal  suture 
widely  grooved. 

AITKIN 

Prunus  nigra 

i.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  426.  1896.  2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:24,  27,  28  fig.  n,  43.  1897.  3. 
Jewell  Nur.  Cat.  1899-1906.  4.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  169.  1901.  5.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:29. 
1903.  6.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  227.  1904. 

Aitken  4.     Beatty  6  incor..     Itasca  i  incor.. 

Aitkin  is  very  favorably  mentioned  in  the  references  given  above 
and  undoubtedly  has  value  for  the  Northwest.  It  was  listed  in  the  cat- 
alog of  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1899.  The  variety  was  found 
growing  wild  in  Aitkin  County,  Minnesota,  by  D.  C.  Hazelton  on  land 
adjoining  his  farm.  It  seemed  to  possess  merit  and  was  introduced  in 
1896  by  the  Jewell  Nursery  Company  of  Lake  City,  Minnesota.  Because 
of  having  originated  near  Itasca  Lake,  it  has  been  confused  with  the  Itasca 
plum,  which  preceded  it  by  nearly  ten  years.  The  following  description 
is  a  compilation: 

Tree  vigorous,  productive,  ripening  its  wood  very  early;  fruit  earliest  in  season 
of  its  group;  large  for  its  class,  oval,  deep  red,  with  no  bloom;  skin  thin,  not  astringent; 
flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sweet  and  rich;  good;  stone  large,  oval,  flattened,  clinging. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  141 

ALHAMBRA 

[(Prunus  triflora  X  Prunus  cerasifera  X  Prunus domestica]  X  [(Prunus simonii  X  Prunus 
tri flora)  X  (Prunus  americana  X  Prunus  m'gra)] 

I.     Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  67:5.     1898.     2.  De  Vries  Plant  Breeding  213.     1907. 

Although  it  is  over  a  decade  since  Alhambra  was  offered  to  fruit- 
growers, it  has  made  little  headway  in  popularity  and  is  chiefly  of  interest 
because  of  its  breeding.  It  is  not  often  that  we  can  trace  the  pedigree  of 
a  plant  for  more  than  one  or  at  the  most  two  generations,  but  in  Alhambra 
we  are  particularly  fortunate.  Luther  Burbank,  the  originator,  began  by 
crossing  Kelsey  and  Pissardi,  and  the  offspring  from  this  cross 
was  fertilized  with  Agen  pollen.  This  tri-hybrid  was  in  turn  fertilized 
with  pollen  from  a  complex  hybrid  of  a  cross  of  Prunus  simonii  and  Prunus 
triflora  pollinated  by  a  cross  of  Prunus  americana  and  Prunus  nigra.  As 
might  be  expected,  the  offspring  of  this  final  cross  was  extremely  variable 
and  from  it  was  selected  the  Alhambra.  The  variety  was  named  by  the 
originator  in  1898. 

The  fruit  as  described  by  Waugh  is  "  egg-shaped,  large  or  very  large;  cavity 
medium  shallow,  abruptly  rounded;  suture  shallow;  apex  pointed;  color  dark,  dull 
red;  dots  many,  small,  yellowish;  bloom  thin,  purplish;  skin  firm;  flesh  yellow  inside, 
reddish  outside;  stone  medium  to  large,  flat,  pointed,  nearly  smooth,  clinging;  flavor 
brisk  subacid;  quality  first  rate." 

ALTHAM 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Jour.  Hort.  N.  S.  17:228.  1869.  2.  Lange  Allgem.  Garten.  3:419.  1879.  3.  Oberdieck 
Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  432.  1881.  4.  Lauche  Deut.  Pom.  19,  PI.  IV.  1882.  5.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  692. 
1884.  6.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  420.  1889.  7.  Gaucher  Pom.  Prak.  Obst.  94,  PI.  1894.  8.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hort.  France  Pom.  550%.  1904.  9.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  468,  fig.  1906.  10.  'BaltetCult. 
Fr.  490,  fig.  328.  1908. 

Althan's  Reine  Claude  6,  7.  Althann's  Reine  Claude  2,  3,  4,  6.  Althahn's  Rote  Reine-Claude  6,  7. 
Althann's  Reine  Claude  7.  Count  Althann's  Gage  5.  Count  Althann's  Gage  6,  7.  Graf  Althan's 
Reine-Claude  6.  Graf  Althann's  Reine-Claude  7.  Hathen's  Red  Gage  i.  Reine-Claude  Rouge  de 
Hathen  i.  Reine-Claude  d'AUhann  5,  6,  7.  Reine-Claude  Comte  Althan  5,  6.  Reine-Claude  de  Comte 
Hathem  5,  6.  Reine-Claude  du  Comte  Hathem  6,  7.  Reine-Claude  du  Comte  d'Althan  8.  Reine- 
Claude  Althan's  5,  6,  7.  Reine-Claude  Comte  d'AUhan  6.  Reine-Claude  d'Althan  8.  Reine-Claude 
d' Althan  6,  7,  10.  Reine-Claude  Rouge  Comte  Althan  6,  7.  Reine-Claude  Rouge  du  Comte  Hethau 
6.  Reine-Claude  rouge  du  comte  Hethan  7.  Reinette  Claude  Comte  d'AUhan  9.  Reinette  Claude 
d'Althan  9. 

Altham  is  an  excellent  plum  for  dessert  or  home  use.  The  color  is 
a  trifle  too  dull  for  market  purposes  and  yet  it  is  better  colored  than  Mc- 
Laughlin,  which  sells  fairly  well.  The  fruit  is  the  type  of  the  last  named 


142  THE    PLUMS    OP   NEW    YORK. 

plum  but  is  later.  In  Europe  this  variety  is  well  known  and  highly  es- 
teemed for  its  quality,  but  unfortunately  it  is  almost  unknown  in  America. 
The  variety  is  well  worth  trial  in  this  country  as  a  fine  plum  of  the  Reine 
Claude  group.  Altham  is  a  seedling  of  Reine  Claude,  raised  by  Herr 
Prochaska,  gardener  to  Count  Michael  Joseph  Althann,  of  Swoyschitz, 
in  Bohemia.  It  was  noted  in  the  English  Journal  of  Horticulture  for  1869 
as  a  new  plum  sent  out  by  Thomas  Rivers. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  upright-spreading,  dense-topped,  productive ;  leaf -scars  promi- 
nent; leaves  folded  upward,  obovate,  two  and  one-quarter  inches  wide,  nearly  four  inches 
long,  very  thick,  leathery;  margin  doubly  crenate,  with  few,  small,  dark  glands;  petiole 
thick,  with  from  one  to  four  globose,  yellowish-green  glands  on  the  stalk;  season  of 
bloom  intermediate,  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  inch  across,  yellow- 
ish at  the  apex  of  the  petals;  borne  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  twos. 

Fruit  mid-season;  one  and  one-half  inches  by  one  and  five-eighths  inches  in  size, 
oblate,  strongly  truncate  at  the  base,  compressed;  color  dark  purplish-red  over  a  yellow 
ground,  covered  with  thick  bloom;  dots  russet  surrounded  with  a  dark  red  ring;  stem 
adhering  strongly  to  the  pulp;  flesh  light  golden-yellow,  firm  but  tender,  sweet,  mild, 
pleasant;  very  good  to  best;  stone  semi-clinging,  seven-eighths  inch  by  five-eighths  inch 
in  size,  flattened,  irregular-oval,  with  pitted  surfaces,  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  short 
oblique  neck;  ventral  suture  prominent,  heavily  furrowed,  often  with  distinct  wing; 
dorsal  suture  wide,  deep. 

AMERICA 

Prunus  munsoniana  X  Prunus  triflora 

I.  Burbank  Cat.  3.  1898  2.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  67:5.  1898.  3.  Rural  N.  Y.  59:706.  1900. 
4.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  14:273.  1900.  5.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  205:37  1903.  6.  Del.  Penin.  Hort.  Soc. 
Rft.  36.  1905.  7.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:254,  255.  1905.  8.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  68:8,  35.  1905. 

America  is  illustrated  and  described  in  full  chiefly  because  it  is  the 
most  promising  cross  between  Prunus  munsoniana  and  Prunus  triflora. 
The  fruit  of  the  variety  is  unusually  attractive  in  appearance,  golden- 
yellow  with  a  red  cheek  and  waxy  lustre  turning  currant-red  when  ripe, 
ships  exceptionally  well  and  is  of  very  good  quality  for  cooking,  but  is 
without  merit  as  a  dessert  plum.  The  trees  are  large,  very  vigorous,  as 
hardy  as  either  of  its  parents  or  possibly  more  so,  and  enormously  pro- 
ductive. The  qualities  of  fruit  and  tree  are  such  that  the  variety  ought 
to  succeed  in  commercial  plantations  where  any  but  the  hardiest  native 
plums  are  cultivated.  America  is  almost  phenomenally  free  from  rot,  con- 
sidering its  parentage. 

This  variety  is  one  of  Luther  Burbank's  productions,  grown  from 
a  seed  of  Robinson  fertilized  by  pollen  from  Abundance.  It  was  introduced 


AMERICA 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  143 

by  the  originator  in  1898  and  has  been  since  that  time  well  tested  at  several 
places  in  the  eastern  states  and  is  very  generally  well  spoken  of  for  a  plum 
of  its  kind  for  the  East. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  somewhat  open-topped,  hardy,  very  productive; 
branches  roughish  and  with  cracked  bark,  slightly  zigzag,  dark  ash-gray,  with  numerous, 
conspicuously  raised  lenticels  ;  branchlets  willowy,  long,  with  short  internodes,  green 
with  a  reddish  tinge  changing  to  dark  chestnut-red,  glossy,  glabrous,  with  numerous, 
small,  raised  lenticels;  leaf-buds  small,  short,  conical,  free. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  broadly  lanceolate,  peach-like,  one  and  one-half  inches 
wide,  three  and  one-fourth  inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface  reddish  late  in  season, 
smooth  and  glossy,  with  deeply  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  light  green,  sparingly 
pubescent  along  the  midrib  and  larger  veins  which  are  more  or  less  red;  apex  taper- 
pointed,  base  abrupt,  margin  finely  and  doubly  crenate  and  with  numerous,  small,  dark 
glands;  petiole  one-half  inch  long,  tinged  red,  pubescent  along  one  side,  glandless  or  with 
one  or  two  small  globose,  reddish  glands  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  intermediate  and  long;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one- 
half  inch  across,  white;  borne  in  clusters  on  short  lateral  spurs  and  buds,  in  pairs  or 
in  threes;  pedicels  five-sixteenths  inch  long,  slender,  pubescent,  green;  calyx- tube 
greenish,  obconic,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  obtuse,  with  a  trace  of  red  along  the  margin, 
glandular-serrate,  glabrous,  with  marginal  hairs,  erect;  petals  small,  roundish,  entire, 
tapering  abruptly  to  narrow  claws;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  three-sixteenths  inch 
long;  pistil  glabrous,  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  early,  season  of  medium  length;  one  and  three-eighths  inches  in  diameter, 
roundish-oval,  halves  equal;  cavity  shallow,  flaring;  suture  shallow,  a  distinct  line; 
apex  roundish;  color  clear,  dark,  currant-red  over  golden-yellow,  mottled,  with  thin 
bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  whitish,  inconspicuous;  stem  slender,  one-half  inch 
long,  glabrous,  adhering  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  bitterish,  separating  readily  from  the 
pulp;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  fibrous,  somewhat  tender,  sweet,  not  high  in  flavor;  fair  in 
quality;  stone  clinging,  seven-eighths  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  oval,  pointed,  with 
pitted  surfaces,  broadly  ridged  along  the  ventral  suture;  dorsal  suture  grooved. 

AMERICAN 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Oregon  Sta.  Bui.  61:17,  18.     1900. 
American  Seedling  i. 

American  originated  with  a  Mr.  Peterson  of  Elkton,  Douglas  County, 
Oregon,  as  a  sprout  from  an  old  tree.  It  has  never  been  extensively  dis- 
seminated, but  seems  to  be  a  variety  of  considerable  promise.  The  fruit 
as  grown  on  the  Station  grounds  resembles  Hand  rather  closely;  is  large 
for  a  plum  of  its  type,  is  a  handsome  golden  color,  is  high  in  quality  and 
will  probably  keep  and  ship  well.  Too  little  is  known  of  its  tree -characters 
to  recommend  it  unqualifiedly. 


144  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Tree  above  medium  in  size,  vigorous,  round-topped,  dense,  productive;  branches 
numerous;  branchlets  thick,  marked  by  grayish  scarf-skin;  leaves  flattened,  oval  or 
obovate,  two  and  one-quarter  inches  wide,  four  and  one-half  inches  long,  dark  green; 
margin  serrate  or  crenate;  blooming  season  intermediate,  short;  flowers  appearing 
after  the  leaves,  one  and  three-eighths  inches  across,  singly  or  in  twos,  fragrant. 

Fruit  mid-season;  very  large,  roundish-oblate,  truncate,  golden-yellow,  indistinctly 
streaked  with  green,  mottled,  covered  with  thin  bloom;  flesh  light  golden-yellow,  tender, 
sweet,  pleasant  flavor;  good  to  very  good;  stone  clinging,  one  inch  by  three-quarters 
inch  in  size,  broadly  oval,  flattened,  surfaces  pitted;  dorsal  suture  wide,  deep. 

AMERICAN  EAGLE 

Prunus  americana 

i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:36.  1892.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  37.  1899.  3.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt. 
105.  1900.  4.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  142.  1901.  5.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:28.  1903.  6.  Ohio 
Sta.  Bui.  162:254,  255.  1905. 

Of  the  origin  of  this  very  good  Americana  variety  little  is  known 
except  that  it  probably  came  from  Missouri,  as  it  was  introduced,  in  the 
fall  of  1859,  by  the  Osceola  Nursery  Company,  Osceola,  Missouri.  Although 
an  old  variety  it  was  not  listed  by  the  American  Pomological  Society  until 

1899.  In  regions  where   Americana   plums  are  grown,   American   Eagle 
ought  to  be  better  known,  its  chief  defect  being  the  dull  color  of  the  fruit. 

Tree  vigorous,  spreading;  leaves  large;  petiole  glandular.  Fruit  mid-season; 
large,  varies  from  roundish-oval  to  nearly  oblate,  dark  red,  covered  with  thick  bloom; 
stem  short,  pubescent;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  fibrous,  sweet,  aromatic,  with  character- 
istic Americana  flavor;  of  good  quality;  stone  clinging,  three-eighths  inch  by  one-half 
inch  in  size,  roundish,  turgid,  conspicuously  winged;  surface  smooth. 

AMES 

Prunus  americana  X  Prunus  triflora 

I.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:220.     1899.     2.  la.  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  112.     1899.     3.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:261. 

1900.  4.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  203.     1901.     5.  Budd-Hansen  Ant.  Hort.  Man.  293.     1903.     6.  5.  Dak. 
Sta.  Bui.  93:9.     1905.     7.  III.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  422.     1905.     8.  Rural  N.   Y.  65:730.     1906. 

De  Soto  x  Oregon  No.  3     6.     Japan  Hybrid  No.  3     2. 

Though  Ames  has  been  known  to  the  public  scarcely  ten  years,  its 
good  qualities  have  given  it  relatively  high  rank  among  Americana  plums 
with  which  it  must  be  compared.  Though  supposed  to  be  a  cross  between 
Prunus  americana  and  Prunus  triflora,  the  variety  shows  few,  if  any,  traces 
of  the  Triflora  parentage,  except,  possibly  in  the  shape  and  color  of  the 
fruit.  The  variety  is  distinguished  from  other  Americana  plums  by  reddish 


AMES 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  145 

dots  on  the  fruit  instead  of  the  yellowish  dots  commonly  found  on  the 
plums  of  this  species.  The  fruit  of  Ames  is  very  attractive  in  color, 
the  quality  is  fair,  it  keeps  and  ships  well  and  it  is  fairly  free  from  rot, 
characters  which  make  it  desirable  where  the  native  plums  are  grown. 
This  variety  was  produced  by  Professor  J.  L.  Budd '  of  Ames,  Iowa, 
by  crossing  De  Soto  with  pollen  of  a  "  large  Japanese  plum  received  from 
Oregon."  Fora  long  while  it  was  known  as  De  Soto  x  Oregon  No.  3  and 
as  Japan  Hybrid  No.  3,  but  was  named  Ames  by  Professor  John  Craig,  now 
of  Cornell  University. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  spreading,  dense-topped,  hardy,  productive;  branches  rough - 
ish,  thorny,  the  trunk  shaggy,  dark  ash-brown,  with  numerous,  large,  raised  lenticels; 
branchlets  willowy,  thick,  long,  with  long  internodes,  green  changing  to  dark  chestnut- 
red,  glossy,  glabrous,  thickly  strewn  with  conspicuous,  large,  raised  lenticels;  leaf- 
buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  plump,  appressed. 

Leaves  falling  early,  flattened,  oval,  two  inches  wide,  four  inches  long;  upper  sur- 
face dark  green,  glabrous,  slightly  rugose;  lower  surface  light  green,  pubescent;  apex 
taper-pointed,  base  abrupt,  margin  coarsely  serrate,  the  serrations  ending  in  hair-like 


1  Professor  Joseph  Lancaster  Budd  was  a  native  of  New  York,  having  been  born  July  3,  1835, 
at  Peekskill,  Westchester  County.  On  his  father's  side  he  was  of  French  ancestry,  but  his  mother 
was  of  English  descent,  a  member  of  the  Lancaster  family,  early  settlers  on  the  Hudson  River.  He 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Monticello,  Monticello  Academy  and  at  Hiram  College,  though 
he  did  not  finish  at  the  last  named  institution  because  of  financial  distress  at  home.  In  1857  the 
young  man  moved  west  and  for  a  year  taught  in  an  academy  at  Rockford,  Illinois,  and  in  the 
Wheaton  schools  of  the  same  state.  In  1858  he  moved  to  Benton  County,  Iowa,  where  he  estab- 
lished the  Benton  County  Orchards  and  Nurseries.  He  soon  became  identified  with  horticulture 
in  Iowa,  especially  through  its  State  Horticultural  Society,  an  organization  of  which  he  was  secre- 
tary from  1873  to  1885  and  from  1892  to  1895,  serving  in  all  seventeen  years.  In  1876  he  was 
elected  to  the  chair  of  Horticulture  and  Forestry  in  the  Iowa  Agricultural  College,  a  position  which 
he  held  until  1899,  when  he  retired  as  professor  emeritus,  having  spent  twenty-two  years  in  pioneer 
work  in  this  college.  In  1882  Professor  Budd  visited  Russia  to  study  the  hardy  plants  of  that  country 
and  imported  from  there  many  varieties  of  fruit,  as  well  as  other  plants,  which  he  thought  suited 
to  the  climate  of  the  Northwest.  After  his  return  his  work  was  largely  given  up  to  originating  and 
testing  varieties  which  he  thought  would  prove  of  value  to  the  States  of  the  Plains.  He  was  pre- 
eminent in  America  for  his  work  with  Russian  fruits  and  was  one  of  the  first  to  see  the  possibilities 
of  our  native  plums.  The  frequency  with  which  his  name  is  mentioned  in  this  book  as  a  breeder 
of  hardy  fruits  indicates  his  interest  in  securing  plums  adapted  tc  the  region  in  which  he  lived. 
The  horticultural  library  of  Charles  Downing,  by  the  wish  of  the  owner,  was  given  to  the  Iowa 
Agricultural  College  with  the  expectation  that  Professor  Budd  would  revise  Downing's  famous 
Fruits  and  Trees  of  America.  Ill  health  prevented  the  accomplishment  of  this  task,  although  as 
senior  author  he  published,  in  1902,  the  American  Horticultural  Manual  in  two  volumes.  During 
the  greater  part  of  his  active  life  he  was  a  constant  correspondent  of  the  horticultural  press- 
Professor  Budd  was  a  teacher  as  well  as  a  pomologist  and  did  much  for  American  pomology  in 
imparting  to  the  men  who  came  in  contact  with  him  both  knowledge  and  enthusiasm.  He  died  in 
Phoenix,  Arizona,  December  26,  1904. 


I46  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

tips,  eglandular;  petiole  seven-eighths  inch  long,  slender,  pubescent,  tinged  red,  gland- 
less  or  with  from  one  to  three  globose,  greenish-red  glands. 

Blooming  season  medium  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves, 
nearly  one  inch  across,  white;  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  in  threes  or 
fours;  pedicels  one-half  inch  long,  slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  cam- 
panulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  narrow,  somewhat  acute,  reflexed,  pubescent  on  the 
inner  surface,  the  margin  faintly  pubescent  and  with  a  trace  of  red;  petals  small,  oval, 
somewhat  dentate,  tapering  below  to  long,  narrow,  slightly  hairy  claws;  anthers  yellow- 
ish ;  filaments  five-sixteenths  inch  long ;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length, 
frequently  defective. 

Fruit  mid-season,  one  and  seven-sixteenths  inches  by  one  and  five  sixteenths  inches  in 
size,  ovateor  oval,  sides  compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity  shallow,  narrow,  flaring;  suture 
a  line;  apex  roundish;  color  light  to  dark  red  over  a  yellow  ground,  covered  with  thin 
bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  brownish-red;  stem  slender,  glabrous;  skin  medium  in 
thickness  and  toughness,  adhering;  flesh  golden-yellow,  juicy,  coarse,  fibrous,  tender  and 
melting,  semi-sweet;  of  fair  quality;  stone  nearly  free,  one  inch  by  five-eighths  inch 
in  size,  irregular-oval,  flattened  and  elongated  at  the  base,  abruptly  pointed  at  the 
apex,  very  smooth;  ventral  suture  winged  and  furrowed;  dorsal  suture  acute. 

APPLE 

Prunus  triflora  X   ? 

i.  Burbank  Cat.  2.  1898.  2.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  67:6.  1898.  3.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:220.  1899. 
4.  Am.  Card.  21:36.  1900.  5.  Waugh  Plum  CuU.  203.  1901.  6.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  68:12,  35.  1905. 
7.  Mass.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  17:161.  1905. 

The  Apple  is  a  conspicuous  plum;  its  shape,  color,  size,  flavor;  its 
firm,  blood -red  flesh  and  long-keeping  quality,  all  distinguish  it.  Even  the 
tree  is  marked  with  its  robust  growth,  flat -topped  head,  peculiar,  light  brown 
bark,  handsome  foliage  and  wood  that  can  be  propagated  from  cuttings 
with  surprising  ease.  It  is  difficult  to  predict  the  future  of  this  interesting 
plum,  but  probably  it  will  remain  for  most  part  a  curiosity.  Its  peculiar 
flavor  is  not  pleasant  at  first  taste  and  it  is  doubtful  if  many  will  learn 
to  like  it.  Unpalatability  is  the  defect  of  the  variety  which  will  most  often 
be  counted  against  it.  In  general  the  Apple  is  inferior  for  dessert  or  kitchen 
to  the  Satsuma,  itself  none  too  good,  which  it  most  nearly  resembles  of  all 
plums.  In  the  Station  collection  tree  and  fruit  are  quite  susceptible  to 
both  fungus  and  insect  pests  and  the  fruits  ripen  unevenly.  The  fruit 
of  the  variety  keeps  and  ships  remarkably  well  and  these  qualities  may 
be  its  saving  grace,  both  so  well  developed  as  to  make  it  valuable  for  breeding 
purposes  when  these  characters  are  desired. 

In  his  catalog  for  1898  Burbank  announces  the  Apple  as  a  new 
plum  and  says,  "Among  the  welcome  surprises  found  three  years  ago  among 


APPLE 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  147 

a  lot  of  some  twenty-five  thousand  plum  seedlings  was  this  one,  bearing 
a  cruel  load  of  enormous  plums  when  only  two  years  old.  *  *  *  *  It 
was  at  once  named  Apple  from  the  very  close  resemblance  in  form,  color 
general  appearance,  and  rare  keeping  qualities.  *  *  *  *  Its  parentage  is 
not  known,  except  that  it  is  a  second  generation  seedling  from  cross-bred 
seedlings,  and  no  doubt  Satsuma  and  probably  Robinson  are  in  its  line 
of  ancestry."  Satsuma  characters  are  readily  detected  in  tree  and  fruit 
and  especially  its  hard,  red  flesh,  but  in  no  way  is  its  descent  from  Robinson 
apparent. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  flat-topped,  spreading,  dense-topped,  slow-growing,  semi- 
hardy,  productive;  branches  rough  and  thorny,  with  numerous  fruit-spurs,  dark  ash- 
gray,  reddish  and  with  numerous  lenticels;  branchlets  often  with  a  rosette  of  flower- 
buds  on  the  apex  of  the  shoots,  slender,  with  short  internodes,  greenish-red  changing 
to  dark  brown,  glossy,  glabrous,  with  numerous,  conspicuous,  large,  raised  lenticels; 
leaf-buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  plump,  appressed. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  one  and  one-quarter  inches  wide, 
three  and  three-quarters  inches  long,  thin,  leathery;  upper  surface  purplish-red  late 
in  the  season,  glossy,  glabrous,  with  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  light  green,  pubes- 
cent at  the  base  of  the  veins;  apex  acutely  pointed,  base  cuneate,  margin  finely  and 
doubly  crenate  and  with  small  amber  glands;  petiole  five-eighths  inch  long,  pubescent, 
red  along  one  side,  with  from  three  to  ten  large,  conspicuous,  reniform,  red  or  yellowish 
glands  on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  early  and  of  medium  length;  flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves, 
white;  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  in  threes  or  fours;  pedicels  medium 
in  length  and  thickness,  glabrous;  calyx-tube  obconic,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  narrow, 
obtuse,  glandular-ciliate,  glabrous,  erect;  petals  oval,  entire,  short-clawed;  anthers 
yellowish;  filaments  of  medium  length;  pistil  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens, 
often  defective. 

Fruit  mid-season;  one  and  one-half  inches  long,  one  and  three-quarters  inches 
wide,  roundish-oblate,  compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity  medium  in  depth  and  width, 
flaring,  with  concentric  russet  rings;  suture  shallow;  apex  depressed  and  at  one  side; 
color  dull  dark  red,  with  waxy  bloom;  dots  numerous,  large,  russet,  conspicuous,  clus- 
tered about  the  apex;  stem  five-eighths  inch  long,  glabrous;  skin  tough,  bitterish,  sepa- 
rating from  the  pulp;  flesh  dark  red,  juicy,  firm  but  tender,  sweet,  with  pleasant  mild 
flavor,  aromatic;  good;  stone  clinging,  three-quarters  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size, 
oval  or  obovate,  turgid,  pointed,  roughish,  winged  on  the  ventral,  deeply  furrowed 
on  the  dorsal  suture. 

APRICOT 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  578.  1629.  2.  Rea  Flora  209.  1676.  3.  Quintinye  Com.  Gard.  67,  69. 
1699.  4.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:93,  PI.  XIII.  1768.  5.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:52,  53,  54.  1771. 
6.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  2:28,  Tab.  173  fig.  i;  2:34,  Tab.  183  fig.  i.  1796.  7.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  71. 


148  THE    PLUMS   OF   NEW   YORK. 

1832.  8.  Kenrick  Am.  Orcft.  255.  1832.  9.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  327.  1849.  10.  Elliott  Fr. 
Book  424.  1854.  ii.  Noisette  Man.  Comp.  Jard.  2:498.  1860.  12.  Downing  FT.  Trees  Am.  896, 
952.  1869.  13.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:133.  l873-  *4-  Le  Bon  Jard.  338.  1882.  15.  Hogg  Fruit 
Man.  684.  1884.  16.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  421,  431,  454.  1889. 

Apricocke  i.  Apricock  Plum  2.  Abricot  de  France  5.  Abricot  Blanc  16.  Abricot  Blanche  5. 
Abricot  ordinaire  5.  Abricote  5.  Abricote  blanc  7,  12.  Abricotee  4,  13.  Abricotte  6,  7,  10,  12,  16. 
Abricot&e  Perdrigon  6.  Abricotee  Blanche  7,  12,  15,  16.  Apricot  Plum  of  Tours  7.  Abricote  de 
Tours  7.  AbricotGede  Tours  7,  10,  12,  13,  15,  16.  Apricot  Plum  8.  Apricot  Plum  of  Tours  10,  12,  16. 
Abricotee  Blanc  12.  Aprikosenartige  Pflaume  13.  Apricot  13.  Aprikosenartige  Pflaume  16.  Apricot 
Plum  16.  Aprikosen  Perdrigon  16.  Die  Abrikosenartige  Pflaume  6.  Die  Morillenpflaume  6. 
French  Apricot  9.  Fruhe  Gelbe  Kaiser  Pflaume  16.  G"rf6tf  Apricosenartige  Pflaume  13.  G^/te 
Dauphins  16.  (7^toe  Reine-Claude  16.  Gelbe  Aprikosenpflaume  16.  Lieflander  Gelbe  Pflaume  16. 
Morillen  Pflaume  16.  OW  Apricot  12,  13,  15,  16.  Prune-Abricot  n.  Prune  Abricotee  14.  Prune 
Abricotee  Blanche  n.  Prune  Abricot&e  de  Tours  8.  Prune  Abricote  8.  Prune  d' Abricot  Ordinaire  5. 
Prune  d' Abricot  Blanch  5.  Prune  d' Abricot  bigarree  5.  Prune  d' Abricot  de  France  5.  Prune  d' 
Abricot  16.  .Rtfd  Apricot  10  incor.  Reine-Claudenartige  Aprikosen  Pflaume  16.  Susina  Massina 
Piccola  16.  7Vi£  New  Apricot  Plum  16.  Virginale  5.  White  Apricot  Plum  7,  12.  Wahre  Aprikosen 
Pflaume  id.  White  apricot  12,  1 6.  Ww'sse  Aprikosen  Pflaume  16.  Yellow  Apricot  10,  12,13,  JS>  l6- 

Since  John  Parkinson  described  the  "  Apricocke  "  plum  in  1629, 
several  types  of  this  variety  have  appeared  in  literature  and  these  have 
become  so  badly  confused  that  it  is  impossible  to  separate  them.  However, 
as  the  variety  is  nearly  extinct,  and  will  probably  never  be  revived,  this 
confusion  is  happily  of  historic  rather  than  of  economic  interest.  Nearly 
all  writers  recognize  at  least  two  types,  one  of  which  is  superior  to  the  other. 
The  better  of  these  can  readily  be  identified  as  the  "  Abricotee  "  of  Du- 
hamel,  and  should  be  considered  the  true  Apricot.  Little  is  known  of 
the  early  history  of  this  variety  other  than  that  it  was  very  generally  dis- 
tributed throughout  Europe  early  in  the  Seventeenth  Century.  The 
American  Pomological  Society  rejected  Apricot  in  1858,  though  it  is 
doubtful  if  they  had  the  true  type.  This  variety  is  not  to  be  confused 
with  the  Prunus  simonii,  commonly  called  "  Apricot,"  or  the  native  plum 
of  that  name. 

The  following  description  is  compiled:  tree  large,  vigorous,  productive;  fruit 
mid-season;  large,  roundish  or  slightly  elongated,  with  prominent  suture,  yellow, 
blushed  with  red,  overspread  with  thin  bloom;  flesh  yellow,  sweet,  pleasant,  slightly 
musky;  good;  stone  small,  free. 

ARCH  DUKE 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  684.  1884.  2.  Ont.  Fr.  Gr.  Assoc.  Rpt.  35.  1891.  3.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom. 
Rpt.  45.  1895.  4.  W.  N.  Y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  42:83.  1897.  5.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:182.  1897.  6. 
Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:241,  242.  1899.  7.  Ibid.  187:77,  78.  1901.  8.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  95.  1901. 
9.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  4:156.  1901.  10.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:242,  243  fig.,  254,  255.  1905. 

Late  Diamond  i. 


ARCH  DUKE 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  149 

Arch  Duke  ought  to  become  one  of  the  leading  plums  for  the  market 
in  New  York.  The  qualities  which  fit  it  for  a  high  place  among  com- 
mercial varieties  are:  large  size,  handsome  color — a  rich,  dark  purple  with 
thick  bloom— and  firmness  of  flesh  and  skin  so  that  it  both  keeps  and  ships 
well.  The  accompanying  color-plate  does  not  do  the  variety  justice, 
either  in  beauty,  color  or  size  of  fruit.  Arch  Duke  compared  with  Grand 
Duke,  known  by  all  plum-growers,  is  nearly  as  large,  neck  thicker,  the  same 
color,  bloom  heavier,  quality  higher,  flesh  firmer,  stone  free  and  ripens 
earlier.  The  tree -characters,  like  the  fruit -characters,  are  all  good.  While 
this  variety  is  suitable  for  both  home  and  market  use  it  appears  after  a 
thorough  test  in  many  parts  of  the  State  for  nearly  twenty  years  to  be 
especially  well  adapted  for  a  market  fruit. 

Arch  Duke  was  raised  by  Thomas  Rivers,  Sawbridgeworth,  England, 
from  seed  of  De  Montfort,  and  was  sent  out  in  1883.  It  was  first  noted  in 
America  by  the  Ontario  Fruit  Growers'  Association  in  1891  and  was  im- 
ported into  the  United  States  by  S.  D.  Willard1  of  Geneva,  New  York, 
about  1892. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  upright-spreading,  hardy  in  New  York  except  in  exposed 
locations,  very  productive;  branches  smooth,  dark  ash-gray,  with  small,  raised  lenticels; 
branchlets  of  medium  thickness  and  length,  with  long  internodes,  greenish-red  changing 
to  brownish-red,  glossy,  covered  thinly  with  bloom  and  with  sparse  pubescence;  lenticels 
numerous,  very  small,  obscure;  leaf -buds  large,  long,  pointed,  free;  leaf-scars  swollen. 

'Samuel  D.  Willard  was  born  August  24,  1835,  near  Cayuga,  New  York.  He  was  educated 
in  the  district  school,  Canandaigua  Academy,  and  Temple  Hall,  Geneseo,  having  been  graduated 
at  the  last  named  place  in  1854.  After  a  successful  business  career  of  a  decade  and  a  half  following 
his  schooling,  Mr.  Willard  engaged  in  the  nursery  business  in  Geneva,  New  York.  He  prospered 
in  tree-growing  and  soon  embarked  in  fruit-growing  as  well,  rapidly  attaining  distinction  as  a  nur- 
seryman and  as  a  fruit-grower.  He  early  began  to  specialize  in  plum  culture  and  soon  became 
one  of  the  leading  growers  of  plums,  one  of  the  chief  authorities  on  varieties,  and  one  of  the  largest 
importers  of  new  sorts.  In  1 897,  with  Dr.  L.  H.  Bailey  as  co-author,  Mr.  Willard  prepared  Bul- 
letin 131,  Notes  upon  Plums,  of  the  Cornell  University  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  In  this 
bulletin  Mr.  Willard  put  on  record  the  results  of  his  long  experience  in  growing  plums  and  gave 
descriptions  of  seventy  varieties,  nineteen  of  which  he  had  imported  from  Europe.  Besides  this 
bulletin  he  has  published  but  little  on  plums,  but  his  spoken  words  regarding  them  may  be  found 
in  nearly  every  report  of  the  two  horticultural  societies  of  New  York  since  1880,  as  they  are  also 
to  be  found  in  the  reports  of  horticultural  societies  in  neighboring  states  and  the  provinces  of  Canada. 
Besides  his  work  in  horticultural  societies,  Mr.  Willard  was  one  of  the  earliest  and  foremost  insti- 
tute speakers  in  New  York.  He  was,  too,  for  many  years  active 'in  the  development  of  the  state 
fair  in  New  York,  having  charge  of  the  horticultural  department,  a  position  which  he  also  held  at 
the  Pan-American  Exposition  in  Buffalo  in  1901.  For  nearly  a  half -century  Mr.  Willard  has  been 
prominent  in  his  profession  in  the  state  and  nation;  he  is  known  by  all  eastern  fruit-growers  and 
his  vigorous  and  enthusiastic  utterances  in  the  press,  from  the  platform  and  in  conversation  have 
made  him  a  favorite  authority  with  the  fruit-growers  of  this  generation. 


150  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  oval  or  obovate,  one  and  five-eighths  inches  wide,  three 
and  five-eighths  inches  long,  thickish,  stiff;  upper  surface  dark  green,  glossy,  glabrous, 
with  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  sparingly  pubescent;  apex  and  base 
acute,  margin  doubly  serrate,  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  three-quarters  inch  long, 
pubescent  along  one  side,  tinged  red,  usually  with  two  large,  globose,  greenish-yellow 
glands  on  the  stalk  or  on  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the 
leaves,  one  and  one-eighth  inches  across,  in  the  bud  creamy-yellow  changing  to  white 
when  expanded;  borne  in  scattering  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs; 
pedicels  nine-sixteenths  inch  long,  glabrous,  green;  calyx-tube  greenish,  campanulate, 
glabrous;  calyx-lobes  obtuse,  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  glandular-serrate  and  with 
marginal  hairs,  slightly  reflexed;  petals  obovate  or  oval,  crenate,  with  short,  broad 
claws;  anthers  yellowish,  with  a  trace  of  pink;  filaments  five-sixteenths  inch  long; 
pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  late,  season  very  short;  one  and  three-quarters  inches  by  one  and  three- 
eighths  inches  in  size,  long-oval,  slightly  compressed  and  necked;  cavity  shallow,  narrow, 
compressed,  abrupt;  suture  shallow  and  rather  broad,  prominent;  apex  elongated; 
color  reddish-purple  changing  to  dark  blue  at  full  maturity,  overspread  with  thick 
bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  brownish-russet,  inconspicuous;  stem  often  inserted 
at  one  side  of  the  base,  five-eighths  inch  long,  glabrous,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin 
tough,  adhering;  flesh  deep  golden-yellow  often  a  little  reddish,  juicy,  coarse,  firm, 
but  somewhat  tender,  sweet,  pleasant  and  sprightly;  good;  stone  free,  the  cavity  larger 
than  the  pit,  one  and  one-eighth  inches  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  long-oval,  necked, 
abruptly  tipped  at  the  apex,  often  reddish,  rough;  ventral  suture  broad,  blunt,  slightly 
furrowed;  dorsal  suture  with  an  indistinct  shallow  groove. 

ARCTIC 

Prunus  domestica 

I.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  3d  App.  182.  1881.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  38.  1881.  3. 
Country  Gent.  49:106.  1884.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  96.  1887.  5.  Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  289,  290. 
1889.  6.  Card.  &  For.  6:526.  1892.  7.  Can.  Hart.  16:301.  1893.  8.  Mich.  Sta.  Bid.  103:35. 
1894.  9.  Ont.  Fr.  Exf.  Sta.  Rpt.  120.  1896.  10.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:189.  1897.  n.  Ohio  Sta. 
Bui.  113:160.  1899.  12.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:241,  242.  1899.  13.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:33. 
1903.  14.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  304.  1903.  15.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  67:278.  1904.  16.  Ohio 
Sta.  Bui.  162:256,  257.  1905. 

Moore  Arctic  8,  15.     Moore's  Arctic  i,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  9,  10,  n,  16.     Moore's  Arctic,  13,  14. 

Arctic  is  very  generally  supposed  to  be  preeminent  in  two  qualities, 
hardiness  and  productiveness.  On  the  grounds  of  this  Station  it  is  both 
hardy  and  productive  and  from  its  behavior  here  it  might  well  be  recom- 
mended for  these  qualities,  but  as  to  its  hardiness  elsewhere  pomologists 
do  not  agree.  In  the  references  given  above,  Downing  says  it  is  the  hardiest 
plum  known;  in  Michigan  it  is  reported  very  tender  in  the  nursery  row; 


ARCTIC 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  151 

a  Canadian  writer  says  it  is  not  hardy  enough  for  Canada;  and  it  is  re- 
puted in  the  prairie  states  to  be  not  hardier  than  Lombard.  The  place 
of  its  origin,  where  few  plums  are  grown,  and  the  fact  that  it  is  one  of  but 
few  that  can  be  grown  in  parts  of  Canada  and  New  Brunswick  establish 
the  claim  that  it  is  one  of  the  hardiest  of  the  Domesticas,  possibly  not  more 
so,  however,  than  Lombard,  Voronesh  and  a  few  others.  The  small  size 
and  mediocre  quality  of  the  fruit  and  the  dwarfish  trees  should  rule  Arctic 
out  where  less  hardy  varieties  can  be  grown. 

This  variety  was  first  noted  in  1881  by  Downing  who  says  it  originated 
on  the  grounds  of  A.  T.  Moore,  Ashland,  Maine,  about  forty  miles  north 
of  Bangor.  The  parentage  of  Arctic  is  unknown.  According  to  the 
originator,  it  was  grown  from  a  seed  of  a  medium  sized  blue  plum  bought 
at  a  fruit -stand  in  Boston.  In  1881  Arctic  was  added  to  the  American 
Pomological  Society  catalog,  where  it  still  remains. 

Tree  small,  of  medium  vigor,  upright-spreading,  very  hardy,  productive,  an  early 
bearer,  subject  to  attacks  of  fungi ;  branches  somewhat  rough,  dark  ash-gray,  with  small 
lenticels;  branchlets  strongly  inclined  to  develop  spurs  and  blossom-buds,  short,  slender, 
with  short  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  dark  brownish-drab,  dull,  sparingly 
pubescent,  with  inconspicuous,  raised  lenticels;  leaf-buds  short,  obtuse,  appressed. 

Leaves  obovate  or  oval,  two  inches  wide,  three  and  three-eighths  inches  long;  upper 
surface  dark  green,  covered  with  numerous  hairs,  the  midrib  grooved;  lower  surface 
silvery-green,  pubescent;  apex  abruptly  pointed  or  acute,  base  acute,  margin  finely 
serrate,  with  small,  black  glands;  petiole  five-eighths  inch  long,  tinged  red,  pubescent, 
with  from  one  to  four  globose,  green  glands  usually  at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  of  medium  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  and 
three-sixteenths  inches  across,  in  the  bud  creamy-yellow  changing  to  white  as  the  petals 
expand;  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  five- 
eighths  inch  long,  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate,  pubescent; 
calyx-lobes  narrow,  obtuse,  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  serrate,  with  ciliate  margins, 
reflexed;  petals  narrow-obovate  or  oval,  crenate,  short-clawed;  anthers  yellowish; 
filaments  one-half  inch  long;  pistil  pubescent  at  the  base,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  long;  one  and  three-eighths  inches  by  one  and 
one-quarter  inches  in  size,  oval  or  ovate,  slightly  swollen  on  the  suture  side,  compressed, 
halves  equal;  cavity  very  shallow  and  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  shallow,  indistinct; 
apex  roundish;  color  dark  purple  becoming  purplish-black  at  full  maturity,  covered 
with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  russet,  inconspicuous,  clustered  about  the 
apex;  stem  slender,  seven-eighths  inch  long,  pubescent,  adhering  to  the  fruit;  skin  of 
medium  thickness  and  toughness,  separating  readily;  flesh  light  yellow,  juicy,  coarse 
and  fibrous,  somewhat  firm  but  tender,  sweetish,  mild;  fair  in  quality;  stone  nearly 
free,  characteristically  small,  seven-eighths  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  oval,  flattened 
at  the  apex,  acute  at  the  base,  rough  and  pitted;  ventral  suture  ridged,  faintly  winged; 
dorsal  suture  broadly  and  shallowly  grooved. 


152  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

ARKANSAS 

Prunus  munsoniana 

i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  162.  1881.  2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:60,  86.  1892.  3.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui. 
32:478.  1894.  4.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:27.  1897.  5.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  192,  194  fig.  1901.  6. 
Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  293.  1903.  7.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  488.  1904. 

Arkansas  Lombard   i,  2,  3,  4,  7.     Arkansas  Lombard  5,  6. 

Arkansas,  as  the  synonymy  shows,  originally,  and  even  now,  usually 
has  Lombard  as  a  suffix,  but  the  name  is  misleading  as  the  plum  is  in  no 
wise  like  a  Lombard  and  following  the  rules  of  the  American  Pomological 
Society  it  has  been  dropped  in  The  Plums  of  New  York.  On  the  grounds 
of  this  Station,  Arkansas  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  plums  of  its  species, 
being  unusually  attractive  in  size,  color  and  shape  and  one  of  the  best 
in  quality  of  its  kind.  Its  chief  fault  is  a  lack  of  robustness  in  the  tree. 
While  it  would  not  prove  profitable  as  a  market  plum  in  New  York,  it  could 
be  well  planted  in  a  commercial  orchard  in  regions  where  native  plums 
must  be  grown,  and  in  New  York  it  would  at  least  add  a  pleasing  variety 
to  any  collection  of  plums.  This  variety  was  brought  to  notice  by  T.  V. 
Munson  in  1881.  It  originated  in  Arkansas  and  was  introduced  by  J.  D. 
Morrow  &  Sons  of  that  state. 

Tree  small,  flattened,  spreading,  dense-topped,  symmetrical,  hardy,  productive, 
somewhat  subject  to  shot-hole  fungus;  trunk  shaggy;  branches  rough,  zigzag,  sparingly 
thorny,  dark  ash-gray,  with  numerous  lenticels;  branchlets  slender,  with  very  short 
internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  reddish-brown,  glossy,  glabrous,  with  few,  con- 
spicuous, raised  lenticels;  leaf-buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  free. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  lanceolate,  peach-like,  one  and  one-quarter  inches  wide, 
three  and  one-half  inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface  light  green,  smooth,  glabrous,  with 
grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  pale  green,  sparingly  pubescent  along  the  midrib  and 
larger  veins;  apex  taper-pointed,  base  acute,  margin  finely  serrate,  with  light  brown 
glands;  petiole  one-half  inch  long,  slender,  pubescent  on  one  side,  dull  red,  with  from 
one  to  six  small,  globose,  yellow  or  brownish-red  glands. 

Blooming  season  late  and  long;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  five-eighths 
inch  across,  in  the  buds  creamy-yellow  changing  to  white  as  they  unfold ;  with  a  strong 
disgreeable  odor;  borne  in  very  dense  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  in  threes 
or  fours;  pedicels  one-half  inch  long,  slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green, 
campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  short,  sparingly  pubescent  on  the  inner  sur- 
face, glandular-serrate,  faintly  hairy  and  with  a  trace  of  red  on  the  margin,  erect;  petals 
obovate,  crenate,  with  narrow  claws,  somewhat  hairy  at  the  base;  anthers  yellowish; 
filaments  nearly  one-quarter  inch  in  length;  pistil  glabrous,  slightly  shorter  than  the 
stamens. 

Fruit  early,  season  very  long;  one  inch  by  seven-eighths  inch  in  size,  roundish- 
ovate,  halves  slightly  unequal;  cavity  shallow,  flaring,  regular;  suture  an  indistinct 


ARKANSAS 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW   YORK.  153 

line;  apex  roundish  or  pointed;  color  bright  currant-red,  with  thin  bloom;  dots  smallish, 
white,  conspicuous,  clustered  about  the  apex;  stem  very  slender,  five-eighths  inch  long, 
glabrous,  not  adhering  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tough,  bitter,  separating  readily;  flesh 
orange-yellow,  juicy,  fibsous,  somewhat  tender  and  melting,  sweet  at  the  skin  but 
sour  at  the  center,  aromatic;  good;  stone  clinging,  three-quarters  inch  by  one-half 
inch  in  size,  oval,  flattened  and  prolonged  at  the  base,  sharp-tipped  at  the  apex;  ventral 
suture  acute,  faintly  ridged;  dorsal  suture  acute. 

AUTUMN  COMPOTE 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Mclntosh  Bk.  Card.  2:333.  l85S-  2.  Card.  Chron.  26:364.  1866.  3.  Hogg  Fruit  Man. 
351.  1866.  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  897.  1869.  5.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:71,  fig.  36.  1866-73. 
6.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  685.  18^4.  7.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  4:156.  1901. 

Autumn  Compote  5.     Compote  d'Automne  5. 

This  plum  is  well  and  favorably  known  in  England,  but  it  is  scarcely 
grown  in  America,  though  it  has  much  in  the  character  of  its  fruit  at  least 
to  recommend  it.  The  plums  are  attractive  in  appearance  and  while  not 
of  the  highest  flavor  are  yet  far  above  the  average  in  the  qualities  which 
make  a  good  dessert  fruit,  while  for  culinary  purposes  it  ranks  among 
the  best.  The  trees  are  productive,  hardy  and  fairly  vigorous  and  may  be 
especially  noted  as  holding  their  crop  well.  Autumn  Compote  is  a  seedling  of 
Cooper,  raised  by  Thomas  Rivers,  Sawbridge worth,  England,  about  1840. 

Tree  of  medium  size  and  vigor,  spreading,  rather  low  and  open-topped,  hardy, 
very  productive;  branches  smooth,  dark  brownish-gray,  with  lenticels  intermediate 
in  number  and  size;  branchlets  few,  slender,  very  short,  with  long  internodes,  greenish- 
red  changing  to  dark  brownish-red,  dull,  sparingly  pubescent  early  in  the  season,  becom- 
ing heavily  pubescent  later,  with  few,  inconspicuous,  small  lenticels  ;  leaf-buds  long, 
pointed,  free. 

Leaves  drooping,  folded  backward,  long-oval  or  obovate,  two  and  one-eighth  inches 
wide,  four  and  one-fourth  inches  long,  thick;  upper  surface  dark  green,  smooth,  hairy, 
with  deeply  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  pale  green,  pubescent;  apex  acute,  base 
tapering,  margin  crenate,  eglandular;  petiole  thick,  one-half  inch  long,  tinged  red, 
glandless  or  with  from  one  to  four  globose,  greenish-yellow,  large  glands  usually  on 
the  stalk. 

Season  of  bloom  medium,  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  and  one- 
quarter  inches  across,  in  the  buds  creamy-yellow  changing  to  white  as  the  flowers  open; 
borne  in  clusters  on  short  lateral  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  nearly  one-half  inch 
long,  glabrous,  green;  calyx-tube  greenish,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  broad, 
obtuse,  glandular-serrate,  sparingly  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  reflexed;  petals  oval, 
narrowly  dentate,  with  very  short  and  broad  claws;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments 
nearly  seven-sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  longer  than  the  stamens. 


1 5-1  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Fruit  late,  ripening  period  of  medium  length ;  one  and  five-eighths  inches  by  one  and 
three-eighths  inches  in  size,  oval  or  slightly  ovate,  halves  unequal;  cavity  shallow,  narrow, 
abrupt ;  suture  shallow,  a  distinct  line ;  apex  roundish  or  slightly  pointed ;  color  purplish- 
red  over  a  yellow  ground,  covered  with  bloom  of  medium  thickness;  dots  numerous, 
small,  light  russet,  conspicuous;  stem  glabrous,  adhering  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tender, 
separating  readily;  flesh  golden-yellow,  dry,  firm  but  tender,  sweet,  not  high  in  flavor; 
fair  in  quality;  stone  clinging  but  not  tenaciously,  one  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size, 
irregularly  and  broadly  ovate,  flattened,  roughish,  slightly  compressed  and  necked 
at  the  base,  blunt  or  acute  at  the  apex;  ventral  suture  narrow,  winged,  strongly  fur- 
rowed; dorsal  suture  acute  or  faintly  furrowed. 

BARTLETT 

Prunus  triflora  X  Prunus  simonii 

i.  Cal.  State  Bd.  Hon.  53.  1897.  2-  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  67:7.  1898.  3.  Burbank  Cat.  1899. 
4.  Can.  Hort.  25:411.  1902.  5.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  68:6.  1905.  6.  De  Vries  Plant  Breeding  226.  1907. 

Bartlett  was  grown  by  Burbank  from  a  cross  of  Prunus  simonii  with 
Delaware,  the  latter  one  of  his  earliest  hybrids.  The  originator  disposed  of 
the  variety  in  1899  and  it  immediately  became  popular  with  nurserymen 
and  was  soon  offered  for  sale  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States.  Fruit- 
growers have  not  received  it  so  well,  however,  and  most  of  those  who  have 
tried  it  have  discarded  it  or  hold  the  variety  as  a  curiosity.  The  fruit  is 
attractive  in  appearance  and  the  Bartlett  pear  flavor  is  agreeable,  but  the 
skin  cracks  badly  in  this  State  and  the  flesh  is  too  soft  for  shipping.  The 
tree  with  its  stiff,  upright  branches  resembles  a  Lombardy  poplar  and  with 
its  bright,  glossy  green  foliage  is  an  attractive  ornamental.  It  is  still 
further  peculiar  in  bearing  thick  clusters  of  flowers  at  the  ends  of  lateral 
spurs. 

Tree  lacking  in  size  and  vigor,  upright,  open-topped,  not  very  hardy,  productive; 
branches  rough,  with  numerous  fruit-spurs;  branchlets  slender,  short,  glabrous 
throughout  the  season;  leaf -buds  plump;  leaves  folded  upward,  oblanceolate,  one 
and  one-half  inches  wide,  three  and  one-quarter  inches  long,  thin;  margin  finely 
serrate,  in  two  series,  eglandular  or  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  slender,  with 
from  one  to  four  small  glands;  blooming  season  early,  long;  flowers  appearing  before 
the  leaves. 

Fruit  very  early;  one  and  three-eighths  inches  by  one  and  one-quarter  inches  in 
size,  long-cordate  to  slightly  oval,  dark  purplish-red  over  yellow,  covered  with  thick 
bloom;  skin  tend.-;r,  bitter;  flesh  yellow,  not  very  juicy,  tender,  sweet,  with  a  peculiar 
but  pleasant  flavor;  of  good  quality;  stone  clinging,  seven-eighths  inch  by  one-half 
inch  in  size,  elongated-ovate,  narrow,  blunt  at  the  base,  long  drawn  out  at  the  apex, 
the  surfaces  rough. 


AUTUMN  COMPOTE 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  155 

BASSETT 

Prunus  maritima 

i.  Card.  Man.  17:335.  1875.  2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:75.  1892.  3.  Bailey  Ev.  Nat.  Fruits 
214.  1898.  4.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  229.  1901.  5.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:254,  255.  1905.  6.  S.  Dak. 
Sta.  Bui.  93:10.  1905. 

Bassett's  American  a,  3.      Bassett's  American  4. 

Bassett,  the  best  known  of  the  few  cultivated  varieties  of  Prunus 
maritima,  was  found  growing  wild  in  New  Jersey  and  was  turned  over 
to  a  nurseryman,  Wm.  F.  Bassett  of  Hamilton,  New  Jersey,  who  intro- 
duced it  in  1872.  After  its  introduction  it  became  somewhat  popular  in 
the  West,  gaining  quite  a  reputation  as  being  "curculio  proof."  However,  its 
marked  inferiority  to  varieties  of  other  species,  in  both  size  and  quality, 
has  now  banished  it  from  all  commercial  plantings.  The  following  descrip- 
tion is  compiled. 

Tree  vigorous,  spreading.  Fruit  late  mid-season;  very  small,  roundish,  dull  red, 
covered  with  thin  bloom;  skin  thick,  tough;  flesh  greenish-yellow;  quality  poor;  stone 
of  medium  size,  roundish,  smooth,  free. 

BAVAY 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Card.  Chron.  6:65.  1846.  2.  Mag.  Hort.  12:340.  1846.  3.  Horticulturist  1:527.  1846. 
4.  Lee  Gen.  Farmer  10:241.  1849.  5.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  328.  1849.  6.  Elliott .  Fr.  Book  423. 
1854.  7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  210.  1856.  8.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  370.  fig.  1857.  9-  U-  $• 
D.  A.  Rpt.  190,  PI.  XII.  1865.  10.  Hogg  Frmt  Man.  379.  1866.  n.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am. 
897.  1869.  12.  Pom.  France  7:Nb.  6.  1871.  13.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:93,  fig.  47.  1866.  14.  Ober- 
dieck  Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  437.  1881.  15.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  363.  1887.  16.  Rev.  Hort.  515. 
1888.  17.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  422.  1889.  18.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  129:32,  33.  1896.  19.  Cornell 
Sta.  Bui.  131:191.  1897.  20.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:241,  242.  1899.  21.  Waugh  Plum  Cuti.  96. 
1901.  22.  Va.  Sta.  Bui.  134:40.  1902.  23.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:241.  1905. 

Bavay's  Green  Gage  17,  21.  Bavay's  Green  Gage  n.  Bavay's  renkloie  12.  Bavay's  Reine 
Claude  17.  Bavays  Reine-Claude  13.  De  Bavay  i$.  Monstreusede  Bavay  15.  Monstrueuse  de  Bavay 
10,  ii,  12,  17.  Prune  de  Bavay  12,  17.  Queen  Claude  of  Bavay  6.  Reine  Claude  21,  23.  Reine- 
Claude  de  Bavay  2,  3,  4,  5,  7,  8,  9,  10,  12,  13,  15,  16,  19.  Reine-Claude  de  Bavay  6,  n,  13,  17,  18,  21. 
Reine-Claude  Monstreuse  de  Bavey  i.  Reine-Claude  Monot  17.  Reine-Claude  von  Bavays  14. 
St.  Claire  10.  Saint  Clair  n,  17.  Sainte-Claire  17.  Saint-Claire  12. 

Bavay  is  one  of  the  best  of  the  green  plums — a  worthy  rival  in  all 
respects  and  in  some  superior  to  its  parent  Reine  Claude.  It  is  unexcelled 
as  a  dessert  plum  and  its  delicious  flavor  is  retained  in  cooking,  making 
the  somewhat  rare  combination  of  a  first  rate  dessert  and  a  first  rate  culi- 
nary fruit.  Bavay  is  not  only  satisfactory  in  the  qualities  which  make 
it  desirable  to  the  consumer  but  it  is  a  good  market  plum  for  it  both  keeps 


156  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

and  ships  well.  The  flavor  is  not  quite  equal  to  that  of  Reine  Claude, 
one  of  the  best  of  all  plums  in  quality,  but  in  tree-characters  the  Bavay 
surpasses  the  older  variety.  The  trees  bear  young,  annually  and  heavily, 
sometimes  too  heavily,  and  while  not  as  hardy,  as  large,  as  robust  or  as 
long-lived  as  could  be  wished,  yet  in  these  respects  they  are  superior  to 
those  of  most  of  the  varieties  of  Reine  Claude  plums.  Some  horticulturists 
recommend  that  the  Bavay  be  top-worked  on  a  more  vigorous,  hardy  and 
longer-lived  stock  but  the  behavior  of  trees  so  treated  in  this  vicinity 
makes  top-working  a  very  doubtful  expedient.  Lombard  is  usually  recom- 
mended as  a  stock  upon  which  to  work  it.  Bavay  is  indispensable  in  home 
orchards  and  can  be  recommended  for  much  more  general  planting  in 
commercial  orchards. 

This  variety  is  a  seedling  of  Reine  Claude  produced  by  Major  Esperin 
of  Malines,  Belgium,  about  1832,  and  dedicated  by  him  in  1843,  to  M.  De 
Bavay,  Director  of  the  Royal  Nurseries,  at  Vilvordes,  near  Brussels.  Though 
this  variety  is  distinct  from  its  parent  in  tree-characters,  in  having  a  later 
season,  smaller  fruit  and  a  different  flavor,  the  two  plums  have  become 
confused  by  many  nurserymen  and  horticulturists.  In  1856,  the  American 
Pomological  Society  placed  Bavay  on  its  fruit  catalog  list  where  it  still 
remains. 

Tree  of  medium  size  and  vigor,  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  hardy,  very  pro- 
ductive, somewhat  susceptible  to  sunscald;  branches  smooth  except  for  the  few,  large, 
raised  lenticels,  light  ash-gray;  branchlets  medium  in  thickness  and  length,  with  inter- 
nodes  of  variable  length,  dull  brownish-red,  pubescent,  with  numerous,  inconspicuous, 
small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  large,  long,  pointed,  appressed. 

Leaves  folded  backward,  oval,  or  slightly  obovate,  wide,  long,  thick;  upper  surface 
nearly  smooth,  covered  sparsely  with  hairs;  lower  surface  thickly  pubescent,  especially 
along  the  midrib  and  larger  veins;  apex  acute;  margin  crenate,  glandless;  petiole 
thick,  long,  tinged  lightly  with  red,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  globose,  greenish- 
yellow  glands  on  the  stalk  or  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the 
leaves,  one  and  one-eighth  inches  across,  whitish  or  creamy  at  the  apex  of  the  petals ; 
borne  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  three-eighths  inch  long, 
pubescent,  green;  calyx-tube  greenish,  obconic,  pubescent  at  the  base;  calyx-lobes  rather 
broad,  obtuse,  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  glandular-serrate,  reflexed;  petals  broadly 
obovate,  crenate,  tapering  below  to  short,  broad  claws;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments 
three-eighths  inch  long;  pistil  pubescent  on  the  ovary,  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  late,  season  long;  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval,  halves  equal;  cavity  inter- 
mediate in  depth  and  width,  abrupt;  suture  a  line;  apex  roundish;  color  greenish- 
yellow  changing  to  dark  straw-yellow,  obscurely  streaked  and  splashed,  covered  with 


BAVAY 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  157 

thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  grayish,  obscure,  clustered  about  the  apex;  stem 
thick,  short,  pubescent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  rather  tough,  separating  readily; 
flesh  rich  golden-yellow,  juicy,  slightly  fibrous,  tender,  sweet,  pleasant  flavor;  very  good; 
stone  free,  seven-eighths  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  oval,  slightly  necked,  blunt 
at  the  apex,  with  pitted  surfaces ;  ventral  suture  winged,  deeply  furrowed ;  dorsal  suture 
widely  and  deeply  grooved. 

BEJONNIERES 

Prunus  insititia 

i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  898.  1869.  2.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  472.  1887.  3.  Ibid.  453. 
1906. 

Des  B^jonnieres  2,  3.     Prune  des  Bejonnitres  i. 

This  variety  is  so  highly  prized  in  France  that  it  is  here  recommended 
for  trial  even  though  the  trees  as  they  grow  in  this  part  of  New  York  have 
not  been  productive.  It  is  too  small  for  a  dessert  plum  but  might  become 
of  value  here  if  used  as  in  France  for  tarts,  spices,  preserves  and  drying. 
The  plum  originated  about  1827  in  the  nursery  of  Andre"  Leroy,  Bejonnieres, 
Angers,  France. 

Tree  medium  in  size  and  vigor,  upright-spreading,  unproductive ;  leaf -scars  swollen ; 
leaves  oval,  medium  in  width  and  length;  margin  with  small  dark  glands,  finely  serrate; 
petiole  with  none  or  from  one  to  six  glands,  usually  on  the  stalk;  flowers  appearing  after 
the  leaves,  tinged  creamy- white  as  they  open;  borne  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  in  pairs 
or  in  threes. 

Fruit  late,  season  of  medium  length;  one  and  three-eighths  inches  by  one  and 
one-quarter  inches  in  size,  obovate,  a  little  necked,  yellow,  blotched  with  red  on  the 
exposed  cheek,  covered  with  thin  bloom;  stem  long;  apex  strongly  depressed;  flesh 
pale  yellow,  firm  but  tender,  sweet,  aromatic;  very  good;  stone  semi-clinging,  three- 
quarters  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  oval. 

BELGIAN  PURPLE 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  373.  1857.  2-  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  351.  1866.  3.  Pom.  France 
7:  No.  27.  1871.  4.  MasLtf  Verger6:io$.  1866-73.  5-  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  36.  1877.  6.  Cat.  Cong. 
Pom.  France  340.  1887.  7.  Guide  Prat.  153,  352.  1895. 

Bleue  de  Perk  4.  Bleue  de  Bergues  3,7.  Bleue  de  Belgique  1,7.  Bleu  de  Perque  i.  Blaue  von 
Belgien  4,  7.  Bleu  de  Bergues  6.  Bleue  de  Peck  6.  Belgian  Purple  4,  6,  7.  Bleue  de  Belgique  7. 
Belgische  Damascene  7.  Bleue  de  Perck  7.  Bleu  de  Belgique  6.  Fertheringham  3  incor.  Prune 
Bleue  de  Belgique  3. 

Belgian  Purple  is  a  medium  grade  plum  of  little  value  for  dessert 
but  rather  highly  esteemed  for  culinary  purposes,  especially  in  Europe. 
It  probably  has  but  a  small  place  in  American  pomology.  Concerning 


158  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

the  origin  of  the  variety,  nothing  is  known  although  it  is  generally  believed 
to  have  originated  in  Belgium  prior  to  1850. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  round  and  dense-topped,  not  always  hardy,  very  productive; 
branchlets  numerous,  thick,  pubescent  throughout  the  season;  leaf -scars  prominent; 
leaves  flattened  or  folded  upward,  oval,  one  and  five-eighths  inches  wide,  three  and 
one-half  inches  long;  margin  serrate  or  crenate;  petiole  five-eighths  inch  long,  gland- 
less  or  with  from  one  to  two  small  glands  usually  at  the  base  of  the  leaf;  flowers  nearly 
one  inch  across,  white,  with  a  peculiar  greenish  and  creamy  tinge  near  the  apex  of  the 
petals  and  often  splashed  with  pink  towards  the  base;  borne  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs; 
calyx-tube  thickly  pubescent. 

Fruit  mid-season;  medium  to  below  in  size,  roundish-oval,  purplish-black,  over- 
spread with  thick  bloom;  flesh  rich,  golden-yellow,  medium  juicy,  firm,  sweet,  mild; 
fair  to  good;  stone  nearly  free,  of  medium  size,  oval,  flattened,  often  with  a  distinct 
wing. 

BELLE 

Primus  domestica 

i.  Horticulturist  10:71.  1855.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  394.  1857.  3.  Flor.  &  Pom.  144, 
PI.  1863.  4.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  351,  384.  1866.  5.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:27,  fig.  14.  1866-73.  6.  Le 
Bon  Jard.  341.  1882.  7.  Barry  Fr.  Garden  410.  1883.  8.  Decaisne  &  Naudin  Man.  Am.  dcs 
Jard.  4:  382.  9.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  449,  451.  1889.  10.  Garden  50:295.  1896.  ir.  Rivers  Cat. 
33.  1898.  12.  Fish  Hardy-Fr.  Bk.  2:55.  13.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  4:156.  1901.  14.  Waugh 
Plum  Cult.  96.  1901. 

Autumn  Beauty  n.  Autumn  Beauty  9.  Belle  de  Septembre  9,  n,  14.  Belle  de  Septembre 
i,  3,  4,  7,  10,  12,  13.  Gros  Rouge  de  Septembre  3,  4,  9.  Lawrence  Early  9.  Regina  nova  6.  Reine- 
Claude  Rouge  9.  Reins-Claude  Rouge  de  Septembre  5,  9.  Reine-Claude  Rouge  of  September  2 
Reine-Claude  Rouge  de  Van  Mons  5,  6,  8.  Reine-Claude  Rouge  de  Van  Mons  9.  Reine-Claude  Rouge 
Van  Mons  4,  9.  Reine  Nova  (Berre)  9.  Reina  Nova  2,  3,  4,  9.  Rote  Claude  9.  Reine  Nova  9. 
Schb'ne  September  Konigspflaume  9.  Van  Mons  Konigspflaume  9.  Van  Mons  Konigspflaume  5.  Van 
Mons  Red  9.  Van  Mons'  Red  4.  Van  Mons  Red  Gage  5,  9. 

Belle  is  an  unusually  large,  handsome  plum  but  unfortunately  is  not 
of  very  high  quality.  It  is  much  like  Pond  but  is  brighter  red,  a 
little  smaller,  less  necked,  the  stem  is  shorter,  the  apex  more  blunt  and 
it  is  more  of  a  clingstone.  European  authorities  say  that  Belle  is  second 
to  none  for  culinary  purposes  and  its  handsome  appearance  gives  it  value 
across  the  seas  as  a  dessert  plum.  As  Belle  grows  on  the  grounds  of  this 
Station — it  seems  not  to  be  found  elsewhere  in  New  York — the  tree-char- 
acters are  quite  above  those  in  the  average  variety  of  plums  and  when 
considered  with  the  fine,  late  fruits,  indicate  that  the  variety  might  be 
grown  with  profit  for  market  purposes.  It  well  deserves  to  be  tried  by 
commercial  plum-growers. 

Belle  came  from  Brussels,  Belgium,  and  was  propagated  by  the  famous 
horticulturist,  Van  Mons.  Nothing  further  is  known  of  its  origin. 


BELLE 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  159 

Tree  above  medium  in  size,  vigorous,  upright,  open-topped,  hardy,  productive; 
branches  smooth,  dull  dark  ash-gray,  with  small,  numerous,  raised  lenticels;  branchlets 
thick,  with  short  internodes,  green  changing  to  brownish-red,  often  marked  with  scarf- 
skin,  dull,  very  pubescent  early  in  the  season  becoming  less  pubescent  as  maturity  ad- 
vances, with  numerous,  small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  of  medium  size  and  length,  conical,  free. 

Leaves  flattened  or  folded  upward,  obovate,  one  and  seven-eighths  inches  wide, 
four  and  one-half  inches  long,  thick,  leathery ;  upper  surface  dark  green,  with  deeply 
grooved  midrib,  sparingly  hairy;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  pubescent;  apex  acute,  base 
cuneate,  margin  shallowly  but  broadly  crenate,  with  few  small  dark  glands;  petiole 
one  and  one-eighth  inches  long,  thick,  pubescent,  tinged  with  light  red,  glandless  or 
with  one  or  two  small,  globose,  yellowish  glands  on  the  stalk  or  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  late  and  long;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  and  one- 
eighth  inches  across,  the  buds  cream-tipped  changing  to  white  on  expanding;  borne 
on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  usually  singly;  pedicels  about  seven-sixteenths  inch  long, 
thick,  pubescent,  green;  calyx-tube  greenish,  campanulate,  glabrous  except  towards 
the  base;  calyx-lobes  above  medium  in  width,  obtuse,  slightly  pubescent  on  both  sur- 
faces, glandular-serrate,  erect;  petals  broadly  ovate,  crenate,  with  short,  broad  claws; 
anthers  yellowish;  filaments  five-sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the 
stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  late,  season  of  medium  length;  one  and  seven-eighths  inches  by  one  and  three- 
quarters  inches  in  size,  roundish-oval,  slightly  compressed,  halves  nearly  equal;  cavity 
shallow,  flaring;  suture  shallow,  rather  wide,  prominent;  apex  roundish  or  depressed; 
color  light  purplish-red  over  a  greenish-yellow  ground,  overspread  with  thin  bloom; 
dots  numerous,  small,  russet,  inconspicuous;  stem  one-half  inch  long,  thickly  pubescent, 
adhering  strongly  to. the  fruit,  with  fleshy  ring  about  the  base;  skin  of  average  thickness 
and  toughness,  sour,  separating  from  the  pulp;  flesh  pale  yellow,  juicy,  coarse,  firm, 
sweet  at  the  skin,  but  tart  at  the  center,  pleasant,  aromatic;  good;  stone  clinging, 
one  and  three-sixteenths  inches  by  three-quarters  inch  in  size,  oval,  turgid,  blunt  at 
the  apex,  with  rough  and  pitted  surfaces;  ventral  suture  winged,  with  few  but  prom- 
inent ridges;  dorsal  suture  widely  and  deeply  grooved. 

BERCKMANS 

Prunus  triflora 

i.  Ga.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  53,  99-  1889.  2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  62:20.  1894.  3.  Ga.  Hort.  Soc.  Rft. 
95.  1895.  4.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  106:43,  44-  1896.  5.  Rural  N.  Y.  56:614.  1897.  6.  Am.  Pom. 
Soc.  Rpt.  26.  1897.  7.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  175:138,  143.  1899.  8.  Rural  N.  Y.  62:582.  1903. 
9.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  68:9,  28.  1905. 

Botan  of  some  2,  4.  Botan  White  6.  Sweet  Botan  i.  Sweet  Botan  2,  3,  4.  True  Sweet  Botan 
2,  4,  9.  White-fleshed  Botan  i.  White-fleshed  Botan  2,  4,  8,  9. 

This  variety  was  introduced  by  Luther  Burbank  in  1887  from  imported 
stock.  P.  J.  Berckmans1  of  Augusta,  Georgia,  who  had  secured  some 

1  Prosper  Julius  A.  Berckmans  was  one  of  the  noted  horticulturists  and  pomologists  of  the 
generation  just  passing.  He  was  born  at  Aerschat,  near  Antwerp,  Belgium,  October  13,  1830, 


l6o  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Botan  trees  from  Burbank,  noted  that  this  plum  differed  from  the  rest 
and,  in  order  to  distinguish  it,  named  it  Sweet  Botan.  The  nomenclature 
of  Botan  was  confused  and  indefinite  and  Bailey,  in  1894,  renamed  the 
new  plum  Berckmans.  As  it  is  very  similar  to  Abundance,  still  more 
confusion  has  arisen  in  regard  to  it.  Compared  with  Abundance,  Berck- 
mans is  more  spreading  in  growth ;  fruit  less  pointed,  with  dryer  and  more 
insipid  flesh;  color  brighter  red  and  the  stone  usually  freer;  but  it  is  neither 
as  productive  nor  as  free  from  rot.  In  1897  the  American  Pomological 
Society  placed  the  variety  on  its  fruit  list.  As  Berckmans  is  inferior  to 
Abundance  and  ripens  at  the  same  season,  it  is  not  worth  recommending 
for  general  planting.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  so  distinguished  a  horti- 
culturist as  Mr.  Berckmans  is  not  to  have  his  name  perpetuated  in  a  better 
plum  than  the  one  named  in  his  honor. 

BERGER 

Primus  trifiora 

I.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  62:20,  21  fig,  31.  1894.  2.  Ibid,  106:45,  62.  67.  1896.  3.  Ibid,  139:46. 
1897.  4.  Ibid,  175:132,  133  fig.  26.  1899.  5.  Texas  Sta.  Bui.  32:486  fig.  7,  49°,  492-  l899-  6- 
W.  N.  Y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  92.  1899.  7.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:248  fig.,  254,  255-  I9°5- 

Honsmomo  i,  2,  3,  4,  5.  Red  Nagate  i,  2  incor.  Satsuma  i,  2  incor.  Shiro  Smomo  i,  2,  5. 
Strawberry  i,  3,  6.  Strawberry  2,  4.  Uchi  Bene  6.  Uchi-Beni  i,  2,  5.  Uchi-Beni  3,  4.  Ura- 
Beni  i,  2,  3,  4,  5. 


his  father  being  Dr.  Louis  Edouard  Berckmans,  author  of  the  splendid  pomological  work,  Album 
de  Pomologie,  and  as  noted  in  Europe  as  was  the  son  in  America,  in  horticulture  and  pomology.  The 
younger  Berckmans  was  educated  in  Tours,  Belgium  and  Paris,  attaining  distinction  as  a  student 
in  botany.  In  1850  father  and  son  came  to  America  and  the  following  year  settled  at  Plainfield, 
New  Jersey.  Six  years  later  the  son  moved  to  Augusta,  Georgia,  and  established  near  that  place 
a  horticultural  plantation,  which  he  called  "  Fruitlands,"  the  nursery  of  which  has  become  famous 
throughout  the  world.  Soon  after  locating  in  Georgia,  Mr.  Berckmans  became  interested  in  horti- 
cultural organizations  and  later  his  activities  were  extended  to  the  promotion  of  horticulture  in 
the  Nation.  In  1859  he  became  a  member  of  the  first  horticultural  society  in  Georgia.  In  1876 
he  helped  to  organize  and  was  the  first  president  of  the  Georgia  State  Horticultural  Society,  a  position 
which  he  held  until  his  death.  In  1860  he  became  a  member  of  the  American  Pomological  Society 
and  was  at  once  intrusted  with  important  committee  work  in  that  organization.  His  work  here 
was  done  so  well  that  in  1887  he  was  elected  president  of  the  society  and  later  was  four  times  re- 
elected.  Mr.  Berckmans  was  a  member  of  a  number  of  state  and  national  horticultural  and  scien- 
tific organizations  other  than  those  named  and  was  an  honorary  member  of  many  similar  societies 
in  Europe.  In  1893  he  was  chosen  to  make  the  opening  address  of  the  Horticultural  Congress  held 
at  the  World's  Fair  in  Chicago  that  year.  Mr.  Berckmans  was  eminent  in  entomology  as  well  as 
in  botany  and  horticulture  and  was  interested  in  all  the  sciences.  Through  much  reading,  study 
and  travel  he  became  versed  in  literature  and  art  as  well  as  science.  Mr.  Berckmans'  fellow-workers 
in  horticulture,  his  business  associates  and  the  patrons  of  his  nursery,  justly  esteemed  him  for  his 
amiability,  integrity  and  public  spiritedness.  At  his  death,  November  8,  1910,  a  well  spent  life  was 
ended. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  l6l 

At  first  sight  Berger  is  a  wholly  insignificant  plum,  being  no  larger 
than  a  sweet  cherry;  but  the  variety  is  so  distinct  in  several  characters 
that  every  collection  should  have  a  tree  or  two  of  it  and  the  plum-breeder 
will  find  it  most  interesting  and  valuable.  Its  peculiarities  are:  A  flavor 
quite  distinct  from  that  of  any  other  Triflora  plum;  its  cherry -like  appear- 
ance; early  ripening,  maturing  in  this  State  shortly  after  the  middle  of 
July;  its  pronounced  upright  habit  of  growth;  its  light  green  foliage;  and 
its  habit  of  bearing  its  fruit  close  to  the  old  wood.  In  common  with  many 
other  Japanese  varieties,  the  nomenclature  of  Berger  is  badly  confused. 
According  to  Bailey,  who  received  specimens  of  this  variety  from  various 
sections  of  the  country,  H.  H.  Berger  &  Company  of  San  Francisco  sent 
out  this  plum  under  several  names.  Berckmans  of  Georgia  received  it  as 
Red  Nagate;  N.  S.  Platt  of  Connecticut  as  Satsuma;  to  another  person 
in  the  South  it  came  as  Shiro  Smomo,  while  T.  V.  Munson  of  Texas  grew 
it  under  the  name  of  Berger,  a  term  finally  adopted  by  Bailey.  In  the 
meanwhile,  Stark  Brothers  of  Louisiana,  Missouri,  introduced  a  plum  very 
similar  to  this  under  the  name  Strawberry  but  the  variety  was  dropped 
by  them  in  1893.  Whether  or  not  this  "  Strawberry  "  or  "  Uchi-Beni," 
as  it  was  sometimes  called,  was  really  the  Berger  it  is  impossible  to  say 
but  it  is  certain  that  both  of  these  names  have  been  applied  to  the  Berger. 
The  following  description  is  a  compilation. 

Tree  vigorous,  upright,  open-topped,  medium  hardy;  leaves  narrow,  light  colored; 
blooming  season  early;  flowers  white,  small. 

Fruit  very  early;  unusually  small,  roundish  but  truncate  at  the  ends,  attractive 
light  to  dark  red,  covered  with  thick  bloom;  flesh  firm,  meaty,  light  yellow,  sweet, 
of  pleasant  flavor;  fair  to  good;  stone  very  small  and  cherry-like,  free,  with 
smooth  surfaces. 

BLACK  BULLACE 

Primus  insititia 

i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576,  578.  1629.  2.  Gerard  Herball  1498.  1636.  3.  Miller  Card.  Diet. 
3:1754.  4.  Abercrombie  Card.  Ass't  13.  1786.  5.  Deane  N.  E.  Farmer  Diet.  266.  1797.  6. 
Miller  Card.  Diet.  3:1807.  7.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  144  .  1831.  8.  Phillips  Com.  Orch.  306.  1831. 
9  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:105.  1832.  10.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  689.  1884.  u.  Jour.  Hort.  27:476. 
1874.  12.  Garden  59:226.  1901. 

Black  Bulleis  i.     Bullesse  2.     Barley's  November  n. 

This  variety  is  interesting  chiefly  as  an  early  type  of  the  Insititia 
plums,  its  thorny  branches,  wayward  growth,  small  and  austere  fruit,  all 
bespeaking  a  wild  fruit.  The  plums  when  ripened  by  frost  are  not  un- 
pleasant to  taste  and  are  borne  in  prodigious  quantities.  The  variety,  how- 


l62  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

ever,  is  surpassed  by  many  other  Insititias  and  has  little  value  other  than 
to  show  the  steps  between  wild  and  highly  cultivated  fruits. 

Black  Bullace  is  one  of  the  oldest  of  cultivated  plums  and  all  data 
in  regard  to  its  origin  have  been  lost.  It  resembles  the  wild  forms  of  its 
species  very  closely  and  it  may  have  been  selected  from  the  wild.  Park- 
inson, writing  in  1629,  (References,  i)  gives  a  short  description  of  this 
variety;  and  Gerard,  in  1636,  (References,  2)  says:  "The  Bullesse  and 
the  Sloe  tree  are  wilde  kindes  of  Plums,  which  do  vary  in  their  kind,  even 
as  the  greater  and  manured  Plums  do.  Of  Bullesse,  some  are  of  greater 
and  of  better  taste  than  others.  Sloes  are  some  of  one  taste,  and  some  of 
others,  more  sharp;  some  greater  and  others  lesser;  the  which  to  distinguish 
with  long  descriptions  were  to  small  purpose,  considering  they  be  all  and 
every  of  them  known  even  to  the  simplest;  therefore  this  shall  suffice  for 
their  several  descriptions."  Black  Bullace  has  long  been  known  in  Eng- 
land and  was  among  the  first  European  varieties  cultivated  in  this  country. 
Deane  in  The  New  England  Farmer,  1797,  describes  this  variety  briefly  as 
under  cultivation  at  that  time  but  it  did  not  prove  popular  in  North  Amer- 
ica and  after  Prince,  1832,  it  seems  to  have  dropped  from  American  plum 
literature. 

Tree  of  medium  size  and  vigor,  upright  or  slightly  spreading,  dense-topped,  hardy, 
very  productive;  branches  smooth  except  for  the  numerous,  small,  raised  lenticels, 
dark,  ash-gray;  branchlets  long,  with  short  internodes,  green  changing  to  dark  brownish- 
drab,  thickly  pubescent,  with  numerous,  inconspicuous,  small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  small 
short,  obtuse,  free. 

Leaves  oval,  one  and  one-half  inches  wide,  three  and  one-quarter  inches  long; 
upper  surface  dark  green,  rugose,  hairy,  with  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  silvery- 
green,  heavily  pubescent;  apex  abruptly  pointed  or  acute,  base  acute,  margin  serrate 
or  crenate,  with  a  few,  smallish,  dark  glands;  petiole  three-quarters  inch  long,  green, 
thickly  pubescent,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  small,  globose,  greenish-brown  glands 
on  the  stalk  or  at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  with  the 
leaves,  seven-eighths  inch  across,  white;  borne  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly  or 
in  pairs;  pedicels  three-eighths  inch  long,  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green, 
campanulate,  pubescent  only  at  the  base;  calyx-lobes  narrow,  obtuse,  pubescent 
at  margin  and  base,  with  few  glands,  reflexed;  petals  oval,  entire,  tapering  abruptly 
to  short  claws;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  three-eighths  inch  in  length;  pistil 
glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  late,  season  long;  one  and  one-eighth  inches  by  seven-eighths  inch  in  size, 
distinctly  oval,  necked,  not  compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity  small,  shallow,  narrow, 
flaring;  suture  lacking;  apex  roundish,  with  stigma  usually  adhering;  color  purplish- 
black,  covered  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  brown,  inconspicuous;  stem 


BLACK  BULLACE 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  163 

one-half  inch  long,  pubescent,  adhering  to  the  fruit;  skin  of  medium  thickness  and 
toughness,  slightly  astringent,  adhering  somewhat;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy  and 
fibrous,  firm,  sour  or  agreeably  tart  late  in  the  season;  stone  clinging,  three-quarters 
inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  irregularly  oval  or  ovate,  slightly  necked  at  the  base,  acute 
at  the  apex,  with  pitted  surfaces;  ventral  suture  swollen,  blunt;  dorsal  suture  acute 
or  partially  furrowed. 

BLACKMAN 

Prunus  Jwrtulana  X  Primus  persica 
I.  Gara.  Man.  24:82.     1882.     2.  Ibid,  29:45,  302.     1887.     3.  Cornell  Sta.  Bid.  38:77.     1892. 

Blackman  is  supposed  to  be  a  hybrid  between  the  Wild  Goose  plum 
and  a  peach.  According  to  Bailey,  a  Mrs.  Charity  Clark  secured  plum  pits 
from  an  orchard  of  Wild  Goose  and  Washington  plums  in  Rutherford 
County,  Tennessee,  about  1865  and  gave  them  to  Dr.  Blackman  of  Nash- 
ville of  that  State.  One  of  the  seedlings  appeared  promising  and  was 
disseminated  by  a  local  nurseryman  under  the  name  Blackman.  A  rival 
nurseryman  in  attempting  to  procure  cions  of  this  variety  inadvertently 
cut  them  from  an  adjacent  tree,  a  barren  seedling  from  the  same  lot  of 
seed.  Unfortunately  the  spurious  Blackman  received  a  wide  distribution 
while  the  true  variety  remained  practically  unknown.  Afterwards  in  order 
to  avoid  confusion  the  original  Blackman  was  rechristened  Charity  Clark 
under  which  name  it  is  now  known.  The  tree  of  the  second  Blackman 
is  strong  and  vigorous  but  rarely  produces  its  plum-like  fruit.  The  foliage 
is  about  midway  in  character  between  the  plum  and  peach;  the  fruit-buds 
are  formed  abundantly  but  seldom  open.  From  a  horticultural  stand- 
point, the  variety  is  of  course  worthless  but  the  hybrid,  one  of  the  first  of 
its  kind,  is  interesting  and  worth  recording. 

BLEEKER 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  25.  1828.  2.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  255.  1832.  3.  Manning  Book  of 
Fruits  104.  1838.  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  273.  1843.  5-  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  54.  1852. 
6.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  515.  1859.  7.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  899.  1869.  8.  Mas  Le  Verger 
6:21.  1866-1873.  9.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  686.  1884.  ro.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  423.  1889.  n. 
Guide  Prat.  158,  364.  1895.  12.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  96.  1901. 

Bleecker's  n.  Bleecker's  German  Gage  i.  Bleecker's  German  Gage  2.  Bleecker's  Gage  2,  4. 
S,  6,  7.  Bleecker's  Gage  9,  10,  n,  12.  Bleeker's  Gage  3.  Bicker's  Gage  6.  Bleecker's  Yellow  7, 
Bleeker's  10.  Bleecker's  Yellow  Gage  7,  8,  n.  Bleecker's  Gage  8.  Bleeker's  Yellow  9.  Bleeker's 
Gelbe  Zwetsche  n.  Bleeker's  Gelbe  Zwetsche  10.  Bleeker's  Yellow  Gage  9,  10.  Bleeker's  Gelbe 
Reine-Claude  10.  Bleeker's  Gelbe  Renklode  u.  Bleeker's  Yellow  10.  German  Gage  4,  6,  7,  9,  10,  n. 
Jaune  de  Bleeker  10,  n.  Reine-Claude  de  Bleeker  10.  Reine-Claude  de  Bleecker  8,  n. 


164  THE    PLUMS   OF   NEW    YORK. 

Just  why  this  old  and  one  time  popular  plum  is  now  so  seldom  grown 
cannot  be  said.  It  is  a  delicious  dessert  plum  of  the  Reine  Claude  group, 
much  like  Yellow  Gage  but  distinguished  from  it  by  a  longer  and  stouter 
stalk.  Its  tree -characters  in  New  York  are  good  and  the  fruit  in  all  the 
qualities  that  make  plums  desirable  is  as  good  as  that  of  most  of  its  class. 
The  variety  originated  with  a  Mrs.  Bleeker  of  Albany,  New  York,  about 
1 8 10  from  a  pit  given  her  by  Rev.  Mr.  Dull  of  Kingston,  New  York.  This 
stone  had  come  from  Germany  and  was  thought  to  have  been  that  of  a 
German  prune  but  this  is  probably  an  error  as  the  seedlings  of  that  variety 
come  true  or  nearly  so.  Bleeker  was  listed  in  the  catalogs  of  the  American 
Pomological  Society  from  1852  to  1897. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  productive;  trunk  and 
branches  thick  and  covered  with  rough  bark;  branches  slightly  pubescent;  leaves  two 
and  one-quarter  inches  wide,  four  inches  long,  oval,  stiff;  upper  surface  somewhat 
rugose;  margin  serrate;  petiole  five-eighths  inch  long,  thick,  tinged  red,  with  from  two 
to  three  glands  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Fruit  early;  nearly  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter,  roundish-oval,  greenish- 
yellow,  striped  and  splashed  with  green  becoming  golden-yellow  at  full  maturity,  over- 
spread with  thin  bloom;  flesh  golden-yellow,  dry,  coarse,  firm,  sweet,  mild;  of  good 
quality;  stone  semi-clinging,  one  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  obovate,  acute  at 
the  apex,  medium  turgid,  with  pitted  surfaces. 

BLUE  PERDRIGON 

Prunus  domestica 

l.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576.  1629.  2.  Rea  Flora  208.  1676.  3.  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  67, 
68,  69.  1699.  4.  Langley  Pomona  92,  PI.  23  fig.  4.  1729.  5.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:85.  1768. 
6.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:66.  1832.  7.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  290.  1845.  8.  Floy-Lindley  Guide 
Orch.  Card.  280,  293,  383.  1846.  9.  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.  287.  1853.  10.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  687. 
1884.  ii.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  452.  1889.  12.  Guide  Prat.  154,  361.  1895. 

Blue  Perdrigon  6,  7,  n,  12.  Brignole  Violette  7,  10,  n,  12.  Battle  Monument  10,  n.  Blaue 
Fasanen  Pflaume  1 1 ,  12.  Blatter  Perdrigon  n,  12.  Blew  Perdrigon  2,  3.  4.  Perdrigon  i,  3,  9. 
Perdrigon  Violet  5,  I2-  Perdrigon  Violet  6,  8,  n.  Perdrigon  Violette  7,  10.  Perdigon  8.  Per- 
digevena  8.  Violet  Perdrigon  4,  6,  7,  10,  n.  Violet  Perdrigon  6,  8.  Violetter  Perdrigon  n. 
Violette  Fasanen  Pflaume  n.  Violette  Huhner  Pflaume  n.  Violette  Rebhuhn  Pflaume  1 1 .  Violette 
Fasanenfflaume  12.  Violette  Huhnerpftaume  12.  Violetter  Perdrigon  12.  Violeltes  Rebhuhnerei 

II,    12. 

Early  records  indicate  that  the  Blue  Perdrigon  was  introduced  into 
England  from  Italy.  Hakluyt,  writing  in  1582,  says,  "  Of  late  time  the 
Plum  called  the  Perdigevena  was  procured  out  of  Italy,  with  two  kinds 
more,  by  the  Lord  Cromwell,  after  his  travel."  Gough,  in  his  British 
Topography,  states  that  Lord  Cromwell  introduced  the  "  Perdrigon  plum  " 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

into  England  in  the  time  of  Henry  VII.  From  these  accounts  it  would 
seem  that  this  plum  was  established  in  England  some  time  during  the 
latter  part  of  the  Fifteenth  Century.  For  three  hundred  years  it  thrived 
so  well  in  England  that  writers  had  no  hesitation  in  pronouncing  it  their 
best  plum.  From  England  it  came  early  to  America.  Probably  it  was 
included  in  the  shipment  of  plum  pits  ordered  from  England  by  the 
Governor  and  Company  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony  in  New  Eng- 
land in  1629.  In  spite  of  its  Old  World  reputation,  however,  it  never  found 
favor  here  and  is  now  rarely  if  ever  seen  even  in  collections.  The  older 
writers  mentioned  a  Black  Perdrigon  which  they  considered  distinct  from 
the  variety  under  discussion.  Inasmuch  as  all  plums  until  recently  were 
propagated  from  seed,  it  is  more  than  likely  that  there  were  all  gradations 
in  color  and  that  some  attempted  to  classify  the  darker  seedlings  as  a 
distinct  variety.  This  hypothesis  is  borne  out  by  the  fact  that  after  graft- 
ing and  budding  became  the  common  method  of  propagation  the  so-called 
Black  Perdrigon  became  extinct.  The  following  description  is  a  compilation. 

Tree  vigorous,  but  not  always  productive;  young  shoots  pubescent;  fruit  mid- 
season;  medium  in  size,  obovate,  compressed  on  the  suture  side,  purple  or  blue,  with 
thick  bloom;  stem  slender;  skin  thick,  very  tough;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  firm,  rich, 
sweet,  aromatic;  good;  stone  small,  flattened,  clinging;  fruit  hangs  on  the  tree  until 
it  shrivels. 

BODDAERT 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  zd  App.  156.  1876.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  36.  1877.  3.  Hogg 
Fruit  Man.  687.  1884.  4.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  423.  1889.  5.  Lucas  Vollst.  Hand.  Obst.  472.  1894. 
6.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  97.  1901. 

Boddaert's  Green  Gage  i,  3.  Boddart's  Green  Gage  2.  Boddaert's  Reine  Claude  4.  Boddaert's 
Green  Gage  4,  6.  Reine-Claude  de  Boddaert  4.  Reine-Claude  Boddaert  i,  3,  4.  Reine-Claude  von 
Boddaert  4. 

Boddaert  has  much  to  commend  it,  the  fruit  being  surpassed  by  that 
of  but  few  other  plums  of  its  type — that  of  the  Reine  Claude.  The  plums 
are  large,  attractive  and  of  very  good  quality.  Since  the  variety  has  been 
known  so  long  it  must  be  that  the  tree  has  some  fatal  defect;  otherwise 
it  would  be  more  largely  grown.  Boddaert  is  probably  a  Reine  Claude 
seedling  and  is  of  foreign  origin,  the  details  of  its  early  history  not  being 
known.  Downing,  in  1876,  first  mentioned  the  variety  in  America;  the 
following  year  it  was  placed  on  the  fruit  list  in  the  American  Porno- 
logical  Society  catalog. 


1 66  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Tree  large,  medium  in  vigor,  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  productive;  trunk 
rough;  branches  smooth,  except  for  a  few,  raised  lenticels;  branchlets  of  medium 
thickness,  brash,  thinly  pubescent;  leaves  oval,  two  and  one-quarter  inches  wide,  four 
inches  long,  thick  and  leathery;  upper  surface  dark  green,  rugose;  margin  crenate,  with 
small  dark  glands;  petiole  pubescent,  thick,  tinged  red,  usually  with  two  globose  glands. 

Fruit  mid-season;  about  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter,  roundish-ovate, 
strongly  compressed,  yellow,  mottled  with  green  before  full  maturity,  overspread  with 
thin  bloom;  stem  thickly  pubescent;  flesh  light  yellow,  dry,  meaty,  tender,  sweet; 
good  in  quality;  stone  semi-free  or  free,  seven-eighths  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in 
size,  oval  or  ovate,  turgid,  with  pitted  surfaces. 

BRADSHAW 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Mag.  Hon.  12:341.  1846.  2.  Horticulturist  10:15,  253.  1855.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt. 
190,214.  1856.  4.  Cultivator  8:25  fig.  1860.  5.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:3,  fig.  2.  1873.  6.  Mich.  Pom. 
Soc.  Rpt.  303.  1878.  7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  61,  118.  1883.  8.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  709.  1884. 
9.  Rural  N.  Y.  44:103.  1885.  10.  Me.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  130.  1888.  n.  Ibid.  144.  1889.  12. 
Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  434.  1889.  13.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  103:32,  33,  fig.  6.  1894.  14.  Guide  Prat. 
1S7.  359-  l895-  IS-  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:182.  1897.  16.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:242,  244.  1899. 
17.  W.  N.  Y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  44:91.  1899.  18.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  4:158.  1901.  19.  Waugh 
Plum  Cult.  97.  1901.  20.  Ont.  Fruit  Exp.  Sta.  Rpt.  16,  17  fig.  1902.  21.  Va.  Sta.  Bui.  134:40. 
1902.  22.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:33.  1903.  23.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:239,  254,  255,  256.  1905. 

Black  Imperial  5,  14.  Blue  Imperial  5,  14,  19,  20.  Bradshaw  9,  14.  Grosse  Schwarze  Kaiser 
Pflaume  12.  Hart  Prune  17.  Large  Black  Imperial  8,  14,  18.  Large  Black  Imperial  2,  3,  12. 
Mooney  9,  17.  Niagara  7,  9,  10,  u.  Niagara  13,  15,  17,  ?i9,  20,  ?22,  23. 

Bradshaw  leads  all  other  plums  in  number  of  trees  in  New  York, 
according  to  a  survey  of  the  leading  orchards  made  in  the  preparation 
of  The  Plums  of  New  York.  A  study  of  the  variety  does  not  justify  this 
popularity.  The  trees  grow  rather  slowly  and  are  slow  in  coming  into 
bearing;  the  fruit  is  not  especially  high  in  quality  and  in  many  regions 
is  attacked  by  brown-rot  too  freely  for  profitable  orchard  culture.  To 
offset  these  faults  the  trees  are  large  and  well  formed,  bear  regularly  and 
heavily,  are  hardy,  robust  and  healthy,  the  best  of  recommendations, 
and  the  plums  are  large,  attractive  in  appearance  and  keep  and  ship  well 
especially  if  picked  a  little  green.  The  variety,  curiously  enough,  is  not 
nearly  as  badly  attacked  by  San  Jose'  scale  as  other  plums.  Probably  one 
of  the  reasons  why  Bradshaw  is  so  largely  grown  in  New  York  is  that  it 
is  easily  handled  in  the  nursery  and  quickly  makes  a  very  good  nursery 
tree.  Bradshaw  does  not  deserve  the  high  place  it  holds  with  plum-grow- 
ers, and  must  give  way  sooner  or  later  to  better  varieties  for  commercial 
orchards.  The  value  of  the  crop  is  greatly  lessened  in  New  York  because 
it  ripens  in  the  midst  of  the  peach  season. 


BRADSHAW 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  167 

Unfortunately,  the  origin  of  this  plum  is  not  known.  The  Europeans 
and  some  Americans  have  held  that  it  came  from  America  but,  since  it 
is  identical  with  the  Large  Black  Imperial,  it  must  be  of  foreign  origin. 
It  was  named  by  C.  M.  Hovey  in  1846,  and  was  described  in  his  Magazine 
of  Horticulture  with  the  following  explanation:  "  For  the  want  of  a  name 
to  distinguish  a  very  large  and  excellent  plum,  exhibited  for  three  or  four 
years  in  succession,  by  E.  E.  Bradshaw,  Esq.,  Charlestown,  we  have  called 
it  the  Bradshaw  plum."  Barry,  in  1855,  states  in  the  Horticulturist  that 
he  "  received  it  from  Wm.  Kenrick,  a  nurseryman  in  Newton,  Massachu- 
setts, under  the  name  of  Large  Black  Imperial ;  but  as  it  has  been  described 
in  Hovey's  Magazine  as  Bradshaw,  we  have  adopted  that  name  in  our 
catalog."  Though  the  name  Bradshaw  is  incorrect  according  to  the  rule 
of  priority,  it  would  now  cause  too  much  confusion  to  change  it. 

Niagara,  a  well  known  variety  in  this  State,  is  identical  with  Brad- 
shaw in  all  characters,  in  spite  of  a  supposedly  distinct  origin.  According 
to  Mr.  George  Atwood  of  the  State  Department  of  Agriculture,  a  Mr.  Moody 
of  Lockport  exhibited,  about  1870,  the  Mooney  plum,  afterwards  named 
the  Niagara.  Being  interested  in  the  variety,  Mr.  Atwood  visited  Mooney, 
at  Lockport,  the  man  from  whom  Moody  had  secured  his  stock.  In 
Mooney 's  yard  were  found  several  bearing  trees,  which  had  been  grown 
from  sprouts  taken  from  the  original  seedling  tree,  grown  in  Canada. 
These  trees  could  not  be  told  from  the  Bradshaw.  If  the  Niagara  is  distinct 
as  to  origin,  it  is  probably  a  seedling  of  Bradshaw.  Bradshaw  was  recom- 
mended to  fruit-growers  as  a  promising  variety  by  the  American  Pomological 
Society  in  1856  and  has  since  remained  on  the  fruit  list  of  the  society. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  broad- vasiform,  dense-topped,  hardy,  very  productive; 
branches  smooth  except  for  the  numerous,  small,  raised  lenticels,  dark  ash-gray;  branch- 
lets  short,  with  long  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  brownish-red,  often  with 
heavy  gray  scarf-skin,  dull,  sparingly  pubescent,  with  obscure,  small  lenticels;  leaf- 
buds  variable  in  size  and  length,  pointed,  free. 

Leaves  drooping,  folded  backward,  obovate  or  oval,  two  inches  wide,  four  and 
one-quarter  inches  long,  thickish;  upper  surface  dark  green,  rugose,  pubescent,  with  a 
shallow  groove  on  the  midrib;  lower  surface  grayish-green,  thickly  pubescent;  apex 
acute,  base  abrupt,  margin  not  regular,  varying  from  coarsely  crenate  to  serrate,  egland- 
ular  or  with  few,  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  three-quarters  inch  long,  pubescent,  red- 
dish, glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  large,  globose,  greenish-brown  glands  on  the 
stalk  or  at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Season  of  bloom  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  and  three-sixteenths 
inches  across,  the  buds  creamy  changing  to  white  as  the  flowers  expand ;  borne  on  lateral 


1 68  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  nearly  eleven-sixteenths  inch  long,  pubescent, 
green;  calyx-tube  greenish,  campanulate,  pubescent  only  at  the  base;  calyx-lobes 
wide,  obtuse,  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  glandular-serrate,  margins  ciliate,  reflexed; 
petals  broadly  oval,  erose,  with  short,  broad  claws;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  seven- 
sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  pubescent  at  the  base,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  mid-season;  two  inches  by  one  and  three-quarters  inches  in  size,  oval  or 
obovate,  compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity  shallow,  narrow,  abrupt,  with  a  fleshy 
ring  around  the  stem;  suture  very  shallow;  apex  roundish  or  flattened;  color  light 
purplish-red  changing  to  dark  reddish-purple  at  maturity,  covered  with  thick  bloom; 
dots  numerous,  small,  russet,  inconspicuous,  clustered  about  the  apex;  stem  thick, 
seven-eighths  inch  long,  pubescent,  adhering  strongly  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  somewhat 
tough,  sour,  separating  readily;  flesh  dull  yellow,  often  with  a  trace  of  red  when  fully 
mature,  juicy,  fibrous,  somewhat  tender,  sweet,  pleasant;  good;  stone  semi-free,  flat- 
tened, one  and  one-quarter  inches  by  three-quarters  inch  in  size,  irregularly  oval,  necked 
at  th&  base,  blunt  at  the  apex,  strongly  roughened  and  pitted,  often  with  numerous, 
small,  deep  pits  near  the  margins  of  both  ventral  and  dorsal  sutures;  ventral  suture 
strongly  furrowed  and  winged;  dorsal  suture  with  a  deep,  narrow  groove. 

BRYANSTON 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  144.  1831.  2.  Jour.  Hort.  N.  S.  17:286.  1869.  3.  Downing  Fr. 
Trees  Am.  902.  1869.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  24.  1871.  5.  Barry  Fr.  Garden  411.  1883.  6. 
Hogg  Fruit  Man.  688.  1884.  7.  Tenn.  Sta.  Bui.  3=No.  5,  88.  1890.  8.  Guide  Prat.  155.  1895. 
9.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  4:157.  1901.  10.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  98.  1901.  n.  Mass.  Sta.  An. 
Rpt.  17:158.  1905. 

Bryanstone  u.  Bryanston  Gage  i,  2,  6,  9.  Bryanston's  Gage  3,  5,  7.  Bryanston's  Gage  10. 
Bryanstone  Gage  4.  Reine-Claude  Bryanston  8. 

The  fruits  of  Bryanston  fall  not  a  little  short,  all  things  considered, 
of  being  as  good  as  those  of  several  other  of  the  varieties  in  the  Reine 
Claude  group  of  which  this  plum  is  a  member.  For  this  reason  Bryanston 
is  not  often  rated  by  horticulturists  as  one  of  the  best  plums,  but  the  large, 
vigorous  trees  growing  on  the  Station  grounds  are  so  especially  desirable 
for  this  variety,  in  a  group  which  taken  as  a  whole  is  noted  for  poor  trees, 
that  it  is  here  described  among  the  leading  plums.  The  fruit  is  larger 
than  that  of  Reine  Claude  but  is  less  attractive  in  color  and  shape  and 
the  quality  is  not  as  high.  It  is  later  than  the  variety  with  which  it  has 
just  been  compared  and  the  crop  is  not  borne  as  regularly.  While  this 
plum  can  hardly  be  recommended  for  extensive  orchard  plantings,  it  yet 
has  too  many  merits  to  be  forgotten. 

This  variety  is  said  to  be  the  result  of  crossing  Reine  Claude  and 
Golden  Drop  at  Bryanston  Park,  Blandford,  England.  It  was  first  noted 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  169 

in  the  London  Horticultural  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1831  but  no  informa- 
tion in  regard  to  the  date  of  its  origin  seems  to  have  been  published.  In 
1871  the  American  Pomological  Society  added  it  to  its  fruit  catalog  list 
but  dropped  it  in  1897. 

Tree  very  large  and  vigorous,  round-topped,  open,  hardy,  very  productive;  branches 
smooth,  becoming  rough  near  the  trunk,  ash-gray,  with  lenticels  of  medium  size  and 
number;  branchlets  somewhat  slender,  short,  with  long  internodes,  greenish-red  chang- 
ing to  dull  reddish-brown,  marked  by  scarf-skin,  dull,  glabrous,  with  few,  inconspicuous, 
small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  above  medium  in  size  and  length,  pointed,  free;  leaf -scars 
prominent. 

Leaves  folded  backward,  oval  or  obovate,  one  and  five-eighths  inches  wide,  three 
and  one-quarter  inches  long,  leathery;  upper  surface  dark  green,  sparingly  hairy,  with 
a  shallow  groove  on  the  midrib ;  lower  surface  yellowish-green,  pubescent ;  apex  abruptly 
pointed  or  acute,  base  acute,  margin  crenate,  bearing  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  one- 
half  inch  long,  pubescent,  with  a  little  red ,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  small,  globose, 
yellowish  glands. 

Blooming  season  intermediate  in  time,  short;  flowers,  appearing  with  the  leaves, 
one  and  one-eighth  inches  across,  white,  creamy  at  the  apex  of  the  petals  in  the  newly 
opened  flowers;  borne  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  one-half 
inch  long,  thick,  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx- tube  green,  campanulate,  pubescent  at 
the  base;  calyx-lobes  broad,  obtuse,  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  glandular-ciliate,  some- 
what reflexed;  petals  roundish-ovate,  erose;  anthers  yellow;  filaments  about  one- 
quarter  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous  except  at  the  base,  slightly  longer  than  the  stamens; 
stigma  large. 

Fruit  mid-season;  one  and  five-eighths  inches  by  one  and  one-half  inches  in  size, 
irregular  roundish- truncate,  halves  unequal;  cavity  shallow,  narrow,  abrupt;  suture 
usually  shallow,  prominent;  apex  flattened  or  depressed;  color  dull  yellow  with  greenish 
streaks,  sometimes  with  pinkish  blush  about  the  cavity,  mottled,  overspread  with  thin 
bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  inconspicuous;  stem  thick,  three-quarters  inch  long, 
pubescent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tough,  sour,  separating  readily;  flesh 
greenish-yellow,  juicy,  firm  but  tender,  sweet,  aromatic;  very  good;  stone  nearly 
free,  seven-eighths  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  broadly  oval,  turgid,  slightly  con- 
tracted at  the  blunt  base,  roundish  at  the  apex,  with  rough  and  pitted  surfaces;  ventral 
suture  broad,  with  a  distinct  but  small  wing;  dorsal  suture  widely  and  deeply  grooved. 

BURBANK 

Prunus  triflora 

i.  Ga.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  53,  99.  1889.  2.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  392.  1891.  3.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits 
360.  1891.  4.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  106:46,  63.  1896.  5.  Ala.  Col.  Sta.  Bui.  85:445.  1897.  6. 
Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  26.  1897.  7.  Am.  Card.  19:75,  132,  220,  792.  1898.  8.  Mick.  Sta.  Bui. 
169:242,  249.  1899.  9.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  175:143.  1899.  10.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  134.  1901. 
ii.  W.  N.  Y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  88.  1902.  12.  Can.  Hort.  25:272.  1902.  13.  Budd-Hansen  Am. 


170  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Hort.  Man.  308.    1903.     14.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  68:11,  28.     1905.     15.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.   162:256.     1905. 
16.  DeVries  Plant  Breeding  170.     1907. 

Pursing  Nos.  I  &  2,  15.     Russian  plum  xoM.  4.     Wassu  4.     Wassu  9. 

Probably  Abundance  holds  first  place  among  the  Triflora  plums  in 
New  York  but  Burbank  is  a  close  second  and  in  many  localities  has  first 
preference.  Abundance  is  in  the  lead  chiefly  because  the  trees  of  this 
variety  are  larger  and  better  formed  and  bear  more  fruit  than  those  of 
Burbank.  To  offset  the  advantages  of  Abundance  the  fruit  of  Burbank 
is  of  better  quality,  more  handsomely  colored,  keeps  and  ships  better 
and  is  less  susceptible  to  brown-rot.  The  fruit  of  Burbank  ripens  a  week 
or  more  later  than  that  of  Abundance,  which  in  most  seasons  is  a  slight 
advantage  for  the  first -named  variety.  The  trees  of  this  plum  are  distin- 
guished from  those  of  all  other  plums  by  their  low,  spreading  habit,  flat 
top  and  somewhat  drooping  branches,  characters  which  make  them  more 
or  less  difficult  to  handle  in  the  orchard  and  very  difficult  to  manage  in 
the  nursery.  The  wood  of  Burbank  is  brittle,  true  of  all  Trifloras,  but  a 
serious  defect  in  this  one.  In  common  with  other  varieties  of  its  species, 
Burbank  is  less  troubled  with  curculio  and  black-knot  than  the  European 
plums.  The  fruit  of  this  variety  begins  to  color  some  days  before  ripe  and 
should  be  picked  before  fully  matured  if  it  is  to  be  kept  or  shipped.  Usually 
the  best  specimens  of  Burbank  come  from  thinned  trees  and  thinning  is 
a  necessary  operation  in  all  commercial  orchards.  The  variety  does  not 
thrive  in  the  South,  being  poor  in  quality  and  rotting  badly.  In  New  York, 
Burbank  is  not  being  planted  nearly  so  largely  as  a  few  years  ago,  the 
Domesticas  being  much  more  profitable  than  this  or  other  Triflora  plums. 
It  is  a  very  desirable  variety  for  home  plantations  in  New  York. 

Burbank  was  produced  from  a  plum  pit  sent  to  Luther  Burbank  '  by 

1  Luther  Burbank,  known  the  world  over  for  his  work  in  bringing  into  being  new  plant  forms, 
was  born  in  Lancaster,  Massachusetts,  March  7,  1849.  He  was  educated  in  the  common  schools 
and  in  the  local  academy,  his  school-training  being  supplemented  by  much  reading  in  the  well-stocked 
library  of  which  every  New  England  town  boasts.  After  leaving  school,  some  time  was  spent  in  a 
factory  in  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  but,  following  a  strong  natural  inclination  to  work  with  plants, 
he  left  the  factory  to  grow  vegetables  and  seeds.  It  was  while  so  engaged  that  he  grew  the  Burbank 
potato,  most  widely  known  and  most  valuable,  if  gauged  by  the  monetary  value  of  the  crops  pro- 
duced, of  all  of  his  new  plants.  In  1875  Mr.  Burbank  went  to  California  and  a  few  years  later 
began  in  a  small  way  the  plant-breeding  nursery  at  Santa  Rosa  in  which  most  of  his  work  has 
since  been  done.  The  years  preceding  this  beginning  and  several  following  it  constitute  a  time 
of  hard  labor,  sickness  and  of  financial  distress  through  which  only  a  man  of  remarkable  strength 
of  character  could  have  lived  and  kept  the  desire  to  continue  his  work.  Following  a  decade,  more 
or  less,  of  difficulties  after  the  start  at  Santa  Rosa,  Mr.  Burbank's  career  as  a  world -wide  figure  in 
plant-breeding  may  be  said  to  have  begun.  One  cannot  briefly  catalog  the  new  forms  of  plants 


~'*k 


BURBANK 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  171 

a  Japanese  agent  in  1883.'  The  fruit  of  this  variety  proved  to  be  very 
superior  and  Mr.  Burbank  sent  specimens  of  it  to  the  Division  of  Pomology, 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  in  1887,  where  it  was  named  in 
honor  of  the  introducer.  Wassu,  introduced  by  J.  L.  Normand,  and  the 
Russian  plum,  20  M,  sent  out  by  Professor  J.  L.  Budd  proved  to  be  indis- 
tinguishable from  the  Burbank  as  tested  by  Bailey,  but  Kerr  '  thinks  the 
Wassu  is  a  distinct  variety.  The  American  Pomological  Society  added 
Burbank  to  the  fruit  list  in  its  catalog  in  1897. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  distinguished  by  its  low,  sprawling  habit  and  flat  open  top, 
unusually  hardy  for  a  Japanese  variety,  very  productive,  healthy;  branches  somewhat 
roughish,  dark  ash-gray,  thickly  covered  with  fruit-spurs,  with  few,  large,  raised 
lenticels;  branchlets  medium  in  thickness  and  length,  with  short  internodes,  greenish-red 
changing  to  dark  brown,  with  gray  scarf-skin,  glossy,  glabrous,  with  raised  lenticels  of 
medium  size  and  number;  leaf -buds  short,  obtuse,  free. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  broadly  oblanceolate,  peach-like,  one  and  one-eighth  inches 
wide,  three  and  three-quarters  inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface  light  green,  smooth, 
pubescent  only  on  the  deeply  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  glabrous,  pubescent  on  the 
midrib;  apex  taper-pointed,  base  cuneate,  margin  finely  and  doubly  serrate,  with 
small  amber  or  reddish  glands;  petiole  nine-sixteenths  inch  long,  sparingly  hairy  on 
one  side,  tinged  red,  with  from  one  to  four  small,  reniform  or  globose  glands  mostly 
on  the  stalk. 


that  have  gone  forth  from  his  private  place  in  California ;  they  must  number  well  into  the  hundreds; 
his  biographer,  in  1905,  said  that  Mr.  Burbank  has  worked  with  over  two  thousand  five  hundred 
distinct  species  (Harwood,  W.  S.,  New  Creations  in  Plant  Life  i.  1905).  Among  these  have  been 
practically  all  of  the  species  of  plums  now  under  cultivation,  from  which  have  been  obtained, 
according  to  Mr.  Burbank,  hundreds  of  thousands  of  plum-seedlings  of  which  the  breeder  has 
selected  a  score  or  more  of  very  distinct  sorts,  all  interesting  and  a  few  of  them  very  valuable. 
The  many  other  fruits,  flowers  and  forage  plants  which  Mr.  Burbank  has  sent  out,  each  involving 
the  handling  of  countless  seedlings,  cannot  be  mentioned  here.  Nor  can  his  methods  and  results 
be  discussed,  except  to  say  that  in  them  he  is  a  unique  figure  in  plant-breeding  and  that  they  have 
been  such  that  he  has  exercised  a  powerful  influence  toward  the  improvement  of  plants.  The 
practical  results  of  Mr.  Burbank's  work  have  been  as  great  or  greater  than  those  secured  by  any  other 
person  in  plant-breeding,  yet  they  have  been  magnified  out  of  all  bounds  in  the  popular  press  and 
his  work  has  been  caricatured  by  calling  the  man  a  wizard  and  ascribing  to  him  occult  knowledge. 
Of  the  plants  introduced  by  Mr.  Burbank  the  proportion  of  really  valuable  commercial  ones  seems 
now  to  be  small,  but  what  he  has  done  cannot  be  measured  by  money  values;  he  has  awakened 
universal  interest  in  plant-breeding;  has  demonstrated  that  things  unheard  of  before  his  time  can 
be  done  with  plants;  and,  all  in  all,  his  contributions  in  new  forms  of  plants  to  horticulture  and 
agriculture,  in  their  intrinsic  and  educational  value,  make  him  the  master  worker  of  the  times  in 
improving  plants. 

1  Statement  in  a  letter  from  Mr.  Burbank. 

*  Mr.  Kerr  in  a  letter  written  in  1909  says:  "Wassu,  as  I  have  it,  is  radically  different  from 
descriptions  of  both  Waugh  and  Bailey.  The  tree  is  as  slovenly  in  habit  as  is  that  of  the  Burbank 
— there  all  resemblance  ceases." 


172 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 


Blooming  season  early  and  short;  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  white;  borne 
in  dense  clusters  on  the  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  in  threes ;  pedicels  one-quarter  inch  long, 
thick,  glabrous;  calyx-tube  green,  obconic,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  broad,  obtuse,  gland- 
ular-serrate, glabrous,  erect;  petals  broadly  oval,  entire,  short-clawed;  anthers  yellow- 
ish; filaments  one-quarter  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  early,  season  long;  variable  in  size,  large  when  the  tree  is  not  overloaded, 
one  and  three-quarters  inches  in  diameter,  roundish-conic,  halves  equal;  cavity  deep, 
abrupt,  regular;  suture  shallow;  apex  roundish;  color  dark  red  over  a  yellow  ground, 
mottled,  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  large,  russet,  conspicuous;  stem  five-eighths 
inch  long,  glabrous,  parting  readily  from  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tough,  sour,  separating 
from  the  pulp;  flesh  deep  yellow,  juicy,  tender,  firm,  sweet,  aromatic;  good;  stone 
clinging,  three-quarters  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  roundish-oval,  turgid,  blunt 
but  sharp- tipped,  roughish  ,with  a  slightly  winged  ventral  suture;  dorsal  suture  acute. 

CHABOT 

Prunus  triflora 

i.  Ga.  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  29.  1886.  2.  Ibid.  52,  99.  1889.  3.  Am.  Card.  12:501.  1891.  4.  Ibid. 
13:700.  1892.  5.  Rev.  Hort.  132,  PL  537.  1892.  6.  Cornell Sta.  Bui.  62:20,  22,  28.  1894.  7.  Ibid. 
106:44,  48,  51,  60.  1896.  8.  Rogers  Cat.  9.  1896.  9.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  139:38.  1897.  10.  Am. 
Pom.-Soc.  Cat.  26.  1897.  n.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  175:150.  1899.  12.  Waugh  Plum  Cuti.  134,  135 
fig.  1901.  13.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:37.  1903.  14.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:250,  254,  255,  256,  257. 
1905.  15.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  68:12,  14,  28,  29,  30,  31,  32.  1905. 

Babcock  15.  Babcock  ?is.  Bailey  3,  4,  6,  7.  Bailey  9,  n,  12,  15.  Chase  9,  15.  Chabot  15. 
Douglas  15.  Furugiya  7,  15.  Furugiya  n,  12,  15.  Hytankayo  14.  Hytankayo  15.  Hon-smomo 
15.  O-Hatankyo  n.  Orient  6,  7.  Orient  14.  O-hattankio  15.  Paragons.  Red  Nagateot  some  7. 
Uchi  Beni  of  some  n.  Yellow  Japan  9,  n,  12. 

When  properly  handled  the  fruits  of  Chabot  are  far  the  most  attract- 
ive of  the  many  Triflora  plums.  They  are  large,  beautifully  molded 
and  handsomely  mottled  in  shades  of  red  over  yellow  with  occasional 
splashes  of  russet  and  a  heavy  but  delicate  bloom.  To  secure  the  best 
coloring,  the  fruit  must  be  picked  before  ripe  and  be  matured  in  dark  stor- 
age .  Early  picking  is  necessary  also  because  the  season  of  ripening  is  very  long 
and  the  fruit  drops  badly  if  permitted  to  hang  to  the  trees  until  fully  ripe. 
There  should  be  at  least  three  pickings  for  this  variety.  Unfortunately, 
the  quality  of  Chabot  belies  its  appearance,  being  at  best  not  above  the 
average.  The  fruits  are  firm  and  ship  well  and  keep  rather  better  than 
those  of  any  other  plum  of  its  species.  The  trees  are  hardy  and  depend- 
able in  bearing  but  not  as  productive  as  could  be  wished.  The  blossoms 
of  Chabot  open  later  than  those  of  most  other  Trifloras,  enabling  this 
sort  occasionally  to  escape  frosts  which  injure  other  varieties  of  this  species. 
The  stamens  are  often  short,  undeveloped  and  wholly  or  in  part  sterile. 


CHABOT 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  173 

Because  of  its  attractive  fruit  this  variety  might  well  be  grown  more  than 
it  is  for  the  markets. 

Chabot  was  imported  from  Japan  by  a  Mr.  Chabot  of  Berkeley,  Cali- 
fornia, and  was  introduced  to  the  trade  by  Luther  Burbank  in  1886.  As 
with  Abundance,  the  nomenclature  of  Chabot  is  badly  confused.  Several 
names  that  have  been  found  to  be  synonymous  with  the  former  have  also 
been  applied  to  the  latter.  J.  L.  Normand,  Marksville,  Louisiana,  imported 
trees  from  Japan,  among  which  was  a  tree  that  was  different  from  any 
growing  on  his  grounds.  He  named  this  variety  after  Bailey  and  in- 
troduced it  in  1891.  Later  this  was  found  to  be  identical  with  Chabot. 
Furugiya,  another  introduction  by  Normand,  is  undoubtedly  Chabot.  H. 
N.  Starnes  of  the  Georgia  Experiment  Station,  who  has  tested  many  of 
the  Japanese  plums,  published  in  Bulletin  68  of  his  station,  the  additional 
synonyms:  Chase,  O-hattankio,  Hytankayo,  Douglas,  Hon-smomo  and 
Babcock.  Orient,  introduced  by  Stark  Brothers,  Louisiana,  Missouri,  in 
1893,  is  Chabot  as  tested  at  the  New  York  and  Ohio  experiment  stations. 
Paragon,  introduced  by  the  Rogers  Nursery  Company,  Moorestown,  New 
Jersey,  has  also  proved  to  be  identical.  In  1897  the  American  Pomological 
Society  added  this  variety  to  its  fruit  catalog  list. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  vasiform  or  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  slow-growing, 
hardy,  productive,  susceptible  to  attacks  of  shot-hole  fungus;  branches  roughish,  the 
fruit-spurs  numerous,  dark  ash-gray,  with  raised  lenticels  variable  in  size;  branchlets 
slender,  with  short  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  dark  chestnut-red,  glossy,  glabrous, 
with  numerous,  conspicuous,  rather  large,  raised  lenticels;  leaf -buds  small,  short,  obtuse, 
somewhat  appressed. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  peach-like,  one  and  one-quarter 
inches  wide,  three  inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface  light  green,  smooth,  with  a  shallow, 
grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  pale  green,  glabrous  except  at  the  base  of  the  veins; 
apex  acutely  pointed,  base  cuneate,  margin  finely  serrate,  with  small,  amber  or  dark 
red  glands;  petiole  one-half  inch  long,  slender,  slightly  pubescent  along  the  upper 
surface,  heavily  tinged  with  red,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  six  small,  globose  or  ren- 
iform,  greenish-brown  glands  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  intermediate  and  long;  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  white; 
borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  spurs  in  pairs  or  in  threes;  pedicels  three-eighths  inch  long, 
pubescent,  greenish;  calyx- tube  green,  obconic,  pubescent  at  the  base;  calyx-lobes 
obtuse,  glandular,  somewhat  serrate,  pubescent  at  the  base,  erect;  petals  broadly  oval, 
entire,  with  narrow,  long  claws;  anthers  shrivelled;  filaments  nearly  sessile  or  one- 
eighth  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  longer  than  the  stamens;  stigma  small. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  long;  one  and  five-eighths  inches  in  diameter, 
cordate  or  roundish,  halves  equal;  cavity  deep,  flaring,  with  concentric,  russet  rings; 


174  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

suture  distinct;  apex  roundish  or  pointed;  color  light  and  dark  shades  of  red  over 
yellow,  mottled,  with  occasional  splashes  of  russet  and  with  a  thick  but  delicate  bloom; 
dots  numerous,  small,  russet  or  yellow,  conspicuous  unless  obscured  by  the  bloom,  clustered 
around  the  apex ;  stem  thick,  one-half  inch  long,  adhering  to  the  fruit  ;  skin  medium  in 
thickness,  tender,  bitter,  separating  easily;  flesh  golden-yellow,  very  juicy,  coarse  and 
fibrous,  tender,  somewhat  melting  when  fully  ripe,  sweet,  although  somewhat  tart  at  the 
center,  sprightly,  with  characteristic  Triflora  flavor;  good;  stone  clinging,  three-quarters 
inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  oval,  turgid,  slightly  necked,  with  pitted  surfaces;  ventral 
suture  wide;  dorsal  suture  unfurrowed. 

CHALCO 

Prunus  simonii  X  Prunus  triflora 

I.  Burbank  Cat.  4.  1898.  2.  Rural  N.  Y.  57:184,  633.  1898.  3.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  67:8.  1898. 
4.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  14:273.  1901.  5.  Go..  Sta.  Bui.  68:12,  35.  1903. 

Chalco  has  been  extensively  advertised  by  several  nurseries  but,  from 
the  reports  received,  it  is  doubtful  if  it  will  ever  be  grown  commercially. 
The  trees,  in  the  East  at  least,  are  slow  in  coming  into  bearing;  the  fruits 
are  small;  and  the  flavor  such  that  consumers  will  have  to  learn  to  like 
it  although  it  is  much  better  in  quality  than  the  Simon  plum,  one  of  its 
parents,  being  quite  free  from  the  bitterness  of  this  parent.  The  tree  is 
rather  better  than  that  of  the  Simon  plum  or  of  the  Wickson,  the  two  plums 
with  which  it  must  be  compared.  The  amateur  may  care  to  plant  Chalco 
but  here  its  usefulness  ends.  Burbank  in  introducing  this  plum  in  1898, 
stated  that  it  was  the  first  fruit  offered  after  twelve  years'  work  in  crossing 
Prunus  simonii  with  Prunus  triflora  and  American  species.  The  parentage 
of  Chalco  is  given  as  a  Simon-Burbank  cross.  The  following  description 
is  compiled: 

Tree  vigorous,  upright  or  somewhat  vasiform,  very  productive;  leaves  large,  dark 
green.  Fruit  matures  shortly  before  Burbank;  large  when  well  grown,  oblate,  dark 
red;  flesh  yellowish,  firm,  very  juicy,  aromatic,  sweet;  good;  stone  small,  oval,  slightly 
flattened,  semi-  free. 

CHAMBOURCY 

Prunus  domestica 

I.  Rev.  Hon.  39.  1898.  a.  Soc.  Nat.  Hort.  France  Pom.  560,  fig.  1904.  3.  Can.  Exp.  Farms 
Rpt.  433.  1905.  4.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  473  fig.  1906. 

Reine-Claude  Tardive  De  Chambourcy  2.  Reine-Claude  Tardive  Latinois  i.  Reine-Claude  Tardive 
de  Chambourcy  i.  Reine-Claude  Latinois  2,  4.  Reine-Claude  tardive  i.  Reine-Claude  Verte  4. 
Reine-Claude  Tardive  2,  4.  Reine-Claude  de  Chambourcy  3.  Tardive  de  Chambourcy  4. 

This  fruit  was  found  at  the  beginning  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  at 
Chambourcy,  France,  in  the  garden  of  M.  Bourgeois;  no  record  of  its  par- 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  175 

ents  seems  to  have  been  made.  M.  Latinois  introduced  it  into  commerce  in 
1885-1886  and  consequently  his  name  became  attached  to  the  variety. 
The  plum  is  not  well  known  in  America,  there  being  only  one  published 
American  reference.  This  Station  received  the  variety  for  testing  in  1899 
from  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture.  It  has  value  on  ac- 
count of  its  high  quality  and  its  lateness,  and  is  worthy  of  extensive 
testing. 

Tree  small,  upright-spreading,  dense-topped,  productive;  branchlets  develop 
fruit-spurs  near  the  base;  leaf-buds  strongly  appressed;  leaves  folded  upward,  long- 
oval  or  obovate,  one  and  five-eighths  inches  wide,  three  and  three-quarters  inches  long, 
somewhat  leathery;  margin  doubly  serrate  or  crenate,  with  small  dark  glands;  bloom- 
ing season  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  over 
one  inch  across;  borne  in  thin  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs. 

Fruit  very  late,  season  of  medium  length ;  nearly  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter, 
roundish,  slightly  truncate,  yellowish-green,  with  a  delicate  bloom  and  a  pink  blush 
on  the  exposed  cheek;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  very  juicy,  firm  but  tender,  sweet,  aro- 
matic, ot  high  flavor;  very  good  to  best;  stone  semi-free  or  free,  three-quarters  inch, 
by  one-half  inch  in  size,  irregular-oval,  flattened,  rather  blunt  at  the  base  and  apex, 
with  roughened  surfaces;  ventral  suture  strongly  furrowed,  often  with  a  distinct  wing. 

CHAMPION 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  360.    1891.     2.  Oregon  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  147.    1893.     3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Rpt.   150.    1895.     4.  Oregon  Sta.  Bui.  45:30.    1897. 
Champion  Prune,  i,  2,  3. 

The  Champion  was  introduced  with  the  expectation  that  it  would  be 
a  valuable  fruit  for  curing  into  prunes.  It  has  not  proved  to  be  a  good 
plum  for  prune-making,  as  it  is  too  juicy,  about  three-fourths  of  its  bulk 
evaporating,  but  the  western  plum-growers  have  found  it  a  very  good 
plum  for  shipping  in  the  fresh  state.  It  is  very  attractive  in  appear- 
ance, firm,  free  of  stone,  sweet  and  pleasant  and  withal  of  rather  high 
quality.  The  tree-characters,  as  the  plums  grow  in  Geneva,  are  in  the 
main  very  good,  falling  short,  if  at  all,  in  productiveness.  They  are  such 
as  to  lead  to  the  recommendation  of  a  trial  for  this  plum  by  plum-growers 
in  general  in  New  York. 

This  variety  is  a  seedling  of  the  Italian  Prune  produced  by  Jesse 
Bullock,  Oswego,  Oregon,  about  1876,  and  introduced  by  C.  E.  Hoskins, 
Springbrook,  Oregon.  Since  the  Italian  Prune  comes  nearly  true  to  seed 
it  is  very  doubtful  if  this  variety  is  a  pure-bred  seedling  judging  from 
the  characters  of  the  fruit  as  given  below: 


176  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Tree  of  medium  size  and  vigor,  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  hardy,  productive, 
an  early  bearer,  subject  to  sun-scald;  branches  ash-gray,  rather  smooth,  with  few, 
small  lenticels;  branchlets  short,  with  very  short  internodes,  greenish-red  changing 
to  brownish-red,  dull,  sparingly  pubescent  throughout  the  season,  with  few  incon- 
spicuous, small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  below  medium  in  size,  short,  obtuse,  free,  plump. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  oval,  one  and  five-eighths  inches  wide,  three  inches  long; 
upper  surface  somewhat  rugose,  covered  with  numerous,  fine  hairs,  with  a  shallow 
groove  on  the  midrib;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  pubescent;  apex  abruptly  pointed 
or  acute,  base  acute,  margin  crenate,  with  small  black  glands;  petiole  one-half  inch 
long,  green,  pubescent,  with  from  one  to  three  medium  to  large,  globose,  brownish 
glands  mostly  at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves, 
one  inch  across,  white  with  a  yellowish  tinge  at  the  apex  of  the  petals;  borne  on  lateral 
spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  five-eighths  inch  long,  with  a  few  scattering 
hairs,  green;  calyx-tube  greenish,  campanula te,  sparingly  pubescent;  calyx-lobes 
obtuse,  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  glandular-serrate,  somewhat  reflexed;  petals  round- 
ish, crenate,  tapering  to  short,  broad  claws:  anthers  yellow;  filaments  three-eighths 
inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  slightly  shorter  or  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  earlier  than  Italian  Prune;  about  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter,  round- 
ish, compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity  very  shallow,  abrupt,  narrow,  regular;  suture 
shallow;  apex  roundish,  with  a  slight  depression  at  the  pistil-point;  color  dark  purplish- 
black,  with  thick  bloom;  dots  small,  russet,  somewhat  conspicuous,  clustered  about 
the  apex;  stem  five-eighths  inch  long,  sparingly  pubescent,  parting  readily  from  the 
fruit;  skin  thick,  tough,  sour,  adhering  but  little;  flesh  attractive  yellow,  juicy,  firm, 
sweet,  pleasant  flavor;  very  good;  stone  free,  the  cavity  larger  than  the  pit,  three- 
quarters  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  irregular-oval,  the  surface  distinctly  roughened 
and  pitted;  ventral  suture  swollen,  rather  narrow,  often  with  a  wing;  dorsal  suture 
with  a  shallow,  narrow,  indistinct  groove. 

CHENEY 

Prunus  nigra 

i.  Wis.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  15,  38.  1885.  2.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  126.  1890.  3.  Cornell  Sta. 
Bui.  38:36,  86.  1892.  4.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  31:346.  1895.  5.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:24,  31  fig.  13.  1897. 
6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  24.  1897.  7.  Card.  &  For.  10:367.  1897.  8.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50:33.  1898. 
9.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  412.  1899.  10.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  169.  1901.  n.  Budd-Hansen  Am. 
Hort.  Man.  294.  1903.  12.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:29.  1903.  13.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  488.  1904. 
14.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:254,  255.  1905.  15.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:11.  1903.  16.  la.  Sta.  Bui. 
114:139.  1910. 
Cherry  16  incor. 

Cheney  is  of  little  value  except  towards  the  northern  limits  of  fruit 
culture  in  America  where,  because  of  its  great  hardiness,  it  is  a  most  desir- 
able fruit -plant.  Of  the  varieties  illustrated  and  described  among  the  lead- 
ing plums  in  this  text,  Cheney  is  the  sole  representative  of  Prunus  mgra, 


CHENEY 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  177 

the  wild  plum  of  Canada  and  of  northern  United  States.  The  accompany- 
ing description  shows  that  while  the  fruit  of  this  variety  is  not  such  as 
to  recommend  it  where  other  species  can  be  grown,  the  tree  has  some 
characters  most  desirable  wherever  plums  are  grown — hardiness,  vigor, 
productiveness  and  good  form — so  that  this  variety  might  well  be  used  in 
breeding  plums.  The  trees  are  very  ornamental  whether  in  flower,  full 
leaf  or  fruit,  but  especially  when  in  full  bloom  as  they  bear  a  great  pro- 
fusion of  large  white  flowers  which  change  to  a  pleasing  pink  before  falling. 
This  plum,  according  to  a  letter  from  the  discoverer,  E.  Markle,  of 
La  Crosse,  Wisconsin,  was  found  in  the  brush  on  a  ridge,  in  Vernon  County, 
Wisconsin,  about  twenty-five  or  thirty  years  ago.  Mr.  Markle  thought  it 
must  have  sprung  from  a  seed  dropped  by  an  early  voyager  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River  as  there  were  no  similar  plums  in  the  region.  Noting  its  good 
qualities  Mr.  Markle  introduced  the  variety,  the  date  of  introduction  being 
about  1887.  The  American  Pomological  Society  added  Cheney  to  its  fruit 
catalog  list  in  1897,  where,  however,  it  remained  but  two  years. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  dense-topped,  hardy,  productive,  bears  early, 
somewhat  susceptible  to  disease;  branches  numerous,  dark  brownish-gray,  very  thorny, 
with  large  lenticels;  branchlets  long,  with  long  internodes,  greenish-red  changing 
to  dull  reddish-brown,  dull,  thickly  pubescent  early  in  the  season,  the  pubescence  de- 
creasing at  maturity,  with  raised  lenticels  which  are  variable  in  size;  leaf -buds  smallish, 
short,  conical,  free. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  oval,  one  and  three-quarters  inches  wide,  three  and  five- 
eighths  inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface  dark  green,  nearly  smooth,  pubescent  only 
along  the  midrib  which  is  deeply  grooved;  lower  surface  yellowish-green,  pubescent 
along  the  midrib  and  larger  veins;  apex  taper-pointed,  margin  crenate,  usually 
in  two  series,  sometimes  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  one-half  inch  long,  rather 
slender,  pubescent,  tinged  red,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  small,  globose,  green- 
ish-yellow glands  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the 
leaves,  showy,  about  one  inch  across,  white  changing  to  pink ;  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral 
spurs,  in  pairs  or  in  threes,  very  fragrant;  pedicels  nine-sixteenths  inch  long,  pubescent, 
green  with  a  trace  of  red;  calyx-tube  obconic,  glabrous,  red  on  the  outer  surface  but 
green  within  and  pinkish  along  the  margin;  calyx-lobes  obtuse  or  acute,  serrate,  with 
small  red  glands  and  with  marginal  hairs,  narrow,  sparingly  pubescent  on  the  inner 
surface,  reflexed;  petals  broadly  oval,  crenate,  often  toothed,  tapering  below  to  long 
narrow  claws;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  nearly  one-half  inch  in  length;  pistil  glab- 
rous, shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  very  long;  medium  in  size,  irregular  roundish- 
oval,  strongly  oblique,  halves  equal;  cavity  shallow,  regular,  flaring;  suture  shallow 


178  THE    PLUMS   OF    NEW   YORK. 

or  a  line;  apex  roundish,  somewhat  oblique;  color  at  first  yellowish-green  with  a 
light  carmine  blush  changing  to  deep  carmine  on  a  yellow  ground,  covered  with  thin 
bloom;  dots  numerous,  very  small,  russet,  inconspicuous,  densely  clustered  about 
the  apex;  stem  slender,  five-eighths  inch  in  length,  slightly  pubescent,  adhering  to 
the  fruit;  skin  thick,  tough,  sour,  separating  readily;  flesh  deep  yellow,  very  juicy, 
fibrous,  tender  and  melting,  sweet  next  to  the  skin  but  tart  at  the  center,  not  high 
in  flavor;  fair  in  quality;  stone  adhering,  seven-eighths  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in 
size,  broadly  oval,  distinctly  flattened,  blunt-pointed,  with  ridged  and  furrowed 
surfaces;  ventral  suture  acute,  narrow;  dorsal  suture  slightly  furrowed. 

CLIMAX 

Prunus  triflora  X  Prunus  simonii 

I.  Rural  N.  Y.  57:653,  818.  1898.  2.  Cat  State  Board  Hart.  52.  1897-98.  3.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui. 
67:9.  1898.  4.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:222.  1899.  5.  Burbank  Cat.  2.  1899.  6.  Nat.  Nur.  8:117. 
1900.  7.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  14:273.  1901.  8.  Rural  N.  Y.  62:643.  J903-  9-  Mich.  Sta.  Sp.  Bui. 
30:18.  1905.  10.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  68:8,  35.  1905.  n.  Ga.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  66.  1907. 

Royal  i.     Royal  i,  3,  4. 

It  is  hard  to  judge  as  to  the  merits  of  this  variety.  From  the 
behavior  of  the  trees  on  the  grounds  of  this  Station  where  we  have  had 
fruit  of  it  for  eight  years,  we  should  say  at  once  that  Climax  has  no  place 
in  the  plum-growing  regions  of  the  East  but  others  who  have  grown  it 
speak  so  well  of  it,  the  fruit  in  particular,  that  the  unfavorable  opinion 
of  the  variety  formed  here  may  be  unjust.  Some  of  the  expressions  re- 
garding this  fruit  in  the  foregoing  references  may  be  dismissed  at  once  as 
the  most  wildly  extravagant  and  absurd  to  be  found  in  plum  literature. 
From  its  behavior  on  these  grounds  and  in  the  plum-growing  regions  of 
the  East  in  general,  it  seems  certain  that  Climax  cannot  stand  the 
vicissitudes  of  the  climate,  suffering  both  in  winter  and  summer.  The 
trees,  in  size,  vigor  and  habit  of  growth,  are  inferior  to  those  of  most 
Triflora  varieties,  and  those  under  observation  in  this  part  of  New  York 
are  not  as  productive  as  the  standard  Trifloras  with  which  Climax  must 
be  compared.  The  fruit  is  handsome  in  shape  and  color,  more  so  in 
color  than  the  accompanying  illustration  shows,  and  is  of  good  quality. 
Unfortunately  it  is  very  susceptible  to  the  brown-rot,  so  much  so  that 
because  of  this  defect  alone  Climax  could  hardly  become  a  profitable 
commercial  plum  in  this  region.  It  has  been  quite  well  tested  in  vari- 
ous parts  of  New  York  and  has  proved  so  uniformly  disappointing  in 
tree-characters,  in  particular,  that  it  cannot  be  recommended  as  other 
than  a  plum  for  the  home  collection  where,  because  of  its  beauty  and 
quality,  it  is  most  desirable. 


CLIMAX 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  179 

Climax  is  another  of  Luther  Burbank's  plums,  having  been  introduced 
in  1899.  The  originator  states  that  it  is  a  selected  hybrid  between  the 
Simon  and  Botan  plums.  The  variety  was  first  described  as  the  Royal 
but  since  this  name  had  been  previously  given  to  a  European  plum  it  was 
renamed  Climax. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  somewhat  straggling,  dense-topped,  semi- 
hardy,  medium  productive;  branches  dark  ash-gray,  short  and  stout,  with  numerous 
lenticels;  branchlets  short,  with  very  short  internodes,  brownish  chestnut-red,  glossy, 
glabrous,  with  numerous  conspicuous,  small,  raised  lenticels;  leaf-buds  small,  short, 
obtuse,  plump,  free. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  oblanceolate,  peach-like,  one  and  one-quarter  inches  wide, 
three  and  three-eighths  inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface  light  green,  smooth,  with  a 
grooved  midrib,  glabrous;  lower  surface  light  green,  glabrous  except  on  the  midrib 
and  larger  veins;  apex  taper-pointed,  base  cuneate,  margin  finely  serrate  or  crenate, 
with  small,  dark  brown  glands;  petiole  nine-sixteenths  inch  long,  sparsely  pubescent, 
tinged  red,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  seven  small,  globose  or  slightly  compressed, 
reddish  glands. 

Blooming  season  early  and  of  medium  length;  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves, 
white;  borne  in  clusters  of  three,  on  lateral  spurs;  pedicels,  long,  thick,  glabrous,  green; 
calyx  tube  greenish,  obconic,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  obtuse,  with  a  few  hair-like  glands, 
glabrous,  erect;  petals  roundish-oval,  entire;  anthers  deep  yellow;  filaments  short; 
pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length;  stigma  very  small. 

Fruit  very  early,  season  short;  one  and  three-quarters  inches  in  diameter,  cordate 
or  roundish,  slightly  compressed,  halves  unequal;  cavity  deep,  abrupt,  regular,  marked 
with  faint,  reddish,  radiating  streaks;  suture  deep,  broad;  apex  pointed;  color  dark 
red,  mottled;  bloom  of  medium  thickness;  dots  numerous,  variable  in  size,  russet,  con- 
spicuous, clustered  about  the  base;  stem  thick,  nine-sixteenths  inch  long,  glabrous, 
parting  readily  from  the  fruit;  skin  thick,  bitter,  with  a  tendency  to  crack,  separating 
easily  from  the  pulp  only  when  fully  ripe;  flesh  yellowish,  very  juicy,  somewhat  fibrous, 
tender  and  melting,  sweet,  pleasant  flavored,  aromatic;  good;  stone  adhering,  seven- 
eighths  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  somewhat  long-oval,  pointed,  roughish,  con- 
spicuously winged  and  grooved  on  the  ventral  suture;  dorsal  suture  slightly  grooved. 

CLING  STEM 

Prunus  domestica 
i.  N.  Y.  Sta.  Rpt.  9:347.    1890. 

This  plum  belongs  to  the  Reine  Claude  group,  a  group  in  which  there 
is  room  for  new  varieties  only  at  the  top.  Cling  Stem  is  inferior,  falling 
short  chiefly  in  quality,  for  a  plum  of  its  type,  and  it  is  doubtful  if  it 
is  worth  general  planting.  This  Station  alone  seems  to  have  tested  the 


l8o  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

variety,  hence  the  rather  full  description  which  follows  of  a  plum  which 
cannot  be  recommended.  The  variety  was  sent  here  in  1890  from  North 
Ferrisburg,  Vermont,  by  L.  M.  Macomber. 

Tree  large  and  vigorous,  spreading,  dense-topped,  very  productive;  branches 
rough,  the  bark  marked  by  concentric  rings,  with  numerous  spurs  and  with  many, 
small,  raised  lenticels;  branchlets  short,  pubescent;  leaf-scars  swollen;  leaves  folded 
upward,  oval,  one  and  three-quarters  inches  wide,  three  inches  long,  rather  thick  and 
leathery;  margin  doubly  crenate,  eglandular  or  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  pubes- 
cent, tinged  red,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  globose  glands  usually  at  the 
base  of  the  leaf;  blooming  season  of  medium  length;  flowers  over  one  inch  across, 
white  with  yellowish  tinge  near  the  apex  of  the  petals;  borne  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs, 
singly  or  in  pairs. 

Fruit  mid-season;  one  and  one-half  inches  by  one  and  five-eighths  inches  in  size, 
nearly  roundish,  dull  light  yellow,  sometimes  mottled  with  red  on  the  exposed  cheek, 
overspread  with  thin  bloom;  skin  thin,  sour  ;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  tender  and  melting, 
sweet  near  the  surface  but  acid  at  the  center,  mild,  pleasant,  but  not  high-flavored; 
stone  clinging,  three-quarters  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  nearly  round,  turgid ;  sur- 
faces pitted;  ventral  suture  broad,  heavily  furrowed,  with  a  short,  distinct  wing. 

CLYMAN 
Prunus  domestica 

i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  574.  1888.  2.  Cat.  State  Board  Hon.  236,  239,  PI.  II  figs.  3  and  4.  1890. 
3.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  358.  1891.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Sac.  Cat.  25.  1897.  5.  N.  Mex.  Sta.  Bui.  27:124. 
1898.  6.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  113:158.  1899.  7.  Waugh  Plum  Cuti.  98.  1901.  8.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui. 
162:236,  237  fig.,  254,  255.  1905. 

Clyman  has  special  merit  as  one  of  the  earliest  good  Domesticas. 
The  fruit  resembles  that  of  Lombard  somewhat,  but  is  smaller  and  is  much 
better  in  .quality.  As  grown  in  California  the  Clyman  commands  high 
prices  for  shipping  eastward.  Whether  it  could  be  grown  profitably  in 
the  East  remains  to  be  seen  but  it  deserves  to  be  rather  widely  tested  for 
an  early  home  and  market  plum.  In  New  York  it  has  a  few  serious  faults: 
the  plums  are  susceptible  to  rot,  they  drop  as  soon  as  ripe  and  the 
trees  seem  not  to  be  quite  hardy  at  Geneva;  though  in  the  Ohio  reference 
given  above  they  are  said  to  be  "  rather  hardier  than  those  of  most  other 
European  sorts."  Otherwise  than  in  hardiness  the  trees  at  this  place  are 
quite  satisfactory.  The  variety  is  characterized  by  very  long  stamens. 
Clyman  is  well  deserving  of  trial  with  the  possibility  that  it  may  prove 
to  be  the  best  of  our  early  Domesticas. 

This  plum  was  raised  from  a  Peach  plum  stone  planted  in  1866,  by 
Mrs.  Hannah  Clyman,  Napa  City,  Napa  Valley,  California.  The  original 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  l8l 

tree  was  cut  down  but  several  suckers  were  taken  from  the  roots  and  planted 
in  an  orchard.  These  bore  fruit  for  many  years,  never  failing  to  mature 
a  crop.  In  1886,  Leonard  Coates,  a  nurseryman  and  fruit-grower  of  Napa 
City,  became  interested  in  the  plum  on  account  of  its  extreme  earliness 
and  offered  it  to  his  customers.  The  American  Pomological  Society  added 
Clyman  to  its  fruit  catalog  list  in  1897. 

Tree  rather  large,  vigorous,  round  and  dense-topped,  semi-hardy  in  New  York, 
productive;  branches  ash-gray,  nearly  smooth,  with  numerous,  small,  raised  lenticels; 
branchlets  thick,  rather  long,  with  internodes  of  medium  length,  greenish-red  changing 
to  brownish-red,  dull,  heavily  pubescent  throughout  the  season,  with  numerous,  indis- 
tinct, small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  of  medium  size  and  length,  conical,  appressed;  leaf- 
scars  prominent. 

Leaves  folded  backward,  obovate,  one  and  seven-eighths  inches  wide,  three  and 
one-quarter  inches  long;  upper  surface  dark  green,  rugose,  sparingly  hairy;  lower 
surface  pale  green,  pubescent;  apex  abruptly  pointed  or  acute,  base  acute,  margin 
serrate  or  crenate,  covered  with  small  dark  glands;  petiole  nearly  seven-eighths  inch 
long,  pubescent,  reddish,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  globose,  greenish-yellow 
glands  variable  in  size  and  position. 

Blooming  season  early  and  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  and  one- 
eighth  inches  across,  white,  the  buds  creamy  at  the  apex  when  unfolding;  borne  in 
clusters  on  lateral  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  about  one-half  inch  long,  thick, 
pubescent,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate,  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  narrow, 
obtuse,  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  serrate,  reflexed;  petals  obovate,  dentate,  tapering 
to  short,  broad  claws;  anthers  yellow;  filaments  about  seven-sixteenths  inch  long; 
pistil  pubescent  near  the  base,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  very  early,  season  short;  one  and  one-half  inches  by  one  and  three-eighths 
inches  in  size,  oval,  halves  equal;  cavity  narrow,  abrupt,  regular;  suture  shallow  and 
often  indistinct;  apex  roundish  or  slightly  depressed;  color  dark  purplish-red,  covered 
with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  russet,  inconspicuous;  stem  five-eighths 
inches  long,  pubescent,  adhering  poorly  to  the  fruit;  skin  tender,  sour,  separating 
readily;  flesh  pale  yellow,  dry,  firm,  sweet,  mild  but  pleasant;  of  good  quality;  stone 
free,  seven-eighths  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  somewhat  flattened,  irregular-oval, 
with  pitted  surfaces,  tapering  abruptly  at  the  base,  nearly  acute  at  the  apex;  ventral 
suture  of  medium  width,  usually  rather  blunt;  dorsal  suture  with  a  wide,  deep  groove. 

COLUMBIA 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Mag.  Hort.  8:90.  1842.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  292.  1845.  3-  Cole  Am.  Fr.  Book  216. 
1849.  4.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  334.  1849.  5-  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  86.  1862.  6.  Mas  Pom. 
Gen.  2:159.  1873.  7.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  691.  1884.  8.  Wash.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  135.  1893. 

Columbian  Gage  2,  4.     Columbia  Pftaume  6.     Columbia  Gage  j. 


182  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

When  grown  on  strong  soils  and  in  some  climates,  Columbia  is  possibly 
a  plum  of  value  and  sometimes  of  superiority,  but  in  New  York  in 
the  average  plantation  it  falls  far  short  of  other  fruits  of  its  type — that 
of  the  Reine  Claude.  The  trees  are  productive  and  the  fruit  large  and 
handsome  but  not  of  highest  quality  and  moreover  drops  badly  and  is  very 
susceptible  to  the  brown-rot.  Columbia  originated  early  in  the  second 
quarter  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  with  L.  V.  Lawrence  of  Hudson,  New 
York,  from  seed  of  Reine  Claude. 

Tree  large,  medium,  in  vigor,  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  productive;  trunk 
stocky,  rough;  branches  thick;  branchlets  pubescent;  leaves  folded  upward,  one  and 
seven-eighths  inches  wide,  four  and  one-quarter  inches  long,  oval,  thick,  leathery; 
upper  surface  rugose;  margin  serrate  or  crenate,  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  thick, 
tinged  red,  pubescent,  with  from  one  to  .three  globose  glands. 

Fruit  mid-season;  when  well  grown  nearly  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter, 
roundish-oval,  the  smaller  specimens  rather  ovate,  dark  purplish-red,  overspread  with 
thick  bloom;  stem  surrounded  by  a  fleshy  ring  at  the  cavity;  skin  tender,  sour; 
flesh  golden-yellow,  dry,  firm,  sweet,  mild;  of  good  quality;  stone  semi-free  or  free, 
seven-eighths  inch  by  three-quarters  inch  in  size,  roundish-oval,  flattened;  ventral 
suture  prominent;  dorsal  suture  widely  and  deeply  grooved. 

COMPASS 

Prunus  besseyi  X  Prwnus  hortulana  mineri 

I.  Northwestern  Agr.  348.    1895.     2.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  67:10.     1898.     3.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:266.    1900. 
4.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hon.  Man.  294.    1903.     5.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:13.    1905. 
Compass  Cherry  2.     Hetdeman  Sand  Cherry. 

In  1891  H.  Knudson  of  Springfield,  Minnesota,  pollinated  the  Sand 
Cherry  with  pollen  from  the  Danish  Morello  cherry  and  the  Miner  plum. 
The  seed  of  the  resulting  cross,  beyond  question  that  of  the  Sand  Cherry 
and  the  plum,  was  planted  on  August  seventh  of  the  same  year  and,  in  1894 
produced  fruit  for  the  first  time.  In  1893  C.  W.  H.  Heideman  of  New 
Ulm,.  Minnesota,  secured  a  cion  from  this  tree  and  another  the  following 
year.  In  1895  Heideman  introduced  as  his  own,  under  the  name  of  Heide- 
man Sand  Cherry,  a  hybrid  between  the  Sand  Cherry  and  a  plum.  In  the 
controversy  which  followed  it  developed  that  the  two  hybrids  were 
identical  and  that  Knudson  was  the  real  originator.  Subsequently  C.  W. 
Sampson  of  Eureka,  Minnesota,  introduced  Knudson 's  plum  under  the 
name  Compass.  The  variety  is  of  interest  to  plant-breeders  and  may 
have  some  commercial  value  in  the  Northwest  but  is  worthless  for  its  fruit 
in  New  York. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  183 

Tree  inferior  in  size,  spreading,  open-topped,  productive;  branches  and  branchlets 
slender,  the  branchlets  marked  by  very  conspicuous,  large,  raised  lenticels;  leaf -buds 
plump;  leaves  folded  upward,  one  and  one-eighth  inches  wide,  three  inches  long; 
margin  serrate;  petiole  tinged  red,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  globose  glands 
usually  on  the  base  of  the  leaf;  blooming  season  late,  of  medium  length ;  flowers  appear- 
ing after  the  leaves,  seven-eighths  inch  across,  creamy- white  as  the  buds  unfold;  borne 
on  lateral  spurs,  in  threes  and  fours. 

Fruit  early,  season  short;  seven-eighths  inch  by  three-quarters  inch  in  size,  ovate 
or  roundish-oval,  light  red  changing  to  dark  red  at  maturity,  the  skin  speckled  with 
small  red  dots  before  fully  ripe;  skin  tough,  astringent;  flesh  light  greenish-yellow, 
very  juicy,  melting,  sub  acid  except  near  the  skin;  poor;  stone  clinging,  five-eighths 
inch  by  three-eighths  inch  in  size,  large,  elongated-oval,  with  smooth  surfaces. 

COPPER 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Coxe  Cult.  Fr.  Trees  134.  1817.  2.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:93.  1832.  3.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  425. 
1854.  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  906.  1869.  5.  Ant.  Pont.  Soc.  Cat.  36.  1875.  6.  Cornell  Sta. 
Bui.  131:183.  1897.  7.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  98.  1901. 

Coffer  2.     French  Copper  3,  4.     French  Copper  i,  2,  6. 

It  is  supposed  that  Copper  came  from  France  but  very  little  is  actually 
known  regarding  its  history.  The  round  early  variety  described  by  Coxe 
and  Prince  is  distinct  from  the  Copper  now  grown  in  this  country.  It  is 
probable  that  the  Copper  of  Downing  and  of  the  American  Pomological 
Society  are  either  distinct,  or  are  early  strains  of  the  fruit  described 
here,  since  both  are  mid-season  plums  while  the  variety  of  the  following 
description  is  distinctly  late.  This  old  sort  has  been  recommended  of 
late  by  nurserymen  and  some  plum-growers  and  it  may  be  worth  putting 
on  the  markets  again  as  the  trees  are  extremely  productive,  the  fruit 
ships  well,  and  its  extreme  lateness  might  extend  the  plum  season.  The 
fruit  is  not  fit  for  dessert  but  makes  an  attractive,  dark  red,  well-flav- 
ored sauce. 

Tree  variable  in  size  and  vigor,  round  and  dense-topped,  productive;  branches 
numerous,  with  large  lenticels;  branchlets  twiggy,  marked  with  scarf-skin,  glabrous 
throughout  the  season;  leaves  folded  upward,  obovate  or  oval,  one  and  one-half  inches 
wide,  three  and  one-half  inches  long;  upper  surface  rugose;  margin  serrate  or  crenate, 
eglandular  or  with  small  dark  glands;  petiole  pubescent,  tinged  red,  glandless  or  with 
one  or  two  globose  glands;  blooming  time  mid-season,  short;  flowers  appearing  after 
the  leaves,  seven-eighths  inch  across;  borne  singly  or  in  pairs. 

Fruit  very  late,  season  of  medium  length;  one  and  one-half  inches  by  one  and 
three-eighths  inches  in  size,  roundish-oval,  slightly  necked;  cavity  almost  lacking; 


184  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

color  a  metallic  brownish-purple,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  skin  thick,  tough,  some- 
what astringent;  flesh  dull  yellow,  medium  juicy,  firm,  moderately  sweet;  poor;  stone 
free,  seven-eighths  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  irregular-ovate,  abruptly  contracted 
at  the  base,  with  roughened  surfaces;  dorsal  suture  prominent. 

CRITTENDEN 

Primus  insititia 

z.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  695.  1884.  2.  Mathieu  Nont.  Pom.  426.  1889.  3.  Am.  Card.  14:146. 
1893.  4.  Gutde  Prat.  163,  353.  1895.  5.  Rural  N.  Y.  55:622.  1896.  6.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131: 
184.  1897.  7.  Garden  53:266.  1898.  8.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  127,  128.  1901. 

Crittenden's  Damson  2.  Crittenden's  Prolific  Damson  2.  Crittenden's  i.  Crittenden's  Pro- 
lific i.  Cluster  i.  Cluster  3,  8.  Cluster  Damson  2.  Cluster  Damson  4.  Damson  Cluster  4. 
Farleigh  Damson  6.  Farleigh  Prolific  7.  Farleigh  5.  Prolific  i.  Prolific  Damson  2. 

This  Damson  came  to  notice  early  in  the  last  century  in  the  orchard 
of  James  Crittenden  of  East  Farleigh,  Kent,  England.  In  both  Europe 
and  America  it  seems  to  be  as  well  known  under  the  names  Farleigh  and 
Cluster  as  under  its  true  name.  Crittenden  ranks  high  among  the  Dam- 
sons in  England  but  in  America  it  is  not  a  great  favorite ;  just  why  is  hard 
to  say.  It  is  likely  that  it  fails  in  some  tree-character,  for,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  being  a  little  too  tart,  the  fruit  has  few  faults. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  productive;  branches  very 
thorny  and  spinescent;  branchlets  pubescent  throughout  the  season;  leaf -buds  plump; 
leaves  folded  upward,  obovate  or  oval,  one  and  one-eighth  inches  wide,  two  and  one- 
half  inches  long,  thin;  margin  finely  serrate,  with  small  dark  glands;  petiole  one-half 
inch  long,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  glands;  blooming  season  intermediate  in  time 
and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  seven-eighths  inch  across,  densely 
clustered;  borne  usually  in  twos,  fragrant. 

Fruit  late,  season  of  medium  length;  seven-eighths  inch  by  three-quarters  inch  in 
size,  oval,  slightly  necked,  purplish-black,  overspread  with  very  thick  bloom;  flesh 
greenish-yellow,  medium  juicy,  firm  but  tender,  sour,  sprightly;  probably  good  for  pre- 
serves; stone  clinging,  five-eighths  inch  by  three-eighths  inch  in  size,  oval,  acute  at  the 
base,  with  surfaces  nearly  smooth. 

CZAR 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  693.  1884.  2.  Ellwanger  &  Barry  Cat.  27.  1886.  3.  Card.  Chron.  10: 
333.  1891.  4.  Guide  Prat.  153.  359.  1895.  5.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:183.  1897.  6.  Rivers  Cat. 
34.  1898.  7.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:242,  244.  1899.  8.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  113:159.  1899.  9.  Waugh 
Plum  Cult.  99.  1901.  10.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  4:157.  1901.  u.  Nicholson  Diet.  Card.  3:166. 
12.  Garden  68:303.  1905.  13.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:236,  237  fig.,  234,  255.  1905. 

Le  Czar  4.      The  Czar  2.  6,   n.     The  Czar  4. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  185 

Czar  seems  to  have  a  very  good  reputation  in  Europe,  in  England  espe- 
cially, as  a  culinary  fruit  but  in  America  it  is  but  second  rate  for  cooking 
and  cannot  be  called  a  dessert  plum  at  all.  Its  earliness  might  make  it 
valuable  were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  Clyman  is  as  early  and  in  nearly  all 
other  respects  is  a  better  plum.  The  Czar,  like  Clyman,  is  not  quite  hardy 
and  lacks  somewhat  in  productiveness.  The  stone  of  Czar  is  usually  cov- 
ered with  a  granular,  gummy  exudation  about  the  apex  and  its  flowers 
are  peculiar  in  being  more  or  less  doubled.  It  is  doubtful  if  this  variety 
is  worth  planting  in  New  York.  This  plum  was  raised  by  Thomas  Rivers, 
Sawbridge worth,  England,  from  a  Prince  Englebert  seed  fertilized  by  Early 
Prolific.  It  first  fruited  in  1874  and  was  named  for  the  Czar  of  Russia 
who  visited  England  during  the  same  year.  Ellwanger  &  Barry,  of  Roches- 
ter, New  York,  offered  it  for  sale  in  the  United  States  in  1886. 

Tree  intermediate  in  size  and  vigor,  round  and  open-topped,  not  always  hardy, 
moderately  productive ;  branches  covered  with  many  fruit-spurs,  smooth  except  for  the 
numerous  raised  lenticels  and  transverse  cracks  in  the  bark;  branchlets  covered  with 
thick  pubescence  throughout  the  season,  with  numerous  small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  large, 
strongly  free;  leaves  folded  upward,  oval,  one  and  three-quarters  inches  wide,  three 
inches  long;  petiole  one-half  inch  long,  thick,  pubescent,  eglandular  or  with  one  or  two 
large,  yellowish-green  glands  at  the  base  of  the  leaf;  blooming  season  intermediate  in 
time,  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  inch  or  more  across,  white,  with  a 
yellowish  tinge  at  the  apex  of  the  petals;  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  spurs,  in  pairs 
or  in  threes;  filaments  five-sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous  except  at  the  base, 
slightly  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  very  early,  season  short;  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter,  irregular  round- 
ish-oval, compressed,  dark  purplish -black,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  flesh  yellow, 
coarse  and  somewhat  granular,  fibrous,  tender,  sweet,  pleasant  flavor;  good;  stone 
free,  three-quarters  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  oval  or  slightly  ovate,  blunt  at 
the  base,  somewhat  acute  at  the  apex,  with  ridged  and  roughened  surfaces;  ventral 
suture  wide,  broadly  furrowed,  with  a  short  blunt  wing;  dorsal  suture  acute  or  with  a 
narrow,  shallow,  indistinct  groove. 

DAMSON 

Prunus  insititia 

i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  578.  1629.  2.  Gerard  Herball  1496,  1498.  1636.  3.  Quintinye  Com. 
Card.  67.  1699.  4.  Langley  Pomona  94.  1724.  5.  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees  21.  1803.  6.  Am. 
Card.  Cal.  588.  1806.  7.  Phillips  Com.  Orck.  306.  1831.  8.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  145,  146.  1831. 
9.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  297.  1845.  '°-  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  342.  1849.  n.  Am.  Pom. 
Soc.  Cat.  86.  1862.  12.  Hooper  W.  Fr.  Book  244.  1857.  13.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:69.  1873.  M- 
Manning  Hist.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  4.  1880.  15.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  695.  1884.  16.  De  Candolle  Or. 
Cult.  Plants  212.  1885.  17.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  438.  1889.  18.  Am.  Card.  14:146,  147.  1893. 


l86  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

August  Pflaume  i-j.  Blacke  Damascene  ?i.  Blew  Damson  i.  Black  Damascene  5.  Black  Dam. 
son  ?8.  Black  Damson  9,  n,  17.  Blew  Damask  3.  Black  Damosine  4.  Blue  Damson  10,  it. 
Bullo.ce  17.  Common  Damson  6,  15.  Common  Damson  &,  9,  10,  n,  13,  17.  Damascene  2.  Damas- 
cene 7,  16.  Damson  17.  Damas  Noir  ?8.  Damascus  ?8.  Damas  Commun  13.  Early  Damson 
of  many  9,  10,  17.  Haber  Pflaume  17.  Hafer  Schlehe  17.  Jakobs  Pflaume  17.  Kleine  Blaue 
Julians  Pflaume  17.  Kreke  17.  Krieche  17.  Purple  Damson  9,  10,  17.  Prunus  Insititia  17. 
Round  Damson  8,  15.  Round  Black  Damson  ?8.  Small  Round  Damson  8.  Sankl- Julians  Pflaume 
17.  Schlelien  Pflaume  17.  Wahre  Schlehen  Damascene  17.  Zipperle  17.  Zifperlein  17. 

The  common  Damson,  the  Damson  of  the  ancients,  probably  little 
changed  since  before  Christ's  time,  is  still  worthy  of  cultivation  even  though 
a  score  or  more  of  its  offspring  are  offered  to  take  its  place.  In  productive- 
ness, vigor  of  tree  and  hardiness  it  is  scarcely  surpassed  by  any  of  its  kind 
and  while  its  fruits  are  smaller  and  more  astringent  than  the  best  of  its 
offspring  they  are  not  surpassed  for  the  chief  use  of  all  Damsons — the 
making  of  preserves.  The  chief  asset  of  the  Damson  is  its  great  adapt- 
ability to  various  soils  and  climates,  surpassing  all  newcomers  of  its  type 
in  this  respect.  So  while  undoubtedly  some  of  the  improved  Damsons 
surpass  the  parent  variety  under  many  conditions,  there  yet  remain  locali- 
ties in  which  the  original  stock  is  possibly  most  valuable. 

The  Damson  takes  its  name  from  Damascus  from  whence  it  was 
brought  into  Italy  at  least  a  century  before  the  Christian  era.  What  is 
a  Damson  ?  In  England  and  America  it  is  an  oval,  usually  black,  Insititia 
The  European  continental  countries  have  an  entirely  different  conception 
of  a  Damson  from  that  of  the  English  and  Americans.  The  Germans  speak 
of  our  common  plums  as  Damson -like,  while  the  French  use  the  term 
Damas  indiscriminately.  The  English,  however,  have  not  always  made  a 
sharp  distinction  for  Parkinson  in  1629  speaks  of  the  great  Damaske  or 
Damson  Plummes  as  sweet  prunes  imported  from  France  and  Gerard  in 
1636  described  the  Damson  tree  as  synonymous  to  the  Plum.  The  term 
Damson  is  applied  to  a  group  as  well  as  to  a  variety.  For  a  further  history 
of  this  plum  in  Europe  and  America  see  the  index  for  references  to  the 
Damson  in  Chapter  I. 

DAWSON 

Prunus  domestica 
Dawson  Seedling.     American  Prune. 

Dawson  is  a  prune-like  plum  characterized  by  an  elongated  neck,  a 
peculiar  putty -like  color  of  flesh  and  by  large  size.  The  quality  is  very 
good  and  the  trees  in  all  characters  are  well  up  to  the  average  of  those 
of  the  plums  on  the  Station  grounds.  The  plum  is  worthy  a  more  exten- 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  187 

sive  trial  than  it  has  yet  had.  The  following  history  of  the  variety  is  given 
by  its  originator:  In  1884,  P.  P.  Dawson  of  Payette,  Idaho,  planted  a 
lot  of  Italian  prune  pits.  In  1891  one  of  the  seedlings  produced  fruit  which 
was  so  distinct  as  to  size  that  Mr.  Dawson  deemed  it  worthy  of  propaga- 
tion. The  variety  was  introduced  by  Mr.  Dawson  and  A.  F.  Hitt,  Weiser, 
Idaho,  about  1898. 

Tree  above  medium  in  size,  vigorous,  round  and  dense-topped,  productive;  branch- 
lets  thick,  short,  twiggy,  marked  with  scarf-skin;  leaf -scars  prominent;  leaves  flattened, 
oval,  two  and  one-quarter  inches  wide,  four  inches  long,  dark  green,  rugose;  margin 
doubly  crenate,  eglandular  or  with  small  dark  glands;  petiole  pubescent,  glandless  or 
with  one  or  two  small  glands  usually  at  the  base  of  the  leaf;  blooming  season  late,  short; 
flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  white  with  yellowish  tinge;  petals  fringed  at  the  apex. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  short;  medium  in  size,  strongly  obovate,  distinctly 
necked,  dark  reddish-purple,  overspread  with  medium  thick  bloom;  flesh  light  but 
dull  yellow,  tinged  red  near  the  surface,  dry,  firm,  medium  sweet,  mild  but  pleasant; 
of  good  quality;  stone  clinging,  above  medium  in  size,  long-oval  or  ovate,  flattened, 
distinctly  necked,  with  roughened  surfaces;  ventral  suture  broad,  blunt. 

DECAISNE 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Card.  Chron.  23:461.  1863.  2.  Mas  Perm.  Gen.  2:43.  1873.  3.  Cat.  Cong.  Pont.  France 
411.  1887.  4.  Guide  Prat.  159.  1895. 

Decaisnes  Pflaume  2.     Prune  Decaisne  i,  2. 

Though  a  supposed  seedling  of  Golden  Drop  this  variety  has  all  of 
the  ear -marks  of  one  of  the  Reine  Claude  group.  It  is  inferior  to  several 
other  plums  of  the  last  named  group  and  is  not  worth  recommendation. 
Decaisne  was  originated  about  1846  by  Jamin  and  Durand,  nurserymen, 
at  Bourg  la-Reine,  near  Paris,  France,  from  seed  of  Golden  Drop.  In 
the  United  States,  it  has  been  mainly  distributed  by  Ellwanger  &  Barry 
of  Rochester,  New  York,  and  by  the  California  Nursery  Company  of 
Niles,  California. 

Tree  intermediate  in  size  and  vigor,  upright-spreading,  rather  open-topped,  pro- 
ductive; trunk  rough;  leaves  two  inches  wide,  four  inches  long,  oval,  thick,  leathery; 
upper  surface  rugose;  lower  surface  thinly  pubescent;  petiole  with  from  two  to  three 
large,  globose  or  reniform  glands. 

Fruit  mid-season  or  later;  one  and  seven-eighths  inches  by  one  and  five-eighths 
inches  in  size,  oblong-oval,  greenish-yellow,  overspread  with  thin  bloom;  skin  sour; 
flesh  greenish-yellow,  tender,  mild;  good;  stone  clinging,  one  inch  by  seven-eighths 
inch  in  size,  broad-oval,  with  pitted  surf  aces ;  ventral  suture  rather  prominent,  heavily 
grooved,  with  a  short  but  distinct  wing;  dorsal  suture  wide,  deep. 


188  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

DE  CARADEUC 

Prunus  cerasifera 

i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  86.  1871.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc,  Cat.  38.  1877.  3.  Barry  FT.  Garden 
418.  1883.  4.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:66,  71,  86.  1892.  5.  Bailey  Ev.  Nat.  Fruits  212.  1898.  6. 
Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  13:369.  1900.  7.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  230.  1901.  8.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort. 
Man.  310.  1903.  9.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  67:274.  1904.  10.  Ga.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  13.  1905. 

Caradeuc  i. 

De  Caradeuc  is  without  value  in  this  climate  for  its  fruit  and  is 
described  at  length  and  illustrated  in  The  Plums  of  New  York  only  because 
it  is  one  of  the  few  representatives  of  Prunus  cerasifera  cultivated  for  its 
fruit.  The  plums  are  garnet-red,  very  attractive  in  appearance  and  are 
borne  so  much  earlier  than  those  of  other  species  that  the  variety  may 
be  worth  planting  in  home  orchards  to  lengthen  the  season  and  for  the 
sake  of  variety.  This  plum  is  grown  rather  commonly  in  the  South  where 
the  fruits  are  said  to  keep  well  and  not  rot.  The  trees  are  handsome 
ornamentals  bearing  remarkably  rich,  green  foliage  and  a  profusion  of 
white  flowers  which  are  followed  by  beautifully  colored  fruits.  The  variety 
can  be  recommended  for  lawn  or  park  where  a  small,  compact,  flowering 
tree  is  wanted. 

De  Caradeuc  originated  with  A.  De  Caradeuc,  Aiken,  South  Carolina, 
between  1850  and  1854.  Mr.  De  Caradeuc  brought  plum  trees  from  France 
and  planted  them  in  the  vicinity  of  several  native  plum  trees.  From  the 
seed  of  the  former  he  produced  this  variety.  The  originator  believed  his 
new  plum  to  be  a  hybrid  but  practically  all  students  of  plum  botany  think 
that  it  is  a  pure  offshoot  of  Prunus  cerasifera.  The  variety  was  introduced 
by  P.  J.  Berckmans  of  Augusta,  Georgia.  In  1877  De  Caradeuc  was  placed 
on  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  list  where  it  is  still 
maintained. 

Tree  very  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  open-topped,  variable  in  productiveness; 
trunk  rough;  branches  slender,  roughish  or  smooth,  dark  ash-gray,  with  numerous, 
large,  raised  lenticels;  branchlets  very  numerous,  twiggy,  slender,  medium  to  long, 
with  long  internodes,  tinged  with  red  when  young,  changing  to  dull  reddish-brown, 
glossy,  glabrous,  with  few,  small  lenticels;  leaf-buds  very  small  and  short,  obtnise, 
appressed. 

Leaves  numerous  on  the  branchlets,  becoming  scattering  in  the  interior  of  the  tree, 
folded  upward,  oval,  one  and  one-eighth  inches  wide,  two  inches  long,  thin;  upper 
surface  dark  green,  sparingly  pubescent,  smooth,  with  broadly  grooved  midrib;  lower 
surface  pale  green,  pubescent ;  apex  acute,  base  broadly  cuneate,  margin  often  in  two 
series  of  fine  serrations,  without  glands;  petiok  slender,  one-half  inch  long,  slightly 


DE  CARADEUC 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  189 

pubescent,  tinged  red,  eglandular  or  with  one  or  two  very  small,  globose,  greenish  glands 
usually  at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  rather  early,  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  seven- 
eighths  inch  across,  white;  borne  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs;  pedicels  eleven-sixteenths 
inch  long,  below  medium  in  thickness,  glabrous,  green;  calyx-tube  reddish,  campanulate, 
glabrous;  calyx-lobes  broad,  obtuse,  slightly  glandular-serrate,  pubescent,  strongly 
reflexed;  petals  roundish  or  ovate,  crenate,  not  clawed;  anthers  yellow;  filaments 
one-quarter  inch  in  length;  pistil  glabrous,  longer  than  the  stamens,  somewhat  defective. 

Fruit  very  early,  season  short;  one  and  one-quarter  inches  in  diameter,  roundish, 
halves  usually  equal;  cavity  shallow  and  narrow,  abrupt,  regular;  suture  a  dark  red 
line;  apex  roundish;  color  light  or  dark  crimson-red  over  a  yellow  ground,  overspread 
with  thin  bloom;  dots  few,  light  russet,  clustered  about  the  apex;  stem  slender, 
eleven-sixteenths  inch  in  length,  glabrous,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tough, 
parting  readily;  flesh  medium  yellow,  very  juicy,  fibrous,  tender  and  melting,  slightly 
sweet,  lacking  in  flavor;  inferior  in  quality;  stone  clinging,  five-eighths  inch  by  one- 
half  inch  in  size,  roundish-oval,  turgid,  blunt,  with  somewhat  pitted  surfaces;  ventral 
suture  acute,  furrowed;  dorsal  suture  distinctly  and  broadly  grooved. 

DE  SOTO 

Prunus  americana 

i.  III.  Hort.  Soc.  Rft.  225.  1877.  2.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  356.  1879.  3.  Ibid.  159.  1880.  4. 
Ibid.  237.  1882.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  42.  1883.  6.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  366.  1883.  ^.  III. 
Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  63.  1890.  8.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:37,  86.  1892.  9.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:24,  35,  36 
fig.  16.  1897.  10.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  147.  1901.  n.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hon.  Man.  295.  1903. 
12.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:30.  1903.  13.  5.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:13.  1903. 

Traer  3.     Trayer  4. 

De  Soto  probably  holds  first  place  among  the  Americana  plums  in 
the  favor  of  fruit-growers.  The  qualities  which  commend  it  are:  A  tree 
rather  better  suited  to  the  orchard  than  other  varieties  of  Prunus  americana 
having  little  of  the  waywardness  of  most  sorts  of  its  species  and  somewhat 
the  manner  of  growth  of  the  European  plums.  The  trees,  too,  are  enor- 
mously productive,  so  much  so  that  in  many  cases  their  vitality  is  weakened 
by  over-bearing  unless  thinned.  The  fruits  of  De  Soto,  while  not  as  large 
nor  as  brilliantly  colored  as  some  of  the  Americanas,  are  not  surpassed 
by  any  of  the  native  plums  in  quality  and  keep  and  ship  as  well  as  any. 
The  variety  becomes,  therefore,  a  market  sort  of  value  in  some  regions. 
The  fruits  are  a  little  more  subject  to  curculio  than  those  of  most  of  the 
native  plums  and  the  trees  blight  in  the  South  somewhat  and  do  not 
stand  the  drouths  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  as  well  as  some  other  varieties. 
Notwithstanding  these  defects,  speaking  generally,  the  De  Soto  may  be 
recommended  as  one  of  the  best  of  its  species. 


igo  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK 

De  Soto  was  found  on  the  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River  near  De 
Soto,  Wisconsin.  The  first  settler  to  call  attention  to  the  plum  was  a 
Mr.  Tupper  who  settled  on  the  land  where  it  was  found  in  1853  or  1854. 
The  Trayer  Brothers  bought  the  place  in  1855  and  in  clearing  the  farm 
they  removed  all  the  plum  trees  except  a  grove  of  what  was  at  first  called 
Trayer,  afterwards  De  Soto.  Later  Stephen  Heal  came  into  possession 
of  the  property  and  in  1864  Elisha  Hale,  Lansing,  Iowa,  commenced  to 
cultivate  and  disseminate  the  variety.  De  Soto  was  placed  on  the  Amer- 
ican Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  list  in  1883,  dropped  in  1891,  and 
restored  again  in  1897. 

Tree  small,  intermediate  in  vigor,  spreading,  open-topped,  perfectly  hardy,  pro- 
duces heavy  crops  annually,  bears  young;  branches  rough  and  shaggy,  somewhat 
zigzag,  thorny,  dark  ash-brown,  with  inconspicuous,  small,  raised,  lenticels;  branch- 
lets  numerous,  long,  green,  changing  to  dull  reddish-brown,  pubescent  at  first,  be- 
coming glabrous  late  in  the  season,  with  conspicuous,  large,  raised  lenticels;  leaf -buds 
below  medium  in  size,  pointed,  appressed. 

Leaves  falling  early,  folded  upward,  oval,  one  and  three-quarters  inches  wide, 
four  inches  long;  upper  surface  dark  green  changing  to  greenish-yellow,  glossy,  with 
scattering  hairs  and  a  narrow,  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  finely  pubescent;  apex 
taper-pointed,  base  somewhat  abrupt,  margin  very  coarsely  and  deeply  doubly  serrate, 
petiole  five-eighths  inch  long,  of  medium  thickness,  pubescent,  tinged  red,  glandless 
or  with  one  or  two  globose,  brownish  glands  on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  medium  to  late  and  of  average  length;  flowers  appearing  after 
the  leaves,  one  and  one-eighth  inches  across,  white;  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  buds 
and  spurs,  in  twos  and  threes;  pedicels  eleven-sixteenths  inch  in  length,  below  medium 
in  thickness,  covered  with  short,  thick  pubescence,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  cam- 
panulate,  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  somewhat  acute,  eglandular,  thickly  pubescent  on 
both  surfaces,  with  a  swollen  ring  at  the  base  of  the  lobes,  semi-reflexed ;  petals 
oblong  or  ovate,  erose,  tapering  abruptly  into  long,  narrow  claws;  anthers  yellowish; 
filaments  three-eighths  inch  in  length;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  or  shorter  than 
the  stamens. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  short;  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter, 
roundish,  varying  to  oval  or  ovate,  compressed,  often  strongly  truncate  at  the  base; 
cavity  shallow  or  medium,  abrupt;  suture  very  shallow  or  a  line;  apex  roundish  or 
somewhat  pointed ;  color  yellowish-red  becoming  a  light  or  dark  crimson  over  an  orange- 
yellow  ground,  overspread  with  thin  bloom;  dots  very  numerous,  small,  light  russet, 
inconspicuous;  stem  rather  slender,  three-quarters  inch  long,  sparingly  pubescent; 
skin  thick,  tough,  very  astringent,  clinging  to  the  pulp;  flesh  golden-yellow,  very  juicy, 
fibrous,  tender  and  melting,  of  medium  sweetness,  mild;  fair  to  good;  stone  nearly  free, 
seven-eighths  inch  in  size,  oval,  turgid,  blunt-pointed,  smooth;  ventral  suture  bluntly 
acute  and  with  slight  furrows;  dorsal  suture  acute,  not  furrowed. 


DE  SOTO 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  19 1 

DIAMOND 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Land.  Hart.  Soc.  Cat.  146.  1831.  2.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  259.  1832.  3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees 
Am.  298.  1845.  4.  Lee  Gen.  Farmer  6:141.  1845.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  222,  244.  1858.  6. 
Hogg  Fruit  Man.  696.  1884.  7.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rft.  327.  1889.  8.  Guide  Prat.  159,  355.  1895. 
9.  Mich.  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  382.  1895.  10.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:183,  fig.  40  VI.  1897.  n.  Am. 
Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  25.  1897.  12.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:214,  217.  1899.  13.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:244. 
1899.  14,  W.  N.  Y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  92.  1899.  15.  Garden  56:168.  1899.  16.  Can.  Exp.  Farm 
Bui.  43:33.  1903.  17.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  423.  1903. 

Black  Diamond  9.  Black  Diamond  n,  13.  Diamant  8.  Diamantpftaume  8.  Dymond  15. 
Kentish  Diamond  17.  Kingston  14  incor.  Smith's  Prune  7.  Smith  Prune  14. 

To  judge  Diamond  by  appearance  would  be  a  grievous  error.  It  is 
a  large,  beautifully  colored,  well-formed  plum,  tempting  the  palate ;  but  one 
taste  out  of  hand  is  a  sufficiency.  The  flesh  is  coarse  and  the  flavor  not  at 
all  pleasant  to  one  accustomed  to  good  plums.  Hogg  says,  in  the  reference 
given,  that  Diamond  is  one  of  the  best  preserving  and  cooking  plums  but 
in  this  case  we  doubt  Hogg's  judgment  unless,  as  may  be,  Diamond  is 
much  better  in  England  than  in  America.  The  firm  flesh  and  tough  skin 
of  the  variety  commend  it  as  a  market  plum  and  the  trees  are  above  the 
average  in  size,  vigor,  hardiness  and  productiveness — all  characters  except- 
ing quality  bespeaking  the  favor  of  plum -growers.  It  is  planted  largely 
for  the  markets  where,  of  course,  it  sells  upon  its  appearance. 

According  to  Downing,  this  variety  was  raised  from  seed  by  an  Eng- 
lishman, in  Kent,  named  Diamond.  Kenrick  and  Hogg,  however,  state 
that  it  was  raised  in  the  nursery  of  a  Mr.  Hooker,  in  Kent.  The  London 
Horticultural  Society  briefly  described  this  variety  in  its  fruit  catalog 
for  1831  so  that  its  origin  antedates  that  year.  The  American  Porno- 
logical  Society  rejected  Diamond  for  its  catalog  in  1858  but  placed  it  in 

its  fruit  list  in  1897. 

\ 
Tree  above  average  in  size  and  vigor,  upright-spreading,  somewhat  dense-topped, 

hardy,  very  productive;  branches  ash-gray,  roughish,  with  numerous,  small  lenticels, 
the  bark  marked  with  transverse  lines;  branchlets  of  medium  thickness  and  length, 
with  long  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  dark  brownish-red,  dull,  somewhat 
pubescent,  with  numerous,  small  lenticels;  leaf-buds  large,  long,  pointed,  appressed. 
Leaves  folded  upward,  obovate  or  oval,  one  and  seven-eighths  inches  wide,  three 
and  one-quarter  inches  long;  upper  surface  dark  green,  with  few  hairs  and  with  a  grooved 
midrib;  lower  surface  pubescent;  apex  obtuse  to  acute,  base  acute,  margin  serrate> 
with  small,  brown  glands;  petiole  five-eighths  inch  long,  slender,  pubescent,  reddish, 
with  from  one  to  four  small,  globose  or  reniform,  greenish-yellow  glands  on  the  stalk 
or  base  of  the  leaf. 


192  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Blooming  season  early  or  medium,  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one 
inch  across,  the  buds  yellow-tipped  changing  to  white  on  expanding;  borne  on  lateral 
spurs,  in  pairs;  pedicels  five-eighths  inch  long,  somewhat  slender,  pubescent,  green; 
calyx- tube  greenish,  campanulate,  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  broad,  obtuse,  pubescent 
on  both  surfaces,  glandular -serrate,  reflexed;  petals  broadly  oval  or  roundish,  entire 
or  slightly  crenate,  tapering  to  short,  broad  claws;  anthers  roundish,  yellow;  filaments 
five-sixteenths  inch  in  length;  pistil  lightly  pubescent  at  the  base,  longer  than  the 
stamens. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  short;  one  and  seven-eighths  inches  by  one  and 
three-quarters  inches  in  size,  oval,  slightly  necked,  swollen  on  the  ventral  side,  com- 
pressed; cavity  very  narrow  and  abrupt ;  suture  shallow,  often  a  line;  apex  roundish  or 
pointed ;  color  deep  reddish-purple  changing  to  dark  purplish-black  at  full  maturity,  with 
thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  russet,  inconspicuous;  stem  slender,  one  inch  long, 
finely  pubescent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  rather  sour,  separating  readily; 
flesh  pale  or  golden-yellow,  sometimes  with  a  faint  red  tinge  next  the  skin,  not  juicy, 
coarse,  firm  but  rather  tender,  mild  subacid  to  nearly  sweet,  not  high  in  flavor;  of  fair 
quality;  stone  with  a  trace  of  red,  semi-clinging,  one  and  one-eighth  inches  by  five- 
eighths  inch  in  size,  long-oval,  necked  at  the  base,  abruptly  sharp-pointed  at  the  apex, 
with  pitted  surfaces;  ventral  suture  rather  broad,  lightly  furrowed;  dorsal  suture 
widely  grooved. 

DOUBLE  FLOWERING  GAGE 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:92.  1768.  2.  Knoop  Fructologie  57.  1771.  3.  Kraft  Pom. 
Aust.  2:32,  Tab.  179  fig.  2.  1796.  4.  Prince  Pont.  Man.  2:49.  1832.  5.  Mag.  Hart.  9:165.  1843. 
6.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  316.  1845.  7.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  1:1846.  8.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:47. 
1873.  9.  Guide  Prat.  163,  363.  1895. 

Die  grosse  Konigin  Klaudia  Pflaume  mit  halbgefullter  Bluthe  3.  Dauphin  a  Fleurs  semi- 
doubles  5.  Dauphin  4  Fleurs  doubles  5.  Dauphin  d.  fleurs  semi-doubles  5.  Double-blossomed  5. 
Double-blossomed  Plum  6.  Gelbe  Reneclode  Mit  Gefullter  Bluthe  8.  Prune  a  Fleurs  Doubles  8. 
Prunier  a  fleurs  semi-double  8.  Prunier  a  fleur  semi-double  i,  7.  Prune  a  Fleurs  Doubles  2.  Pru- 
nier  &  fleur  semi-double  4.  Prune  Semi-double  4.  Prune  a  fleurs  semi-double  4.  Reine-Claude 
Semi-Double  8.  Reine-Claude  a  fleur  semi-double  4.  Reine-Claude  6.  Fleurs  Semi-double  5,  9.  Reine- 
Claude  mit  Halbgefullter  Bluthe  9.  Semi-double  flowering  Reine  Claude  4. 

This  is  an  ornamental  variety  of  the  Reine  Claude  type  first  noted  by 
Duhamel  in  1768.  It  was  probably  well  known  in  Europe  at  this  time  for 
a  little  later  it  was  mentioned  by  Knoop  of  Holland  and  Kraft  of  Austria. 
Duhamel  described  two  varieties;  one  with  small  fruit  which  was  insipid 
when  over-ripe,  and  the  other  large  and  of  good  flavor.  In  1846,  Poiteau 
thought  the  latter  was  probably  identical  with  a  variety  growing  at  Luxem- 
bourg but  he  did  not  think  the  former  was  extant.  In  the  third  edition 
of  the  London  Horticultural  Society's  catalog,  yellow  and  purple  forms 
were  mentioned,  showing  that  the  variety  has  been  represented  by  more 


DIAMOND 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  IQ3 

than  one  type.  It  is  worthy  of  note  that  the  double  blossoms,  except  in 
strong  soils,  are  apt  to  degenerate  and  become  single.  The  following 
description  is  compiled. 

Tree  irregular  and  spreading,  unproductive;  branches  brown  on  the  shaded  side 
and  blood-red  on  the  sunny  side;  flowers  large  .semi-double,  with  from  twelve  to  eighteen 
petals;  fruit  mid-season;  large,  spherical;  suture  shallow,  sometimes  a  line;  flesh 
greenish-yellow,  tender,  soft,  juicy,  sweet,  agreeably  aromatic;  clingstone. 

DOWNING 

Prunus  munsoniana 

i.  la.  Hart.  Soc.  Rpt.  287.  1887.  2.  Ibid.  275,  448.  1893.  3.  Ibid.  334.  1894.  4.  Wis.  Sta. 
Bui.  63:24,  30.  1897.  5.  Ant.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  24.  1897.  6.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  185.  1901.  7. 
Wis.  Sla.  Bui.  87:12.  1901.  8.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:269.  1900.  g.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  445.  1903. 
10.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:247  fig.,  254,  255.  1905.  n.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:15.  1905. 

Charles  Downing  i,  2,  3,  4,  7.     Charles  Downing  5,  6,  8,  n. 

Downing  is  one  of  the  best  varieties  of  its  species.  The  trees  are  large, 
usually  productive,  not  often  sterile  as  are  some  of  its  near  of  kin  sorts  and 
for  a  southern  plum  the  variety  is  remarkably  hardy,  never  having  suf- 
fered in  Geneva  from  cold.  The  only  fault  that  can  be  found  with  the 
tree  is  that  the  foliage  is  quite  susceptible  to  the  shot -hole  fungus.  The 
fruit  is  particularly  attractive  with  its  bright,  solid,  garnet -red  skin,  golden 
flesh  and  sweet,  pleasant  flavor.  Unfortunately  the  flesh  is  a  little  too 
fibrous  and  clings  too  tenaciously  to  the  stone  for  pleasant  eating.  Downing 
adds  a  pleasing  variety  to  any  collection  of  plums  and  in  some  regions 
ought  to  sell  with  profit  to  the  grower  for  the  markets. 

H.  A.  Terry  of  Crescent,  Iowa,  grew  Downing  from  seed  of  the 
Wild  Goose,  which  the  originator  thinks  was  fertilized  by  some  Ameri- 
cana variety.  The  Downing,  however,  shows  no  traces  of  Americana  parent- 
age. It  is  reported  as  originating  in  1882  and  first  fruiting  in  1885.  The 
American  Pomological  Society  placed  this  variety  on  its  fruit  catalog 
list  in  1897. 

Tree  large,  spreading,  flat-topped,  hardy  in  New  York,  variable  in  productiveness; 
branches  rough,  dark  gray,  with  a  few  large  lenticels;  branchlets  slender,  with  very 
short  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  dull  reddish-brown,  glossy,  somewhat  pubes- 
cent, with  numerous,  small,  slightly  raised  lenticels;  leaf -buds  small,  short,  obtuse, 
appressed. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  broadly  lanceolate,  peach-like,  one  and  three-eighths  inches 
wide,  three  inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface  reddish  late  in  the  fall,  smooth,  glabrous, 
with  deeply  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  glabrous  except  along  the  midrib  and  larger 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

veins;  apex  taper-pointed,  margin  very  finely  serrate,  eglandular  or  sometimes  with 
small  dark  glands;  petiole  thirteen-sixteenths  inch  long,  slender,  tinged  with  red, 
pubescent  along  one  side,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  five  small,  globose,  yellowish- 
red  glands  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  medium  to  late,  long;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  and 
one-sixteenth  inches  across,  the  buds  yellow-tipped  changing  to  white  when  expanded, 
with  a  strong,  disagreeable  odor;  borne  in  dense  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  in 
threes ;  pedicels  eleven-sixteenths  inch  in  length,  very  slender,  glabrous,  greenish ;  calyx- 
tube  green,  obconic,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  below  medium  in  width,  acute,  finely  pubes- 
cent on  the  inner  surface  only,  somewhat  reflexed,  glandular-serrate,  the  glands  numer- 
ous and  dark  colored;  petals  oval,  narrow,  long,  crenate,  tapering  beneath  to  long, 
narrow  claws ;  anthers  pale  yellow,  with  a  faint  reddish  tinge ;  filaments  seven-sixteenths 
inch  in  length;  pistil  slender,  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  short;  about  one  and  one-eighth  inches  in 
diameter,  rather  large  for  its  class,  roundish-ovate,  not  compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity 
shallow,  narrow,  flaring;  suture  very  shallow  and  obscure;  apex  roundish  or  slightly 
conical;  color  garnet-red,  with  thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  variable  in  size,  grayish-yellow, 
conspicuous,  clustered  around  the  apex;  stem  slender,  about  three-eighths  inch  in  length, 
glabrous,  parting  readily  from  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  slightly  astringent,  adhering  but  little; 
flesh  golden-yellow,  juicy,  coarse,  fibrous,  tender  and  somewhat  melting,  very  sweet 
next  the  skin  but  tart  toward  the  center,  aromatic;  good;  stone  clinging,  three-quarters 
inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  oval,  somewhat  oblique,  turgid,  roughish;  ventral  suture 
narrow,  strongly  winged;  dorsal  suture  acute,  unfurrowed. 

DRAP  D'OR 

Prunus  insititia 

i.  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  2:69.  1699.  2.  Langley  Pomona  94,  97,  PI.  24  fig.  5.  1729.  3. 
Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:96.  1768.  4.  Knoop  Fructologie  57.  1771.  5.  Coxe  Cult.  Fr.  Trees 
233  fig-  2-  1817.  6.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  146.  1831.  7.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:75.  1832.  8. 
Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  261.  1832.  9.  Mag.  Hon.  9:163.  1843.  IO-  Do'wning  Fr.  Trees  Am.  274. 
1845.  ii.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  1:1846.  12.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  297,  383.  1846. 
13.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  516.  1859.  X4-  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  359,  371,  387.  1866.  15.  Pom. 
France  7:No.  12.  1871.  16.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  36.  1875.  17.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  350.  1887. 
18.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  428.  1889.  19.  Guide  Prat.  153,  359.  1895.  20.  Soc.  Nat.  Hort.  France 
Pom.  538  fig.  1904.  21.  Baltet  Cult.  Fr.  489,  503.  1908. 

Cloth  of  Gold  3,  5,  7,  12,  14,  18,  19.  Cloth  of  Gold  Plum  15.  Damas  Jaune  15,  18,  19.  Dop- 
pelte  Mirabelle  18.  Drap  d'Or  i,  2.  Drop  d'Or  Pflaume  15.  Drap  d'Or  7,  15,  18,  19,  20,  21. 
Double  Drap  d'Or  17.  Double  Mirabelle  17.  Glauzende  gelbe  Mirabelle  15.  Glanzende  Gelbe  Mira- 
belle 1 8,  19.  Gold  Pflaume  18.  Goldfarbige  Pflaume  15,  18,  19.  Goldstoff  18.  Goldzeng  18.  Grosse 
Mirabelle  ?7,  15,  18,  19,  21.  Grosse  Mirabelle  8,  21.  Grosse  Mirabelle  Drap  d'Or  18,  19.  Mirabelle 
15,  17.  Mirabelle  Double  19,  21.  Mirabelle  Double  3,  5,  6,  7,  10,  12,  13,  14,  18.  Mirabelle  Double 
de  Metz  20.  Mirabelle  de  Nancy  19,  21.  Mirabelle  de  Nancy  14,  18.  Mirabelle  Drap  d'Or  15, 
18,  19.  Mirabellen  15.  Mirabelle  grosse  double  de  Metz  15,  18,  19.  Mirabelle  Grosse  de  Nancy 
20.  Mirabelle  Grosse  13,  17,  20,  21.  Mirabelle  la  grosse  7,  15,  18,  19.  Mirabelle  Grosse  6,  ?7,  10, 
13,  14,  15,  19.  Mirabelle  PerUe  15,  18,  19.  Mtrabelle  von  Metz  15.  Perdrigon  H&tif  13,  20,  of 


DOWNING 


DRAP  D'  OR 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  195 

some    17,    18,    19.     Perdrigon  Jaune  20.     Yellow   Damask    '14.     Yellow  Damask   14,    18.     Yellow 
Gage  of  some  5,  7.      Yellow  Perdrigon  9,  10,  13,  14,  15,  18,  19. 

Drap  d'Or  represents  a  type  of  the  plum  hardly  known  in  America 
but  very  popular  in  continental  Europe  and  most  popular  of  all  plums 
in  France,  the  chief  plum-growing  country  of  the  Old  World.  It  is 
probable  that  the  division  of  Prunus  insititia  represented  by  Drap  d'Or, 
the  Mirabelle  plums,  will  thrive  in  America  as  well  as  the  commonly 
grown  Damsons  of  the  same  species.  These  plums  certainly  deserve  to 
be  far  more  generally  planted  than  they  now  are.  It  is  certain  from  the 
behavior  of  the  few  trees  of  the  Mirabelle  group  now  growing  in  New  York 
that  they  have  very  decided  merit.  Drap  d'Or  is  probably  not  the  best 
of  the  yellow,  sweet  Insititias  but  it  is  at  least  well  worth  trial. 

According  to  Pomologie  De  La  France,  this  variety  was  cited  by 
Merlet  in  1675  and  is  of  old  and  uncertain  origin.  Merlet  placed  the  Mira- 
belle and  the  Drap  d'Or  in  the  Damas  class,  but  Poiteau  thought  that  the 
latter  was  probably  a  cross  between  Reine  Claude  and  Mirabelle  since 
it  resembled  the  former  in  quality  and  shape  and  the  latter  in  color  and 
size.  Yellow  Damask,  Mirabelle  de  Nancy,  Yellow  Perdrigon,  Gross  Mira- 
belle and  others  have  proved  to  be  identical  with  the  Drap  d'Or  as  tested 
in  Europe.  Whether  all  of  the  other  synonyms  mentioned  are  the  true 
Drap  d'Or  is  a  question ;  their  number  indicates  that  there  are  many  varia- 
tions in  this  type  of  the  plum.  The  American  Pomological  Society  placed 
Drap  d'Or  in  its  catalog  list  in  1875  and  withdrew  it  in  1899. 

Tree  small,  upright-spreading,  dense-topped,  hardy,  productive;  branches  ash- 
gray,  with  a  brownish  tinge,  smooth,  with  very  few,  small  lenticels ;  branchlets  of  average 
thickness  and  length,  greenish-red  changing  to  brownish-red,  dull,  sparingly  pubescent 
throughout  the  entire  season,  with  few,  obscure,  small  lenticels;  leaf-buds  of  medium 
size  and  length,  conical,  appressed. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  oval,  one  and  one-fourth  inches  wide,  two  and  one-half 
inches  long;  upper  surface  slightly  roughened,  covered  with  numerous  hairs,  the  mid- 
rib grooved;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  pubescent;  apex  pointed  or  acute,  base  abrupt, 
margin  serrate  or  crenate,  eglandular  or  with  small  dark  glands;  petiole  one-half  inch 
long,  pubescent,  tinged  red,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  globose,  greenish-yellow 
glands  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Flowers  fifteen-sixteenths  inch  across,  the  buds  creamy  changing  to  white  when 
expanded;  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  spurs,  usually  in  pairs;  pedicels  nine-sixteenths 
inch  long,  sparingly  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate,  nearly  glab- 
rous; calyx-lobes  obtuse,  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  glandular-serrate,  somewhat 
reflexed;  petals  broadly  oval,  crenate  or  sometimes  notched  at  the  apex,  tapering 


196  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

below  to  short,  broad  claws;    anthers  yellowish;    filaments  five-sixteenths  inch  long; 
pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  mid-season;  one  and  one-eighth  inches  by  one  inch  in  size,  roundish-oval, 
compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity  shallow,  narrow,  flaring;  suture  very  shallow,  often 
a  line;  apex  roundish  or  depressed;  color  greenish-yellow  changing  to  golden-yellow, 
somewhat  mottled  and  blotched,  occasionally  with  a  faint  bronze  blush  on  the  exposed 
cheek,  overspread  with  thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  whitish,  inconspicuous; 
stem  slender,  sparingly  pubescent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  separating 
readily;  flesh  light  golden-yellow,  moderately  juicy,  coarse,  firm  but  tender,  sweet,  mild; 
of  good  quality;  stone  free,  five-eighths  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  oval,  flattened, 
nearly  smooth,  blunt  at  the  base  and  apex;  ventral  suture  wide,  blunt,  smooth;  dorsal 
suture  shallowly  grooved. 

DUANE 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Prince  Treat.  Hort.  25.  1828.  2.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  260.  1832.  3.  Prince  Pom.  Man. 
2:100.  1832.  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  297.  1845.  5-  Horticulturist  1:115,  n6  fig.  36.  1846. 
6.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  419.  1846.  7.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  343.  1849.  8.  Elliott 
Fr.  Book  418.  1854.  9.  Horticulturist  10:253.  1855.  10.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  191.  1856. 
li.  Hooper  W.  Fr.  Book  244,  250.  1857.  12.  Bridgeman  Card.  Ass't  3:127.  1857.  13.  Downing 
Fr.  Trees  Am.  910.  1869.  14.  Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  303.  1878.  15.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:77,  fig.  39. 
1866-73.  J6-  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  103:32.  1894.  17.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:184.  1897.  18.  Ohio 
Sta.  Bui.  162:254,  255.  1905.  19.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  100,  102  fig.  1901. 

Apricot  5  incor.  Dame  Aubert  Violet  12.  Duane's  Plum  5  incor.  Duane's  Purple  5,  6,  7, 
8,  9,  10,  it,  13,  14,  16,  17.  Duane's  Purple  15,  19.  Duane's  Purple  French  i,  2,  3,  4.  Duane's 
French  Purple  12.  Duane's  Large  Purple  3.  Duane's  Large  Orleans  3.  Duane's  Purple  French 
8,  9.  English  Pond's  Seedling  8.  Pourpree  De  Duane  15.  Pourpree  Duane  13.  Purple  Magnum 
Bonum  of  some  12,  13.  Purple  Egg  of  some  12.  Red  Magnum  Bonum  of  some  9. 

This  handsome,  purple  plum,  very  well  shown  in  the  color-plate,  is 
one  of  the  half-dozen  leading  fruits  of  its  kind  grown  in  New  York,  favor- 
ably known  the  country  over  and  in  Europe  as  well.  Its  popularity  is 
due  to  its  large  size,  well-turned  shape,  royal  purple  color,  and  firm,  golden 
flesh,  characters  which  fit  it  admirably  for  the  store  and  the  stand.  But 
appearance  is  the  only  asset  of  the  fruit  so  far  as  the  consumer  is  concerned 
—the  flesh  is  dry,  tough,  sour  and  clings  to  the  stone,  making  a  plum 
unfit  for  dessert  though  it  does  very  well  for  culinary  purposes.  The  fruit 
ripens  slowly  and  colors  a  week  or  more  before  ripe;  it  is  at  its  best  only 
when  fully  mature.  The  trees  excel  in  size,  vigor  and  productiveness  and 
are  usually  hardy  and  bear  their  crops  well  distributed  and  not  clustered 
as  in  most  varieties  of  plums.  In  minor  characters,  the  trees  are  distin- 
guished by  large  leaves,  pubescence  on  the  under  side  and  by  grayish- 
drab  shoots  covered  with  dense  pubescence.  Duane  is  generally  found 


DUANE 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW   YORK.  197 

to  be  a  very  profitable  market  plum  and  if  it  were  only  better  in  quality 
we  could  heartily  join  in  recommending  it. 

Duane  originated  as  a  seedling  in  the  garden  of  James  Duane,  Duanes- 
burgh,  New  York,  about  1820.  For  several  years,  the  variety  was  dis- 
tributed by  the  Prince  nurseries  under  the  name  Duane's  Purple  French. 
This  error  was  caused  by  Judge  Duane's  accidentally  sending  William 
Prince,  of  Flushing,  grafts  of  this  seedling  instead  of  a  French  plum  *  which 
he  had  imported  in  1820.  When  this  mistake  was  discovered  by  Downing 
and  Tomlinson  about  1846,  the  word  French  was  dropped  and  the  plum 
became  known  as  Duane's  Purple  and  later,  according  to  the  rules  of  the 
American  Pomological  Society,  as  Duane.  In  1856,  it  was  listed  by  the 
American  Pomological  Society  as  promising  well  and  in  1862  it  was  placed 
on  the  list  of  the  fruit  catalog. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  round  and  dense-topped,  hardy  and  productive;  branches 
ash-gray,  smooth  except  for  the  numerous  small,  raised  lenticels;  branchlets  medium 
to  thick,  variable  in  length,  with  short  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  dark  brownish- 
drab,  dull,  thickly  pubescent,  with  raised  lenticels  intermediate  in  number  and  size; 
leaf-buds  of  average  size  and  length,  conical  or  pointed,  free. 

Leaves  folded  backward,  obovate  or  oval,  one  and  one-half  inches  wide,  three  and 
one-half  inches  long;  upper  surface  dark  green,  pubescent,  rugose,  with  a  narrow  groove 
on  the  midrib;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  pubescent;  apex  acute,  base  cuneate,  margin 
serrate,  eglandular  or  with  small  amber  glands;  petiole  one-half  inch  long,  pubescent, 
tinged  with  red,  eglandular  or  with  one  or  two  small,  globose,  greenish-brown  glands 
on  the  stalk  or  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  rather  early,  of  average  length;  flowers  appearing  before  the 
leaves,  one  inch  across,  white;  developing  from  lateral  buds,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels 
nine-sixteenths  inch  long,  thick,  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate, 
pubescent;  calyx-lobes  broad,  obtuse,  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  glandular-serrate, 
erect;  petals  roundish,  entire,  short-clawed;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  one-quarter 
inch  long;  pistil  pubescent  on  the  ovary,  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  of  average  length;  one  and  three-quarters 
inches  by  one  and  five-eighths  inches  in  size,  broadly  oblong-oval  or  obovate,  com- 
pressed, halves  unequal;  cavity  shallow,  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  variable  in  depth; 
apex  roundish  or  depressed;  color  dark  reddish-purple  changing  to  purplish-black 
on  the  sunny  side,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  light  russet;  stem 
three-quarters  inch  long,  pubescent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  below  medium 
in  thickness,  tough,  sour,  separating  readily;  flesh  pale  yellow,  lacking  in  juice,  firm,  sour 
unless  fully  ripe;  of  fair  quality;  stone  adhering,  seven-eighths  inch  by  five-eighths 
inch  in  size,  oval,  with  pitted  surfaces,  blunt  at  the  base  and  apex;  ventral  suture 
wide,  blunt;  dorsal  suture  with  a  broad,  deep  groove. 


'This  French  plum  proved  to  be  the  well-known  Peach.     See  Horticulturist  i:  115.      1846. 


198  THE    PLUMS   OF    NEW    YORK. 

EARLIEST  OF  ALL 

Prunus  triflora 

I.  Card.  Man.  368.    1887.      2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  62:32,     1894.      3.  Normand  Cat.  2.    1895-96. 

4.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  516.    1897.      5.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  175:130,  fig.  24.    1899.      6.  Waugh 
Plum  Cult.  135.     1901. 

Earliest  of  All  4.     Wasse  Sumotno  5,  6.     Wasse  Sumomo  3.     Yosobe   i.     Yosete  4.     Yosebe 

5,  6.      Yosobe  2.     Yosebe  2. 

Earliest  of  All  was  imported  by  H.  H.  Berger  of  San  Francisco  from 
Japan  under  the  name  Yosebe,  which  later  became  changed  to  Yosobe, 
and  in  1897  L.  H.  Bailey  gave  the  variety  the  name  Earliest  of  All  tc 
avoid  the  confusion  in  the  earlier  nomenclature.  The  Wasse  Sumomo 
introduced  by  J.  L.  Normand,  Marksville,  Louisiana,  in  1895,  is  the  Earliest 
of  All.  The  variety  may  have  some  value  because  of  its  extreme  earli- 
ness.  It  is,  however,  too  small,  too  unattractive  in  color  and  too  poor 
in  quality  ever  to  be  other  than  a  kitchen  plum. 

Tree  intermediate  in  size  and  vigor,  vasiform,  unproductive;  branchlets  dark  red> 
marked  with  thick  scarf-skin;  leaf -scars  prominent;  leaves  reddish  late  in  the  season, 
narrow-obovate,  one  and  one-half  inches  wide,  three  inches  long;  margin  finely  serrate, 
with  small,  reddish-black  glands;  petiole  tinged  red,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  seven 
glands  usually  on  the  stalk;  blooming  season  early  ;  flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves, 
white  with  a  little  pink;  borne  in  threes  and  fours. 

Fruit  very  early;  one  inch  in  diameter,  roundish  or  roundish-oblong,  light  or  dark 
pinkish-red,  covered  with  thin  bloom;  flesh  light  yellow,  rather  dry,  soft,  inferior  in 
flavor;  of  poor  quality;  stone  clinging,  five-eighths  inch  by  three-eighths  inch  in  size, 
flattened,  oval. 

EARLY  ORLEANS 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:80,  PI.  XX  fig.  i.  1768.  2.  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees  21.  1803. 
3.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  150,  151.  1831.  4.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:62,  68.  1832.  5.  Kenrick  Am. 
Orch.  260,  269.  1832.  6.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  304.  1843.  7-  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card. 
286,  289,  294,  382,  383.  1846.  8.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  1:1846.  9.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  516. 
1859.  10.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  360.  1866.  n.  Pom.  France  y:No.  16.  1871.  12.  Mas  Le  Verger 
6:85.  1866-73.  I3-  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  430.  1882.  14.  Traitf  Prat.  Seek.  Fruits  172.  1893. 
15.  Guide  Prat.  152,  360.  1895.  16.  Soc.  Nat.  Hort.  France  Pom.  542  fig.  1904. 

Aliesse  du  Roi  16.  Damascena  Dominicalis  Praecox  13,  15.  De  Monsieur  16.  De  Monsieur 
Hdtive  15.  Du  Roi  15.  Early  Monsieur  12.  Early  Monsieur  4,  5.  Early  Orleans  n,  12,  13,  15. 
Fruhe  Herrnpflaume  13.  Fruhe  Herrnpflaume  n.  Fruhe  Herzogspflaume  n,  13,  15.  Fruhe  Hernn- 
pfiaume  12.  Fruhe  Herrnpflaume  15.  Grimwood  Early  Orleans  10,  13.  Grimwood's  Early  Orleans 
3,  6,  9,  it,  15.  Hampton  Court  3,  6,  7,  9,  10,  n,  13,  15.  Konigspftaume  n,  ?i3,  ?is.  Monsieur 
it,  13  &  15  incor.  Monsieur  Hutif  i,  7,  n,  12,  15.  Monsieur  Hatif  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  9,  10,  12,  13,  16. 
Monsieur  Hdtive  4.  Monsieur  Hdtif  de  Montmorency  3,  6,  9,  10,  n,  13,  14,  15.  New  Early  Orleans 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  199 

3,  6,  9,  it,  13,  14,  15.  New  Orleans  3,  6,  9,  10,  13,  15,  16.  Neu  Orleans  n.  Orleans  3.  Prune 
de  Monsieur  Hdtif  13.  Prune  de  Monsieur  Hatif  8.  Prune  de  Monsieur  Native  12.  Prunus  damas- 
cena  domimcalis  praecox  n.  Prune  du  Roi  14.  Prune  du  Rot  u,  13.  Red  Orleans  n,  13,  15. 
Wilmot's  Early  Orleans  4,  7.  Wilmot's  Early  Orleans  3,  9,  10,  n,  13,  15.  Wilmot's  Large  Orleans 
3,  4,  6.  Wilmot's  Late  Orleans  '7.  Wilmot's  New  Early  Orleans  3,  5,  6.  Wilmot's  New  Early 
Orleans  7.  Wilmot's  Orleans  3,  7,  10,  n,  13,  14,  15. 

Early  Orleans  has  been  planted  very  little  in  America  and  then  chiefly 
because  of  its  reputation  in  Europe.  While  it  appears  to  be  a  very  good 
plum  in  most  respects  as  it  grows  on  the  Station  grounds,  being  attractive 
in  appearance,  of  good  flavor,  a  freestone  and  firm  enough  to  ship  well, 
it  surpasses  in  none  of  these  characters  and  the  fruit  is  so  small  as  to 
make  it  a  poor  competitor  among  the  purple  plums  of  its  season.  It 
does  not  deserve  the  reputation  in  America  that  pomologists  have  given 
it  in  Europe.  In  France  the  Early  Orleans,  under  the  name  of  Prune 
du  Roi,  is  used  in  prune-making  but  it  seems  not  to  have  been  so  used  in 
America. 

Early  Orleans  is  old  and  of  unknown  origin.  Duhamel  in  1768  con- 
sidered it  a  variety  of  the  Orleans,  differing  only  in  the  time  of  ripening 
but  there  are  additional  differences  as  can  be  seen  in  the  descriptions  of 
the  two.  It  is  true,  however,  that  these  two  plums  are  very  similar. 
According  to  Kenrick,  Wilmot's  New  Early  Orleans  was  raised  by  John 
Wilmot,  an  Englishman.  Though  it  may  be  of  separate  origin  it  is  prac- 
tically identical  with  the  Early  Orleans. 

Tree  small,  upright-spreading,  hardy,  productive;  branches  ash-gray,  smooth, 
with  small,  inconspicuous,  oval  lenticels;  branchlets  thick,  with  rather  short  internodes, 
covered  with  thin  bloom  and  marked  with  scarf-skin,  dull  brownish-drab,  pubescent, 
with  a  medium  number  of  small,  raised  lenticels;  leaf-buds  intermediate  in  size  and 
length,  conical,  free,  plump;  leaf-scars  enlarged. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  two  and  one-quarter  inches  wide,  four  inches  long,  roundish- 
oval  or  obovate,  thick  ;  apex  abruptly  pointed,  base  acute,  margin  crenate  and  with 
small,  dark  glands;  upper  surface  light  green,  sparingly  pubescent  and  with  a  grooved 
midrib;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  pubescent;  petiole  three-quarters  inch  long,  thick, 
pubescent,  faintly  tinged  red,  with  from  one  to  three  large,  globose  glands  mostly 
on  the  stalk. 

Season  of  bloom  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves, 
nearly  one-half  inch  across,  white,  the  buds  yellow-tipped  as  they  unfold;  borne  in 
clusters  on  short  lateral  spurs,  in  pairs;  pedicels  one-half  inch  long,  thick,  pubescent, 
green;  calyx-tube  greenish,  campanulate,  thinly  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  broad,  obtuse, 
glandular,  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  reflexed;  petals  roundish,  entire,  not  clawed; 
filaments  five-sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 


200  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Fruit  early,  season  short;  one  and  one-quarter  inches  in  diameter,  roundish-oval, 
slightly  truncate,  halves  equal;  cavity  shallow,  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  shallow  or  a 
line;  apex  roundish  to  flattened  or  sometimes  depressed,  often  oblique;  color  dark 
reddish-purple,  covered  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  russet,  inconspicuous; 
stem  of  average  thickness,  five-eighths  inch  long,  pubescent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit; 
skin  thin,  tough,  not  astringent,  separating  readily;  flesh  lemon-yellow,  juicy,  coarse, 
firm,  sweet,  mild  but  pleasant ;  very  good;  stone  free,  three-quarters  inch  by  five-eighths 
inch  in  size,  oval,  slightly  oblique,  blunt-pointed,  with  rough  and  slightly  honey-combed 
surfaces. 

EARLY  RIVERS 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  314.  1845.  2-  Horticulturist  4:40.  1849.  3.  Elliott  Fr.  Book 
419.  1854.  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  912.  1869.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  99.  1871.  6.  Mas 
Pom.  Gen.  2:117.  1873.  7-  Jour.  Hort.  30:273.  1876.  8.  Oberdieck  Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  409,  411. 
1881.  9  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  699.  1884.  10.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  447.  1889.  n.  Lucas  Vollst. 
Hand.  Obst.  470.  1894.  12.  Guide  Prat.  152,  356.  1895.  13.  Rivers  Cat.  35.  1898. 

Early  Fruchtbare  12.  Early  Prolific  4.  Early  Rivers  4,  10,  12.  Early  Prolific  2,  3,  6,  10,  12, 
13.  Fertile  Precoce  10.  Fertile  Precoce  6,  12.  Fruhe  Fruchtbare  6.  Fruhe  Fruchtbare  8.  Proli- 
fique  Hative  10,  12.  Rivers'  Early  No.  2  i,  2,  3,  4,  10.  Rivers'  Early  Prolific  Plum  2.  Rivers' 
Early  Prolific  4,  9,  10,  12.  Rivers'  Early  6.  River's  Early  5.  Rivers'  Blue  Prolific  7.  Rivers' 
No.  2  9,  10,  12.  Rivers  Friihpflaume  8,  n.  Rivers'  Fruhe  Fruchtbare  10. 

Early  Rivers  is  widely  known  because  of  its  earliness,  productiveness, 
regularity  of  bearing  and  desirability  for  culinary  purposes.  In  New  York, 
however,  the  plums  are  so  small  and  drop  so  badly  as  they  ripen  that  the 
variety  is  worthless  for  commercial  purposes.  Hogg,  in  the  reference  given 
above,  notes  the  following  peculiarity  of  the  trees  of  this  variety:  "  The 
original  tree  throws  up  suckers,  which,  when  removed  and  planted  out, 
do  not  bloom  for  several  years ;  but  scions  taken  from  the  original  tree  and 
grafted,  bloom  the  second  year.  A  curious  fact  is  that  the  grafted  trees 
fruit  abundantly,  and  the  branches  are  so  brittle  they  break  off;  in  those 
raised  from  suckers  the  branches  never  break.  The  grafted  trees  in  spring 
are  full  of  bloom,  sparing  of  shoots,  and  very  few  leaves;  the  suckers  are 
more  vigorous  in  growth,  have  no  bloom,  but  an  abundance  of  foliage, 
even  when  six  years  old."  This  variety  is  a  seedling  of  Early  Tours 
raised  by  Thomas  Rivers  of  Sawbridge worth,  England,  about  1834.  It 
was  first  disseminated  under  the  names  Early  Prolific  and  Rivers'  Early 
No.  2  but,  in  1866,  Hogg  with  the  permission  of  the  originator,  renamed 
it  Early  Rivers  under  which  name  it  is  now  generally  known. 

Tree  medium  in  size  and  vigor,  round -topped,  productive;  branchlets  thick,  short, 
pubescent  throughout  the  season;  leaves  roundish-oval  or  obovate,  one  and  three- 
quarters  inches  wide,  nearly  three  inches  long,  leathery;  margin  crenate  or  serrate, 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  2OI 

with  few,  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  pubescent,  with  from  one  to  three  small  glands 
usually  on  the  stalk;  blooming  season  intermediate,  short;  flowers  appearing  after 
the  leaves,  seven-eighths  inch  across ;  borne  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  twos; 
petals  roundish. 

Fruit  early,  season  short;  one  and  one-quarter  inches  by  one  and  one-eighth 
inches  in  size,  roundish-oval  or  ovate,  dark  purplish-black,  overspread  with  thick  bloom; 
flesh  dull  yellow,  firm,  sweet,  mild,  pleasant;  of  good  quality;  stone  semi-free,  three- 
quarters  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  rather  flat,  oval,  with  rough  and  pitted  surfaces. 

EARLY  ROYAL 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Land.  Hort.  Sac.  Cat.  153.  1831.  2.  Mag.  Hort.  6:93.  1840.  3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am. 
313.  1845.  4.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  341,  fig.  260.  1849.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  86.  1862. 
6.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  452.  1889.  7.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  4:159.  1901. 

Early  Royal  3,  4,  6.  Marian  6.  Mirian  3,  4.  Mivian  2.  Miviam  6.  Miriam  7.  Royal 
Hative  i,  2,  5,  7.  Royale  Hative  3,  4.  Royale  H&tive  6.  Violette  Konigspflaume  6. 

While  the  fruits  of  Early  Royal  are  not  remarkably  attractive  in  color, 
shape  or  size,  the  quality  is  high  and  its  flesh  is  so  firm  that  the  variety 
should  ship  well.  This  sort  is  worthy  of  more  extensive  trial  than  it  has 
yet  had  in  America.  Early  Royal  is  a  French  variety  introduced  by  M. 
Noisette  of  Paris,  about  1830.  Thompson  made  the  first  complete  descrip- 
tion of  the  variety  in  1839  from  the  fruits  of  a  tree  in  the  gardens  of  the 
London  Horticultural  Society.  Although  recommended  in  the  catalog  of 
the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1862  it  has  not  been  extensively 
planted  in  this  country. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  rather  open,  productive;  branches  and  trunk 
roughish;  branchlets  thickly  pubescent;  leaf-scars  enlarged;  leaves  folded  upward, 
oval  or  obovate,  one  and  three-quarters  inches  wide,  three  and  three-eighths  inches 
long;  margin  serrate,  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  thickly  pubescent,  with  one  or 
two  smallish  glands;  blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing 
with  the  leaves,  one  inch  across,  white,  tinged  yellow  at  the  apex  of  the  petals;  borne 
on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  long;  about  one  and  three-eighths  inches  in 
diameter,  roundish-ovate,  dark  reddish-purple,  marked  by  irregular  russet  streaks, 
covered  with  thick  bloom;  dots  conspicuous;  stem  thick,  pubescent;  flesh  greenish- 
yellow,  rather  dry,  firm,  very  sweet,  mild,  pleasant  flavor;  very  good;  stone  nearly 
free,  three-quarters  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  roundish-oval,  blunt  at  the  apex 
and  base,  with  but  slightly  roughened  surfaces;  ventral  suture  prominent  and  with  short 
wing;  dorsal  suture  with  a  wide,  shallow  groove. 


202  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

EARLY  TOURS 

Prunus  domestica 

I.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:67,  69.  1768.  2.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  2:31,  Tab.  177  fig.  2.  1796. 
3.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  151.  1831.  4.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:64.  1832.  5.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch. 
265.  1832.  6.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  1:1846.  7.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  282,  283.  1846. 
8.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  376.  1866.  9.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  937.  1869.  10.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:143. 
1866-73.  "•  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  443.  1889.  12.  Guide  Prat.  156,  361.  1895. 

Blue  Perdrigon  of  some  3,  9,  n,  12.  Die  frtihe  Pflaume  von  Tours  2.  De  Monsieur  12  incor. 
Damas  de  Tows  8,  9,  u.  Early  de  Tours  5.  Early  Tours  7,  9,  n.  Early  Violet  3,  7,  9,  n,  12. 
Gros  Damas  de  Tours  i.  Native  de  Tours  12.  Madeleine  n,  ?i2.  Monsieur  n  incor.  Noire 
H&tive  3,  8,  9,  n,  12.  Perdrigon  Violet  of  some  3,  9,  n,  12.  Precoce  de  Tours  i,  3,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 
10,  ii,  12.  Precoce  de  Tours  2,  4.  Prune  de  la  Madeleine  4,  9,  n.  Prune  noire  H&tive  4.  Prune 
de  Gaillon  8,  9,  n.  Prune  de  Monsieur  n  incor.  Saint  Jean  ?n,  12.  Violette  de  Tours  8,  u. 
Violette  H&tive  9,  u.  Ftoto  de  70Mrs  9,  u,  12.  Violette  H&tive  7.  Vtofe*  7. 

Duhamel  described  this  variety,  Gros  Damas  de  Tours  and  Gros  Noire 
Hative  in  the  same  publication,  his  descriptions  of  the  three  varieties  being 
nearly  identical.  Following  Duhamel  many  horticultural  authorities  con- 
tinued to  separate  the  varieties,  but  Downing,  Floy-Lindley  and  Mathieu 
give  Damas  de  Tours  as  a  synonym  of  Early  Tours,  and  Thompson,  Hogg, 
Downing,  Mathieu  and  the  Guide  Pratique  give  Noire  Hative  as  a  synonym, 
while  Prince  holds  Prune  Noire  Hative  to  be  synonymous. 

With  this  great  similarity  in  the  names  and  descriptions,  it  seems 
doubtful  if  these  are  separate  varieties,  but  not  having  the  fruit  of  the 
three  to  compare.it  has  been  thought  best  in  The  Plums  of  New  York  to 
follow  the  nomenclature  of  the  oldest  authorities.  Several  writers  have 
also  named  the  Blue  Perdrigon  and  the  Perdrigon  Violet  as  identical 
with  Early  Tours  but  neither  can  be,  as  all  descriptions  indicate  that 
both  are  at  least  a  month  later  in  ripening  than  the  variety  under  discussion. 

Early  Tours  is  considered  in  continental  Europe  one  of  the  best  early 
plums  for  dessert.  It  is  said  when  fully  ripened  to  be  a  veritable  sweet- 
meat. As  the  variety  grows  in  the  Station  collection  it  can  hardly  be 
lauded  as  highly  as  in  Europe.  Yet  it  is  at  least  worthy  of  a  place  in  a 
home  orchard  as  a  delicious  early  plum. 

Tree  intermediate  in  size,  upright-spreading,  rather  open-topped,  productive; 
branchlets  thickish,  pubescent;  leaves  falling  early,  folded  upward,  obovate  or  oval, 
one  and  seven-eighths  inches  wide,  three  and  one-quarter  inches  long;  margin  crenate; 
petiole  pubescent,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  glands  usually  on  the  stalk; 
blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves, 
one  and  one-eighth  inches  across;  borne  on  lateral  spurs  or  from  lateral  buds. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  203 

Fruit  very  early;  one  and  one-quarter  inches  by  one  and  one-eighth  inches  in  size, 
slightly  oval,  dark  purplish-black,  covered  with  thick  bloom;  skin  thick,  tough,  sour; 
flesh  greenish-yellow,  firm,  sweet,  pleasant  flavored;  good  to  very  good;  stone  semi- 
free,  three-quarters  inch  by  one-half-inch  in  size,  irregular  oval. 

\ 

EARLY  YELLOW 

Prunus  domestica 

x.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  575,  576.  1629.  a.  Rea  Flora  206,  207.  1676.  3.  Ray  Hist.  Plant. 
2:1688.  4.  Quin  tin  ye  Com.  Card.  70.  1699.  5.  Langley  Pomona  go,  PI.  20  fig.  i.  1729.  6.  Duhamel 
Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:66.  1768.  7.  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees  19.  1803.  8.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch. 
Card.  297,  382.  1846.  g.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  925.  1869.  10.  Country  Gent.  41:518.  1876. 
xi.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  424.  1889.  12.  Guide  Prat.  152,  354.  1895. 

Amber  Primordian  i,  2.  Amber  Primordian  3,  8,  9,  n,  12.  Avant  Prune  blanche  9,  n,  12. 
Bilboa  9,  n.  Catalonia  i,  2,  3,  12.  Castellan  4.  Catalonian  8,  9,  10,  n,  12.  Cerisette  Blanche 

9,  ii,  12.     Castelane  n,  12.     Catalans  n,  12.     Catalonische  Pflaume  n,  12.     Catalonischer  Spilling 
12.     Catalonischer  Spilling   n.     Catalonische  Kricke  n.     De  Catalogne  6,   n.     De  Catalogne   12. 
D'Avoine  9,  12.     Die  gelbe  fruhzeitige  Pflaunte  12.     Early  Yellow  9,  10,  n,  12.     Early  John  9,  n. 
Early  White  Plum  n,   12.     Gelbe  Spindel  Pflaume  n.     Gelber  Kleiner  Spilling  n.     Gelbe  Fruh- 
zeitige n.     Gelbe  frithe  Pflaume  n,  12.     Jaune  precoce  1 1 ,  1 2 .     Jaune  de  Catalogne  9,  n,  12.     Jaune 
Hative  6,  8.     Jaune  Hdtive  1 1 ,  12.     Jaunhative  7.     Jean  Hdtive  9.     Jean-hative  5.     Jean  Whiten, 
12.     Kleine  gelbe  Fruh  Pflaume  n,   12.     London  Plumb  5.     London    Plum  9,    n,   12.     Monsieur 
Jaune   n   incor.,  12.     Prune  de  Catalogne  8,  9,  n.     Prune  de  St.  Barnabe  8,  9.     Prune  d'Avoine  n. 
Pickett's  July  9,  n,  12.     Prune  Monsieur  Jaune  9.     Prune  d'Altesse  blanche  9,  ?  n.     Primordian 

10,  n,    12.      Prunus  Catalana  n,  12.      Prunus   Catelana  n.       Prunus  Catalonica    n,     12.      St. 
Barnabee  9.       Saint    Barnabe    n,  12.  Siebenburger  Pflaume  f  n,  12. 

The  Early  Yellow  goes  back  as  far  as  the  history  of  plum-growing  in 
northwestern  Europe  is  recorded.  Because  of  its  synonyms  it  is  thought  to 
have  originated  in  Spain  whence  it  was  gradually  taken  northward,  crossed 
the  boundary  and  spread  through  the  fertile  valleys  of  France.  Early  in 
the  Seventeenth  Century  it  was  firmly  established  in  England  and  was 
described  by  Tradescant  and  Parkinson.  From  that  time  till  the  present 
it  has  kept  a  place  in  European  and  American  horticulture,  in  spite  of  the 
introduction  of  hundreds  of  improved  varieties.  It  is  described  as  follows: 

Tree  hardy,  moderately  vigorous  and  productive;  branches  long,  slender,  upright 
until  bent  down  with  fruit;  branchlets  pubescent.  Fruit  very  early,  small,  obovate; 
stem  short,  slender;  color  pale  yellow,  with  thin  bloom;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  sweet, 
moderately  juicy,  pleasant;  good;  freestone. 

EMPIRE 

Prunus  domestica 

I.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  9:347.    1890.       2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:184.    1897.      3.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui. 
162:241  fig.,  254,  255.     1905.      4.  Rice  Bros.  Cat.   15.     1908. 
Empire  State  4.     Rood  i,  2. 


204  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

It  is  possible  that  Empire  deserves  more  attention  from  fruit-growers 
than  it  has  had.  It  is  attractive  in  appearance,  pleasant  in  flavor  and 
gives  promise  of  shipping  well.  Wherever  the  variety  proves  productive, 
as  it  is  to  a  fair  degree  on  the  grounds  of  the  Station,  this  plum  might 
well  be  grown.  Empire  was  grown  by  Ezra  Rood,  Cortland,  New  York, 
about  1875,  from  seed  purchased  at  the  State  Fair.  In  1890,  E.  Smith 
&  Sons  of  Geneva  found  this  plum  in  Mr.  Rood's  yard  and  procured  cions 
of  it,  afterwards  introducing  the  variety  under  the  name  Rood.  The 
year  that  they  made  the  discovery,  John  Hammond,  also  of  Geneva,  found 
the  same  variety  at  another  place  in  Cortland  and  secured  cions  from 
which  he  subsequently  disseminated  the  plum  under  the  name  Empire,  by 
which  it  is  now  generally  known. 

Tree  intermediate  in  size  and  vigor,  spreading,  open-topped,  productive;  branches 
covered  with  short,  thick,  fruit-spurs;  branchlets  short  and  stubby,  pubescent  through- 
out the  season;  leaf-scars  prominent;  leaves  folded  upward,  oval  or  obovate,  one  and  one- 
half  inches  wide,  three  and  one-quarter  inches  long,  thick,  stiff;  margin  crenate,  egland- 
ular  or  with  small  dark  glands;  petiole  thick,  reddish,  with  a  few  large,  globose  or  reni- 
form  glands;  blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  after 
the  leaves,  over  one  inch  across,  yellowish- white ;  borne  singly  or  in  twos. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  very  long;  about  one  and  five-eighths  inches  in 
diameter,  round,  dark  reddish-purple,  covered  with  medium  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous, 
conspicuous;  stem  thick,  surrounded  by  a  fleshy  ring  at  the  cavity;  skin  sour;  flesh 
golden-yellow,  dry,  firm  but  tender,  sweet,  mild,  pleasantin  flavor;  of  good  quality;  stone 
nearly  free,  seven-eighths  inch  by  three-quarters  inch  in  size,  oval,  turgid,  with  roughened 
surfaces;  ventral  suture  broad,  with  short  but  distinct  wing;  dorsal  suture  wide,  deep. 

ENGLEBERT 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Horticulturist  10:71.  1855.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  392.  1837.  3-  Cultivator  6:312 
fig.  1858.  4.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  376.  1866.  5.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  344.  1867.  6.  Am. 
Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  24.  1871.  7.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:61.  1866-73.  8.  Barry  Fr.  Garden  413.  1883. 
9.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  357.  1887.  10.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  354.  1891.  n.  Guide  Prat.  154, 
361.  1895.  12.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:190.  1897.  13.  N.  Mex.  Sta.  Bui.  27:123.  1898.  14.  Mich. 
Sta.  Bui.  169:242,  244.  1899.  15.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  101,  103  fig.  1901.  16.  Va.  Sta.  But 
134:42.  1902. 

Englebert  9.  Prince  Englebert  i,  2.  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  u,  12.  Prince  Engelbert  10,  13.  Prince 
Englebert  15,  16.  Prinz  Engelbert  n. 

In  common  parlance  Englebert  is  a  prune,  its  origin,  shape,  color  and 
firm  golden-yellow  flesh  all  marking  it  as  such,  but  in  prune-making  regions 
it  is  usually  marketed  in  the  green  state,  if  grown  at  all,  and  is  little  used 
in  curing.  It  cannot  be  said  to  be  much  more  popular  as  a  plum  than  it 


ENGLEBERT 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  205 

is  as  a  prune,  chiefly  because  it  is  not  of  high  quality,  but  also  because 
it  is  none  too  attractive  in  color,  size  or  shape,  cutting  a  rather  poor  figure 
in  comparison  with  a  great  number  of  other  Domestica  plums.  The  variety 
fails  in  tree  as  well  as  in  fruit.  The  trees  are  variable  in  size,  suffer  from 
cold  in  exposed  situations  and  while  rather  productive  bear  their  crops 
in  clusters  hard  to  pick  and  well  placed  to  insure  infection  from  brown-rot 
when  that  disease  is  epidemic.  For  some  reason  the  fruit  of  this  variety 
shrivels  at  this  Station  not  only  after  being  picked,  but  while  still  on  the 
tree.  In  New  York,  Englebert  has  been  thoroughly  tested,  has  been  found 
wanting  and  is  not  now  recommended. 

This  variety  was  obtained  from  a  seed  of  the  "Date  Prune,"  by  M. 
Scheidweiler,  Professor  of  Botany  at  Ghent,  Belgium.1  The  date  of  origin 
has  not  been  given,  but  it  was  probably  produced  about  the  middle  of  the 
last  century  since  it  was  described  as  a  new  fruit  in  the  Horticulturist  for 
1855.  Englebert  was  added  to  the  American  Pomological  Society  catalog 
fruit  list  in  1871  under  the  name  Prince  Englebert,  but  in  1897,  according 
to  the  rules  of  the  Society,  the  name  was  simplified  to  Englebert. 

Tree  variable  in  size,  vasiform,  dense-topped,  hardy  except  in  exposed  locations, 
productive;  branches  ash-gray,  smooth  except  for  the  numerous,  long-oval,  raised 
lenticels;  branchlets  thick,  rather  short,  with  internodes  above  medium  in  length,  green 
changing  to  dark  brownish-drab,  dull,  heavily  pubescent  throughout  the  season,  with 
few,  inconspicuous,  small  lenticels;  leaf-buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  appressed. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  oval  or  obovate,  one  and  seven-eighths  inches  wide,  three 
and  one-quarter  inches  long;  upper  surface  covered  with  very  fine  hairs,  with  a  shallov 
groove  on  the  midrib;  lower  surface  pale  green,  finely  pubescent;  apex  roundish- 
pointed,  base  obtuse,  margin  finely  crenate,  eglandular  or  with  small  dark  glands; 
petiole  three-quarters  inch  long,  pubescent,  faintly  tinged  red,  glandless  or  with  one  or 
two  small,  globose,  greenish-yellow  glands  at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  early  to  medium,  of  average  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the 
leaves,  about  one  inch  across,  white  except  for  a  yellowish  tinge  near  the  apex  of  the 
petals;  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  usually  in  pairs;  pedicels  one-half 
inch  long,  below  medium  in  thickness,  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanu- 
late,  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  obtuse,  sparingly  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  glandular- 
serrate  and  with  marginal  hairs;  petals  broadly  oval  or  roundish,  crenate,  abruptly 
tipped  with  short,  broad  claws;  stamens  often  inclined  to  revert  to  petals;  anthers 
yellowish;  filaments  five-sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  short;  one  and  five-eighths  inches  by  one  and 
three-eighths  inches  in  size;  oval,  swollen  on  the  suture  side,  halves  equal;  cavity  shallow, 
narrow,  abrupt;  suture  a  line;  apex  bluntly  pointed  or  roundish;  color  dark  purplish- 

1  Mas  Le  Verger  6:61.    1866-73. 


206  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

black,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  russet;  stem  three-quarters  inch 
long,  pubescent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  sourish,  separating  readily;  flesh 
golden-yellow,  juicy,  coarse,  rather  firm,  sweet,  pleasant-flavored,  sprightly;  good; 
stone  one  and  one-eighth  inches  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  oval  or  broadly  ovate, 
strongly  flattened,  with  roughened  and  deeply  pitted  surfaces,  blunt  at  the  base  and 
apex;  ventral  suture  narrow,  strongly  grooved,  not  prominent;  dorsal  suture  acute, 
with  a  shallow,  often  indistinct  groove. 

ENGRE 

Prunus  triflora 

i.  Normand  Cat.  1891.  2.  Kerr  Cat.  1894-1900.  3.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  175:131.  1899. 
4.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui  32:488.  1899. 

This  variety  is  one  of  the  earliest  of  the  Triflora  plums  and  although 
the  flavor  is  not  as  agreeable  as  that  of  the  best  sorts  of  its  species,  as  Bur- 
bank  or  Abundance,  it  is  much  better  than  that  of  Earliest  of  All,  with 
which  it  competes  in  season.  Almost  nothing  is  known  regarding  the 
history  and  origin  of  Engre.  It  was  first  mentioned  in  1890  in  the  catalog 
of  J.  L.  Normand,  Marks ville,  Louisiana,  and  in  all  probability  is  one  of  his  nu- 
merous importations  from  Japan.  The  origin  of  the  name  is  not  known. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  vasiform,  dense-topped,  productive;  branches  slightly  thorny, 
with  numerous  fruit-spurs;  branchlets  very  short  and  stubby,  glabrous;  leaf-buds 
plump;  leaves  reddish  when  young,  oblanceolate,  one  and  three-eighths  inches  wide, 
three  inches  long;  margin  doubly  crenate,  with  small  brownish  glands;  petiole  tinged 
red,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  small,  reniform  glands  on  the  stalk;  blooming  season 
early;  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  five-eighths  inch  across;  borne  on  lateral 
buds  and  spurs,  in  twos  or  in  threes;  calyx-lobes  red  at  the  margin;  anthers  pinkish. 

Fruit  very  early;  about  one  and  one-quarter  inches  in  diameter,  roundish;  cavity 
deep;  color  dark  pinkish-red,  covered  with  thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  conspicuous; 
skin  astringent;  flesh  yellowish,  tender  and  melting,  sweet  near  the  surface,  but  sour 
next  the  pit,  low  in  flavor;  poor;  stone  clinging,  five-eighths  inch  by  one-half  inch  in 
size,  roundish-oval,  turgid;  ventral  suture  broad,  blunt. 

ESPEREN 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Mag.  Hort.  15:298.  1849.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  380.  1857.  3.  Flor.  &  Pom.  4,  PI. 
1863.  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  916.  1869.  5.  Pom.  France  7:  No.  i.  1871.  6.  Mas  Le  Verger 
6:65.  1866-73.  7-  Lauche  Deut.  Pom.  12.  1882. 

Cloth  of  Gold  Esperen  4.  Cloth  of  Gold  2,  7.  Drap  d'Or  of  Esperin  i,  2.  Drap  d'Or  d'Esperen 
3,  6,  7.  Drap  d'Or  Esperen  4.  Drap  d'Or  d'Esperen  5.  Drap  d'Or  of  Esperen  6.  Esperen's  Gold- 
pflaume  7.  Golden  Esperen  5,  7.  Golden  Esperen  4.  Golden  Esperen  Plum  3. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  207 

Were  there  not  so  many  handsome,  well-flavored  plums  of  the  Reine 
Claude  group,  Esperen  might  well  be  recommended  to  the  amateur  at  least, 
for  it  is  first  class  in  appearance  and  quality.  But  the  fruits  are  small 
and  the  tree -characters  are  not  such  that  the  variety  can  compete  with 
the  standard  Reine  Claude  plums.  Esperen  was  produced  from  seed  in 
1830  by  Major  Esperen  of  Malines,  Belgium;  it  was  first  fruited  in  1844, 
and  was  introduced  in  1847  by  Louis  Van  Houtte  of  Ghent,  Belgium.  It 
obtained  the  designation  Drap  d'Or  from  its  close  resemblance  to  that  variety. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  productive;  trunk  stocky,  rough;  branches 
rough,  with  numerous,  large,  raised  lenticels;  branchlets  brash;  leaves  flattened,  two 
and  one-half  inches  wide,  five  inches  long,  obovate  or  oval;  margin  serrate;  petiole 
thick,  tinged  red,  pubescent,  with  from  two  to  five  large,  globose  glands. 

Fruit  mid-season ;  about  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter,  roundish-oval ;  cavity 
shallow,  narrow,  often  lipped;  color  yellow  streaked  and  mottled  with  green,  overspread 
with  thin  bloom ;  skin  thin,  tender,  rather  sour;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  sweet,  aromatic;  of 
good  quality;  stone  free,  one  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  oval,  with  pitted  surfaces; 
ventral  suture  blunt;  dorsal  suture  wide,  deep. 

EXCELSIOR 

Prunus  triflora  X  Prunus  munsoniana 

I.  Glen  St.  Mary  Cat.  1891-2.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  26.  1897.  3.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  67:11.  1898. 
4.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  68:9,  36.  1905. 

Excelsior  has  not  fruited  on  the  Station  grounds  and  is  placed  in  the 
list  of  leading  varieties  because  of  the  prominence  given  it  in  the  above  refer- 
ences. The  variety  was  originated  by  G.  L.  Tabor,  Glen  Saint  Mary, 
Florida,  in  1887,  from  seed  of  Kelsey  supposed  to  have  been  pollinated  by 
Wild  Goose,  although  some  authorities  believe  De  Caradeuc  to  have  been 
the  male  parent.  It  seems  to  be  a  promising  variety  and  was  mentioned 
in  the  last  three  catalogs  of  the  American  Pomological  Society. 

Tree  vigorous,  vasiform;  branches  slender;  leaves  of  medium  size,  narrow;  margin 
finely  crenulate,  glandular;  petiole  short,  with  from  one  to  three  small  glands;  flowers 
small,  scattered;  fruit  early;  of  medium  size,  roundish,  dark  red  with  heavy  bloom; 
skin  tough;  flesh  firm,  yellowish  with  red  tinge  towards  the  center;  quality  good;  stone 
of  medium  size,  compressed,  clinging. 

FIELD 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Mich.  Hart.  Soc.  Rpt.  288.  1889.  2.  Am.  Card.  14:50,  395.  1893.  3.  Rural  N.  Y.  55: 
622.  1896.  4.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:184.  1897.  5.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:244.  1899.  9.  Ibid. 


2o8  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

187:77,    78.     1901.       7.   Waugh   Plum  Cult.    101,    104  fig.     1901.      8.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.   162:239,   240 
fig.,  254,  255.     1905. 
Early  Bradshaw  2. 

This  offspring  of  Bradshaw  resembles  its  parent  in  tree,  and  in  size, 
color  and  shape  of  fruit,  though  not  so  closely  as  to  be  readily  mistaken 
for  the  older  variety.  Differences  which  distinguish  the  fruits  of  the 
two  are:  The  Field  is  a  trifle  smaller,  the  fruit  is  more  nearly  round, 
lacking  the  prolonged  neck  of  Bradshaw  and  is  more  plump  at  the  base, 
the  parent  plum  being  markedly  obovate;  Field  is  earlier  than  Bradshaw, 
the  latter  difference  accounting  for  the  synonym,  "Early  Bradshaw."  The 
quality  is  not  such  as  to  commend  either  of  these  plums,  but  of  the  two 
Field  is  slightly  the  better.  In  tree-characters,  Bradshaw  excels  in  having 
a  larger  tree  and  in  being  more  productive.  The  foliage  of  Field  is  very 
good,  it  ripens  its  wood  well  and  begins  to  bear  while  young,  but  it  is  in- 
clined to  a  biennial  bearing  habit  which  makes  the  average  in  quantity 
of  fruit  a  little  too  low  for  a  market  plum  which  Field  is,  if  worth  planting 
at  all.  A  good  quality  of  this  variety  is  that  it  withstands  the  brown- 
rot  very  well.  It  is  doubtful  if  Field  is  worthy  of  a  place  in  the  fruit-growing 
regions  of  New  York,  unless,  perhaps,  where  a  plum  of  the  Bradshaw  type, 
but  a  little  earlier,  is  wanted.  Like  Bradshaw,  Field  is  comparatively 
little  attacked  by  San  Jose  scale. 

Field  is  a  seedling  of  Bradshaw  grown  in  Schoharie  County,  New  York. 
It  was  first  noted  by  S.  D.  Willard  of  Geneva,  New  York,  in  1889,  as  "a 
variety  worthy  of  cultivation." 

Tree  of  medium  size  and  vigor,  upright-spreading,  dense-topped,  hardy,  productive ; 
branches  ash-gray,  smooth  except  for  the  numerous,  small,  raised  lenticels;  branchlets 
slender,  short,  with  internodes  of  medium  length,  greenish-red  changing  to  brownish- 
drab,  with  a  trace  of  red,  dull,  pubescent  becoming  slightly  less  so  at  maturity,  with 
numerous,  inconspicuous,  small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  below  medium  in  size,  short,  obtuse, 
appressed. 

Leaves  folded  backward,  obovate,  two  and  one-sixteenth  inches  wide,  four  and 
three-eighths  inches  long;  upper  surface  dark  green,  nearly  glabrous,  with  shallowly 
grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  sparingly  pubescent;  apex  abruptly  pointed,  base  acute, 
margin  serrate,  with  a  few,  smallish,  black  glands;  petiole  seven-eighths  inch  long, 
thick,  tinged  with  red,  sparingly  pubescent. 

Season  of  bloom  intermediate,  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  inch 
across,  white,  with  a  yellowish  tinge  at  the  apex  of  the  petals;  scattered  on  lateral 
buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  five-eighths  inch  long,  thick,  with  few,  short, 
scattering  hairs,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  above 
medium  in  width,  obtuse,  slightly  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  glandular-serrate, 


., 


FIELD 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  2OQ 

somewhat  reflexed;  petals  broadly  oval,  entire,  tapering  below  to  short,  broad  claws; 
anthers  yellowish;  filaments  three-eighths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  shorter  than  the 
stamens. 

Fruit  mid-season,  period  of  ripening  short;  one  and  seven-eighths  inches  by  one 
and  five-eighths  inches  in  size,  oblong-oval,  compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity  shallow, 
narrow,  abrupt;  suture  shallow,  broad;  apex  roundish;  color  dark  purplish-red,  over- 
spread with  very  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  russet,  clustered  about  the  apex; 
stem  three-quarters  inch  long,  sparingly  pubescent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin, 
slightly  sour,  separating  readily;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  medium  juicy,  sweetish,  mild;  of 
fair  quality;  stone  clinging,  one  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  ovate  with  roughened 
and  deeply  pitted  surfaces,  blunt  at  the  apex  and  base;  ventral  suture  broad,  distinctly 
furrowed;  dorsal  suture  acute. 

FOREST  GARDEN 

Prunus  hortulana  mineri 

i.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  81.  1882.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  42.  1883.  3.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc. 
Rpt.  412.  1889.  4.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  55.  1890.  5.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:37,  86.  1892.  6.  Mich. 
Sta.  Bui.  118:53.  1895.  7.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:24,  37.  1897.  8.  Wis.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  136.  1899. 
9.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  148.  1901.  10.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:30.  1903.  n.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162: 
254,  255.  1905.  12.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:17,  49  &  54  PL  '9°5- 

Forest  Garden  is  placed  by  most  horticulturists  in  Prunus  americana, 
but  the  trees  growing  on  the  Geneva  Station  grounds  belong  to  the  Miner 
group  of  Prunus  hortulana  and  the  herbarium  specimens  of  foliage  and 
flowers  sent  from  other  stations  make  it  probable  if  not  certain  that  the 
trees  here  are  true  to  name.  This  variety  is  little  grown  in  the  East,  but 
it  is  widely  distributed  in  the  central  West  where  both  in  tree  and  fruit- 
characters  it  seems  adapted  to  the  needs  of  the  climate  and  soil.  It  is  one 
of  the  latest  of  its  group,  maturing  at  a  good  time  for  shipping,  for  which 
it  is  further  adapted  by  its  tough  skin  and  firm  flesh.  While  Forest  Garden 
is  not  preeminently  a  dessert  plum,  it  has  a  spicy  flavor  that  makes  it 
pleasant  eating  and  it  is  admirably  adapted  for  culinary  purposes,  especially 
for  preserving. 

This  variety  is  from  a  wild  plum  found  in  the  woods  bordering  on  the 
Cedar  River,  near  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa,  by  Thomas  Hare,  and  introduced 
by  H.  C.  Raymond,  of  the  Forest  Garden  Nurseries,  Council  Bluffs,  Iowa, 
about  1862.  The  American  Pomological  Society  placed  the  variety  on  its 
fruit  catalog  list  in  1883,  dropped  it  in  1891,  and  replaced  it  in  1897. 

Tree  medium  to  large,  often  very  vigorous,  spreading,  with  sprawling  habit, 
inclined  to  be  flat-topped,  perfectly  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness,  bearing  young, 
somewhat  susceptible  to  shot-hole  fungus;  trunk  small  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the 


210  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

tree,  shaggy;  branches  rather  rough,  zigzag  and  inclined  to  split,  thorny,  dark  ash- 
brown,  with  numerous,  small  lenticels;  branchlets  thick,  long,  willowy,  with  short 
internodes,  greenish  changing  to  dark  chestnut-red,  glossy,  with  thin  pubescence  when 
young,  which  disappears  in  autumn,  with  conspicuous,  numerous  raised  lenticels;  leaf- 
buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  plump,  appressed. 

Leaves  falling  early,  folded  upward,  elongated-oval,  or  obovate,  peach-like,  one  and 
three-quarters  inches  wide,  four  and  one-quarter  inches  long,  thin  and  leathery;  upper 
surface  smooth,  with  a  shallow,  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  pubescent; 
apex  taper-pointed,  base  somewhat  abrupt,  margin  doubly  crenate,  glandular;  petiole 
three-quarters  inch  long,  sparingly  pubescent,  faintly  tinged  with  red,  usually  with 
two  conspicuous,  globose,  brownish  glands  below  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  late  and  long;  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves;  seven-eighths 
inch  across,  white,  with  a  strong,  disagreeable  odor;  borne  in  dense  but  scattering  clus- 
ters on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  in  threes  or  in  fours;  pedicels  nine-sixteenths  inch  in 
length,  slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx- tube  green,  narrowly  campanulate  or  ob- 
conic,  glabrous ;  calyx-lobes  narrow,  obtuse,  slightly  pubescent,  margined  with  few  hairs 
and  with  dark-colored  glands,  slightly  reflexed;  petals  oval,  erose,  tapering  to  long 
claws  of  medium  width;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  seven-sixteenths  inch  in  length; 
pistil  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  variable  in  season  which  is  usually  late  and  short;  about  one  and  one-eighth 
inches  in  diameter,  rather  large,  roundish-ovate  or  nearly  oval,  slightly  compressed, 
halves  equal;  cavity  shallow,  wide,  flaring;  suture  a  line;  apex  roundish  or  somewhat 
pointed;  color  light  or  dark  red,  with  thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  russet,  conspicuous; 
stem  slender,  five-eighths  inch  long,  glabrous,  detaching  from  the  fruit  at  maturity; 
skin  thick,  tough,  slightly  astringent,  adhering  ;  flesh  dark  golden-yellow,  juicy,  coarse, 
fibrous,  melting,  sweetish  next  the  skin  but  rather  sour  toward  the  center,  with  a  strong 
and  peculiar  flavor,  aromatic;  fair  to  good;  stone  clinging,  three-quarters  inch  by 
five-eighths  inch  in  size,  oval,  turgid,  blunt  and  slightly  flattened  at  the  base,  ending 
in  an  abrupt  but  sharp  point  at  the  apex,  nearly  smooth ;  ventral  suture  narrow,  faintly 
ridged;  dorsal  suture  acute. 

FOREST  ROSE 

Prunus  hortulana  mineri 

I.  Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  290.  1889.  2.  la.  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  55.  1890.  3.  Cornell  Sta.  Bid. 
38:55,  86.  1892.  4.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  123:19.  1895.  5.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  31:346.  1895.  6.  Colo.  Sta. 
.61^.50:36.  1898.  7.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  113:154.  1899.  8.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  173.  1901.  9.  Budd- 
Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  296.  1903. 

Forest  Rose,  like  Forest  Garden,  belongs  to  Prunus  hortulana  mineri,  the 
two  being  similar  in  many  respects.  Forest  Rose,  however,  is  not  as  attract- 
ive in  color  as  the  other  variety,  the  difference  not  being  well  brought  out  in 
the  color-plates,  is  smaller  and  does  not  keep  nor  ship  quite  as  well.  The 
variety  under  discussion  is  better  in  quality  than  Forest  Garden  and  better 


FOREST  GARDEN 


FOREST  ROSE 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  211 

adapted  than  the  last  named  variety  for  the  home  orchard  at  least.  While 
somewhat  variable  in  productiveness,  in  most  localities  it  bears  annually 
and  abundantly.  The  trees  are  rather  more  thorny  than  most  of  its 
species. 

This  variety  is  said  by  H.  A.  Terry  of  Crescent,  Iowa,  to  be  a  seedling 
of  Miner,  grown  by  Scott  &  Company,  a  Missouri  nursery  firm,  and  intro- 
duced by  William  Stark,  Louisiana,  Missouri,  in  1878.  Terry  offers  no 
evidence  to  show  that  this  plum  is  a  seedling  of  Miner  and  there  is  a  question 
as  to  whether  more  is  really  known  of  its  parentage  other  than  that  it 
came  from  Missouri. 

Tree  medium  to  large,  intermediate  in  vigor,  upright-spreading,  open-topped, 
hardy,  variable  in  productiveness  somewhat  susceptible  to  attacks  of  shot-hole  fungus; 
trunk  very  rough  and  shaggy;  branches  rough,  thorny,  dark  ash-gray,  with  numerous 
lenticels;  branchlets  numerous,  slender,  variable  in  length,  with  internodes  of  medium 
length,  green  changing  to  dull  reddish-brown,  glossy,  glabrous,  with  numerous,  small, 
raised  lenticels;  leaf -buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  appressed. 

Leaves  falling  early,  folded  upward,  elongated-oval  or  obovate,  one  and  one-half 
inches  wide,  four  inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface  dull  red  in  the  fall,  rugose,  glabrous, 
with  the  midrib  and  larger  veins  deeply  grooved;  lower  surface  light  green,  somewhat 
pubescent  along  the  midrib;  apex  acuminate,  base  acute,  margin  crenate  or  serrate, 
with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  slender,  five-eighths  inch  in  length,  sparsely  pubes- 
cent along  one  side,  tinged  with  red,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  small,  globose 
or  oval,  greenish-brown  glands  on  the  stalk. 

Flowers  seven-eighths  inch  across,  white,  with  a  disagreeable  odor;  borne  in  dense 
clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  in  pairs  or  in  threes;  pedicels  five-eighths  inch  long, 
below  medium  in  thickness,  glabrous,  greenish:  calyx-tube  green,  narrowly  campanu- 
late,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  short  and  narrow,  acute,  serrate,  somewhat  reflexed,  glabrous 
on  the  outer  surface,  but  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface  and  along  the 
margin,  which  is  strewn  with  red  glands;  petals  oval,  dentate,  tapering  below  into 
narrow,  lightly  pubescent  claws  of  medium  length;  anthers  light  yellow;  filaments 
one-half  inch  in  length;  pistil  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  late,  season  short;  one  and  one-eighth  inches  by  one  inch  in  size,  roundish- 
oval;  cavity  shallow,  narrow,  flaring;  suture  a  line;  apex  roundish;  color  dull  crimson 
overspread  with  thin  bloom;  dots  very  numerous,  small,  gray,  conspicuous;  stem 
slender,  three-quarters  inch  long,  smooth,  not  adhering  to  the  fruit;  skin  thick,  tough, 
astringent,  inclined  to  crack  under  unfavorable  conditions,  adhering;  flesh  dull  apricot- 
yellow,  juicy,  fibrous,  tender  and  melting,  sweet  next  to  the  skin  but  tart  toward 
the  center,  aromatic;  fair  to  good;  stone  clinging,  five-eighths  inch  by  one-half 
inch  in  size,  oval,  acute  at  the  apex,  with  pitted  surfaces;  ventral  suture  somewhat 
blunt. 


212  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

FOTHERINGHAM 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Rea  Flora  208.  1676.  2.  Langley  Pomona  91.  1729.  3.  Miller  Card.  Diet.  3:1754.  4. 
Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees  19.  1803.  5.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  299.  1845.  <>.  Floy-Lindley  Guide 
Orch.  Card.  286,  383.  1846.  7.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  517.  1859.  8.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  701. 
1884.  9.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  102.  1901. 

Foderingham  i.  Fotheringay  8.  Foderingham  Plum  2.  Grove  House  Purple  5,  7,  8.  Red 
Fotheringham  8.  Sheen  2,  5,  6,  7,  8. 

Fotheringham  is  probably  one  of  the  oldest  varieties  of  plums  now 
cultivated.  Although  but  little  if  at  all  grown  in  this  country,  it  has 
maintained  its  place  among  standard  English  varieties  for  at  least  two 
and  a  half  centuries.  The  exact  time  of  its  origin  is  not  certain,  but  it 
was  undoubtedly  during  the  first  half  of  the  Seventeenth  Century  as  Hogg 
records  a  reference  made  to  it  by  Rea  in  1665.  It  was  first  grown  exten- 
sively at  Sheen,  in  Surrey,  England,  about  1700  by  Sir  William  Temple, 
who  gave  it  the  name  Sheen.  The  variety  is  described  as  follows: 

Tree  hardy,  vigorous,  productive.  Fruit  matures  just  before  Reine  Claude;  of 
medium  size,  obovate;  suture  distinct;  stem  one  inch  long;  color  reddish-purple  with 
thin  bloom;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  sweet,  sprightly;  good;  freestone. 

FREEMAN 

Prunus  domestica 

As  this  variety  grows  in  the  Station  orchard  it  is  a  remarkably  fine 
plum.  The  fruits  are  attractive,  of  high  quality  and  the  tree-characters 
are  for  most  part  very  good.  It  is  certainly  a  desirable  plum  for  any 
home  plantation,  and  if  it  proves  as  productive  elsewhere  as  about  Geneva, 
it  may  well  be  worth  growing  in  commercial  orchards. 

Freeman  is  a  chance  seedling  found  in  the  yard  of  a  Mr.  Freeman  of 
Cortland,  New  York,  about  1890  and  shortly  afterwards  introduced  by 
E.  Smith  &  Sons  of  Geneva,  New  York,  but  is  as  yet  hardly  known  by  plum- 
growers. 

Tree  intermediate  in  size  and  vigor,  upright-spreading,  productive;  branchlets 
slender,  pubescent;  leaves  oval,  one  and  one-half  inches  wide,  two  and  three-quarters 
inches  long;  margin  serrate  or  almost  crenate,  eglandular  or  with  small  dark  glands; 
petiole  reddish,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  four  globose  glands;  blooming  season 
intermediate,  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  creamy- white,  usually  in  scatter- 
ing clusters  at  the  ends  of  lateral  spurs;  borne  singly  or  in  twos. 


M 


r  I 


FREESTONE 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  213 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  short;  about  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter, 
roundish  or  roundish-oval;  cavity  very  shallow,  small,  often  lipped;  color  golden-yellow, 
blushed  and  mottled  with  red  on  the  exposed  cheek,  covered  with  thin  bloom;  flesh 
light  golden-yellow,  firm  but  tender,  sweet,  pleasant  flavor;  very  good  to  best;  stone 
dark  colored,  free,  seven-eighths  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  irregular-oval,  some- 
what flattened,  abruptly  contracted  at  the  base,  with  surfaces  roughened;  ventral 
suture  prominent. 

FREESTONE 

Prunus  insititia 

i.  Am.  Gard.  14:148.    1893.      2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  129.    1901. 
Freestone  Damson  2. 

Freestone  is  a  Damson  separated  from  other  Damsons  chiefly  in  being 
sweeter  and  more  free  of  stone.  It  is  so  inferior  to  varieties  of  its  species 
in  several  particulars  as  to  have  little  value  for  commercial  planting.  The 
fruits  are  smaller  and  the  pits  larger  in  proportion  to  the  amount  of  flesh 
than  with  several  better  known  Damsons  and  the  trees  do  not  bear  as 
large  crops  as  plums  of  this  species  should;  these  faults  of  fruit  and  tree 
condemn  the  plum.  To  offset  the  defects  in  the  tree,  freedom  from  black- 
knot  and  immunity  to  leaf-blight  may  be  mentioned  as  compensating  some- 
what. Still  Freestone  is  hardly  to  be  mentioned  as  worth  planting  in  either 
home  or  commercial  orchard.  The  origin  of  this  Damson  is  unknown. 
Stark  Brothers,  Louisiana,  Missouri,  who  introduced  the  variety  about 
1889,  describe  it  as  "a  selected  sort  which  is  very  hardy,  free  from  insects, 
and  productive." 

Tree  of  medium  size  and  vigor,  upright-spreading,  vasiform,  hardy,  not  always 
productive;  branches  dark  ash-gray,  thorny;  leaves  folded  upward,  oval,  one  and 
one-quarter  inches  wide,  two  and  one-quarter  inches  long;  upper  surface  dark  green, 
rugose;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  pubescent;  margin  finely  serrate,  eglandular  or  with 
small,  brownish  glands;  petiole  five-eighths  inch  long,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  small 
glands;  blooming  season  late  and  of  medium  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves, 
seven-eighths  inch  across,  the  buds  creamy,  changing  to  white  when  expanded;  borne 
in  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  usually  in  pairs;  anthers  reddish;  filaments  five- 
sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  late,  season  long;  seven-eighths  inch  in  diameter,  roundish-oval;  cavity 
very  shallow  and  narrow;  flesh  yellowish-green,  juicy,  tender,  sweet,  mild;  fair  in 
quality;  stone  free,  tinged  red,  five-eighths  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  oval,  turgid, 
with  roughened  surfaces,  acute  at  the  base,  blunt  at  the  apex;  ventral  suture  broad, 
blunt;  dorsal  suture  with  a  broad,  shallow  groove. 


214  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW   YORK. 

FRENCH 

Prunus  insititia 

i.  Mich.  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  289.    1889.      2.  Ibid.  64.    1891.      3.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:184  fig.  40  I. 
1897.      4.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:245.    1899.      5.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  129.     1901. 
French  Damson  4.     French  Damson  i,  2,  3. 

Far  better  than  the  Freestone  just  discussed  is  the  French  Damson, 
which  in  some  respects  surpasses  all  other  plums  in  its  group.  Thus  it  is 
the  largest  of  the  Damsons,  so  large,  indeed,  as  to  lead  many  to  believe 
that  it  may  be  a  hybrid  with  some  Domestica  plum,  the  size  of  the  trees, 
blossoms  and  foliage  also  leading  to  such  a  supposition.  This  excellent 
Damson  is  largely  grown  for  the  market  in  western  New  York,  good  quality 
as  well  as  size  and  appearance  aiding  in  selling  the  product.  The  fruits 
have  but  one  defect,  the  pit  is  large  for  the  amount  of  flesh.  Curiously 
enough  in  some  seasons  the  stone  clings  and  in  others  is  perfectly  free. 
It  is  in  tree-characters  that  the  French  plum  best  shows  its  superiority  over 
other  Damsons.  The  trees  are  large,  the  largest  of  the  Damsons  in  New 
York,  hardy,  bear  abundantly  and  annually  and  carry  their  foliage  so  well 
that  fruit  and  wood  usually  ripen  perfectly  even  when  the  trees  are  not 
sprayed.  The  season  is  a  little  after  that  of  the  more  commonly  grown 
Shropshire,  which  in  most  years  is  an  advantage.  French,  while  becom- 
ing popular,  is  still  too  little  known  in  New  York,  where  its  behavior 
warrants  quite  general  planting. 

S.  D.  Willard,  a  nurseryman  of  Geneva,  New  York,  probably  intro- 
duced French  in  this  country;  at  least  it  was  brought  to  notice  mainly 
through  his  recommendation.  The  origin  is  unknown,  but  it  is  probably 
an  introduction  from  France  and  may  be  an  old  variety  renamed.  The 
figure  of  Prune  Petit  Damas  Violet  given  by  Poiteau  is  so  very  similar  as 
to  suggest  that  French  may  be  identical  with  that  sort. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  dense-topped,  hardy,  productive;  branches  numer- 
ous, ash-gray,  roughish,  thorny,  with  lenticels  variable  in  size;  branchlets  inclined  to 
develop  spurs  at  the  base,  rather  slender,  short,  with  short  internodes,  greenish-red 
changing  to  dark  brownish-drab,  dull,  somewhat  zigzag,  thickly  pubescent,  with  in- 
conspicuous, small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  intermediate  in  size  and  length,  pointed,  free. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  long-oval,  one  and  one-quarter  inches  wide,  three  inches 
long;  upper  surface  dark  green,  covered  with  fine  hairs,  with  a  grooved  midrib;  lower 
surface  pubescent;  apex  abruptly  pointed,  base  abrupt,  margin  serrate  or  nearly  cre- 
nate,  with  a  few,  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  eleven-sixteenths  inch  long,  rather  slender, 
pubescent,  faintly  tinged  with  red,  usually  having  two  very  small,  globose,  greenish- 
brown  glands  on  the  stalk  or  base  of  the  leaf. 


FRENCH 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  215 

Blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the 
leaves,  one  and  five-sixteenths  inches  across,  white;  borne  on  lateral  spurs,  usually  in 
pairs;  pedicels  five-eighths  inch  long,  slender,  covered  with  short  pubescence,  greenish; 
calyx-tube  green,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  narrow,  obtuse,  glabrous  on  the 
outer  surface,  thinly  pubescent  along  the  margin  and  at  the  base  of  the  inner  surface, 
glandular-serrate,  reflexed;  petals  oval,  dentate  or  fringed,  tapering  below  to  short, 
broad  claws;  anthers  distinctly  reddish;  filaments  seven-sixteenths  inch  in  length; 
pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  late;  one  and  one-half  inches  by  one  and  one-eighth  inches  in  diameter, 
ovate,  halves  equal;  cavity  very  shallow,  narrow,  flaring;  suture  a  line;  apex  roundish; 
color  dull  black,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  brownish,  incon- 
spicuous; stem  slender,  three-quarters  inch  long,  sparingly  pubescent,  adhering  well 
to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tough,  separating  readily;  flesh  greenish,  juicy,  fibrous,  tender, 
sweet,  pleasant  and  sprightly;  good;  stone  variable  in  adhesion,  seven-eighths  inch 
by  one-half  inch  in  size,  oval,  roughened,  acute  at  the  base,  blunt  at  the  apex; 
ventral  suture  rather  narrow,  heavily  furrowed  and  somewhat  winged;  dorsal  suture 
with  a  shallow  groove  of  medium  width. 

FROGMORE 

Prunus  insititia 

I.  Flor.  &  Pom.  265,  PI.    1876.      2.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  289.    1889.      3.  Can.  Exp.  Farm 
Bui.  2nd  Set.  3:51.    1900.      4.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  130.    1901. 
Frogmore  Damson  i,  2.     Frogmore  Prolific  Damson  3. 

Frogmore  may  be  considered  among  the  best  of  the  Damsons  in 
quality  for  the  culinary  purposes  to  which  this  fruit  is  commonly  put.  The 
flesh  is  tender,  sweet  and  good,  but  adheres  rather  too  tightly  to  the  stone. 
The  tree  of  Frogmore  is  all  that  could  be  desired  in  productiveness  and 
quite  equals  most  other  Damsons  in  general  and  probably  surpasses  them 
all,  at  least  on  the  grounds  at  this  Station,  in  length  of  time  that  the  fruit 
hangs  on  the  tree.  The  habit  of  growth  of  this  variety  varies  from  that  of 
Prunus  insititia  as  commonly  found,  the  leaves  being  larger,  the  tops  more 
spreading  and  the  branches  less  thorny.  The  variety  has  hardly  been 
tried  enough  in  New  York  to  warrant  either  recommending  or  condemn- 
ing it.  According  to  the  Florist  and  Pomologist,  published  in  1876,  this 
variety  originated  a  few  years  previous  to  the  date  of  publication  in  the 
Royal  Gardens  at  Frogmore,  England. 

Tree  inferior  in  size  and  vigor,  round-topped,  open,  hardy,  very  productive;  branches 
thorny,  the  bark  on  the  older  branches  splitting  transversely  to  the  direction  of  growth, 
making  grooves  or  rings  about  three  inches  apart  and  two  inches  or  more  in  length; 
branchlets  slender,  almost  glabrous  throughout  the  season,  covered  with  light  bloom; 


2l6  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

leaves  bright  red  on  first  opening,  somewhat  folded  backward,  obovate,  one  and  three- 
eighths  inches  wide,  three  and  one-half  inches  long;  upper  surface  dark  green,  rugose; 
lower  surface  silvery-green,  pubescent,  margin  eglandular;  petiole  five-eighths  inch 
long,  slender,  greenish,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  small,  globose,  yellowish-green 
glands  usually  at  the  base  of  the  leaf;  blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length; 
flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  inch  across,  white,  in  scattered  clusters  on  lateral 
spurs;  borne  singly  or  in  pairs;  anthers  yellow  with  tinge  of  red;  filaments  five-sixteenths 
inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  late,  season  of  medium  length;  one  and  one-eighth  inches  by  one  inch  in 
size,  roundish-oval,  compressed,  purplish-black,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  flesh 
golden-yellow,  juicy,  tender,  sweet;  good;  stone  clinging,  three-quarters  inch  by  one- 
half  inch  in  size,  oval,  smooth,  somewhat  acute  at  the  base  and  apex;  ventral  suture 
blunt  or  with  a  short,  narrow  wing;  dorsal  suture  with  a  narrow,  shallow  groove. 

FROST  GAGE 

Prunus  domestica 

I.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:52.  1832.  2.  Mag.  Hort.  4:45.  1838.  3.  Hoffy  Orch.  Cowtp.  2:1842. 
4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  300.  1845.  5.  Horticulturist  3:446.  1848.  6.  Cole  Am.  Fr.  Book  219 
1849.  7-  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  54.  1852.  8.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  362.  1866. 

American  Damson  8.     Frost  Plum  4,  6,  8.     October  Gage  3. 

Frost  Gage  is  too  small  for  market  purposes  and  moreover  the  fruit 
withers  rather  quickly  after  picking;  the  quality  is  above  the  average. 
The  plum  is  not  a  Gage,  only  green  fruits  being  entitled  to  this  name.  At 
one  time  this  was  one  of  the  most  popular  commercial  varieties  in  the 
Hudson  Valley,  but  because  of  its  susceptibility  to  black-knot  it  has  lost 
favor  with  growers.  Downing  in  1838  traced  the  history  of  this  variety 
to  a  tree  standing  on  the  farm  of  a  Mr.  Duboise,  Dutchess  County,  New 
York,  Mr.  Dubois  stating  that  the  original  had  been  planted  by  his  father. 
It  is  doubtful  if  this  is  the  first  tree,  however,  for  in  1849  Charles  Hamilton 
of  Canterbury,  Orange  County,  reported  trees  of  Frost  Gage  thirty  to 
forty  years  old  on  his  place. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  upright,  very  productive;  branchlets  thick;  leaves  flattened, 
oval  or  obovate,  one  and  one-half  inches  wide,  two  and  three-quarters  inches  long; 
margin  crenate  or  serrate,  with  few,  small,  black  glands;  petiole  short,  usually  with  one 
or  two  glands;  blooming  season  intermediate,  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves, 
white,  with  a  little  yellowish  tinge;  borne  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  twos. 

Fruit  late;  about  one  and  one-eighth  inches  in  diameter,  roundish,  dark  purplish- 
black,  covered  with  thick  bloom;  stem  slender,  persistent;  skin  tough,  sour;  flesh 
greenish-yellow,  juicy,  firm,  sweet,  mild;  fair  to  good;  stone  clinging,  small,  irregular- 
ovate,  somewhat  oblique. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK..  217 

FURST 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:45.  l873-  2-  Lange  AUgem.  Garten.  2:421.  1879.  3.  Oberdieck  Deut- 
Obst.  Son.  413.  1881.  4.  Lauche  Deut.  Pom.  8,  PI.  1882.  5.  Gwtde  Pro*.  159,  363.  1895. 

Eugen  Fursts  Fruhzwetsche  4,  5.  Ffirst's  Friihzwetsche  2,  3,  4.  Furst' s  Fruhzwetsche  i,  4, 
5.  Quetsche  Pr6coce  de  Ffirst  1,5. 

Furst  would  undoubtedly  be  well  worthy  of  very  general  cultivation 
in  plum  orchards  were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  it  is  very  similar  to  the 
Italian  Prune.  The  two  fruits  differ  only  in  season,  the  Furst  being  a  few 
days  earlier,  and  in  the  tendency  of  the  variety  under  discussion  to  shrivel 
about  the  neck.  It  may  be  that  Furst  will  succeed  in  some  localities  where 
the  Italian  Prune  is  not  a  success. 

Furst  was  propagated  by  the  Baron  of  Trauttenberg,  Prague,  Bohemia, 
who  had  received  it  from  Professor  Pater  Hackl,  Leitmeritz,  Bohemia, 
under  the  name  Furst,  given  in  honor  of  Eugene  Furst,  son  of  the  founder 
of  the  School  of  Horticulture  of  Frauendorf,  Bavaria.  Furst  Damson  has 
been  confused  with  this  variety,  but  it  is  a  different  plum.  Its  fruits  are 
distinctly  necked  and  much  inferior  in  quality,  and  its  shoots  are  glabrous, 
while  in  this  variety  they  are  not.  The  United  States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture introduced  Furst  in  1901  and  through  them  this  Station  received 
cions  for  testing. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  round-topped,  productive;  branchlets  thick,  marked  with 
slight  scarf-skin;  leaf-scars  very  prominent;  leaves  folded  upward,  obovate,  two  and 
one-half  inches  wide,  four  and  one-half  inches  long;  margin  doubly  serrate  or  almost 
crenate,  eglandular  or  with  small  dark  glands;  petiole  thick,  pubescent,  glandless 
or  with  from  one  to  three  globose  glands  usually  on  the  stalk;  blooming  season  late; 
flowers  one  and  one-eighth  inches  across,  white,  the  opening  buds  tipped  with  yellow; 
borne  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  twos. 

Fruit  late;  one  and  seven-eighths  inches  by  one  and  one-half  inches  in  size, 
oval,  slightly  necked,  purplish-black,  covered  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  reddish, 
conspicuous;  stem  thick;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy,  very  fibrous,  firm,  sweet,  mild, 
with  pleasant  aroma;  good  to  very  good;  stone  one  and  one-eighths  inches  by  five- 
eighths  inch  in  size,  free,  irregular-oval,  with  rather  long,  tapering,  oblique  apex,  the 
surfaces  heavily  pitted;  ventral  suture  prominent,  often  winged;  dorsal  suture  wide. 

GEORGESON 

Prunus  triflora 

I.  Ga.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  52,  99.  1889.  2.  Am.  Card.  12:308,  501,  574.  1891.  3.  Ibid.  13:700. 
1892.  4.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  62:23,  27.  1894.  5.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.  32:488,  489.  1894.  6.  Ga.  Hort. 


2l8  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Soc.  Rpt.  94.  1895.  7.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  106:51,  58.  1896.  8.  Ibid.  139:40,  44.  1897.  9.  Am. 
Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  26.  1897.  10.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  175:145.  1899.  n.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  136.  1901. 
12.  Ga.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  13.  1904.  13.  Mass.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  17:160.  1905.  14.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162: 
250,  254,  255,  256,  257.  1905.  15.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  68:10,  30,  32,  33.  1905. 

Hattonkin  No.i.  3,  4,  7.  Hattankin  No.i.  5.  Hattonkin  7,  n.  Hattankio  7.  Hattankio 
?i.  Hattankio  No.i,  6,  9,  12,  15.  Hattonkin  No.i.  2.  Mikado  10,  n,  12,  15.  Normand  4,  5, 
7,  8,  14.  Normand  Yellow  2,  3.  Normand  Japan  3.  Normand's  Japan  4,  5.  Normand  Yellow 
4,  5,  7.  Normand  ?is.  White  Kelsey  10,  n,  15.  Yeddo  10,  n,  15. 

Georgeson  is  not  worth  the  trouble  it  has  caused  pomologists  in  straight- 
ening out  its  nomenclature;  and  Professor  Georgeson  deserves  to  have 
his  name  attached  to  a  far  better  plum.  The  rich  yellow  color  of  the  fruit 
makes  this  a  particularly  handsome  plum,  but  here  praises  end.  The  flesh 
is  so  astringent  and  clings  so  tenaciously  to  the  stone  as  to  unfit  the  variety 
for  either  dessert  or  culinary  use.  Moreover,  the  fruits  are  exceedingly 
variable  in  color,  size  and  shape,  in  the  last  character  ranging  from  flattish 
to  round,  with  sometimes  round  and  sometimes  pointed  apex.  The  tree 
has  too  much  of  the  sprawling  habit  of  Burbank  to  make  it  a  good  orchard 
plant.  This  plum,  and  those  that  have  been  confused  with  it,  can  be  spared 
without  great  loss  to  American  pomology. 

Georgeson  was  imported  by  H.  H.  Berger  &  Company,  San  Francisco, 
California,  and  brought  to  notice  chiefly  by  J.  L.  Normand,  Marksville, 
Louisiana,  who  named  it  for  Professor  C.  C.  Georgeson,  then  of  Man- 
hattan, Kansas,  a  student  of  Japanese  fruits.  In  the  Georgia  Horticul- 
tural Society  Report  for  1889,  L.  A.  Berckmans  mentions  two  types  of 
Hattankio,  one  of  which  may  be  this  variety.  Normand,  in  1891,  said 
that  he  received  two  varieties  of  Hattonkin  from  different  sources  and  in 
order  to  separate  them  he  numbered  the  earlier,  No.  i,  the  later  No.  2. 
Bailey  and  Kerr,  however,  in  1894,  published  Hattonkin  No.  i  as  a 
synonym  of  Georgeson  and  Hattonkin  No.  2,  the  later,  as  a  synonym 
of  the  Kerr.  The  Georgia  Horticultural  Society  accepted  this  latter 
nomenclature  in  their  report  published  in  1895.  The  Mikado,  White 
Kelsey  and  Yeddo  as  tested  by  this  Station  have  proved  to  be  identical 
with  Georgeson,  but  as  tested  by  Kerr,1  the  Mikado  alone  is  the  same. 
Normand,  which  is  said  to  have  been  imported  and  introduced  in  1891  by 
J.  L.  Normand,  is  also  indistinguishable  from  this  variety.  In  1897, 
Georgeson  was  placed  on  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  list. 

1  Mr.  Kerr  writes:  "As  I  have  them  here,  Yeddo  and  White  Kelsey  are  the  same.  If  there 
is  a  difference  between  Georgeson  and  Mikado,  I  have  failed  to  discover  it,  but  Georgeson  and  White 
Kelsey  or  Yeddo  are  plainly  distinct.  The  former  is  larger,  rounder  and  more  greenish  in  skin  color." 


GEORGESON 


THE    PLUMS   OF   NEW    YORK.  2IQ 

Tree  medium  in  size  and  vigor,  upright-spreading  or  broad-vasiform,  not  always 
hardy,  productive;  branches  roughish,  slightly  thorny,  often  with  bark  cracked  longi- 
tudinally, zigzag,  dark  ash-gray;  branchlets  glabrous,  with  characteristic  raised  lenticels; 
leaf-scars  enlarged;  leaves  folded  upward,  broadly  oblanceolate  or  obovate,  one  and 
three-eighths  inches  wide,  three  and  three-quarters  inches  long,  thin;  margin  crenate 
or  serrate,  with  small,  amber  glands;  petiole  five-eighths  inch  long,  reddish,  with 
from  one  to  ten  brownish- red  glands  usually  on  the  stalk;  blooming  season  early 
to  medium,  of  average  length;  flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves;  borne  in  clusters 
on  lateral  spurs,  in  pairs  or  in  threes;  petals  pinkish  at  the  base;  anthers  reddish; 
pistil  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  early,  ripening  period  short;  one  and  five-eighths  inches  in  diameter,  roundish- 
cordate;  cavity  deep,  wide,  usually  with  concentric,  russet  lines;  color  greenish-yellow 
changing  to  deep  yellow  as  the  fruit  reaches  full  maturity,  with  thin  bloom;  flesh  golden- 
yellow,  fibrous,  firm,  sweetish  except  near  the  center;  fair  to  good;  stone  clinging, 
five-eighths  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  oval,  turgid,  with  pitted  surfaces;  ventral 
suture  broad,  slightly  ribbed;  dorsal  suture  acute. 

GERMAN  PRUNE 

Piunus  domestica 

i.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:53,  61.  1771.  2.  Coxe  Cult.  Fr.  Trees  235,  fig.  7.  1817.  3.  Land. 
Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  152.  1831.  4.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:77,  78.  1832.  5.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am. 
310.  1845.  6.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  286,  383.  1846.  7.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  1:1846. 
8.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  335.  1849.  9-  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  214.  1856.  10.  Hooper  W.  Fr. 
Book  245.  1857.  "•  Thompson  Card.  Ass'l  519.  1859.  12.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  378.  1866. 
13.  Pom.  France  7:No.  17.  1871.  14.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:171.  1873.  15.  Lange  Allgem.  Garten. 
2:418.  1879.  16.  Lauche  Deut.  Pom.  1:1882.  17.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  434.  1889.  18.  Wickson 
Cal.  Fruits  355.  1891.  19.  Guide  Prat.  155,  362.  1895.  20.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:185,  fig.  43. 
1897.  21.  Oregon  Sta.  Bui.  45:29  fig.  1897.  22.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  102.  1901.  23.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui. 
162:  254,  255.  1905. 

Altesse  ordinaire  13,  17,  19.  Backpftaume  17,  19.  Bauernpflaume  17,  19.  Common  Quetsche 
3-  5-  IJ>  *7>  '8,  19.  Couetsche  4,  19.  Couetche  17.  Couetch  13,  19.  Couetsche  Ordinaire  17,  19. 
Covetche  5.  Covetsche  17.  Damas  Gros  3,  5,  n,  17,  19.  Damask  3,  5,  n,  17,  19.  Damas  Long  i. 
Damas  Violet  of  some  3,  n,  17,  19.  Damas  Violet  Gros  of  some  3,  5,  n,  17,  19.  Deutsche  Blaue 
Herbslzwelsche  17,  19.  Die  Hauszwetsche  19.  D'Allemagne  19.  Die  Hauszwetsche  16.  Dutch 
Prune  10.  Early  Russian  n,  12,  13,  17,  19.  Enkelde  Backspruim  17.  Enkelde  Blackpruim  19. 
Fellemberg  13,  17  jncor.,  19.  Gemeine  Zwetsche  13,  14,  17,  19.  Gemeine  Hauswetsche  14.  German 
Plum  4.  14.  German  Prune  3,  5,  n,  12,  13,  14,  17,  19.  German  Quetsche  12,  13,  17,  19.  Grosse 
German  Prune  3.  Grosse  Hauspflaume  17,  19.  Hauszwetsche  15.  Hauszwetsche  13,  14,  16.  Haus- 
pftaume  14,  17.  Imperatrice  Violette  Grosse  of  some  3,  5,  n,  17,  19.  Imperatrice  Violette  of  some 
3.  5.  IJ.  '3-  T7.  '9-  Koelsche  13,  17,  19.  Large  German  Prune  4,  17.  Leipzig  3,  12,  13,  17,  19. 
Leipzic  5.  Leipziger  Zwetsche  16,  17,  19.  Monsieur  tardif  ?  19.  Monsieur  Tardif  17.  Prune 
d'Allemagne  la  commune  4.  Prune  d'Allemagne  3,  5,  n,  12,  13,  16,  17.  Prune  d'AUesse  i. 
Prune  Imperatrice  Violette  7.  Prune  Plum  ?  2.  Prune  Allemand  4.  Prunier  Allemand  4. 
Prune  Plum  4.  Prune  Quetsch  7.  Prunus  Oeconomica  17.  Prune  Zwetschen  14.  Quastche  7. 
Quetsch  7,  13,  19.  Quetsche  4,  6,  8,  14,  17,  19.  Quetsche  ?  i,  3,  5,  6,  n,  12.  Quetsch  Allemande  i. 
Quetsch  Hongroise  i.  Quetschen  4.  Quelcshe  Commune  4,  13,  14,  16,  17.  Quetsch  Longue  ?  i. 


220  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Quetsche  d'Allemagne  Grosse  3,  5,  n,  17,  19.  Quetsche  Commune  19.  Quetsche  d'Allemagne 
3,  17,  19.  Quetsche  D'Allemagne  13.  Quetsche  des  Allemands  7.  Quetsche  Grosse  3,  5,  17,  19. 
Quelsche  de  Lorraine  13,  14,  17,  19.  Quetsche  de  Metz  13,  16,  17,  19.  Quetsche  Domestique  14. 
Quetsche  de  Malogne  13.  17,  19.  Quetzen  6,  17.  Sweet  Prune  5,  n,  12,  13,  17,  19.  Teutsche  blaue 
Zwelsche  16,  17,  19.  Wahre  Zwetsche  16.  Wetschen  13,  17,  19.  7>M<?  Large  German  Prune  4,  5, 
17,  19.  Turkish  Quetsche  5,  n,  12,  13,  17,  19.  Zwespe  17,  19.  Zwelsche  3,  5,  7,  n,  12,  13,  14,  17, 
19.  Zwetschen  4.  Zwetschke  3,  n,  17,  19. 

Although  one  of  the  oldest  plums  under  cultivation,  probably  the 
oldest  of  the  prune  type,  the  German  Prune  is  still  as  largely  grown,  the 
world  over,  as  any;  and  is  seemingly  more  widely  disseminated  than  any 
other  plum.  It  is  a  little  difficult,  in  America  at  least,  to  see  why  this 
fruit  holds  its  popularity  so  long,  for  it  is  surpassed  by  other  plums 
in  many  horticultural  characters,  and  when  all  of  its  characters,  most 
of  which  are  very  good,  are  combined  there  are  still  plums  which  it 
does  not  excel.  In  most  of  the  attributes  which  gratify  the  senses,  color, 
size,  shape,  taste  and  smell,  it  falls  below  expectations  for  a  plum  so  uni- 
versally planted.  Undoubtedly  the  wide  distribution  of  this  plum  is  due 
somewhat  to  its  many  variations.  The  fruit  comes  almost  true  to  seed 
and  is  often  propagated  by  planting  pits,  a  practice  which  has  given  many 
slightly  different  strains  of  this  variety,  each  with  somewhat  different 
adaptations. 

In  the  Old  World  the  number  of  strains  of  this  plum,  especially  in 
Germany,  is  legion,  so  many  that  it  is  probably  impossible  to  segregate 
them  at  this  late  date.  In  America,  while  there  are  a  number  of  these 
more  or  less  distinct  strains  it  is  yet  possible  to  distinguish  the  chief  ones. 
In  New  York,  the  most  commonly  grown  German  Prune  is  the  Rochester 
strain  and  since  it  agrees  most  closely  with  the  fruit  described  in  the  best 
works  on  pomology,  it  is  the  strain  described  and  illustrated  in  this  work. 
The  trees  from  which  this  description  was  made  came  from  Ellwanger 
and  Barry,  Rochester,  New  York,  who  have  long  maintained  a  stock  tree 
of  this  strain.  Another  German  Prune,  fruit  of  which  we  have  not  been 
able  to  obtain,  is  the  Dansville  strain  grown  in  the  nurseries  of  Dansville, 
New  York.  Still  another  of  these  plums  is  the  Weedsport  German  Prune  ' 
so  like  the  Rochester  type  as  to  be  hardly  worth  distinguishing.  The 
Latz  German  Prune  is  a  very  distinct  strain;  it  is  larger,  thicker  and 
broader  than  the  type  here  described  and  is  more  of  a  clingstone.  In 
some  respects  this  is  the  best  of  the  German  Prunes.  All  accounts  agree 

1  Introduced  by  Wiley  and  Company  of  Cayuga,  New  York  in   1892.     See  Cornell  Sta.  Bui. 
131:193,  fig.  47.    1898. 


GERMAN  PRUNE 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  221 

that  this  plum  was  introduced  into  America  from  Prussia  by  a  Mr.  Latz 

about  1850. 

All  of  these  German  Prunes  are  characterized  by  large,  hardy,  vigorous, 
healthy,  productive  trees,  characters  so  marked  that  one  can  say  at  once 
that  it  is  the  tree  that  gives  the  German  Prune  its  great  value.  The  fruit 
is  excellent  for  all  culinary  purposes,  especially  for  canning,  and  cures 
into  a  small  but  very  good,  tart,  meaty,  freestone,  elastic  prune.  The 
chief  objection  to  the  plum  for  these  purposes  is  that  the  fruits  run  small. 
The  plums  are  too  tart  to  have  much  value  as  dessert  fruits.  This  variety 
is  likely  to  remain  a  standard  for  some  time  in  New  York  but  will  eventually 
be  superseded  by  a  larger  fruit. 

The  origin  of  this  plum  is  uncertain.  German  writers  very  generally 
hold  that  it  came  from  Asia  whence  it  was  carried  during  the  Crusades 
to  Europe.  Lauche,  a  German  authority,  says,  "  In  the  Sixteenth  Century, 
the  first  dried  prunes  were  introduced  into  Italy,  Switzerland  and  Germany 
from  Hungary.  The  tree  on  the  contrary  is  said  not  to  have  been  intro- 
duced by  us  until  the  end  of  the  Seventeenth  Century."  A  Prune  Plum 
was  noted  in  America  by  Coxe  in  1817,  but  it  is  impossible  to  say  whether 
he  meant  the  German  Prune.  Prince,  however,  in  1832,  described  the 
variety  under  its  present  name.  In  1856,  the  American  Pomological 
Society  placed  the  German  Prune  on  the  list  of  the  varieties  promising 
well  and  six  years  later  added  it  to  its  fruit  catalog.  The  German  Prune 
is  used  only  in  the  fresh  state  in  New  York,  but  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  in 
some  one  of  its  several  types,  it  is  one  of  the  half-dozen  leading  sorts 
for  curing. 

Tree  medium  to  large,  vigorous,  round  and  dense-topped,  hardy,  usually  very 
productive;  branches  ash-gray,  somewhat  rough,  with  lenticels  variable  in  size;  branch- 
lets  slender,  short,  with  internodes  of  medium  length,  green  changing  to  brownish-red, 
dull,  glabrous,  with  numerous,  small,  obscure  lenticels;  leaf -buds  intermediate  in  size 
and  length,  conical,  free. 

Leaves  falling  early,  oval  or  obovate,  one  and  one-half  inches  wide,  three  inches 
long,  thinnish,  velvety;  upper  surface  pubescent,  slightly  rugose,  with  a  shallow  groove 
on  the  midrib;  lower  surface  yellowish-green,  heavily  pubescent;  apex  abruptly  pointed 
or  acute,  base  acute,  margin  finely  serrate,  with  small  glands;  petiole  one-half  inch 
long,  pubescent,  tinged  with  red,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  small,  globose  glands 
usually  at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the 
leaves,  nearly  one  inch  across,  inconspicuous  on  account  of  their  greenish-yellow  color, 
which  characterizes  the  variety;  borne  on  lateral  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels 


222  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

five-eighths  inch  long;  below  medium  in  thickness,  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx-tube 
green,  campanulate,  lightly  pubescent  at  the  base;  calyx-lobes  long,  narrow,  acute, 
thinly  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  glandular-serrate,  erect;  petals  narrow,  long-oval 
or  obovate,  erose,  tapering  to  broad  claws  of  medium  length;  anthers  yellowish;  fila- 
ments seven-sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  very  pubescent  at  the  base,  equal  to  the  stamens 
in  length. 

Fruit  late,  ripening  period  very  long;  one  and  five-eighths  inches  by  one  inch 
in  size,  oval,  slightly  swollen  on  the  ventral  side,  halves  unequal;  cavity  very  shallow, 
narrow,  flaring;  suture  a  faint  line;  apex  pointed;  color  purplish-black,  overspread 
with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  brown,  inconspicuous,  clustered  about  the 
base ;  stem  below  medium  in  thickness,  five-eighths  inch  long,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit ; 
skin  tough,  separating  readily;  flesh  yellowish-green,  medium  juicy,  firm,  sweetish, 
mild,  pleasant  flavor;  good  to  very  good;  stone  free,  seven-eighths  inch  by  one-half 
inch  in  size,  the  cavity  larger  than  the  pit,  flattened,  obliquely  long-oval,  pointed  at  the 
apex  and  base,  with  rough  and  pitted  surfaces;  ventral  suture  narrow,  conspicuously 
winged;  dorsal  suture  narrowly  and  shallowly  grooved. 

GIANT 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Card.  &  For.  7:420.  1894.  2.  Burbank  Cat.  5,  fig.  1895.  3.  Cal.  State  Board  Hort.  47. 
1897-98.  4.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:185.  1897.  5.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:245.  1899.  6.  Am.  Pom. 
Soc.  Cat.  39.  1899.  7-  Am.  Card.  21:36.  1900.  8.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  187:77,  78.  1901. 

Giant  Prune  4,  7,  8.     Giant  Prune  5,  6. 

Giant  is  distinguished  for  its  large  size  and  attractive  color.  The 
accompanying  color-plate  shows  the  color  and  shape  very  well,  but  the 
fruit  is  a  little  too  small.  Unfortunately  Giant  is  somewhat  inferior  in 
quality,  a  disappointment  to  all,  as  with  Agen  for  a  parent  high  quality 
was  to  be  expected.  In  quality,  as  in  all  fruit -characters,  the  variety  re- 
sembles the  male  parent,  Pond.  The  flesh  is  coarse,  fibrous,  lacking  in 
juice,  clings  more  or  less  to  the  stone  and  rots  quickly  under  unfavorable 
conditions.  The  trees,  too,  lack  somewhat  in  both  vigor  and  productiveness. 
Introduced  as  a  prune,  it  was  supposed  that  this  variety  would  prove  a 
great  boon  to  prune-makers,  but  it  does  not  cure  well  and  is  now  hardly 
used  for  drying.  Giant  is  proving  to  be  one  of  the  very  best  shipping  plums, 
as  would  be  expected  because  of  its  firm,  dry  flesh.  It  is  unfortunate  that 
so  attractive  a  plum  cannot  be  unqualifiedly  recommended,  but  it  is  doubt- 
ful if  it  is  worth  planting  on  a  commercial  scale  in  New  York. 

Giant  was  grown  by  Luther  Burbank,  Santa  Rosa,  California,  from 
a  seed  of  Agen  fertilized  by  Pond,  the  Hungarian  Prune  of  the  Pacific 
Coast.  The  stock  of  this  variety  was  offered  for  sale  to  nurserymen  in 


GIANT 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  22.3 

1893  and  1894,  but  not  to  fruit-growers  until  1895,  arjd  then  by  the  orig- 
inator. The  American  Pomological  Society  placed  it  on  their  fruit  catalog 
list  in  1899  as  a  promising  variety  for  this  region  and  southern  California. 

Tree  medium  in  size  and  vigor,  round  and  dense-topped,  hardy,  usually  productive; 
branches  short,  stocky,  dark  ash-gray,  with  large  lenticels;  branchlets  short,  with  inter- 
nodes  of  medium  length,  greenish-red  changing  to  dark  brownish-red,  dull,  thinly 
pubescent,  heavily  marked  with  scarf-skin  and  with  few,  small,  inconspicuous  lenticels; 
leaf-buds  small  to  medium,  short,  conical,  appressed. 

Leaves  folded  backward,  obovate  or  oval,  two  and  one-quarter  inches  wide,  three 
and  three-quarters  inches  long;  upper  surface  pubescent  only  along  the  midrib;  lower 
surface  pale  green,  lightly  pubescent  on  the  midrib  and  larger  veins;  apex  abruptly 
pointed  or  acute,  margin  serrate  or  crenate,  usually  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole 
three-quarters  inch  long,  tinged  red  along  one  side,  sparingly  pubescent,  glandless  or 
with  from  one  to  four  greenish-brown  glands  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves, 
one  and  three-sixteenths  inches  across,  creamy  in  the  buds,  changing  to  white  on  opening, 
borne  in  scattering  clusters  on  short,  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels 
three-eighths  inch  long,  thick,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate, 
glabrous  or  lightly  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  broad,  obtuse,  pubescent  on  both  surfaces, 
glandular-serrate,  reflexed;  petals  oval,  somewhat  erose,  with  short,  broad  claws; 
anthers  yellowish;  filaments  five-sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  longer  than  the 
stamens. 

Fruit  mid-season,  period  of  ripening  short;    two  inches  by  one  and  one-half  inches 
in  size,  obovate,  slightly  necked,  compressed,  halves  unequal;     cavity  shallow,  narrow, 
abrupt;   suture  shallow;   apex  roundish  or  depressed;   color  light  to  dark  purplish-red, 
overspread  with  bloom  of  medium  thickness;    dots  numerous,   smallish,  russet,  incon- 
spicuous;   stem  seven-eighths  inch  long,  thinly  pubescent,    adhering  well  to  the  fruit; 
skin  of  medium  thickness  and  toughness,  adhering  but  slightly  to  the  pulp;   flesh  light 
golden-yellow,  variable  in  juiciness,  coarse,  somewhat    fibrous,  firm,  rather  sweet,  mild 
fair  in  quality;  stone  semi -clinging  or  clinging,  one  and  one-eighth  inches  by  five-eighth? 
inch  in  size,  long-oval,  flattened,  with  rough  and  pitted  surfaces;  ventral  suture  strongly 
furrowed;  dorsal  suture  with  a  shallow  groove. 

GLASS 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  3rd  App.  181.  1881.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  39.  1899.  3-  Mich. 
Sta.  Bui.  169:245.  1899.  4.  Waugh  Plum  Cull.  104.  1901.  5.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:34.  1903. 
6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  57.  1907. 

Glass  Seedling  2.     Glass  Seedling  4,  5,  6. 

Although  found  in  some  collections  in  the  United  States,  Glass  has 
never  attained  commercial  importance  in  this  country,  probably  because 


224  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

its  place  is  taken  by  the  Quackenboss,  which  it  very  closely  resembles. 
The  fruit  is  large  and  attractive  in  color  and  shape,  but  it  is  not  high  in 
quality  and  it  must  be  rated  among  Domestica  plums  as  only  a  mediocre 
fruit.  The  tree  is  said  generally  to  give  better  satisfaction  than  the  fruit. 
This  variety  originated  with  Alexander  Glass,  Guelph,  Ontario,  and  has  been 
cultivated  extensively  by  Canadian  growers  to  whom  its  productivity  and 
hardiness  recommend  it. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  open,  productive,  hardy;  branches  rough, 
stocky;  branchlets  rather  slender,  pubescent;  leaves  folded  backward,  obovate  or  oval, 
one  and  three-quarters  inches  wide,  three  and  one-half  inches  long;  margin  finely  serrate; 
petiole  reddish,  pubescent,  with  from  one  to  three  smallish,  globose  glands  usually  at  the 
base  of  the  leaf. 

Fruit  mid-season;  one  and  one-half  inches  by  one  and  three-eighths  inches  in  size, 
oblong-oval,  purplish-black,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  stem  adhering  firmly  to  the 
fruit;  skin  thin,  tender,  rather  sour;  flesh  light  yellow,  juicy,  firm,  sweet,  mild;  of 
fair  quality;  stone  clinging,  one  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  irregular-oval,  with 
oblique  apex,  the  surfaces  rough  and  pitted;  ventral  suture  prominent,  winged. 

GOLDEN 

Prunus  munsoniana  X  Prunus  triflora 

I.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  263.  1892.  2.  Burbank  Cat.  17.  1893.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  74.  1895. 
4.  Am.  Card.  18:715.  1897.  5-  Cal.  State  Board  Hort.  53.  1897-98.  6.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  67:12.  1898. 
7.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  113:161.  1899.  8.  Am.  Card.  21:36.  1900.  9.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  14:274.  1901. 
10.  Mich.  Sta.  Sp.  Bui.  30:18  1905.  n.  Mass.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  17:161.  1905.  12.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui. 
68:8,  36.  1905.  13.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Yearbook  500.  1905. 

Gold  3,  4,  7,  8,  10,  n.     Gold  6,  9,  13.     Late  Klondike  5. 

It  would  be  hard  to  name  another  plum  as  showy  as  Golden.  Large 
for  its  group,  beautifully  turned,  it  presents  a  most  striking  appearance 
long  before  it  is  ripe,  with  its  bright  yellow  skin  and  crimson  cheek,  the 
whole  plum  turning  to  a  brilliant  currant-red  with  a  delicate  bloom  at 
maturity.  But  the  plum  is  little  more  than  showy.  The  flavor  is  not  good, 
the  flesh  is  fibrous,  excessively  juicy  and  adheres  to  the  stone,  the  skin 
is  tough  and  astringent.  In  spite  of  the  juiciness  the  plum  ships  well,  owing 
to  the  tough  skin,  but  the  fruits  are  much  attacked  by  brown-rot  and  the 
skin  cracks  badly  under  unfavorable  conditions.  The  trees  are  rather 
small,  uncertain  in  bearing,  often  enormously  productive  but  do  not  hold 
the  crop  well,  and  the  plums  ripen  unevenly.  Strange  to  say,  considering 
the  parentage,  the  variety  is  hardy,  according  to  Waugh  standing  the 
winters  at  Burlington,  Vermont,  almost  perfectly.  In  tree  and  fruit  the 


GOLDEN 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  225 

variety  is  more  like  its  American  parent  than  the  Asiatic  one.  Golden 
can  never  be  a  money-maker  in  New  York,  but  it  is  worth  having  in  a 
home  orchard  for  its  handsome  appearance. 

The  original  tree  of  this  variety  was  grown  in  1887  or  1888  by  Luther 
Burbank,  Santa  Rosa,  California,  from  a  seed  of  Robinson  fertilized  by 
pollen  of  Abundance.  In  1892,  the  variety  was  erroneously  described  in  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  Report  as  a  seedling  of  Kelsey 
fertilized  by  Burbank.  The  same  year  it  was  named  Golden  by  Burbank 
and  in  1893  it  was  offered  for  sale  in  his  catalog,  New  Creations  in  Fruits 
and  Flowers.  Soon  after,  the  original  tree  and  the  right  of  introduction 
were  purchased  by  Stark  Brothers  Nurseries  and  Orchards  Company, 
Louisiana,  Missouri,  and  in  1894  the  variety  was  catalogued  and  dissem- 
inated under  the  name  Gold.  This  name  was  registered  as  a  trade-mark 
in  the  United  States  Patent  Office  in  1905,  but  as  the  prior  application 
and  publication  of  Golden  entitles  it  to  precedence  according  to  the  nomen- 
clature of  the  American  Pomological  Society,  the  name  Gold  has  generally 
been  dropped  by  pomologists.  The  confusion  as  to  the  origin  and 
nomenclature  of  this  variety  has  been  increased  by  its  parentage  being 
published  '  as  a  cross  of  Robinson  and  Kelsey  and  by  the  California  shippers 
labeling  it  Late  Klondike. 

Tree  variable  in  size  and  vigor,  usually  small,  somewhat  vasiform,  medium  dense, 
hardy  in  all  but  the  coldest  localities,  an  uncertain  bearer  unless  grown  under  favorable 
conditions,  when  it  becomes  very  productive,  susceptible  to  attacks  of  shot-hole  fungus; 
trunk  shaggy,  sometimes  gnarly;  branches  strong,  unusually  rough,  grayish-brown, 
with  longitudinal  cracks  in  the  bark,  with  very  numerous,  small,  raised  lenticels; 
branchlets  willowy,  numerous,  long,  with  short  internodes,  green  changing  to  dull  reddish- 
brown,  marked  with  gray  scarf-skin,  glossy,  glabrous,  with  numerous,  conspicuous, 
large,  raised  lenticels;  leaf -buds  small,  short,  conical,  free. 

Leaves  usually  flattened,  broadly  lanceolate,  peach-like,  one  inch  wide  by  three 
and  one-half  inches  long,  thin,  somewhat  rigid;  upper  surface  light  green,  smooth, 
glabrous,  with  deeply  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  pale  green,  thinly  pubescent;  apex 
taper-pointed,  base  acute,  margin  serrate  or  crenate,  with  numerous,  small,  dark  red 
glands;  petiole  slender,  three-eighths  inch  in  length,  tinged  red,  sparingly  pubescent 
along  one  side,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  seven  small,  globose,  yellowish-green  glands 
usually  on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  long;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  three-quarters  inch 
across,  white;  borne  in  clusters  on  short  lateral  spurs  and  buds,  in  pairs  or  in  threes; 
pedicels  seven-sixteenths  inch  long,  slender,  glabrous,  green;  calyx-tube  greenish, 

1  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  106:52.     1896. 


226  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  narrow,  acute,  sparingly  glandular-serrate  and 
pubescent,  with  scattering  marginal  hairs,  erect;  petals  oval,  entire,  clawed;  anthers 
yellowish;  filaments  one-quarter  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  very  long;  medium  to  sometimes  large,  roundish- 
oblate,  halves  equal;  cavity  deep,  flaring,  regular;  suture  a  line;  apex  roundish  or 
pointed;  color  golden-yellow  blushed  or  overspread  with  bright  red,  with  thin  bloom; 
dots  numerous,  very  small,  whitish,  inconspicuous,  thickly  sprinkled  around  the  apex; 
stem  five-eighths  inch  long,  glabrous,  adhering  fairly  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  rather  tough, 
astringent,  inclined  to  crack  under  unfavorable  conditions,  separating  readily;  flesh 
golden-yellow,  unusually  juicy  and  fibrous,  tender  and  melting,  sprightly,  sweet  next 
the  skin  but  tart  near  the  center;  fair  in  quality;  stone  adhering,  three-quarters  inch 
by  one-half  inch  in  size,  oval,  turgid,  flattened  at  the  base,  abruptly  sharp-pointed 
at  the  apex,  with  pitted  surfaces;  ventral  suture  slightly  winged;  dorsal  suture  broadly 
grooved. 

GOLDEN  BEAUTY 

Prunus  hortulana 

i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  162.  1881.  2.  Rural  N.  Y.  43:53.  1884.  3.  Popular  Card.  4:38.  1888. 
4.  Am.  Card.  10:175.  1889.  5.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:48,  49,  86.  1892.  6.  Kerr  Cat.  3.  1894. 
7.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  118:53.  l895-  8-  w-  N-  Y-  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  41:55.  1896.  9.  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Cat.  26.  1897.  10.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:39,42,48.  1897.  n.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  11:284.  1898.  12. 
Colo.  Sta.  Bid.  50:42.  1898.  13.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  113:155.  1899.  14.  Ibid.  162:247,  254,  255.  1905. 

Honey  Drop  8,  10,  14.     Honey  Drop  5,  n.     Missouri  Apricot  5,  6,  8,  10,  n,  12,  13. 

From  the  fruit-grower's  standpoint,  Golden  Beauty  is  of  little  interest. 
The  plums  are  so  small  and  the  quality  so  poor  that  the  variety  is  not 
worth  planting  either  for  the  home  or  for  money-making.  It  is  true  that 
the  firm,  juicy  fruits  are  very  good  for  table  use,  in  jellies  in  particular, 
and  that  they  may  be  shipped  long  distances,  but  these  characters  cannot 
offset  the  handicap  of  small  size  and  poor  quality.  The  variety  is  of  interest 
to  botanists  because  it  seems  to  be  a  wanderer  out  of  the  range  of  the  species 
to  which  it  belongs.  As  the  history  which  follows  seems  to  show,  Golden 
Beauty  was  found  in  a  part  of  Texas  where  Prunus  hortulana  does  not  grow 
(see  the  discussion  of  this  species)  and  quite  as  remarkable  if  it  really  comes 
from  so  warm  a  part  of  Texas  is  the  fact  that  it  should  be  perfectly  hardy 
here  and  even  farther  north.  There  is  a  mystery  yet  to  be  cleared  up  about 
this  plum.  The  variety  is  very  ornamental  in  flower,  foliage  and  fruit. 

According  to  current  account,  Golden  Beauty  was  found  wild  by  a 
German  on  the  Colorado  River  in  western  Texas  during  the  Civil  War. 
After  the  war,  the  German  planted  his  new  plum  in  a  yard  in  Victoria 
County,  Texas,  where  it  attracted  the  attention  of  Gilbert  Onderdonk, 
Mission  Valley,  southern  Texas.  Onderdonk,  noting  its  merits,  propagated 


GOLDEN  BEAUTY 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  227 

and  introduced  it  in  1874.  In  1886,  Stark  Brothers,  of  Missouri,  introduced 
the  Missouri  Apricot,  the  Honey  Drop  of  some,  which  they  claimed  was 
found  wild  in  Missouri.  Several  pomologists  have  noted  the  close  similarity 
of  this  variety  to  Golden  Beauty  and  as  tested  at  this  Station  they  are 
identical  in  all  respects  and  are  therefore  placed  under  the  older  name. 
In  1897  the  American  Pomological  Society  placed  this  plum  on  its  fruit 
catalog  list. 

Tree  above  medium  in  size,  vigorous,  somewhat  irregular  in  habit,  usually  spreacU 
ing,  low,  dense  and  flat-topped,  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness,  somewhat  subject 
to  attacks  of  shot-hoL  fungus;  trunk  rough,  shaggy;  branches  roughish,  thorny,  zig- 
zag, dark  ash-gray,  with  numerous  lenticels  of  medium  size;  branchlets  long,  slender, 
twiggy,  with  short  internodes,  green  changing  to  greenish-brown,  shining,  glabrous, 
with  numerous,  conspicuous,  large,  raised  lenticels;  leaf -buds  small,  very  short,  obtuse, 
plump,  appressed. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  narrowly  oval,  one  and  seven-eighths  inches  wide,  four 
inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface  smooth,  glabrous,  with  a  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface 
light  green,  sparingly  pubescent  along  the  midrib  and  larger  veins;  apex  acuminate, 
base  abrupt,  margin  irregularly  and  doubly  crenate,  with  small,  dark  brown  glands; 
petiole  seven-eighths  inch  long,  slender,  green,  thinly  pubescent  along  one  side,  gland- 
less  or  with  from  one  to  eight  very  small,  globose,  blackish  glands  scattered  mostly  below 
the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  late  and  of  medium  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves, 
seven-eighths  inch  across,  white;  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  with  from 
four  to  six  flowers  in  each  umbel;  pedicels  nine-sixteenths  inch  in  length,  slender, 
glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  obconic,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  acute,  erect, 
thinly  pubescent  within,  glandular-serrate,  the  glands  reddish;  petals  ovate  or 
roundish-oval,  erose,  tapering  below  into  long,  narrow,  pubescent  claws;  anthers 
light  yellow;  filaments  five-sixteenths  inch  in  length;  pistil  glabrous,  shorter  than  the 
stamens. 

Fruit  very  late, season  of  medium  length;  one  inch  in  diameter,  roundish  to  roundish- 
oval,  somewhat  compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity  shallow,  narrow,  slightly  flaring; 
suture  very  shallow  or  a  line;  apex  roundish  or  pointed;  color  orange-yellow, 
mottled,  overspread  with  thin  bloom;  dots  characteristic,  numerous,  large  and  small, 
yellowish,  decidedly  conspicuous  producing  a  somewhat  mottled  appearance,  clustered 
about  the  apex;  stem  very  slender,  five-eighths  inch  in  length,  glabrous,  adhering 
poorly  to  the  fruit;  skin  thick,  tough,  adhering  to  the  pulp;  flesh  golden-yellow,  juicy, 
coarse,  fibrous,  tender,  mildly  sweet,  with  a  faint  apricot  flavor,  somewhat  acid  when 
cooked;  fair  in  quality;  stone  adhering,  five-eighths  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size, 
turgid,  oval,  abruptly  pointed  at  the  base  and  apex,  smooth  and  with  a  coating  of 
yellowish-brown,  cottony  substance;  ventral  suture  broad,  lightly  furrowed;  dorsal 
suture  acute  or  with  a  shallow  furrow. 


228  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

GOLDEN  CHERRY 

Prunus  cerasifera 

I.  HofFy  Orch.  Com.  2:1842.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  295.  1845.  3-  N-  Y.  Sta.  Rpt.  15: 
293.  1896.  4.  Bailey  Ev.  Nat,  Fruits  212.  1898.  5.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rft.  401.  1898. 

Golden  Cherry  Plum  2.  Market  Plum  i.  Youngken  Golden  3.  Youngken's  Golden  Cherry 
4.  Yunkin  Golden  5. 

This  plum  is  one  of  the  few  cultivated  representatives  of  Prunus  ceras- 
ifera. It  offers  some  attractions  because  of  real  merit  and  because  it  adds 
variety  to  the  list  of  plums  for  fruit-growers.  Some  of  its  qualities  are 
strongly  marked  and  the  variety  might  prove  of  value  in  plant-breeding. 
Golden  Cherry  originated  with  Samuel  Reeves,  Salem,  New  Jersey,  as  a 
seedling  of  Myrobalan,  in  the  early  part  of  the  last  century. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  dense-topped,  unproductive;  branches  slender, 
sparingly  thorny;  branchlets  twiggy;  leaves  oval,  one  inch  wide,  one  and  seven-eighths 
inches  long;  margin  finely  serrate,  with  few  small  glands;  petiole  reddish,  eglandular; 
blooming  season  early,  of  medium  length;  flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves,  well 
distributed  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs. 

Fruit  very  early;  one  and  one-quarter  inches  in  diameter,  greenish-yellow  changing 
to  pale  yellow  with  a  tinge  of  red,  overspread  with  thin  bloom;  flesh  pale  yellow,  very 
juicy,  melting,  sweet  next  to  the  skin  but  rather  tart  at  the  pit,  aromatic;  good;  stone 
clinging,  five-eighths  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  oval,  with  a  nearly  smooth  surface. 

GOLDEN  DROP 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Pom.  Mag.  2:57,  PI.  1829.  2.  Land.  Hon.  Soc.  Cat.  144.  1831.  3.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch. 
256.  1832.  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  273.  1845.  5.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  295,  383. 
1846.  6.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  332,  fig.  258.  1849.  7.  Mag.  Hort.  15:486,  487  fig.  42.  1849. 
8.  Hovey  Fr.  Am.  1:81.  1851.  9  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  54.  1852.  10.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  410.  1854. 
ii.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige  43,  PL  1855.  12.  Thompson  Card.  Asst  515.  1859.  13.  Mas  Le  Verger 
6:29,  fig.  15.  1866-73.  *4-  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  691.  729.  1884.  15.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  425. 
1889.  16.  Guide  Prat.  155,  357.  1895.  17.  Oregon  Sta.  Bui.  45:26  fig.  1897.  18.  Colo.  Sta. 
Bui.  50:34.  1898.  19.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  211.  1899.  20.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  113:158,  PL  XV.  1899. 
21.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:242,  244.  1899.  22.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  104  fig.  1901.  23.  Va.  Sta.  Bui. 
134:42.  1902.  24.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:242,  254,  255.  1905. 

Bury  Seedling  i,  2,  3,  4,  5,  7,  8,  10,  n,  12,  14,  15,  16.  Coe  16,  21.  Coe's  i,  2,  7,  8,  14,  15,  16. 
Coe  Golden  Drop  16,  23.  Coe  Golden  Drop  21.  Coe's  Golden  Drop  Plum  i,  5,  n.  Coe's  Golden 
Drop  5,  8,  13,  15,  16,  17,  22,  24.  Coe's  Golden  Drop  2,  3,  4,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10,  12,  14,  18,  20.  Coe's 
Golden  Drop  Plum  13.  Coe's  Plum  12,  13,  16.  Coe  (Pride)  15.  Coe's  Imperial  i,  2,  4,  5,  7,  8, 
10,  ii,  12,  14,  15,  16.  Coe's  Rothgefleckte  Pftaume  13,  16.  Coe's  Rotgefleckte  Pflaume  15.  Coe's 
Plum  5.  Cooper's  Large  15,  16  incor.  Coe's  Seedling  3.  De  Coe  16.  Fair's  Golden  15,  16.  Fair's 
Golden  Drop  2,  4,  5,  7,  8,  ro,  n.  14.  15,  16.  Golden  Drop  i,  2,  7,  8,  12,  14,  is,  16.  Golden  Drop 
Plum  16.  Golden  Gage  2,  4,  7,  8,  10,  ii,  12,  14,  15,  16.  Goutte  d'Or  13.  Goutte  d'Or  13,  16. 


GOLDEN    DROP 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  2  29 

Goutte  d'Or  de  Coe  15,  16.  King  of  Plums  8.  New  Golden  Drop  i,  2,  4,  5,  7,  8,  10,  u,  12,  15  16. 
Nouvelle  Goutte  d'Or  15,  16.  Parmentier  ?  15,  16.  Prune  Goutte  D'Or  De  Coe  n.  Semis  de  Bury 
15,  16.  Silver  Prune  17,  19.  Silver  Prune  22.  The  Coe's  Plum  i.  Waterloo  of  some  7,  8,  ?  14,  15. 

Unfortunately  this  fine  old  plum,  the  largest,  handsomest  and  best  of 
the  yellow  plums,  is  fit  only  for  the  amateur  in  New  York  and  in  the  hands 
even  of  the  most  careful  of  amateurs  it  does  not  reach  the  perfection  in 
either  appearance  or  quality  that  is  expected  of  it  in  Europe  or  on  the 
Pacific  Coast  of  America.  In  spite  of  special  efforts  to  obtain  specimens 
for  illustration  which  would  do  this  variety  justice,  the  color-plate  of  Golden 
Drop  is  far  from  satisfactory  as  regards  either  size  or  color  of  the  fruit.  In 
this  region  trees  of  Golden  Drop  lack  constitution  and  while  hardy  in  tree, 
the  fruit-buds  are  often  caught  by  the  cold.  From  lack  of  vigor  and  from 
injury  by  freezing,  the  variety  is  not  productive.  The  trees,  too,  are  slow 
in  growth  and  the  fruit  needs  a  long  season  to  reach  perfect  maturity,  often 
failing  to  ripen  in  parts  of  New  York  where  other  plums  mature  well. 
Again,  the  trees  are  subject  to  nearly  all  the  ills  to  which  plums  are  heir 
and  have  a  somewhat  precarious  existence  because  of  insects  and  diseases 
though  the  fruit  is  not  as  subject  to  brown-rot  as  is  that  of  the  Yellow  Egg 
with  which  this  variety  is  usually  compared.  Golden  Drop  is  seemingly 
fit  for  all  purposes  to  which  plums  are  put — for  dessert,  cooking,  canning, 
preserving  and  prune-making.  For  the  last  named  purpose  it  is  unsurpassed 
for  a  light  colored  prune  of  large  size,  readily  selling  at  a  fancy  price  in 
delicatessen  stores.  The  fruit  when  carefully  picked  and  handled  keeps  for  a 
month  or  more,  shrivelling  somewhat  but  retaining  its  flavor  and  pleasing 
flesh-characters.  A  task  for  the  plant-breeder  is  to  breed  a  plum,  of  which 
one  of  the  parents  should  be  Golden  Drop,  which  will  give  to  this  region  a 
plum  as  good  as  the  Golden  Drop  in  regions  where  it  is  at  its  best.  With 
all  of  its  defects  in  the  North  and  East,  it  is  yet  worth  growing  for  the 
home  and  often  for  the  late  market. 

Jervaise  Coe,  a  market  gardener,  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  Suffolk,  Eng- 
land, raised  Golden  Drop  from  a  seed  about  1809.  Lindley  (References,  5) 
says,  "  He  [the  originator]  informed  me  it  was  from  the  stone  of  Green  Gage, 
the  blossom  of  which,  he  supposed,  had  been  fertilized  by  the  White  Magnum 
Bonum,  the  two  trees  of  which  grew  nearly  in  contact  with  each  other  in 
his  garden."  From  a  study  of  the  fruit -characters  this  supposition  is  very 
probable.  C.  M.  Hovey  in  discussing  the  synonyms  of  this  variety  writes, 
'  The  French  have  disseminated  it  considerably  under  the  name  of  Waterloo ; 
trees  received  under  that  name  have  fruited  in  our  collection  this  year, 


230  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

and  proved  to  be  the  Golden  Drop."  Robert  Hogg,  in  his  Fruit  Manual, 
published  in  1884,  described  Waterloo  as  a  separate  variety,  found  at 
Waterloo,  Belgium,  and  introduced  by  Dr.  Van  Mons;  the  descriptions 
of  the  two  are  practically  identical.  The  Silver  Prune,  well  known  on  the 
Pacific  Coast,  at  one  time  supposed  to  be  a  new  variety,  turned  out  upon 
investigation  to  be  Golden  Drop,  though  the  growers  there  continue  to 
call  it  by  the  new  name  they  have  given  it.  The  variety  under  discussion 
came  to  America  in  1823,  when  Knight,  of  England,  sent  a  tree  of  it  to 
John  Lowell  of  Massachusetts.  In  1852,  the  American  Pomological  Societv 
valued  it  sufficiently  to  place  it  on  the  list  of  the  fruits  worthy  of  general 
cultivation. 

Tree  medium  to  large,  vigorous,  spreading  or  roundish,  open-topped,  hardy,  pro- 
ductive; branches  ash-gray,  roughish,  with  few,  large  lenticels;  branchlets  short,  stout, 
with  internodes  variable  in  length,  greenish-red  changing  to  dull  brownish-red  becoming 
drab  on  the  older  wood,  glabrous  early  in  the  season  but  becoming  pubescent  at  maturity, 
with  numerous,  small  lenticels;  leaf-buds  large,  long,  pointed,  free. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  oval  or  obovate,  one  and  three-eighths  inches  wide,  two 
and  three-quarters  inches  long,  thickish;  upper  surface  dark  green,  slightly  rugose, 
pubescent,  with  the  midrib  but  faintly  grooved;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  pubescent; 
apex  abruptly  pointed  or  acute,  base  acute,  margin  serrate,  eglandular  or  with  small, 
dark  glands;  petiole  one-half  inch  long,  pubescent,  tinged  red,  with  from  two  to  three 
globose,  greenish-yellow  glands  usually  at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Season  of  bloom  medium,  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  inch  across, 
white,  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  five-eighths  inch 
long,  lightly  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  narrowly  campanulate,  pubescent; 
calyx-lobes  obtuse,  sparingly  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  glandular-serrate,  reflexed; 
petals  oval,  dentate,  tapering  to  short,  broad  claws;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  five- 
sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  very  late,  season  of  average  length;  two  inches  by  one  and  one-half  inches 
in  size,  oval,  tapering  at  the  base  to  a  short  neck,  slightly  compressed,  halves  equal; 
cavity  very  shallow  and  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  shallow  and  wide;  apex  depressed; 
color  golden-yellow,  occasionally  with  a  faint  bronze  blush,  showing  greenish  streaks 
and  splashes  before  full  maturity,  overspread  with  thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small, 
russet,  conspicuous;  stem  three-quarters  inch  long,  thinly  pubescent,  adhering  well 
to  the  fruit;  skin  tough,  rather  adherent;  flesh  light  golden-yellow,  juicy,  intermediate 
in  firmness  and  tenderness,  rather  sweet,  mild,  pleasant  flavor;  good  to  very  good; 
stone  free,  one  and  three-eighths  inches  by  three-quarters  inch  in  size,  oval  or 
ovate,  slightly  flattened,  irregularly  ridged  and  roughened,  acute  at  the  base  and  apex; 
ventral  suture  wide,  often  conspicuously  winged;  dorsal  suture  widely  and  deeply 
grooved. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  23! 

GOLIATH 

Prunus  dotnestica 

i.  Prince  Treat.  Hort.  26.  1828.  2.  Land.  Hon.  Soc.  Cat.  147,  153-  1831.  3.  Kenrick  Am. 
Orch.  260.  1832.  4.  Mag.  Hort.  9:164.  1843.  5.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  300.  1845.  6.  Floy- 
Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  287,  383.  1846.  7.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  343.  1849.  8.  Mclntosh 
Bk.  Card.  2:531.  1855.  9.  Hooper  W.  Fr.  Book  245.  1857.  10.  Cultivator  8:25  fig.  1860. 
ii.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  86.  1862.  12.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  363.  1866.  13.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:15, 
fig.  8.  1873.  14.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  432.  1889.  15.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  105  fig.  1901. 

Caledonian  i,  2,  of  some  5  &  8,  n,  12,  13,  14.  Emperor  9.  Goliath  i,  3.  Goliath  9,  13.  Nec- 
tarine i,  of  some  2&8,  H&I4  incor.  Pfirschenpfiauma  14.  Prune-Peche  ?  14.  Saint  Cloud  2, 
3,  4,  5,  6,  8,  12,  13,  14.  Steer's  Emperor  2.  Steers'  Emperor  4,  5,  8,  12,  13,  14.  Wahre  Caledonian 
13,  14.  Wilmot's  Late  Orleans  3,  5,  8,  iz,  13,  14. 

This  old  English  plum  has  never  been  popular  in  America  and  is  now 
scarcely  known  on  this  continent.  It  is  a  large,  handsome,  purple  plum, 
as  the  illustration  well  shows,  but  seldom  fit  for  dessert.  "Seldom  fit" 
because  it  is  quite  variable  in  quality  in  some  seasons  and  under  some 
conditions.  It  is  an  excellent  culinary  plum  and  its  firm,  thick,  meaty 
flesh  fits  it  well  for  shipping.  On  the  grounds  of  this  Station  the  trees 
behave  very  well  in  all  respects  and  usually  bear  very  full  crops  of 
plums  that  would  tempt  purchasers  in  any  market.  It  has  all  of  the  char- 
acters usually  ascribed  to  a  money-maker  variety  of  any  fruit  and  why 
not  more  grown  in  commercial  orchards  cannot  be  said. 

Nothing  is  known  of  the  origin  of  this  plum  except  that  it  is  English. 
William  Prince,  in  1828,  wrote:  "This  plum  is  of  very  large  size,  and  has 
attracted  much  notice  in  England;  but  it  is  only  recently  introduced 
to  this  country,  where  it  has  not  yet  produced  fruit  that  I  am  aware  of." 
The  Nectarine  plum  was  confused  with  the  Goliath  in  the  early  part  of  the 
Nineteenth  Century,  but  Robert  Thompson,1  the  English  horticulturist, 
separated  them  so  satisfactorily  that  they  have  ever  since  remained  dis- 
tinct in  plum  literature.  He  found  that  this  variety  had  pubescent  shoots 
and  fruit -stalks,  while  the  same  parts  of  the  Nectarine  were  glabrous,  and 
that  the  season  of  Goliath  is  considerably  later.  The  American  Pomological 
Society  placed  Goliath  on  its  fruit  list  in  1862,  but  dropped  it  in  1871. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  round-topped,  dense,  hardy,  very  productive;  branches 
stocky,  with  fruit-spurs  numerous,  ash-gray,  smooth  except  for  the  large,  raised  lenti- 
cels;  branchlets  somewhat  thick,  short,  with  internodes  of  medium  length,  green  changing 
to  dull  brownish-drab,  heavily  pubescent  throughout  the  season,  with  few,  inconspicuous, 
small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  of  average  size  and  length,  conical,  free. 

Leaves  somewhat  flattened,  obovate,  two  inches  wide,  three  and  five-eighths  inches 
long;  upper  surface  dark  green,  nearly  glabrous,  with  a  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface 


1  Pom.  Ma£.  3:148.      1830. 


232  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

heavily  pubescent;  apex  obtuse  or  acute,  base  acute,  margin  finely  serrate,  eglandular 
or  with  few,  small  dark  glands;  petiole  one -half  inch  long,  thick,  heavily  pubescent, 
with  a  faint  red  tinge,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  large,  globose,  greenish- 
yellow  glands  usually  at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  early  to  medium,  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one 
inch  across,  white;  borne  on  lateral  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  nine-sixteenths 
inch  long,  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate,  lightly  pubescent;  calyx- 
lobes,  broad,  obtuse,  somewhat  pubescent,  glandular-serrate,  erect;  petals  unusually 
large,  roundish,  finely  crenate,  not  clawed;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  five-sixteenths 
inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  longer  than  the  stamens,  with  a  large  style  and  stigma. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  short;  one  and  five-eighths  inches  by  one  and 
one-half  inches  in  size,  roundish-oblong,  somewhat  oblique,  truncate,  compressed, 
halves  unequal;  cavity  narrow,  abrupt,  usually  russeted;  suture  a  line;  apex  flattened 
or  depressed;  color  dark  purplish-red,  lighter  colored  on  the  shaded  side,  overspread 
with  thick  bloom;  dots  characteristic,  numerous,  large,  russet,  conspicuous,  clustered 
about  the  apex;  stem  thick,  three-quarters  inch  long,  thickly  pubescent,  adhering 
well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  sour,  separating  readily;  flesh  golden-yellow,  rather  dry, 
firm,  sweet,  of  mild,  pleasant  flavor;  fair  to  good;  stone  free,  seven-eighths  inch  by 
three-quarters  inch  in  size,  roundish-oval,  somewhat  flattened,  blunt  at  the  base 
and  apex,  roughened  and  irregularly  furrowed;  ventral  suture  wide,  winged,  heavily 
furrowed;  dorsal  suture  with  a  wide  groove  variable  in  depth. 

GONZALES 

Prunus  triflora  X 

I.  Kerr  Cat.   1899-1900.      2.   Vt.  Sta.  Bid.  67:13.     1898.      3.  Ohio  Sta.  Bid.  162:252.     1905. 
4.  Penin.  Hart.  Soc.  Rpt.  36.     1905.      5.  Stark  Bros.  Cat.     1906. 
Gonzales  5.     Red  Gold  4.     Red  Gold  5. 

Judging  from  the  several  published  descriptions,  Gonzales  is  a  very 
promising  plum,  for  the  South  at  least.  The  writers  have  not  seen  the 
variety  in  the  North,  but  there  appear  to  be  no  reasons  why  it  should  not 
succeed  in  some  northern  soils  and  climates.  It  is  a  chance  seedling  found 
in  Gonzales,  Texas,  about  1894,  and  was  introduced  by  F.  T.  Ramsey, 
Austin,  Texas,  in  1897.  About  all  that  can  be  determined  regarding  its 
parentage  is  that  it  is  the  product  of  some  Japanese  variety  pollinated  by 
a  native.  In  1901,  Waugh  used  this  variety  to  typify  a  new  species,  Prunus 
hortulana  robusta,  composed  of  a  number  of  hybrids  between  Prunus  tri- 
flora and  native  species.  The  following  description  is  compiled: 

Tree  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  open;  leaves  narrow,  oval,  tapering  at  both 
ends;  upper  surface  glabrous;  margin  minutely  glandular,  finely  crenulate;  petiole 
short  and  slender,  with  two  glands. 


GOLIATH 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  233 

Fruit  mid-season;  resembles  Burbank  in  size  and  shape;  skin  toughish;  color 
bright  red,  sometimes  striped  and  splashed  with  dark  red;  flesh  yellow,  tinged  red, 
firm,  sweet;  good;  stone  of  medium  size,  oval,  clinging. 

GRAND  DUKE 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  703.  1884.  2.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  432,  434.  1889.  3.  W.  N.  Y.  Hon. 
Soc.  Rpt.  39:100.  1894.  4.  Can.  Hort.  18:117,  PI.  1895.  5.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:186,  fig.  40  IV. 
1896.  6.  W.  N.  Y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  42:83.  1897.  7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  25.  1897.  8.  Mich. 
Sta.  Bui.  169:245.  1899.  9.  Ohio  Sta.  Bid.  113:159,  PI.  XVI.  1899.  10.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui. 
2nd  Ser.  3:52.  1900.  n.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  106  fig.  1901.  12.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:243  fig.,  244, 

=  54.  2S5-    'goS- 

Grossherzog's  Pflaume  2.     Grand-Due  2.     Grand  Duke  2. 

Grand  Duke,  now  probably  the  favorite  late  shipping  plum  in  this 
region,  is,  as  stated  in  the  history  given  below,  a  comparatively  new  plum 
in  America.  Its  great  popularity,  gained  in  less  than  a  quarter  of  a  century, 
is  due  to  much  advertising  by  nurserymen  coupled  with  such  intrinsic 
qualities  as  large  size,  the  true  prune  shape  which  seems  most  pleasing 
in  some  markets,  handsome  plum-purple  and  more  than  all  else  a  firm, 
meaty  flesh  which  fits  the  variety  excellently  for  shipping.  The  flavor, 
as  seems  most  often  to  be  the  case  with  these  large  blue  plums,  is  not 
pleasant  and  the  plum  is  not  more  than  a  second  rate  dessert  fruit  though 
it  is  very  good  in  whatever  way  cooked  for  the  table.  The  trees  grow  poorly 
in  the  nursery  and  even  in  the  orchard  are  seldom  large  and  vigorous 
enough  to  be  called  first  class,  though  usually  hardy.  Some  years  ago 
plum-growers  were  advised  to  top-work  this  and  other  weak-growing  plums 
on  stronger  stocks,  but  those  who  have  tried  such  top-working  usually 
condemn  it  because  it  is  expensive  and  ineffective  and  because  it  so  often 
gives  a  malformed  tree.  The  trees  come  in  bearing  slowly  but  bear  regu- 
larly and  abundantly  and  hold  the  crop  well,  the  plums  being  unusually 
free  from  rot  and  hanging  in  good  condition  a  long  time.  Grand  Duke 
deserves  its  popularity  as  a  market  plum  and  probably  no  better  variety 
can  be  selected  in  New  York  for  the  last  of  the  season. 

Grand  Duke  is  another  of  the  many  valuable  plums  produced  by 
Thomas  Rivers,  of  Sawbridge worth,  England.  It  was  grown  from  an 
Autumn  Compote  stone  and  was  sent  out  in  1876.  When  it  was  first  intro- 
duced into  America  is  not  known,  but  in  1888  cions  of  it  were  distributed  by 
Ellwanger  and  Barry1  of  Rochester,  New  York.  In  1897,  the  American 

1  Can.  Hort.  18:117.    1895. 


234  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Pomological  Society  added  this  variety  to  its  fruit  catalog  list  and  recom- 
mended it  for  this  State  and  neighboring  regions  with  similar  climatic 
conditions. 

Tree  above  medium  in  size,  moderately  vigorous,  upright  to  slightly  spreading, 
usually  hardy,  productive;  branches  ash-gray,  with  small,  numerous  lenticels;  branch- 
lets  slender,  short,  with  internodes  of  medium  length,  greenish-red  changing  to  brownish- 
red,  many  twigs  retaining  a  tinge  of  green,  shining,  glabrous,  with  numerous,  small 
lenticels;  leaf-buds  large,  long,  pointed,  strongly  appressed;  leaf -scars  large. 

Leaves  nearly  flat,  obovate,  one  and  one-half  inches  wide,  three  inches  long,  thick; 
upper  surface  shining,  slightly  rugose,  pubescent  only  along  the  grooved  midrib;  lower 
surface  yellowish -green,  lightly  pubescent;  apex  taper-pointed,  base  acute,  margin 
serrate,  eglandular  or  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  three-quarters  inch  long,  nearly 
glabrous,  slightly  tinged  red  along  one  side,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  globose 
yellowish  glands  on  the  stalk  and  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  intermediate,  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  inch 
across,  white;  borne  in  clusters  on  short  lateral  spurs  and  buds,  singly  or  in  pairs; 
pedicels  one-half  inch  long,  slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate, 
glabrous;  calyx-lobes  lightly  pubescent,  glandular-ciliate,  slightly  reflexed;  petals 
obovate,  entire,  short-clawed;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  one-quarter  inch  long; 
pistil  pubescent  at  the  base,  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  late,  season  medium;  unusually  large  when  well  grown,  two  and  one-eighth 
inches  by  two  inches  in  size,  elongated-oval  or  slightly  obovate,  halves  unequal;  cavity 
shallow,  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  wide,  variable  in  depth;  apex  flattened,  somewhat 
depressed  or  occasionally  with  a  short,  blunt  tip;  color  dark  reddish-purple  or  purplish- 
black,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  brownish,  inconspicuous; 
stem  three-quarters  inch  long,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  .variable  in  toughness, 
somewhat  astringent,  separating  readily;  flesh  golden-yellow,  juicy,  firm,  sweet,  mild, 
not  high  in  flavor;  good;  stone  clinging,  sometimes  tinged  red,  one  and  one-eighth 
inches  by  seven-eighths  inch  in  size,  irregularly  oval,  slightly  flattened,  roughish,  acute 
at  the  base  and  apex;  ventral  suture  broad,  slightly  winged;  dorsal  suture  with  a  broad, 
shallow  groove. 

GUEII 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  3rd  App.  181.  1881.  2.  Can.  Hort.  14:293,  PI.  1891.  3.  Mich. 
Sta.  Bui.  103:34,  fig.  6.  1894.  4.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:187.  1897.  5.  Ont.  Fr.  Exp.  Sta.  Rpt. 
120.  1898.  6.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:242,  245.  1899.  7.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  113:159.  1899.  8.  Am. 
Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  39.  1899.  9.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  107.  1901.  10.  Va.  Sta.  Bui.  134:42,  43  fig. 
14.  1902. 

Big  Blue  i.  Blue  Magnum  Bonum  i,  9.  Bradshaw  i  incor.  Geuii  3.  Gueii  i.  Guii  i,  6. 
Gweii  i. 

Gueii  is  one  of  the  standard  plums  of  its  season  in  New  York,  ranking 
among  the  first  half-dozen  in  number  of  trees  growing  in  the  State,  with 


GRAND  DUKE 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  235 

many  growers  holding  that  it  is  the  best  general  purpose  plum  of  all  Domes- 
ticas.  The  popularity  of  Gueii  is  due  to  its  being  a  money-maker,  as  few 
would  care  to  grow  it  for  home  consumption.  The  quality  of  Gueii  is  poor, 
especially  for  dessert,  and  it  cannot  even  be  called  a  particularly  good- 
looking  plum,  though  the  illustration  scarcely  does  the  plum  justice,  es- 
pecially in  size.  But  the  variety  bears  early  and  abundantly;  the  trees 
are  large,  vigorous,  healthy  and  hardy  and  the  plums  are  hardly  surpassed 
for  shipping,  especially  at  the  time  at  which  the  crop  comes  upon  the 
market,  about  mid-season,  the  best  shipping  plums  maturing  a  little  later. 
The  fruit  is  quite  subject  to  brown-rot,  a  matter  of  more  moment  in  other 
regions  than  in  New  York,  and  yet  in  some  seasons  very  important  in  this 
State.  The  stone,  curiously  enough,  sometimes  clings  rather  tightly  and 
under  other  conditions  is  wholly  free.  It  could  be  wished  that  so  popular 
a  market  plum  were  better  in  quality,  bu,t  since  high  quality  is  seldom 
correlated  in  plums  with  fitness  to  ship  well,  it  would  be  unfair  to  condemn 
Gueii  for  a  market  fruit  because  it  cannot  be  eaten  with  relish  out  of  hand. 
This  plum,  according  to  all  accounts,  originated  with  a  Mr.  Hagaman, 
Lansingburgh,  New  York,  about  1830.  It  was  brought  to  notice  by  John 
Goeway  (Gueii)  and  was  soon  called  by  his  name.  For  years  it  was  not 
much  grown  and  it  was  not  until  1899  that  it  was  placed  on  the  fruit 
catalog  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  open-topped,  hardy,  very  productive;  branches  ash- 
gray,  roughened  by  longitudinal  cracks  and  by  numerous,  conspicuous,  raised  lenticels  of 
various  sizes;  branchlets  thick,  of  medium  length,  with  short  internodes,  green  changing 
to  dark  brownish-drab,  dull,  thickly  pubescent  throughout  the  season,  with  numerous, 
inconspicuous,  small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  short,  conical,  free. 

Leaves  obovate  or  oval,  one  and  seven-eighths  inches  wide,  four  inches  long,  thick; 
upper  surface  dark  green,  with  scattering  fine  hairs  and  with  a  grooved  midrib;  lower 
surface  silvery-green,  thickly  pubescent;  apex  abruptly  pointed  or  acute,  base  variable 
but  usually  acute,  margin  doubly  crenate,  with  small  black  glands;  petiole  five-eighths 
inch  long,  thick,  pubescent,  tinged  red. 

Blooming  season  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  and  one-eighth 
inches  across,  whitish;  borne  in  clusters  at  the  ends  of  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels 
thirteen-sixteenths  inch  long,  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate, 
pubescent  towards  the  base;  calyx-lobes  broad,  obtuse,  pubescent  on  both  surfaces, 
glandular-serrate,  reflexed;  petals  roundish,  entire,  with  very  short,  blunt  claws;  anthers 
yellow;  filaments  three-eighths  inch  long,  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  intermediate  in  time  and  length  of  ripening  season;  medium  to  above  in  size, 
somewhat  ovate,  halves  equal;  cavity  below  medium  in  depth  and  width,  abrupt,  rarely 
sutured;  apex  bluntly  pointed,  color  dark  purplish-black,  overspread  with  thick  bloom; 


236  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

dots  numerous,  small,  russet,  inconspicuous,  clustered  about  the  apex;  stem  medium 
in  thickness  and  length,  pubescent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit ;  skin  thin,  tender,  slightly 
astringent,  separating  readily;  flesh  greenish-yellow  changing  to  light  golden-yellow, 
dry,  firm  but  tender,  sweet,  mild,  somewhat  astringent  towards  the  center;  fair  in 
quality;  stone  variable  in  adhesion  but  usually  clinging,  large,  ovate  or  oval,  blunt 
at  the  base  and  apex,  strongly  roughened  and  pitted;  ventral  suture  faintly  winged; 
dorsal  suture  acute  or  lightly  grooved. 

GUTHRIE  LATE 

Prunus  domestica 

I.  Mclntosh  Bk.  Card.  2:532.  1855.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  919.  1869.  3.  Hogg  Fruit 
Man.  705.  1884.  4.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  434.  1889.  5.  Rivers  Cat.  1898.  6.  Am.  Card.  Mag, 
21:173.  1900. 

Guthrie's  Minette  i.  Guthrie's  Late  Green  6.  Guthrie  Green  6.  Guthrie's  Late  Green  2. 
3,4.  Minette  2,  3,  4.  Verte  Tardive  de  Guthrie  4. 

Guthrie  Late  has  never  attained  commercial  importance  in  the  United 
States,  being  found  only  in  collections  ;  but  in  England,  according  to  Hogg, 
it  is  a  very  fine  dessert  plum,  rivalling  the  Reine  Claude  in  quality  and 
ripening  a  month  later.  On  the  grounds  of  this  institution  it  has  failed 
because  the  fruits  are  small,  dull  in  color  and  do  not  keep  well.  Of  the 
several  varieties  produced  from  seed  of  Reine  Claude  by  Charles  Guthrie, 
Taybank,  Dundee,  Scotland,  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  Guthrie 
Late  is  the  best  known. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  round-topped,  dense,  productive;  branches  stocky;  branch 
lets  pubescent;  leaf -buds  large,  short,  with  a  peculiar  brush-like  apex;  leaves  folded 
upward,  oval,  one  and  seven-eighths  inches  wide,  three  and  one-half  inches  long,  thick, 
rugose;  margin  crenate,  eglandular  or  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  thick,  glandless 
or  with  from  one  to  four  globose  glands;  blooming  season  short;  flowers  appearing 
after  the  leaves,  one  inch  across,  white  tinged  with  yellow  at  the  apex  of  the  petals; 
borne  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  long;  of  medium  size,  roundish-truncate,  dull 
greenish-yellow,  often  irregularly  splashed  and  striped  with  green,  overspread  with  thin 
bloom;  skin  thin,  slightly  astringent;  flesh  light  golden-yellow,  rather  dry,  fibrous, 
somewhat  tender,  sweet,  pleasant  in  flavor;  of  good  quality;  stone  free,  seven-eighths 
inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  ovate  or  oval,  medium  turgid,  with  rough  surfaces. 

HALE 

Prunus  triflora 

I.  Burbank  Cat.  19.  1893.  2.  Ibid.  1894.  3.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  106:52.  1896.  4.  Ga.  Hort. 
Soc.  Rpt.  XI.  1897.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  41.  1899.  6.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  175:147,  148,  fig.  37. 


GUEII 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  237 

1899.      7.  Am  Card   21:36     1900.      8.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  136.    1901.      9.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  187:77, 
79.    1901.      10.  IV.  N.  Y.  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt   89.    1902.      u.  Ohio.  Sta.  Bui.  162:254,  255.   1905.      12. 
Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  68:10,  30.     1905.      13.  Mass.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  17:160.  1905. 
J  i.     J  3       Prolific  2.     Prolific  3,  8,  12. 

It  is  doubtful  if  the  average  person  who  grows  the  Hale  would  recog- 
nize it  as  shown  in  The  Plums  of  New  York,  as  it  is  supposed  to 
be  a  yellow  plum;  nevertheless  the  illustration  is  a  good  one  so 
far  as  the  fruits  go  at  least.  When  mature  on  the  trees  the  fruits 
are  yellow  with  a  faint  blush,  but  in  storage  the  color  quickly  changes 
into  a  pale  red,  becoming,  when  the  plum  is  at  its  best  in  appearance  and 
quality,  a  light  currant -red.  Hale,  though  large  and  handsome  of  fruit, 
is  of  questionable  value,  failing  both  in  fruit  and  tree.  The  flavor  of  this 
plum  is  good  in  the  judgment  of  most  fruit  connoisseurs,  but  others  find 
it  a  little  too  sweet  and  somewhat  mawkish  near  the  skin  and  close  about 
the  pit.  All  agree,  however,  that  the  flesh  clings  too  tightly  to  the  stone  for 
pleasant  eating  and  that  the  texture  is  too  tender  for  good  shipping.  But 
it  is  the  tree  that  fails  most  markedly.  Even  on  the  grounds  of  this  Station, 
where  the  peach  is  practically  hardy,  Hale  is  but  semi-hardy,  failing  most 
often  because  with  the  best  of  care  the  wood  does  not  ripen  properly.  The 
habit  of  growth  is  not  particularly  good,  the  trees  are  slow  in  coming  in 
bearing,  are  not  regularly  productive  and  are  readily  infected  by  brown - 
rot  and  the  fruits  much  infested  by  curculio.  On  the  whole,  it  is  to  be 
regretted  that  Mr.  Hale  did  not  choose  a  better  plum  to  bear  a  name  so 
distinguished  in  horticulture. 

Luther  Burbank  offered  this  plum,  a  cross  between  Kelsey  and  Sat- 
suma,  for  sale  under  the  name  J,  in  1893,  and  the  following  year  as  Prolific. 
J.  H.  Hale,  South  Glastonbury,  Connecticut,  purchased  the  variety  in  1894, 
and  introduced  it  as  the  Hale  in  1896.  In  1899,  the  American  Pomological 
Society  considered  it  worthy  a  place  on  its  fruit  catalog  list. 

Tree  above  medium  in  size,  vigorous,  vasiform,  open-topped,  semi-hardy,  variable 
in  productiveness;  branches  smooth  except  for  the  numerous,  small,  raised  lenticels, 
somewhat  thorny,  dark  ash-gray,  the  fruit  spurs  numerous;  branchlets  willowy,  of 
medium  thickness  and  length,  with  short  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  light 
brown,  shining,  glabrous;  lenticels  numerous,  small;  leaf -buds  small,  short,  obtuse, 
plump,  free. 

Leaves  sparse,  folded  upward,  oblanceolate  or  narrowly  obovate,  one  and  three- 
quarters  inches  wide,  three  and  one-half  inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface  glabrous 
except  for  scattering  hairs,  with  a  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  light  green,  glabrous 
except  along  the  midrib  and  larger  veins;  apex  acute  or  abruptly  pointed,  base  acute, 


238  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

margin  finely  serrate  or  crenate,  eglandular;  petiole  nine-sixteenths  inch  long,  slender, 
tinged  red,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  four  globose  or  reniform,  greenish-yellow  glands 
on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  early  and  of  medium  length;  flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves. 
white;  borne  in  thin  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels 
long,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  obtuse, 
with  numerous  hair-like  glands,  nearly  glabrous,  erect;  petals  roundish-ovate,  entire, 
not  clawed;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  short;  pistil  glabrous  except  at  the  base, 
much  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  early,  season  short;  one  and  three-quarters  inches  in  diameter,  roundish, 
halves  equal;  cavity  of  medium  depth  and  width,  abrupt,  regular;  suture  a  line;  apex 
roundish;  color  light  or  greenish-yellow,  more  or  less  blushed  with  red  on  one  side,  be- 
coming red  at  maturity,  mottled,  with  thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  whitish, 
conspicuous  only  where  the  skin  is  blushed;  stem  slender,  five-eighths  inch  long,  glabrous, 
detaching  easily  from  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tough,  adhering;  flesh  yellowish,  very  juicy, 
fibrous,  tender,  melting  next  the  skin  but  firmer  at  the  center,  sweet  except  near  the 
pit;  good  in  quality;  stone  adhering,  three-quarters  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size, 
roundish-oval,  flattened,  blunt  but  with  a  small,  sharp  tip,  rough;  ventral  suture  narrow 
and  rather  conspicuously  winged;  dorsal  suture  grooved. 

HAMMER 

Prunus  hortulana  mineri  X  Prunus  americana 

i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:79.     1892.     i.  la.  Hart.  Soc.  Rpt.  275,   448.     1893.     3-  Ibid.  334.  1894. 

4.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:24,  39.    1897.     5.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50:36.    1898.      6.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:274.  1900. 

7.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  150.  1901.  8.  Ont.  Fr.  Gr.  Assoc.  144.  1901.  9.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  67:274.  1904. 
10.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:18.  1905.  u.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:254,  255.  1905. 

Hammer  is  one  of  the  best  native  plums.  On  the  Station  grounds 
the  trees  of  this  variety  make  the  best  orchard  plants  of  any  of  the  native 
varieties,  being  large,  vigorous,  shapely  and  hardy,  falling  short  only  in 
being  a  little  uncertain  in  bearing.  The  fruits  are  good  in  quality,  hand- 
some in  appearance  and  keep  and  ship  well,  but  crack  badly  in  unfavor- 
able weather  and,  according  to  some  writers,  are  quite  subject  to  brown- 
rot.  Hammer  extends  the  season  of  the  Americana  plums  considerably, 
for  though  a  hybrid,  it  may  best  be  ranked  with  the  Americanas,  and  is 
well  worth  planting  in  home  orchards  in  New  York,  where  the  native  plums 
are  too  seldom  found ;  in  particular,  this  variety  can  be  recommended  for 
the  colder  parts  of  this  State  where  Domestica  and  Insititia  plums  are  not 
hardy. 

Hammer  is  one  of  H.  A.  Terry's  numerous  productions  and  was  grown 
from  a  seed  of  the  Miner  evidently  fertilized  by  an  Americana.  The  blood 


HALE 


HAMMER 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  239 

of  the  latter  is  shown  by  its  hardiness  and  its  broad,  Americana -like  foliage. 
The  variety  first  fruited  in  1888  and  was  sent  out  in  1892. 

Tree  very  large,  vigorous,  round-topped,  widely  spreading,  hardy  at  Geneva,  an 
uncertain  bearer;  trunk  and  larger  limbs  shaggy;  branches  long,  rough,  brash,  thorny, 
dark  ash-gray,  with  many,  large  lenticels;  branchlets  thick,  very  long,  with  long  inter- 
nodes,  green  changing  to  dull  reddish-brown,  glabrous,  with  raised  lenticels  of  medium 
number  and  size;  leaf -buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  plump,  free. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  oval  or  slightly  obovate,  two  and  one-eighth  inches  wide, 
four  inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface  somewhat  rugose;  lower  surface  pale  green,  very 
lightly  pubescent  along  the  midrib;  apex  taper-pointed,  base  obtuse,  often  unsymmet- 
rical,  margin  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate,  eglandular;  petiole  three-quarters  inch  long, 
sparingly  pubescent  along  one  side,  tinged  red,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  four  small, 
globose,  greenish-brown  glands  on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  medium  to  late,  long;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  fifteen- 
sixteenths  inch  across,  white,  with  a  disagreeable  odor;  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral 
buds  and  spurs,  in  twos  or  in  threes;  pedicels  five-eighths  inch  in  length,  slender,  glabrous, 
greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  narrow,  obtuse,  thinly 
pubescent  within,  glandular-serrate  and  with  marginal  hairs,  somewhat  reflexed;  petals 
ovate  or  oval,  irregularly  crenate,  tapering  below  into  claws  of  medium  length  and 
breadth;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  seven-sixteenths  inch  in  length;  pistil  glabrous, 
equal  to  or  shorter  than  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  of  average  length;  one  and  one-quarter  inches 
in  diameter,  roundish-oval,  slightly  compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity  very  shallow, 
narrow,  flaring;  suture  an  indistinct  line;  apex  roundish;  color  crimson  overspread 
with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  very  small,  light  russet,  inconspicuous;  stem  slender, 
five-eighths  inch  long,  glabrous,  not  adhering  to  the  fruit;  skin  thick,  tough,  inclined 
to  crack  under  unfavorable  conditions,  separating  readily;  flesh  golden-yellow,  juicy, 
fibrous,  tender  and  melting,  sweet,  strongly  aromatic;  good;  stone  semi-free,  three- 
quarters  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  flattened,  roundish-oval,  somewhat  compressed 
at  the  base,  abruptly  pointed  at  the  apex,  rough;  ventral  suture  rather  narrow,  faintly 
ridged;  dorsal  suture  with  a  narrow,  shallow  groove. 

HAND 

Prunus  domestica 

I.  Horticulturist  2:436.  1847.  2.  Ibid.  6:21  fig.,  187,  294.  1851.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt,  190, 
214.  1856.  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  382.  1857.  5.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  362.  1866.  6.  Mas 
Pom.  Gen.  2:19,  fig.  10.  1873.  7.  Ont.  Fr.  Exp.  Sta.  Rpt.  120.  1896.  8.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui,  131:185. 
1897.  9.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  108  fig.  1901.  10.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  314,  315  fig. 
1903.  ii.  Mass.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  17:159.  1905. 

Gen.  Hand  i,  2.  General  Hand  2,  3,  5,  6,  7,  8.  Genl.  Hand  4.  General  Hand  9,  10.  Mont- 
gomery 3  incor. 

Unproductiveness  and  uncertainty  in  bearing  keep  this  magnificent 
yellow  dessert  plum  from  being  one  of  the  most  commonly  grown  of  all 


240  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

plums  in  America.  Even  with  these  handicaps,  it  has  maintained  its  popu- 
larity for  a  century,  is  grown  in  all  collections  and  shown  in  all  exhibitions 
of  note.  It  is  the  largest  of  the  Reine  Claude  plums,  well  molded,  a  golden- 
yellow  and  when  allowed  to  become  fully  ripe  is  most  excellent  in  flavor 
and  pleasing  in  all  the  flesh  attributes  of  a  good  dessert  plum.  It  is  not 
as  high  in  quality  as  some  other  of  the  Reine  Claude  plums,  as,  for  example 
the  Washington,  with  which  it  is  often  compared,  for  it  is  a  little  coarser 
in  flesh  and  not  as  sprightly,  but  it  is  better  than  is  commonly  thought, 
because  it  is  seldom  allowed  to  reach  its  best  flavor  by  full  maturity.  The 
trees  on  the  Station  grounds  are  all  that  could  be  asked  for  even  in  bearing ; 
and  elsewhere  size,  vigor  and  hardiness  are  usually  satisfactory  but  pro- 
ductiveness is  a  weak  point.  The  amateur  should  always  plant  this  variety 
and  it  would  seem  as  if  it  were  more  often  worth  planting  in  commercial 
orchards. 

The  history  of  this  variety  is  well  known.  The  original  tree  grew  on 
the  place  of  General  Hand,  on  the  Conestoga  River,  about  a  mile  from 
Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  and  first  fruited  about  1790.  Thirty  years  later 
a  Mr.  Miller  procured  grafts  and  succeeded  in  growing  them.  The  variety 
was  brought  to  the  notice  of  fruit-growers  by  E.  W.  Carpenter,  a  nursery  - 
man  of  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  who  sent  grafts  to  his  brother,  S.  Carpenter, 
of  Lancaster,  Ohio,  and  Robert  Sinclair,  Baltimore,  Maryland.  To  the 
latter  the  introduction  of  the  Hand  has  been  incorrectly  attributed.  In 
1856,  Hand  was  listed  in  the  fruit  catalog  of  the  American  Pomological 
Society. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  dense-topped,  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness; 
branches  dark  ash-gray,  rough,  with  small  lenticels;  branchlets  of  medium  thickness 
and  length,  with  long  internodes,  green  changing  to  brownish-red,  pubescent  early  in 
the  season,  becoming  less  so  at  maturity,  with  few,  inconspicuous,  small  lenticels; 
leaf-buds  large,  long,  obtuse,  appressed;  leaf-scars  large. 

Leaves  folded  backward,  obovate  or  oval,  two  and  three-eighths  inches  wide,  four 
and  one-half  inches  long;  upper  surface  dark  green,  rugose,  slightly  hairy,  with  a 
shallow,  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  pale  green,  pubescent;  apex  and  base  acute, 
margin  finely  and  doubly  serrate;  petiole  three-quarters  inch  long,  thickish,  pubescent, 
tinged  red,  with  from  one  to  four  small,  globose,  greenish-brown  glands  on  the  stalk  or 
base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  intermediate  in  time,  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves, 
one  and  one-quarter  inches  across,  white,;  borne  sparsely  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs; 
pedicels  seven-eighths  inch  long,  very  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  cam- 
panulate,  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  broad,  obtuse,  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  glandular- 


*>'„ 


-. 


HAND 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  241 

serrate,  reflexed;  petals  roundish  or  obovate,  slightly  crenate,  with  short,  broad  claws; 
anthers  yellowish;  filaments  three-eighths  inch  long;  pistil  lightly  pubescent  at  the  base, 
equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  long;  one  and  three-quarters  inches  in  diameter, 
roundish- truncate  or  oblate,  halves  equal;  cavity  deep,  flaring;  suture  shallow,  distinct; 
apex  flattened  or  depressed;  color  yellow,  obscurely  striped  and  mottled  with  green, 
overspread  with  thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  whitish,  inconspicuous,  clustered  about 
the  apex;  stem  unusually  long,  averaging  one  and  five-sixteenths  inches  in  length, 
very  pubescent,  adhering  strongly  to  the  fruit;  skin  thick,  tough,  slightly  astringent, 
separating  readily;  flesh  golden-yellow,  juicy,  somewhat  fibrous,  firm,  sweet,  with 
pleasant,  mild  flavor;  very  good;  storie  semi-free  or  free,  the  cavity  larger  than  the  pit, 
seven-eighths  inch  by  three-quarters  inch  in  size,  broadly  oval,  turgid,  blunt  at  the 
base  and  apex,  slightly  roughened;  ventral  suture  broad,  sometimes  winged;  dorsal 
suture  broadly  and  deeply  grooved. 

HARRIET 

Prunus  domestica 
i.  Card.  Chron.  18:441.    1882.      2.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  705.    1884. 

Harriet  is  little  known  in  America,  but  as  the  variety  grows  on  our 
grounds  it  appears  to  be  somewhat  desirable.  The  type  is  that  of  Reine 
Claude,  the  fruit  being  slightly  yellower;  the  quality  is  very  good  and 
the  tree -characters  are  good.  It  is  doubtful,  however,  in  spite  of  these 
attributes  to  recommend  it,  whether,  with  the  multiplicity  of  plums  of  this 
type,  the  variety  in  question  can  make  headway  in  the  United  States. 
Harriet  was  originated  by  Thomas  Rivers,  Sawbridge worth,  England,  about 
1870.  While  considerably  grown  in  England,  it  can  hardly  be  said  to  be  one 
of  the  leading  varieties  in  that  country. 

Tree  medium  in  size  and  vigor,  spreading,  open,  productive;  branchlets  thick,  very 
short,  pubescent  throughout  the  season;  leaf -buds  large,  long,  tipped  brush-like  at  the 
apex;  leaves  folded  upward,  oval,  one  and  one-half  inches  wide,  two  and  three-quarters 
inches  long,  the  young  leaves  bright  red  when  opening;  margin  serrate  or  almost  crenate; 
petiole  tinged  red,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  glands  usually  at  the  base  of  the  leaf; 
blooming  season  intermediate,  short ;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  inch  across ; 
borne  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  long;  about  one  and  three-eighths  inches  in 
diameter,  roundish-oblate,  somewhat  oblique,  golden-yellow,  sometimes  mottled  with 
red,  overspread  with  thin  bloom;  flesh  golden-yellow,  firm,  sweet,  pleasant  in  flavor; 
of  very  good  quality;  stone  clinging,  five-eighths  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  oval, 
turgid,  with  slightly  roughened  surfaces. 


242  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

HAWKEYE 

Prunus  americana 

i.  la.  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  287.  1887.  2.  U.S.D.  A.  Rpt.  441.  1889.  3.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  55. 
85.  1890.  4.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:38,  86.  1892.  5.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:40,  41.  1897.  6.  Am. 
Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  24.  1897.  7.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50:37.  1898.  8.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:274.  1900. 
9.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  151.  1901.  10.  Ont.  Fr.  Gr.  Assoc.  144.  1901.  n.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  87:13. 
1901.  12.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:19.  1905.  13.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:254,  255.  1905. 

This  variety  is  a  very  satisfactory  and  widely  planted  Americana. 
It  is  typical  of  its  species;  and  its  foliage,  fruit  and  pit  in  the  color-plate 
herewith  presented  all  represent  Prunus  americana  very  well.  The  fruit 
of  Hawkeye  is  more  satisfactory  than  the  tree,  being  both  attractive  in 
appearance  and  pleasant  to  eat  either  out  of  hand  or  cooked;  the  chief 
fault  of  the,  fruit  is  that  it  seems  to  be  easily  infected  with  brown-rot.  The 
trees  are  crooked  in  body  and  quite  too  straggling  and  at  the  same  time 
too  dense  in  growth  to  make  good  orchard  plants.  It  requires  very  care- 
ful pruning  and  training  to  keep  the  trees  at  all  manageable.  In  some  of 
the  references  given  above  it  is  stated  that  Hawkeye  on  its  own  roots  is 
a  better  tree  than  otherwise  propagated.  This  variety  belongs  in  the 
middle  west  but  it  might  be  grown  for  home  use  in  northern  New  York 
where  it  is  too  cold  for  the  European  plums. 

Hawkeye  is  a  seedling  of  Quaker  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry,1  Crescent, 
Iowa.  It  first  fruited  in  1882  and  the  following  year  was  introduced  by 

1  H.  A.  Terry  was  born  in  Cortland  County,  New  York,  July  izth,  1826.  His  parents  were 
from  New  England  having  come  as  pioneers  to  New  York  from  Worcester,  Massachusetts.  The 
spirit  of  pioneering  seems  to  have  been  strong  in  the  Terry  family  for  in  1836  the  parents  moved 
again  to  Livingston  County,  Michigan.  The  son,  leaving  his  parents  in  1845,  again  went  west- 
ward to  Knox  County,  Illinois,  and  still  again  in  1846  farther  west  to  Pottawattamie  County,  Iowa. 
After  this  there  were  still  more  wanderings  in  which  Mr.  Terry  and  his  family,  he  having  married 
in  1848,  were  as  far  east  as  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  for  two  years  and  again  west  to  several  places 
in  Iowa.  He  finally  engaged  in  the  nursery  business  at  Crescent,  Iowa  in  1857;  ne  lived  here  for 
over  fifty  years,  giving  to  the  world  his  best  services  in  the  production  of  new  fruits  and  flowers, 
and  here  his  death  occurred  February  i4th,  1909.  Mr.  Terry  was  noted  as  a  peony  and  a  plum 
specialist.  Of  plums  he  is  the  originator  of  over  fifty  sorts  nearly  all  from  the  native  species — a 
record  unsurpassed  in  point  of  numbers  for  new  varieties  by  any  other  plum-breeder.  Several  of 
Mr.  Terry's  plums  are  of  surpassing  merit  for  varieties  of  their  species;  among  these  may  be  named 
such  well-known  sorts  as  Gold,  Hammer,  Hawkeye,  Nellie  Blanche,  Crescent  City,  Downing  and 
Milton.  Most  of  his  varieties  are  offspring  of  Prunus  americana  but  there  are  a  few  from  Prunus 
munsoniana  and  Prunus  hortulana.  Unfortunately  there  is  little  in  regard  to  Mr.  Terry's  method 
of  breeding  plums  on  record  for  he  seems  to  have  written  or  spoken  little  for  publication.  He  was 
long  a  prominent  member  of  the  Iowa  State  Horticultural  Society  and  for  a  number  of  years  had 
charge  of  one  of  the  experiment  stations  of  this  society.  Of  his  work  with  peonies,  of  which  he 
produced  more  than  one  hundred  named  sorts,  and  with  other  plants,  space  does  not  permit  dis 
cussion.  The  last  half  of  his  life  of  more  than  four  score  years  was  a  tireless  effort  to  improve  the 
fruits  and  flowers  of  the  Mississippi  Valley. 


HAWKEYE 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  243 

the  originator.  In  the  Iowa  Horticultural  Society  Report  for  1887,  Mr. 
Terry  stated  that  the  original  tree  had  borne  five  crops  in  succession  and 
he  believed  it  to  be  the  most  valuable  variety  in  cultivation  for  the  West 
and  Northwest.  The  American  Pomological  Society  placed  this  plum  on 
its  fruit  catalog  list  in  1897. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  rather  upright  at  first,  becoming  spreading,  low-headed, 
hardy,  usually  productive,  but  variable  in  some  locations,  susceptible  to  attacks  of 
shot-hole  fungus;  branches  numerous,  dark  brown,  rough,  thorny,  with  numerous, 
large  lenticels;  branchlets  long,  willowy,  with  internodes  of  medium  length,  green, 
changing  to  dull  reddish-brown,  shining,  glabrous,  with  numerous  large,  raised  lenti- 
cels;. leat-buds  small,  short,  pointed,  appressed. 

Leaves  tinged  red  late  in  the  season,  nearly  flat,  oval  or  slightly  obovate,  two 
inches  wide,  four  inches  long,  rather  thin;  upper  surface  dark  green,  smooth,  glabrous, 
with  midrib  and  larger  veins  deeply  grooved;  lower  surface  light  green,  lightly  pubescent 
along  the  midrib  and  larger  veins;  apex  taper-pointed,  base  very  abrupt,  margin  coarsely 
and  doubly  serrate,  the  serrations  often  becoming  spiny,  eglandular;  petiole  rather 
slender,  nine-sixteenths  inch  in  length,  tinged  with  pink,  sparingly  pubescent  along 
one  side,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  globose,  greenish-brown  glands. 

Blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length ;  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves, 
showy  on  account  of  the  numerous,  pure  white,  flat  petals,  with  a  somewhat  disagreeable 
odor;  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  in  pairs;  pedicels  seven-sixteenths 
inch  in  length,  glabrous,  green  with  a  distinct  reddish  tinge  on  one  side;  calyx-tube 
red,  broadly  obconic,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  short,  obtuse,  pubescent  on  both  surfaces, 
eglandular,  with  a  hairy,  serrate  margin,  somewhat  reflexed;  petals  ovate,  crenate, 
but  somewhat  fringed,  long  and  narrowly  clawed;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  five- 
sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  of  medium  length;  about  one  and  one-eighth 
inches  in  diameter,  roundish-oval  or  ovate,  not  compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity  un- 
usually shallow,  very  narrow;  suture  an  indistinct  line;  apex  roundish;  color  dull 
carmine,  covered  with  thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  gray  or  reddish,  nearly  obscure, 
with  almost  none  around  the  base;  stem  slender,  below  medium  in  length;  skin  thick, 
tough,  astringent,  adhering;  flesh  pale,  dull  yellow,  very  juicy,  slightly  fibrous,  watery 
and  melting,  sweet  at  first  with  a  tart  and  somewhat  astringent  after-taste;  good;  stone 
adhering  to  the  pulp,  seven-eighths  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  roundish-oval, 
flattened,  smooth,  blunt  at  the  base  and  apex,  conspicuously  winged  on  the  ventral 
suture,  with  a  deep  but  narrow  groove  on  the  dorsal  suture. 

HUDSON 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  289.  1889.  2.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  103:35  1894.  3.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc. 
Rpt.  30:168.  1896-97.  4.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:181  fig.  40  III.  187.  1897.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Cat.  25.  1897.  6.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:52.  1900.  7.  Waugh  Plum  Cull.  109.  1901. 

Hudson  River  Purple  6.  Hudson  River  Purple  Egg  i,  3,  4.  Hudson  River  Purple  Egg  2,  5, 
7.  Purple  Egg  2. 


244  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Hudson  is  limited  in  cultivation,  belonging  almost  wholly  to  the 
Hudson  River  Valley  where  it  has  long  been  somewhat  of  a  favorite  for 
both  home  and  market  planting.  The  variety  has  few  qualities  of  fruit 
to  commend  it  especially  outside  of  the  region  where  it  is  now  grown  and 
even  here  its  value  is  probably  overrated.  The  fruits  are  of  only  medium 
size,  not  markedly  attractive  in  appearance  and  the  quality  is  below  the 
average  among  standard  plums.  The  trees  are  for  most  part  very  good  in 
constitution  and  habit  of  growth  and  in  particular  bear  very  well;  they 
have  the  faults  of  not  bearing  early  and  of  being  subject  to  black-knot. 
The  variety,  and  perhaps  it  is  well,  is  being  less  planted  than  formerly. 

Nothing  is  known  of  the  origin  of  the  Hudson  except  that  it  has  been 
grown  in  the  Hudson  River  Valley  for  a  good  many  years.  About  1870 
it  attracted  the  attention  of  S.  D.  Willard  of  Geneva,  New  York,  who, 
thinking  it  a  valuable  acquisition,  commenced  its  propagation.  In  1897, 
it  was  listed  by  the  American  Pomological  Society  as  a  successful  variety 
for  this  region.  J.  R.  Cornell,  a  well  informed  fruit-grower  of  Newburgh, 
New  York,  in  a  letter  written  February  21,  1910,  says,  "  I  recall  Hudson 
very  distinctly  as  it  was  grown  when  I  was  a  small  boy  over  fifty  years 
ago.  I  would  not  be  surprised,  if  the  facts  could  be  obtained,  to  learn  that 
the  variety  came  from  Europe,  in  fact,  I  incline  to  that  opinion." 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  very  productive,  hardy;  branches  ash-gray,  smooth 
except  for  the  small,  raised  lenticels;  branchlets  slender,  with  long  internodes,  greenish- 
red  changing  to  brownish-red,  dull,  glabrous  early  in  the  season  becoming  lightly  pubes- 
cent at  maturity,  with  small,  inconspicuous  lenticels;  leaf -buds  below  medium  in  size 
and  length,  conical,  strongly  appressed. 

Leaves  flattened,  obovate  or  oval,  two  inches  wide,  three  and  three-quarters  inches 
long;  upper  surface  dark  green,  smooth,  sparsely  hairy  along  the  grooved  midrib;  lower 
surface  silvery-green,  faintly  pubescent;  apex  acute,  base  abrupt,  margin  serrate, 
eglandular  or  with  small  dark  glands;  petiole  five-eighths  inch  long,  thick,  lightly 
pubescent,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  greenish-yellow  glands. 

Blooming  season  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  and  one-eighth 
inches  across,  white;  borne  in  scattering  clusters  on  lateral  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs; 
pedicels  nine-sixteenths  inch  long,  glabrous  except  for  a  few  scattering  hairs;  calyx- 
tube  green,  campanulate,  pubescent  at  the  base;  calyx-lobes  obtuse,  lightly  pubescent 
on  both  surfaces,  glandular-serrate,  reflexed;  petals  obovate,  crenate,  tapering  to  short, 
broad  claws;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  three-eighths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous, 
longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  late,  season  of  medium  length;  one  and  five-eighths  inches  by  one  and  one- 
eighth  inches  in  size,  long-oval,  halves  unequal;  cavity  shallow,  narrow,  abrupt,  reg- 
ular; suture  shallow;  apex  slightly  pointed;  color  dark  reddish-purple  changing  to 


HUDSON 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  245 

purplish-black,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  russet,  incon- 
spicuous; stem  slender,  one  inch  long,  sparingly  pubescent;  skin  thin,  tender,  sour, 
separating  readily;  flesh  golden-yellow,  juicy,  rather  tender,  sweet  next  the  skin  but 
sour  towards  the  center,  aromatic;  good;  stone  one  and  one-eighth  inches  by  five- eighths 
inch  in  size,  sometimes  reddish,  ovate,  roughened  and  faintly  pitted,  acute  at  the  base 
and  apex;  ventral  suture  wide,  with  numerous  ridges ;  dorsal  suture  with  a  wide,  shallow 
groove. 

HTTLINGS 
Prunus  domestica 

i.  Prince  Treat.  Hort.  23.  1828.  2.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  261.  1832.  3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees 
Am.  277.  1845.  4.  Horticulturist  1:1 66.  1846.  5.  Ant.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  86.  1862.  6.  Hogg  Fruit 
Man.  705.  1884.  7.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  435.  1885.  8.  Guide  Prat.  158,  366.  1895. 

Gloire  de  NewYork,  6,  7,  8.  Huling's  Superb  7,  8.  Ruling's  Superb  i,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6.  Huling's 
Treffliche  7.  Keiser  2.  Keyser's  Plum  3,  6,  7,  8.  Superbe  de  Ruling  8. 

Hulings  is  one  of  the  largest  of  the  Reine  Claude  group  of  plums  and 
a  remarkably  fine  fruit  in  every  respect.  It  is  particularly  agreeable  to 
the  taste  because  of  its  sprightliness,  which  so  many  plums  of  its  type 
lack.  As  this  variety  grows  in  New  York  it  has  much  to  recommend  it 
for  commercial  plantations.  Its  lack  of  popularity  among  planters  is  due 
somewhat  to  the  wholesale  substitution  by  nurserymen  of  spurious  varie- 
ties for  it.  Hulings  originated  early  in  the  last  century  with  a  Mr.  Keyser 
of  Pennsylvania  who  grew  it  from  seed,  but  Dr.  W.  E.  Hulings  of  the  same 
state  brought  it  to  public  notice. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  dense-topped,  productive;  branchlets  brasn, 
thick,  pubescent;  leaves  unusually  large,  obovate,  three  inches  wide,  six  and  one-half 
inches  long,  thick,  leathery,  rugose;  margin  crenate  or  serrate;  petiole  thick,  tinged 
red,  pubescent,  with  from  one  to  three  globose  glands. 

Fruit  maturing  in  mid-season;  about  one  and  seven-eighths  inches  in  diameter, 
roundish,  dull  greenish-yellow,  overspread  with  thin  bloom;  skin  thin,  somewhat  sour; 
flesh  greenish,  firm  but  tender,  sprightly;  good  to  very  good;  stone  clinging,  one  and 
one-eighth  inches  by  three-quarters  inch  in  size,  broad-oval,  medium  turgid, 'with  short, 
thick,  slightly  oblique  apex;  ventral  suture  often  winged;  dorsal  suture  wide,  deep. 

HUNGARIAN 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:61.  1771.  2.  Willichs  Dom.  Enc.  4:190.  1803.  3.  Land.  Hort.  Soc. 
Cat.  143,  148.  1831.  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  2nd  App.  156.  1876.  5.  Oberdieck  Deut.  Obst. 
Son.  404.  1881.  6.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:51,  fig.  26.  1866-73.  7-  Koch  Deut.  Obst.  568.  1876. 
8.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  452.  1889.  9.  Cal.  State  Board  Hon.  in  fig.  n.  1891.  10.  Lucas  Vollst. 
Hand.  Obst.  474.  1894.  n.  Lange  Allgem.  Garten.  2:421.  1897.  12.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  465. 
1893.  13.  Oregon  Sta.  Bui.  45:33.  1897.  14.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  109.  1901. 


246  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Autriche  Violette  (Pr.  de)  8.  Blaue  Dattel  Pflaume  8.  Blue  Egg- Plum  ?  2.  Dattede  Hungrie  13. 
Dattelzwetsche  6.  Datte  Violette  8.  Date  de  Hongrie  14.  Datte  de  Hongrie  4,  14.  Date  Plum  7. 
D'Autriche  3.  Fruhe  Dattelzwetsche  10.  Grosse  u.  Lange  Friih  Zwetsche  8.  Grosse  Frith 
Zwetsche  8.  Hungarian  Date  9.  Hungarian  Prune  ?  3,  14.  Hungarica  7.  Hungarian  Prune 
4,  ii,  12.  Hungarian  Plum  2.  Lange  Violette  Dattel  Zwetsche  8.  Osterreichische  Pflaume  8. 
Prune-Datte  3,  6.  Prune  Datte  Violette  3.  Prune  d'Autriche  6,  8.  Quetsche  de  Hongrie  8.  Quetsche 
Datte  Violette  8.  Quetsche  Datte  6,  8.  Quetsche-Datte  Violette  6.  Quetsche  Hongroise  i.  Quetsche 
de  Hongrie  6.  Sabel  Pflaume  8.  Spate  Dattel  Pflaume  8.  Vngarische  Pflaume  8.  Ungarische 
Dattelzwetsche  5.  Ungarishe  Sabel  Pflaume  8.  Violette  Dattelzwetsche  6.  Violette  Dattelzwetsche 
8.  Turkische  Zwetsche  8.  Ungarische  Zwetsche  8.  Virginische  Ludwig's  Pflaume  8. 

This  plum,  representing  a  type  hardly  known  in  America,  may  be  a 
descendant  of  a  species  distinct  from  Prunus  domestica,  and  if  not,  must 
at  least  be  considered  a  well-marked  division  of  the  species  named.  It 
differs  but  little  from  typical  Domestica  varieties  in  habit  of  growth  but 
the  leaves  are  smaller,  distinctly  folded,  and  droop,  giving  an  aspect  to 
the  tree  distinct  from  the  Domesticas  in  general.  But  it  is  the  fruit  that 
differs  most.  Fruit  and  stone  are  more  elongated  than  in  other  varieties 
of  its  supposed  species  and  the  stone  is  larger,  flatter,  more  pitted  and 
more  pointed  at  the  base  and  apex.  The  stem,  too,  is  longer  than  in  the 
average  Domestica.  These  differences  in  leaf,  fruit  and  pit  may  be  well 
seen  if  the  color-plate  of  this  variety  be  compared  with  those  of  well-recog- 
nized Domesticas.  It  is  doubtful  if  Hungarian  is  worth  cultivating  in 
New  York  though  it  is  larger  than  the  commonly  grown  German  Prune, 
with  which  it  must  be  compared,  and  is  fully  equal  if  not  better  in  quality 
but  its  type  is  unknown  and  consumers  hesitate  to  buy  the  unknown. 
It  is  well  worth  a  place  in  private  collections. 

Nothing  is  known  of  the  history  of  this  plum  other  than  that  it  has 
been  long  under  cultivation  and  that,  as  its  name  suggests,  it  came  from 
Hungary.  As  in  the  case  of  many  of  the  varieties  which  came  from  Hun- 
gary there  are  several  strains  of  this  plum.  The  variety  that  is  known  in 
America  as  Hungarian  was  reported  by  Downing  in  1876,  as  originating 
in  Belgium,  a  mistake,  as  this  is  known  to  have  been  widely  spread  for  a 
long  time  in  Europe  and  European  authorities  trace  it  back  to  Hungary. 
The  Ungarish  of  Budd,  the  Hungarian  Prune  of  the  Pacific  Coast  which 
is  Pond  Seedling,  and  the  Date  Plum,  a  yellow  plum  of  Downing,  all  pass- 
ing under  the  name  "  Hungarian,"  are  distinct  varieties. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  dense-topped,  hardy,  productive;  branches 
ash-gray,  smooth,  with  few,  small  lenticels;  branchlets  thick,  long,  with  internodes  of 
average  length,  greenish-red  changing  to  brownish-red,  dull,  sparsely  pubescent,  with  few, 
small,  inconspicuous  lenticels;  leaf-buds  of  medium  size  and  length,  conical,  appressed. 


HUNGARIAN 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  247 


• 


Leaves  drooping,  folded  upward,  oval  or  obovate,  one  and  five-eighths  inches 
wide,  three  and  one-quarter  inches  long,  thick;  upper  surface  dark  green,  rough,  hairy, 
with  a  deeply,  narrowly  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  pale  green,  pubescent;  apex 
and  base  acute,  margin  serrate,  eglandular  or  with  small  brown  glands;  petiole 
nine-sixteenths  inch  long,  pubescent,  tinged  red,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  globose, 
greenish-yellow  glands  usually  at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the 
leaves,  seven-eighths  inch  across,  the  buds  tinged  yellow,  changing  to  white  on  opening, 
not  clustered  but  distributed  on  lateral  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  seven-eighths 
inch  long,  very  slender,  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate,  pubescent; 
calyx-lobes  narrow,  acuminate,  thickly  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  glandular-serrate, 
reflexed;  petals  narrowly  ovate,  serrate,  converging  at  the  base  into  narrow  claws; 
anthers  yellowish;  filaments  seven-sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the 
stamens  in  length,  small,  slender. 

Fruit  late,  season  short;  one  and  five-eighths  inches  by  one  inch  in  size,  distinctly 
oblong,  somewhat  necked,  swollen  on  the  suture  side,  compressed,  halves  unequal; 
cavity  very  shallow  and  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  shallow;  apex  pointed;  color  dark 
reddish-purple,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  russet,  incon- 
spicuous; stem  slender,  one  and  one-eighth  inches  long,  pubescent,  adhering  well 
to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tough,  slightly  sour,  separating  readily;  flesh  yellowish-green, 
juicy,  firm  but  tender,  sweet,  mild;  good  to  very  good;  stone  semi-free  to  free,  one  and 
one-eighth  inches  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  irregular  long-oval,  flattened,  necked  at  the 
base,  acute  at  the  apex,  with  thickly  pitted  surfaces;  ventral  suture  wide,  blunt;  dorsal 
suture  with  a  wide,  deep  groove. 

ICKWORTH 

Prunus  domestica 

i  Card.  Chron.  1:734.  1841.  2.  Ibid.  2:176.  1842.  3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  302.  1845. 
4.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  345.  1849.  5-  Elliott  Fr.  Book.  420.  1854.  6.  Thompson  Card. 
Ass't  517.  1859.  7.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:57,  PI.  29.  1866-73.  8.  Barry  Fr.  Garden  413.  1883.  9. 
Hogg  Fruit  Man.  706.  1884.  10.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  435.  1889.  ir.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits 
358.  1891.  12.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:187.  1897.  13.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  no.  1901. 

Ickworth  Imperatrice  i,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  8,  9,  10,  n,  12.  Ickworth  Imperatrice  13.  Imperatrice 
Ickworth  10.  Imperatrice  Jckworth  7.  Jckworth  Imperatrice  7.  Knight's  No.6.  3,  5,  9,  10. 

Ickworth  is  hardly  known  in  America  though  in  England  it  is  a  favo- 
rite late  plum  noted  as  being  one  of  the  best  of  all  plums  for  late  keeping. 
In  New  York  the  plums  of  this  variety  are  too  small  for  the  market  and 
are  not  high  enough  in  quality  for  a  home  plum;  moreover,  the  plums 
do  not  always  ripen  in  this  latitude.  In  California  Ickworth  has  been 
found  to  make  a  very  good  prune  and  to  ship  very  well  in  the  green  state 
but  here  again  small  size  debars  it  from  great  commercial  value.  The 
habits  of  growth  of  Ickworth  are  very  good  and  so  markedly  so  that  when 


248  THE    PLUMS   OF   NEW    YORK. 

considered  with  the  late  keeping  qualities  of  the  fruit,  one  wishes  that  this 
variety  might  be  bred  with  a  larger  plum  of  better  quality  with  the  hope 
of  an  offspring  from  the  union  of  especial  value  as  a  late  plum. 

Knight,  the  noted  English  pomologist,  raised  this  plum  from  the  Impera- 
trice  fertilized  by  Golden  Drop  and  named  it  after  Ickworth  Park,  near 
Bury  St.  Edmunds.  Knight  aimed  in  raising  this  and  other  plums  to  pro- 
duce a  fruit  containing  sufficient  sugar  to  keep  well  and  not  shrivel.  In 
Ickworth  he  succeeded  to  a  high  degree. 

Tree  large,  rather  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  hardy,  productive;  branches  dark 
ash-gray,  roughened  by  the  numerous,  large,  raised  lenticels;  branchlets  of  medium 
thickness  and  length,  with  internodes  of  average  length,  green  changing  to  brownish- 
drab,  dull,  lightly  pubescent,  with  numerous,  inconspicuous,  small  lenticels,  leaf -buds 
small,  short,  conical,  appressed. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  obovate  or  oval,  one  and  three-eighths  inches  wide,  three 
inches  long,  thick,  leathery;  upper  surface  dark  green,  shining,  pubescent  only  along 
the  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  sparingly  pubescent;  apex  abruptly 
pointed  or  acute,  base  acute,  margin  crenate,  with  small  dark  glands;  petiole  one- half 
inch  long,  thick,  greenish,  pubescent  along  one  side,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  four 
large,  reniform  or  globose,  yellowish-brown  glands  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Season  of  bloom  intermediate,  long;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  inch 
across,  white;  borne  in  thin  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedi- 
cels seven-sixteenths  inch  long,  below  medium  in  thickness,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx- 
tube  green,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  broad,  obtuse,  lightly  pubescent,  with 
few  glands  and  marginal  hairs,  erect;  petals  roundish  or  roundish-oval,  finely  crenate, 
tapering  below  to  short,  broad  claws;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  one-quarter  inch 
long;  pistil  glabrous,  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  very  late,  season  long;  one  and  three-eighth  inches  by  one  and  one-quarter 
inches  in  size,  oval  or  roundish-oval,  sometimes  slightly  compressed,  halves  unequal; 
cavity  shallow,  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  shallow,  wide;  apex  one-sided,  roundish  or 
depressed;  color  purplish-red  changing  to  purplish-black,  mottled,  overspread  with 
thick  bloom,  dots  numerous,  very  small,  inconspicuous,  scattered  between  irregular 
flecks  and  nettings;  stem  thirteen-sixteenths  inch  long,  lightly  pubescent,  adhering 
well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thick,  tender,  adhering;  flesh  dull  yellowish,  juicy,  sweet,  mild, 
pleasant;  good;  stone  usually  clinging,  seven-eighths  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size, 
irregularly  oval,  flattened,  faintly  pitted,  acute  at  the  base,  blunt  at  the  apex;  ventral 
suture  wide,  heavily  furrowed,  swollen;  dorsal  suture  widely  and  shallowly  grooved. 

IMPERATRICE 

Prunus  domestica 

I.  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  67,  69.  1699.  2.  Langley  Pomona.  95,  PI.  XXV  fig.  III.  1729. 
3.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  105,  PI.  XVIII.  1768.  4.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  2:45,  Tab-  20°  fig-  2- 


ICKWORTH 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  249 

1796.  5.  Miller  Card.  Diet.  3.  1807.  6.  Forsyth  Treat.  FT.  Trees  20.  1803.  7.  Pom.  Mag.  i: 
33.  1828.  8.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  148.  1831.  9.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:60.  1832.  10.  Downing 
Fr.  Trees  Am.  290.  1845.  IX-  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  287,  383.  1846.  12.  Thomas  Am. 
Fruit  Cult.  344.  1849.  Z3-  Elliott  Fr.  Book  416.  1854.  14.  Mclntosh  Bk.  Card.  2:529.  1855. 
15.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  515.  1859.  16.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:101.  1873.  X7-  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat. 
36.  1877.  18.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  687.  1884.  19.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  423,  452.  1889.  20.  Guide 
Prat.  161,  358.  1895. 

Blue  Perdrigon,  of  some  a.  Blaue  Kaiserin  19.  Blue  Imperatrice  9,  10,  12,  13,  14,  15,  17, 
1 8.  Blue  Imperatrice  16,  19.  Die  Veischenfarbige  Kaiserinnpflaume  4.  Empress  r.  Empress 
5,  6,  9,  18,  19.  Fursten  Zwetsche  19.  Furstenzwetsche  20.  Hoheitspflaume  19,  20.  Imperatrice 
Blue  8.  Imperatrice  7,  8,  9,  10,  iz,  13,  14,  15,  18,  19.  Imperatrice  Violette  3,  16,  20.  Imperatrice 
Violette  4,  7,  8,  9,  10,  n,  13,  14,  15,  18,  19.  Late  Red  Imperial  9.  Late  Violet,  of  some  2.  Prin- 
zessin  Pftaume  19.  Prune  d'Altesse  ?  9.  Red  Magnum  Bonum  9.  Red  Imperial  9.  Smith's  large 
October  ?  9.  The  Imperatrice  Plum  7.  Veritable  Imperatrice  8,  10,  13,  14,  15,  19.  Violette  8, 
10,  13,  14,  15,  19.  Violette  Kaiserin  19.  Violette  Kaiserin  16,  20.  Violet  Empress  9,  19. 

Imperatrice  has  been  long  known  and  widely  grown  but  the  variety 
has  no  especial  cultural  value  in  the  United  States,  the  fruit  being  too 
small  and  too  poor  in  quality.  If  it  has  any  merit,  it  is  keeping  quality, 
the  fruit  hanging  well  on  the  tree  and  keeping  well,  even  improving  after 
picking. 

This  is  an  old  variety,  well  known  in  Austria,  France  and  England 
during  the  Seventeenth  and  Eighteenth  Centuries.  Like  most  long-known 
varieties  its  nomenclature  is  badly  confused.  Writers  have  confounded 
it  with  Semiana,  the  Perdrigons,  German  Prune  and  other  plums  of  similar 
appearance.  Duhamel  regarded  this  variety  as  Perdrigon  Late,  holding  that 
the  true  Imperatrice  is  nearly  round.  Calvel,  also,  describes  a  roundish 
plum  under  this  name  in  his  Traite  Complet  sur  les  Pepinieres.  It  is 
probable,  however,  that  both  Duhamel  and  Calvel  were  mistaken  as  all 
other  authors  describe  an  obovate  plum.  This  variety  was  introduced  into 
America  early  in  the  last  century  but  has  never  become  popular.  It  is  of 
interest,  nevertheless,  since  it  has  been  a  leading  European  variety,  is  a 
parent  of  a  number  of  other  varieties  and  its  name  is  given  to  a  group  of 
plums.  The  American  Pomological  Society  added  it  to  its  fruit  catalog 
list  in  1877,  but  dropped  it  in  1883. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  productive;  leaves  obovate  or  oval,  two 
and  one-quarter  inches  wide,  four  and  one-quarter  inches  long,  slightly  rugose;  margin 
crenate;  petiole  one  inch  long,  thick,  tinged  red,  pubescent,  glandless,  or  with  one  or 
two  small  glands  usually  at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Fruit  late ;  one  and  one-half  inches  by  one  and  three-eighths  inches  in  size,  roundish 
or  ovate,  purplish-black,  overspread  with  medium  thick  bloom;  flesh  golden-yellow, 
rather  dry,  firm  but  tender,  sweet;  of  fair  quality;  stone  free,  one  inch  by  three-quarters 
inch  in  size,  roundish-ovate,  the  surfaces  often  granular  and  with  a  reddish  tinge. 


250  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

IMPERIAL  EPINEUSE 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Cal.  State  Bd.  Hort.  48,  50.  1897-98.  2.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Div.  Pom.  Bui.  7:316.  1898.  3.  Can. 
Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:53.  1900.  4.  Bailey  Cyc.  Hort.  1378.  1901.  5.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  2 2 1 , 
224.  1908. 

Clairac  Mammoth  i,  5.     Imperial  Epineux  3. 

Imperial  Epineuse  is  well  worthy  a  trial  in  New  York.  It  is  not  sur- 
passed in  quality  by  any  other  plum  of  its  color.  It  is  one  of  the  largest 
plums  in  the  Prune  group  and  is  made  further  attractive  by  a  handsome 
reddish-purple  color  which  is  lighter  or  darker  according  to  the  exposure 
of  the  plums  to  the  sun.  As  grown  in  two  orchards  near  Geneva  the  tree- 
characters  are  exceptionally  good;  the  crop  is  so  borne  on  the  main  limbs 
as  to  be  protected  from  the  sun  and  the  tree  is  particularly  large  and  vigor- 
ous, its  strong  upright  growth  being  a  striking  characteristic  of  the  variety. 
If  the  variety  proves  to  be  as  valuable  elsewhere  in  the  State  in  all  char- 
acters as  it  is  here  it  cannot  but  make  a  very  desirable  plum  for  the  market. 

The  Imperial  Epineuse  was  found  growing  as  a  chance  seedling  about 
1870  in  an  abandoned  monastery  near  Clairac,  in  the  Valley  of  Lot,  the 
great  prune  district  of  France.  It  was  first  brought  to  the  United  States 
by  Felix  Gillett  of  Nevada  City,  California,  who  received  the  variety  with 
several  others  in  1883,  three  years  previous  to  a  similar  importation  made 
by  John  Rock  of  Niles,  California.  After  testing  the  variety  Mr.  Gillett 
mentioned  it,  without  a  name,  in  his  catalog  in  1888  but  owing  to  the 
scarcity  of  the  trees  was  unable  to  introduce  it  to  the  trade  until  1893 
when  it  was  sent  out  under  the  name  "  Clairac  Mammoth,"  from  the  name 
of  its  place  of  origin.  In  1895  E.  Smith  &  Sons  of  Geneva,  New  York,  received 
this  variety  from  Gillett  and  grew  it  under  the  name  "Clarice  Mammoth". 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  fairly  productive;  branches  numerous,  covered 
with  many  fruit-spurs;  branchlets  twiggy,  marked  with  scarf-skin;  leaf -buds  large, 
very  free,  broad  at  the  base;  leaves  folded  backward,  obovate,  one  and  three-quarters 
inches  wide,  three  and  one-half  inches  long,  thick,  rugose,  glabrous  except  along  the 
deeply  and  widely  grooved  midrib;  petiole  one  inch  long,  tinged  red,  glandless  or  with 
from  one  to  three  globose  glands;  blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length; 
flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  inch  across,  singly  or  in  threes. 

Fruit  rather  late,  season  short  to  medium  in  length;  large,  slightly  obovate, 
purplish-red,  darker  on  the  sunny  side,  mottled,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  flesh 
greenish-yellow,  fibrous,  rather  tender,  sweet,  agreeable  in  flavor;  good  to  very  good; 
stone  clinging,  one  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  irregular-oval,  flattened,  obliquely 
but  bluntly  contracted  at  the  base,  with  pitted  surfaces;  ventral  suture  narrow,  prom- 
inent, often  distinctly  winged. 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  251 

IMPERIAL  GAGE 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Am.  Card.  Cal.  588.  1806.  2.  Prince  Treat.  Hort.  25,  26.  1828.  3.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat. 
147,  148.  1831.  4.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:56.  1832.  5.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  209.  1835.  6.  Mag. 
Hort.  6:123.  1840.  7.  Cultivator  10:167  fig.  1843.  8.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  278  fig.  107. 
1845.  9-  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  302,  383.  1846.  10.  N.  Y.  Agr.  Soc.  Rpt.  343  fig.  1847. 
ii.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  325,  326  fig.  254.  1849.  12.  Mag.  Hort.  16:454.  1850.  13.  Am. 
Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  54.  1852.  14.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  411.  1854.  15.  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.  148,  PI.  5 
fig.  i.  1864.  16.  Barry  Fr.  Garden  413.  1883.  17.  Mathieu  Nam.  Pom.  443.  1889.  18.  Wick- 
son  Cal.  Fruits  355.  1891.  19.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  103:34.  1894.  20.  Guide  Prat.  154,  364.  1895. 
21.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:187.  1897.  22.  Va.  Sta.  Bui.  134:42.  1902.  23.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162: 
239.  254,  255.  1905. 

Flushing  Gage  7,  8,  n,  12,  14,  15,  17,  20.  Flushing  Gage  3,  9.  Harper  22.  Imperial  Gage 
17,  20.  Imperial  Green  Gage  7.  Jenkinson's  Imperial  6,  14,  15.  Prince's  Gage  4,  12,  17.  Prince's 
Imperial  Gage  4,  5,  6,  10.  Prinzens  Kaiser  Reine  Claude  20.  Prince's  Kaiser  Reine-Claude  17. 
Prince's  Imperial  Gage  8,  n,  14,  15,  17,  20.  Prince's  White  Gage  4,  12,  17.  Reine-Claude  de  Flush- 
ings 20.  Reine-Claude  Imperiale  20.  Reine-Claude  Imperiale  17.  Reine-Claude  Verte  Imperials 
17.  Reine-Claude  Imperiale  de  Prince  17,  20.  Reine-Claude  Blanche  de  Boston  17,  20.  Reine- 
Claude  Verte  Superieure  20.  Superior  Gage  9.  Superior  Green  Gage  12,  14,  15,  17,  20.  Superior 
Green  Gage  ?  3.  Superiour  Green  Gage  8.  White  Gage  ?  i,  2,  20.  White  Gage  14,  15.  White  Gage 
of  Boston  7,  8,  n,  17. 

Probably  there  is  more  contradictory  evidence  as  to  the  value  of 
Imperial  Gage  than  of  any  other  American  grown  plum.  It  is  down  in 
some  of  the  fruit  books  as  being  the  largest  of  all  the  Reine  Claude  plums 
and  in  others  as  being  too  small  to  be  desirable ;  in  some,  as  being  of  highest 
quality  and  in  others  as  being  quite  too  insipid  to  be  called  a  dessert  fruit. 
These  contradictions  have  arisen  because  the  variety  grows  quite  differ- 
ently in  different  soils.  The  Imperial  Gage  is  best  adapted  to  light  sandy 
soils,  growing  largest  and  being  best  in  quality  on  such  soils  and  making 
the  poorest  show  of  all  on  heavy  clay.  The  illustration  in  The  Plums  of 
New  York  shows  it  as  it  grows  on  an  unsuitable  soil — small,  poorly  colored, 
worthless  for  a  money-crop  and  not  very  desirable  for  home  use.  The 
technical  description  is  also  based  on  trees  grown  and  fruit  produced  on 
soil  to  which  it  is  illy-dapted.  The  trees  from  which  these  fruits  came  are 
nearly  perfect  in  habits  of  growth,  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy  and  bearing  large 
crops  of  plums — such  as  they  are.  On  suitable  soils  the  variety  possesses 
all  .the  qualities  that  constitute  a  fine  plum,  the  product  being  adapted 
alike  for  dessert,  canning,  home  and  market.  It  has  an  especially  agree- 
able flavor  in  all  the  various  culinary  preparations  in  which  it  can  be  used. 
Its  capriciousness  does  not  warrant  its  being  largely  planted  but  for  selected 
locations  it  will  prove  a  most  valuable  fruit. 


252  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

The  Princes  in  their  nursery  at  Flushing,  Long  Island,  New  York, 
about  the  year  1790,  planted  the  pits  of  twenty-five  quarts  of  the  Green 
Gage  plum  and  from  these  produced,  among  others,  a  plum  which  they 
called  the  White  Gage.  William  R.  Prince,  in  order  to  distinguish  this 
variety  from  the  other  Gage  plums,  changed  the  name  to  Prince's  Imperial 
Gage,  now  shortened  to  Imperial  Gage.  In  1852,  the  American  Pomolo- 
gical  Society  placed  it  on  its  catalog  list  of  recommended  fruits. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  hardy,  very  productive; 
branches  ash-gray,  smooth,  with  conspicuous,  transverse  cracks  in  the  bark,  with  len- 
ticels  of  medium  size;  branchlets  slender,  short,  with  internodes  above  medium  in 
length,  greenish-red  changing  to  dark  brownish-red,  dull,  sparingly  pubescent  throughout 
the  season,  with  small,  inconspicuous  lenticels;  leaf-buds  medium  in  size  and  length, 
conical,  appressed. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  oval  or  slightly  obovate,  one  and  seven-eighths  inches 
wide,  three  and  one-quarter  inches  long,  thick;  upper  surface  dark  green,  rugose,  pubes- 
cent, with  a  shallow  groove  on  the  midrib;  lower  surface  yellowish-green,  pubescent; 
apex  abruptly  pointed,  base  acute,  margin  crenate,  with  small  dark  glands;  petiole 
one-half  inch  long,  thick,  pubescent,  purplish-red  along  one  side,  glandless  or  with 
one  or  two  small,  globose,  yellowish-green  glands  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  short;  flowers  one  and  one-eighth  inches  across,  white;  borne 
on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  three-quarters  inch  long,  pubes- 
cent, greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate,  pubescent,  with  a  swollen  ring  at  the 
base;  calyx-lobes  above  medium  in  width,  obtuse,  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  glandular- 
serrate,  slightly  reflexed;  petals  broadly  obovate,  crenate,  tapering  below  to  short, 
broad  claws;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  three-eighths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous, 
longer  than  the  stamens;  stigma  large. 

Fruit  intermediate  in  time  and  length  of  ripening  season;  one  and  nine-sixteenths 
inches  in  diameter,  oval  or  slightly  ovate,  compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity  very  shallow 
and  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  shallow,  often  a  line;  apex  roundish  or  depressed;  color 
dull  greenish-yellow,  with  obscure  green  streaks,  mottled  and  sometimes  faintly  tinged 
red  on  the  sunny  side,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  grayish, 
obscure,  clustered  about  the  apex;  stem  three-quarters  inch  long,  pubescent,  adhering 
well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tender,  separating  readily;  flesh  golden-yellow,  juicy,  firm 
but  tender,  sweet,  mild;  good  to  very  good;  stone  nearly  free,  one  inch  by  five-eighths 
inch  in  size,  oval,  flattened,  with  pitted  surfaces;  rather  blunt  at  the  base  becoming 
acute  in  the  largest  fruits,  very  blunt  at  the  apex;  ventral  suture  wide,  ridged;  dorsal 
suture  widely  and  deeply  grooved. 

ITALIAN  PRUNE 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  152.  1831.  2.  Prince  Pont.  Man.  2:78.  1832.  3.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch. 
262.  1832.  4.  Manning  Book  of  Fruits  106.  1838.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  214,  220.  1856. 


IMPERIAL  GAGE 


THE    PLUMS   OF   NEW    YORK.  253 

6.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  381.  1857.  7.  Cultivator  8:52  fig.  1860.  8.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  366.  1866. 
g.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  924.  1869.  10.  Pom.  France  f:No.  22,  fig.  1871.  n.  Mas  Le  Verger 
6:69,  fig.  35.  1866-73.  I2-  Oberdieck  Deitt.  Obst.  Sort.  442.  1881.  13.  Lauche  Deut.  Pom.  No.  2, 
PI.  4,  22.  1882.  14.  Barry  Fr.  Garden  412.  1883.  15.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  360.  1887.  16. 
Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  436.  1889.  17.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  358.  1891.  18.  Guide  Prat.  155,  362. 
1895.  *9-  Oregon  Sta.  Bui.  43:23  fig.  1897.  20.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:187,  fig.  44.  1897.  21. 
Was/t.  Sta.  Bui.  38:7,  8.  1899.  22.  W.  N.  Y.  Hart.  Soc.  Rpt.  44:92.  1899.  23.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
in  fig.  1901.  24.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Div.  Pom.  Bui.  10:6.  1901.  25.  Mass.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  17:158.  1905. 
AUesse  Double  8,  9,  10,  15,  18.  August  Zwetsche  16.  Auguste  Zwetsche  10,  18.  Blaue  Riesen- 
zwetsche  16,  18.  Bleue  d'ltalie  15.  Couetsche  d'ltalie  18.  Couetsche  Fellenberg  10,  18.  D'ltalie  18. 
Double  Blackpruim  16,  18.  Fausse  AUesse  16,  18.  Fellemberg  14.  Fellemberg  8,  16,  18. 
Fellenberg  5,  9,  n,  16,  18,  19,  20,  23.  Fellenburg  22.  Fellenberg  5,  6,  7,  9,  17.  Fellenburg  25. 
Fellemberg  10,  18.  Fellenberg  Quetsche  16,  18.  Fellenberger  Zwetsche  12,  13,  16,  18.  Grosse  Friih 
Zwetsche  ?  1 6.  German  Prune  19,  22.  Italienische  Blaue  Zwetsche  u,  16.  Italianische  blaue  zwetsche  18. 
Italian  Guetsche  10,  18.  Italian  Prune  6,  7,  10,  u,  16,  17,  18,  25.  Italian  Quetsche  8,  9,  15,  16. 
Italianische  Zwetsche  18.  Italienische  Pflaumen  Zwetsche  16.  Italienische  Zwetsche  n,  13. 
Italianische  Zwetsche  10.  Italianische  blanc  Zwetsche  10.  Italienische  Zwetsche  12,  13,  16.  Large 
German  Prune  17.  Prune  d'ltalie  8,  9,  10,  16.  Pftaume  mit  dem  Pfirschenblatt  18.  Pftaume  Mil 
dem  Pfirsichblatt  16.  Prwntf  Suisse  6.  Quetsche  18.  Quetsche  Bleue  d'ltalie  10,  n,  16,  18.  Quetsche 
d'ltalie  i,  10,  n,  15,  18.  Quetsche  d'ltalie  3,  8,  9,  n,  16.  Schweizer  Zwetsche  12,  13,  16.  Schwei- 
zerzwetsche  18.  SIMM  Prune  17,  19,  22.  Semiana  8,  10,  16,  18.  Turkish  Prune  22.  Zwetsche 
von  Ddtlikon  16,  18. 

The  Italian  Prune  is  one  of  the  most  widely  grown  of  all  plums.  Its 
home  is  Italy  and  it  is  grown  in  all  of  the  plum  regions  of  continental 
Europe ;  is  well  known  in  England ;  is  third  or  fourth  in  popularity  in  the 
Atlantic  States  of  America ;  is  by  long  odds  the  leading  plum  in  the  Pacific 
Northwest  where  it  is  chiefly  used  in  prune-making  and  is  grown  some- 
what for  prunes  and  for  shipping  green  in  California.  There  are  several 
reasons  why  this  plum  is  so  popular.  To  begin  with,  it  is  finely  flavored 
whether  eaten  out  of  hand,  stewed  or  otherwise  prepared  for  the  table 
or  cured  as  a  prune.  The  fruit  is  a  little  too  tart  to  be  ranked  as  a  first- 
rate  dessert  plum  and  yet  it  is  one  of  the  best  of  the  prunes  for  this  pur- 
pose, though  it  must  be  fully  ripe  to  be  fit  for  dessert;  in  cooking  it  changes 
to  a  dark,  wine  color,  very  attractive  in  appearance,  with  a  most  pleasant, 
sprightly  flavor;  as  a  cured  prune  the  flesh  is  firm  and  meaty,  yet  elastic, 
of  good  color  and  a  perfect  freestone,  making  when  cooked  the  same  attrac- 
tive looking,  fine -flavored,  sprightly  sauce  to  be  had  from  the  green  fruits ; 
the  prunes  from  this  variety,  too,  are  noted  for  long-keeping.  In  the  un- 
cured  state  the  variety  keeps  and  ships  well.  The  trees  are  usually  large, 
hardy,  productive,  well  formed  and  bear  regularly;  yet  they  are  not  ideal 
and  the  variety  fails  chiefly  in  tree-characters.  The  trees  are  often  capri- 
cious to  soil  and  climate,  do  not  always  bear  well,  seem  to  be  susceptible 
to  diseases,  are  preyed  upon  by  insects  and  suffer  in  particular  from  dry 


254  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

or  hot  weather.  Were  all  of  these  troubles  of  the  tree  to  befall  the  variety 
at  one  time  it  would  of  necessity  give  way  to  better  sorts,  but  happily  they 
are  to  be  found  for  most  part  in  illy  adapted  conditions  or  in  certain  sea- 
sons ;  the  Italian  Prune  well  cared  for  in  locations  to  which  it  is  suited  must 
long  remain  one  of  the  leading  plums  despite  the  faults  of  the  trees. 

The  Italian  Prune  originated  in  Italy  at  least  a  century  ago  and  has 
long  been  common  in  northern  Italy,  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  Milan. 
The  London  Horticultural  Society  catalog  for  1831  first  mentions  it  in 
England  and  the  following  year  it  was  described  in  America  by  Prince 
as  an  excellent  prune  recently  introduced  from  Europe.  The  American 
Pomological  Society  recommended  it  in  1856  as  worthy  of  further  testing 
and  in  1862  it  was  added  to  the  fruit  catalog  list  of  this  society.  The 
origin  of  the  name  Fellenberg,  a  very  common  synonym,  is  explained 
by  Lauche  '  who  says:  "  It  came  to  Germany  through  a  Mr.  Fellenberg 
and  is  therefore  spread  under  his  name  and  also  under  the  names  Schwei- 
zerzwetsche  and  Fellenberger  Zwetsche."  He  further  adds  that  the  variety 
"  is  still  not  known  in  Germany  as  it  deserves,  considering  its  quality, 
size  and  productiveness." 

Tree  of  medium  size,  rather  vigorous,  spreading  or  upright,  low-topped,  hardy, 
usually  productive;  branches  ash-gray,  smooth,  with  small,  raised  lenticels;  branchlets 
short,  with  internodes  of  medium  length,  greenish-red  changing  to  brownish-drab, 
pubescent,  with  small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  of  medium  size  and  length,  conical,  ap- 
pressed;  leaf -scars  large. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  obovate  or  oval,  two  inches  wide,  four  and  one-half  inches 
long;  upper  surface  dark  green,  pubescent;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  heavily  pubes- 
cent; apex  and  base  acute,  margin  doubly  crenate,  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole 
five-eighths  inch  long,  above  medium  thickness,  pubescent,  tinged  red,  with  from  one  to 
three  globose,  greenish-brown  glands  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Season  of  bloom  intermediate  and  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one 
and  three-sixteenths  inches  across,  in  the  buds  tinged  yellow,  changing  to  white  when 
expanded;  borne  on  lateral  spurs,  rarely  on  lateral  buds,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels 
three-quarters  inch  long,  thick,  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate, 
pubescent  at  the  base;  calyx-lobes  long  and  narrow,  acute  or  narrowly  obtuse,  pubes- 
cent on  both  surfaces  and  along  the  glandular-serrate  margin,  reflexed,  inclined  to  curl 
at  the  tips;  petals  oval  or  obovate,  dentate,  tapering  to  broad  claws  of  medium  length; 
anthers  yellowish;  filaments  seven-sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  pubescent  at  the  base, 
equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  late,  season  short;  one  and  seven-eighths  inches  by  one  and  one-half  inches 
in  size,  long-oval,  enlarged  on  the  suture  side,  slightly  compressed,  halves  unequal; 


'Lauche  Devi.  Pom..  No.  2.    1882. 


ITALIAN  PRUNE 


THE    PLUMS   OF   NEW    YORK.  255 

cavity  very  shallow  and  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  shallow  to  medium;  apex  bluntly 
pointed;  color  purplish-black,  overspread  with  very  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small, 
light  brown,  somewhat  conspicuous;  stem  inserted  at  one  side  of  the  base,  one  inch 
in  length,  pubescent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  somewhat  tough,  separating 
readily;  flesh  greenish-yellow  changing  to  yellow,  juicy,  firm,  subacid,  slightly  aromatic; 
very  good  to  best;  stone  free,  smaller  than  the  cavity,  one  inch  by  five-eighths  inch 
in  size,  irregular-oval,  flattened,  roughened  and  pitted,  necked  at  the  base,  abruptly 
tipped  at  the  apex;  ventral  suture  prominent,  heavily  ridged,  sometimes  strongly 
winged;  dorsal  suture  widely  and  deeply  grooved. 

JAPEX 

Triflora   X 

i.  N.  Y.  £*/>.  Sta.  Rpt.  12:611.    1893. 
Japanese  Seedling  X.  i. 

This  plum,  parentage  unknown,  was  received  from  Burbank  by  the 
New  York  Experiment  Station  in  1893  for  testing,  under  the  name  Jap- 
anese Seedling  X.  While  in  no  way  wonderfully  remarkable,  its  earliness, 
attractive  color,  good  quality  and  productiveness  have  been  such  that  it 
has  been  retained,  the  cumbersome  name  having  been  changed  to  Japex. 
The  majority  of  the  characters  of  the  variety  are  plainly  those  of  Triflora, 
yet  the  fruits  in  appearance  would  lead  one  to  call  it  a  Domestica. 

Tree  very  large,  vigorous,  vasiform,  very  productive;  branches  slender,  sparingly 
thorny;  leaf-scars  thick;  leaf -buds  unusually  short;  leaves  obovate  or  ovate,  two  and 
one-quarter  inches  wide,  four  inches  long;  margin  finely  serrate  varying  to  crenate, 
with  few  dark  glands;  blooming  season  short;  flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves; 
borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs. 

Fruit  very  early,  season  short;  one  and  one-eighth  inches  in  diameter,  roundish, 
dark  purplish- red  or  purplish-black,  covered  with  medium  thick  bloom;  flesh  light 
yellow,  very  juicy,  somewhat  melting,  sweet  next  to  the  skin,  but  tart  near  the  pit, 
aromatic;  good;  stone  clinging,  three-quarters  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  oval. 

JEFFERSON 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  279,  280  fig.  108.  1845.  2-  Horticulturist  1:11,  93.  1846.  3. 
Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  420.  1846.  4.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  325,  326,  fig.  251.  1849. 
5.  Mag.  Hart.  16:453  fig-  25.  1850.  6.  Hovey  Fr.  Am.  2:1,  PL  1851.  7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat. 
54.  1852.  8.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  411.  1854.  9.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  518,  PI.  i.  1859.  10.  Mas 
Le  Verger  6:17,  PI.  9.  1866-73.  "•  Pom.  France  7:No.  28.  1871.  12.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  707. 
1884.  13.  Gaudier  Pom.  Prak.  Obst.  No.  95,  Col.  pi.  1894.  14.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:188.  1897. 

Bingham  incor.  2,  8.     Prune  Jefferson  n. 


256  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Jefferson  has  long  been  popular  in  America  and  is  highly  spoken  of 
by  English,  French  and  German  pomologists  as  well,  possibly  ranking 
highest  in  the  Old  World  of  all  Domesticas  which  have  had  their  origin 
in  America.  The  popularity  of  the  variety  is  waning,  however,  chiefly 
because  it  is  lacking  in  the  essentials  demanded  in  a  market  fruit.  There 
can  be  no  question  as  to  the  standing  of  Jefferson  as  to  quality — it  is  one 
of  the  best  of  all  dessert  plums.  Grown  under  favorable  conditions  and 
when  fully  ripe,  it  is  a  golden-yellow  with  a  delicate  blush  and  bloom, 
large  for  a  plum  in  the  Reine  Claude  group,  a  well-turned  oval  in  shape, 
withal  one  of  the  handsomest  plums.  The  color-plate  maker  did  not 
do  it  justice.  It  fails  as  a  market  variety  because  the  trees  are  late  in 
coming  in  bearing,  not  always  certain  in  bearing,  a  little  particular 
as  to  soils  and  not  quite  hardy  though  one  of  the  hardiest  of  all  Reine 
Claudes.  Both  tree  and  fruit  are  too  delicate  for  the  market -grower  and 
the  market -men.  As  to  its  value  for  private  places  and  fruit  connoisseurs 
there  can  be  no  doubt — it  is  one  of  the  choicest.  It  would  seem  that  there 
should  be  a  place  for  Jefferson  for  the  fancy  trade  in  the  markets,  as  it 
would  grace  the  show-window  of  any  delicatessen  store ;  but  unfortunately 
there  are  few  fruit-growers  in  America  to  cater  to  such  a  trade. 

Jefferson  was  raised  by  a  Judge  Buel,  Albany,  New  York,  about  1825. 
The  originator  presented  a  tree  of  this  variety  to  the  Massachusetts  Hor- 
ticultural Society  in  1829,  and  in  1841  trees  were  given  to  the  London 
Horticultural  Society  which  fruited  in  1845.  The  parentage  of  the  variety 
is  unknown;  Floy  thought  it  was  a  seedling  of  Washington;  Elliott  sug- 
gested that  it  was  "  from  a  seed  of  Coe's  Golden  Drop,  which  in  growth 
and  wood,  it  closely  resembles."  In  1852,  the  American  Pomological 
Society  placed  this  variety  on  its  catalog  list  of  fruits  worthy  of  general 
cultivation. 

Tree  medium  to  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  open-topped,  hardy  at  Geneva,  productive ; 
branches  ash-gray,  smooth,  with  small,  numerous,  lenticels;  branchlets  slender,  short) 
with  long  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  dark  brownish-red,  dull,  lightly  pubes- 
cent, with  inconspicuous,  small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  large,  long,  pointed,  appressed. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  obovate,  one  and  three-quarters  inches  wide,  three  and  three- 
quarters  inches  long,  thick;  upper  surface  sparingly  pubescent,  with  a  grooved  midrib; 
lower  surface  yellowish-green,  pubescent;  apex  and  base  acute,  margin  serrate,  with 
small,  dark  glands;  petiole  three-quarters  inch  long,  tinged  purplish-red  along  one  side, 
glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  small,  globose,  yellowish  glands  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Season  of  bloom  medium,  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  and  one- 
eighth  inches  across,  white;  borne  on  lateral  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  three- 


JEFFERSON 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  257 

quarters  inch  long,  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate,  glabrous, 
with  a  swollen  ring  at  the  base;  calyx-lobes  obtuse,  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  glan- 
dular-serrate and  with  fine  marginal  hairs,  erect;  petals  roundish  or  obovate,  dentate, 
tapering  to  very  short  and  broad  claws;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  five-sixteenths 
inch  long;  pistil  pubescent  at  the  base,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  long;  one  and  five-eighths  inches  by  one  and 
one-half  inches  in  size,  roundish-oval,  not  compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity  shallow, 
narrow,  abrupt;  suture  very  shallow,  indistinct;  apex  roundish;  color  greenish-yellow, 
changing  to  bronze-yellow,  sometimes  with  faint  pink  blush  on  the  exposed  cheek, 
often  indistinctly  streaked  and  mottled  with  green  before  full  maturity;  dots  numerous, 
very  small,  gray  or  reddish,  inconspicuous;  stem  seven-eighths  inch  long,  thinly  pubes- 
cent, adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tough,  slightly  adhering;  flesh  deep  yellow, 
juicy,  firm  but  tender,  sweet,  mild,  pleasant;  very  good;  stone  semi-free,  one  inch  by 
three-quarters  inch  in  size,  flattened,  broadly  oval,  abruptly  tipped,  with  a  short  neck 
at  the  base,  blunt  at  the  apex,  with  rough  and  pitted  surfaces;  ventral  suture  heavily 
furrowed,  winged;  dorsal  suture  with  a  wide,  deep  groove. 

JUICY 

Prunus  munsoniana  X  Prunus  triflora 

i.  Burbank  Cat.  20.  1893.  2.  Cal.  State  Bd.  Hon.  53.  1897.  3.  Vt.  Sia.  Bui.  67:15.  1898, 
4.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  113:161.  1899.  5.  Conn.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  155.  1900.  6.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:256. 
357.  1905.  7.  Mass.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  17:161.  1905. 

Juicy  has  been  widely  tested  and  in  general  is  considered  of  very 
little  cultural  importance,  failing  chiefly  because  of  the  inferior  quality 
of  the  plums.  The  variety  is  an  interesting  cross,  however,  and  has  given 
a  tree  so  much  more  vigorous  and  so  much  better  adapted  to  orchard 
purposes  than  its  native  parent,  quite  equalling  the  Triflora  parent  in  tree- 
characters,  as  to  suggest  the  value  of  this  cross  for  improving  the  trees 
of  our  native  plums.  This  plum,  like  Golden,  was  grown  by  Luther  Bur- 
bank  from  a  seed  of  Robinson  fertilized  by  pollen  of  Abundance.  In  1893 
the  originator  sold  the  new  variety  to  John  Lewis  Childs,  Floral  Park, 
New  York,  who  introduced  it  the  following  year.  The  variety  has  not 
escaped  without  some  confusion  as  to  its  origin  for  its  parentage  has  been 
published  as  a  cross  between  Robinson  and  Kelsey.1 

Tree  very  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  open-topped,  productive;  branches  sparingly 
thorny;  leaves  broadly  oblanceolate  or  oval,  one  and  one-quarter  inches  wide,  three 
inches  long;  margin  finely  serrate  or  sometimes  crenate,  with  dark  reddish-glands; 
petiole  short,  slender,  with  from  two  to  five  globose  glands  on  the  stalk;  blooming 

1  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  106:53.    '896. 


258  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

season  of  medium  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  three-quarters  inch  across; 
borne  in  dense  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  in  threes  or  fours;  anthers  so  numerous 
as  to  give  a  yellowish  color  to  the  flower-clusters. 

Fruit  mid-season,  period  of  ripening  long;  one  and  three-quarters  inches  by  one 
and  three-eighths  inches  in  size,  nearly  round,  dark  golden-yellow  with  bright  red  blush, 
covered  with  thin  bloom;  flesh  golden-yellow,  very  juicy,  melting,  sweet  next  to  the 
skin,  but  tart  at  the  pit,  aromatic;  of  fair  quality;  stone  clinging,  five-eighths  inch  by 
one-half  inch  in  size,  oval,  turgid,  with  slightly  pitted  surfaces. 

KELSEY 

Prunus  triflora 

i.  Card.  Man.  24:339.  1882.  2.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  272.  1886.  3.  Gard.  Man.  29:305,  335. 
367.  1887.  4.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  635,  652.  1887.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  95,  126.  1887.  6.  Ga. 
Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  35.  1888.  7.  Ibid.  51,  99.  1889.  8.  Rev.  Hort.  502,  542.  l89°-  9-  Am- 
Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  105,  106,  125.  1891.  10.  Am.  Gard.  13:700.  1892.  n.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui, 
62:3,24.  1894.  12.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.  32:488  fig.,  489.  1894.  13.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  106:53.  l896-  H- 
Ala.  Col.  Sta.  Bui.  85:447.  1897.  15.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  41.  1899.  16.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  137. 
1901.  17.  N.  C.  Sta.  Bui.  184:120.  1903.  18.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  68:15,  31.  1905. 

Botankin  7.     Botankin  3.     Hattankio  7.     Kelsey's  Japan  2,  3,  5.     Sinomo  7.     Togari  7. 

Kelsey  is  distinguished  as  the  largest,  the  latest  and  the  tenderest 
to  cold  of  all  Triflora  plums  in  America.  The  variety  is  not  much  hardier 
than  the  fig  and  cannot  be  safely  planted  north  of  Washington  and  Balti- 
more. The  tree  is  vigorous,  well  formed  and  productive,  having  for  its 
worst  fault  susceptibility  to  shot-hole  fungus.  The  plums  are  large,  very 
attractive  in  color  and  the  flesh  is  firm,  the  plums  being  well  fitted  for 
shipping,  with  a  rich,  pleasant,  aromatic  flavor  making  the  fruit  very  good 
in  quality.  In  the  South  both  curculio  and  brown-rot  attack  the  fruits  rather 
badly.  It  is  unfortunate  that  this  plum  cannot  be  grown  in  this  latitude. 

Kelsey,  the  first  of  the  Triflora  plums  introduced  into  America,  was 
brought  into  the  country  by  a  Mr.  Hough  of  Vacaville,  California,  in  1870, 
through  the  United  States  consul  in  Japan.  John  Kelsey  of  Berkeley, 
California,  obtained  trees  from  Hough  and  propagated  it  in  his  nursery 
to  a  limited  extent.  The  first  fruit  was  shown  by  Kelsey  in  1877,  though 
fruit  is  said  to  have  been  produced  in  1876.  In  1883,  W.  P.  Hammon 
and  Company,  Oakland,  California,  secured  stock  of  this  plum  from  the 
heirs  of  Mr.  Kelsey  and  the  following  year  extensive  sales  were  made. 
The  plum  was  named  in  honor  of  the  man  who  did  most  to  bring  it  before 
the  public.  The  American  Pomological  Society  added  the  Kelsey  to  its 
fruit  catalog  list  in  1889.  The  following  description  is  compiled. 

Tree  vigorous,  upright,  vasiform,  tender,  productive,  an  early  and  regular  bearer; 
leaves  somewhat  scant,  small,  lanceolate,  narrow;  blooming  season  early;  fruit  very 


JUICY 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW   YORK.  259 

late,  season  long;  keeps  and  ships  unusually  well;  large,  cordate,  conical,  halves  un- 
equal; suture  variable  in  depth;  apex  pointed;  color  rather  unattractive  yellow,  tinged 
and  splashed  with  red,  often  overspread  with  purple,  with  attractive  bloom,  more  or 
less  marked  with  conspicuous  dots;  stem  sometimes  adhering  poorly  to  the  fruit;  skin 
tender;  flesh  delicate  yellow,  juicy,  firm  and  meaty,  rich,  pleasant,  aromatic;  good 
to  very  good;  stone  clinging  unless  well  ripened,  small,  in  an  irregular  cavity  larger 
than  the  pit. 

KERR 

Prunus  triflora 

I.  Ga.  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  52.  1889.  2.  Am.  Card.  12:307,  501.  1891.  3.  Ibid.  13:700.  1892. 
4.  Kerr  Cat.  1894.  5.  Cornell  Sta.  Bid.  62:25.  1894.  6.  Ga.  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  95.  1895. 
7.  Ala.  Sta.  Bui.  85:443.  1897.  8.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  41.  1899.  9.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  175:136. 
1899.  10.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  137.  1901.  n.  Ga.  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  XIII.  1904.  12.  Ohio  Sta. 
Bid.  162:256,  257.  1905. 

Hattankio  i.  Hattankio  7.  Hattankin  No.  2.  2,  3.  Hattonkin  No.  2.  4,  5,  10.  Hattonkin 
9.  Hattankio  No.  2.  6,  n.  Hattankio  Oblong  9,  n.  Hattankio  10.  Hattan  10.  Hytankio  10. 
Hytan-Kayo  10. 

Kerr  is  about  the  best  of  the  yellow  Trifloras  and  is  one  of  the  best 
of  all  early  plums  of  its  species.  It  is  very  productive,  sometimes  over- 
bearing, and  should  always  be  thinned.  The  quality  of  the  plums  is  good 
and  the  fruits  are  attractive  in  appearance.  The  faults  of  the  variety  are 
that  the  fruits  drop  as  they  ripen,  though  they  color  if  picked  green,  and 
in  some  localities  the  tree -characters  are  poor.  This  variety  was  imported 
from  Japan  by  Frost  and  Burgess,  Riverside,  California,  and  was  dis- 
tributed under  the  group  name  Hattankio  No.  2  or  Hattonkin  No.  2.  As 
Georgeson  was  also  distributed  under  the  same  name,  though  under  a 
different  number,  confusion  resulted.  To  better  distinguish  between  the 
two,  L  H.  Bailey,  in  1894,  named  Hattonkin  No.  2  Kerr,  in  honor  of  J. 
W.  Kerr,  the  noted  plum  specialist,  of  Denton,  Maryland.  In  1899  the 
variety  was  placed  on  the  fruit  catalog  list  of  the  American  Pomological 
Society.  The  following  description  is  compiled. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright,  very  productive;  leaves  large,  thick;  blooming 
season  late.  Fruit  early;  of  medium  size  unless  thinned,  when  it  becomes  large,  variable 
in  form,  but  usually  heart-shaped,  yellow  with  thin  bloom;  skin  thick;  flesh  yellow, 
firm,  subacid,  sweet;  fair  to  good;  stone  clinging,  of  medium  size,  oval,  turgid. 

KING  DAMSON 

Prunus  insititia 

i.  Watkins    Nur.   Cat.   48.     1892  ?.      2.  Am.  Card.   14:146,   147.     1893.      3.  Garden  53:  265. 
1898.      4.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  and  Ser.  3:51.    1900.     5.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  4:161.     1901. 
Bradley's  King  5.     Bradley's  King  of  Damsons  3.     King  of  Damsons  i,  2. 


260  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

The  fruit  of  King  Damson  runs  large  for  a  Damson  and  the  flavor 
is  agreeable,  so  agreeable  that  the  variety  is  really  a  very  good  dessert 
fruit  late  in  the  season.  This  Damson  is  little  grown  in  America  and  deserves 
much  wider  cultivation.  A  peculiarity  of  the  plum  is  that  there  is  always 
more  or  less  doubling  of  the  petals.  Very  little  is  known  regarding  the 
history  of  this  excellent  variety,  but  it  seems  probable  that  it  originated 
in  Kent,  England,  where  it  is  much  grown. 

Tree  small,  lacking  in  vigor,  upright-spreading,  dense-topped,  usually  productive; 
branchlets  slender,  pubescent;  leaves  folded  upward,  oval  or  slightly  obovate,  one 
inch  wide,  two  and  three-quarters  inches  long;  margin  serrate,  usually  with  small  dark 
glands;  petiole  with  one  or  two  glands  on  the  stalk;  blooming  season  intermediate, 
short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  usually  with  more  than  five  petals,  one  inch 
across,  white  with  a  yellow  tinge  at  the  apex;  borne  on  lateral  spurs  or  from  lateral 
buds,  singly  or  in  pairs. 

Fruit  late,  season  long;  one  and  one-eighth  inches  by  seven-eighths  inch  in  size, 
oval,  slightly  necked,  black,  with  thick  bloom;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy,  firm,  sprightly 
becoming  sweet  late  in  the  season;  of  good  quality;  stone  clinging,  five-eighths  inch 
by  three-eighths  inch  in  size,  irregular-ovate,  slightly  necked. 

KIRKE 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Pom.  Mag.  3:111,  PI.  1830.  2.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  149.  1831.  3.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch. 
263.  1832.  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  306.  1845.  5.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  281,  382. 
1846.  6.  Mag.  Hort.  15:488  fig.  43.  1849.  7.  Thompson  Gard.  Ass't  518,  PI.  i.  1859.  8.  Mas 
Le  Verger  6:15,  fig-  8.  1866-73.  9-  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  36.  1875.  10.  Pom.  France  7:No.  26. 
1871.  ii.  Flor.  &  Pom.  47.  1876.  12.  Oberdieck  Dent.  Obst.  Sort.  430.  1881.  13.  Lauche 
Deut.  Pom.  16,  PI.  IV.  1882.  14.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  708.  1884.  15.  Guide  Prat.  154,  358.  1895. 
16.  Gard.  Chron.  24:19.  1898.  17.  Gaucher  Pom.  Prak.  Obst.  No.  96,  Col.  PI.  1894.  18.  Rev. 
Hort.  500.  1898.  19.  Soc.  Nat.  Hort.  France  Pom.  536.  1904. 

De  Kirke  15.  Kirke's  2,  4,  6,  7,  9,  14,  17.  Kirke's  8,  10,  15,  17.  Kirke's  Pflaume  12,  13. 
Kirke's  Pflaume  8,  10,  15,  17.  Kirke's  Plum  i,  5,  8,  10,  n,  16,  18.  Kirk's  Plum  3,  5.  Kirke  17. 
Kirke's  Plum  15,  17,  19.  Prune  de  Kirke  18.  Prune  de  Kirke  8,  10,  17.  Prune  Kirke  19. 

All  English  descriptions  of  this  variety  rank  it  very  high  both  as  a 
dessert  and  a  culinary  plum.  The  variety  stands  well  among  the  purple 
plums  growing  on  the  grounds  of  this  Station,  but  since  it  has  been  grown 
in  America  eighty  years,  attaining  a  reputation  only  of  being  mediocre 
in  most  characters,  it  is  probably  not  worth  planting  largely.  It  has  many 
more  worthy  competitors  in  its  class  and  season.  Hogg,  in  the  reference 
given,  says  the  variety  was  introduced  by  Joseph  Kirke,  a  nurseryman 
at  Brompton,  near  London,  who,  he  says,  "  told  me  he  first  saw  it  on  a 
fruit  stall  near  the  Royal  Exchange,  and  that  he  afterwards  found  the 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW   YORK.  261 

trees  producing  the  fruit  were  in  Norfolk,  whence  "he  obtained  grafts  and 
propagated  it.  But  its  true  origin  was  in  the  grounds  of  Mr.  Poupart, 
a  market  gardener  at  Brompton,  on  the  spot  now  occupied  by  the  lower 
end  of  Queen's  Gate  and  where  it  sprung  up  as  a  sucker  from  a  tree  which 
had  been  planted  to  screen  an  outbuilding.  It  was  given  to  Mr.  Kirke 
to  be  propagated  and  he  sold  it  under  the  name  it  now  bears."  The  variety 
was  introduced  into  America  between  1830  and  1840.  The  American 
Pomological  Society  placed  Kirke  upon  its  list  of  rejected  fruits  in  1858, 
added  it  to  the  recommended  list  in  1875,  and  displaced  it  in  1899. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  hardy,  productive;  branchlets  with  long 
internodes,  dull,  marked  with  yellowish-brown  scarf-skin;  leaf -buds  large,  long,  pointed, 
free;  leaves  flattened,  obovate  or  oval,  one  and  three-quarters  inches  wide,  three  and 
five-eighths  inches  long,  thick,  dark  green;  margin  crenate,  eglandular  or  with  small, 
dark  glands;  petiole  one  inch  long,  tinged  red,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  four  small, 
yellowish-green  glands;  blooming  season  intermediate,  short;  flowers  appearing  after 
the  leaves,  one  inch  across;  borne  on  lateral  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  filaments  seven- 
sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  long;  about  one  and  five-eighths  inches  in  diam- 
eter, roundish-ovate,  dark  purplish-black,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  flesh  greenish- 
yellow,  fibrous,  firm,  sweet,  mild  and  pleasant;  good  to  very  good;  stone  nearly  free, 
one  inch  by  three-quarters  inch  in  size,  ovate  or  oval,  flattened,  roughened  and  deeply 
pitted,  tapering  abruptly  to  a  short,  pointed  apex;  ventral  suture  narrow,  with  a  short 
but  distinct  wing;  dorsal  suture  with  a  wide  groove. 

LAFAYETTE 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:96.  1832.  2.  Tucker's  Gen.  Farmer  3:153.  1839.  3.  Elliott  ¥r. 
Book  427.  1854.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  222,  244.  1858.  5.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  368.  1866.  6. 
Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  916.  1869.  7.  Guide  Prat.  160,  359.  1895. 

Gifford's  Lafayette  i,  4,  6.     Gifford's  LaFayette  2,  3. 

Lafayette  originated  in  New  York  sometime  in  the  first  quarter  of 
the  last  century  with  a  Mr.  Gifford  from  a  stone  of  the  Orleans.  It  did 
not  become  popular  and  was  rejected  by  the  American  Pomological  Society 
in  1858,  but  just  why  it  failed  is  not  apparent,  judging  either  from  the 
descriptions  given  in  the  above  references  or  by  its  behavior  in  the  orchard 
at  this  Station.  The  fruit  is  good,  though  not  remarkable  for  the 
richness  of  its  flavor,  its  size  is  large  and  the  color  attractive.  More- 
over it  is  so  late  as  to  stand  almost  alone  in  its  season.  A  retrial  of  this 
old  sort  commercially  might  be  worth  while.  The  tree  is  interesting  because 
of  a  marked  tendency  in  the  flowers  to  develop  petals  from  the  stamens. 


262  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  round-topped,  productive;  branchlets  stocky,  with  long  inter- 
nodes;  leaf-scars  large;  leaves  folded  upward,  oval  or  obovate,  two  inches  wide,  four 
inches  long,  rugose;  margin  crenate,  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  pubescent,  tinged 
red,  having  at  the  most  three  small  glands  usually  on  the  stalk ;  blooming  season  inter- 
mediate in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  and  one-quarter 
inches  wide,  creamy- white ;  borne  in  pairs;  calyx-lobes  long  and  slender. 

Fruit  very  late,  season  long;  one  and  one-half  inches  by  one  and  three-eighths  inches 
in  size,  oval,  purplish-black,  overspread  with  very  thick  bloom;  flesh  greenish-yellow, 
medium  juicy,  tender,  sweet,  mild  and  pleasant;  of  good  quality;  stone  free  or  nearly 
so,  one  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  irregular-oval,  flattened,  with  an  acute  and 
slightly  oblique  apex. 

LAIRE 

Prunus  orilwsepala  ? 

Laire  is  cultivated  locally  in  Rooks  and  neighboring  counties  in  Kansas 
and  is  highly  spoken  of  by  those  who  grow  it.  The  description  of  the  variety 
is  made  from  information  sent  from  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture.  For  a  further  account  of  this  plum  the  reader  is  referred 
to  the  discussion  of  Prunus  orthosepala,  page  97.  The  name  is  derived 
from  that  of  the  man  who  first  brought  the  plums  under  cultivation  some 
twenty  or  twenty -five  years  ago. 

Tree  dwarfish,  dense- topped,  not  very  productive;  branches  spiny,  zigzag;  branch- 
lets  thick,  reddish-brown  changing  to  dark  brown;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  light  green, 
acuminate,  with  margins  closely  serrate  and  seldom  with  glandular  teeth;  petiole 
slender,  one-half  inch  long,  with  two  glands  at  the  apex;  flowers  white  or  tinged  with 
pink,  appearing  after  the  leaves;  borne  in  threes  or  in  fours;  pedicels  thick,  one-half 
inch  long;  petals  narrowly  clawed;  stamens  orange. 

Fruit  mid-season;  one  and  one-eighth  inches  in  diameter,  roundish,  greenish-yellow 
overlaid  with  deep  red,  covered  with  thick  bloom;  skin  thick;  flesh  yellow,  meaty, 
juicy,  mild  subacid;  good  to  very  good;  stone  clinging,  five-eighths  inch  by  nine-six- 
teenths inch  in  size,  flattened,  oval,  with  rugose  surfaces:  grooved  on  the  dorsal  and 
ridged  on  the  ventral  suture. 

LARGE  ENGLISH 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Oberdieck  Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  443.    1881.     2.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  429,  433.    1889. 
Englische  Zwetsche  2.    Grosse  Englische  Zwetsche  2.     Grosse  Englische  Zwetsche  1,2.     Grosse 
Englische  Pflaumen  Zwetsche  2.     Grosse  Zwetsche  ?  2.     Schweizer  Zwetsche  2  incor. 

This  appears  to  be  a  most  excellent  plum  closely  resembling  the  Italian 
Prune  and  surpassing  that  well-known  variety  in  some  respects.  As 
compared  with  Italian  Prune,  the  fruit  of  Large  English  runs  larger,  is 


THE    PLUMS   OF   NEW    YORK.  263 

slightly  more  conical,  having  the  ventral  swelling  near  the  base,  thus  giving 
it  more  of  a  shoulder.  The  flavor  is  sweeter  and  richer  than  that  of  the 
Italian  Prune.  There  appear  to  be  practically  no  differences  between  the 
trees,  the  foliage  and  the  flowers  of  the  two  kinds.  Wherever  the  Italian 
is  successfully  grown  it  may  be  well  worth  while  to  try  the  Large  English. 
The  relation  the  word  English  has  to  this  prune  is  unknown.  Oberdieck, 
in  1 88 1,  wrote  that  this  variety  resembled  the  Italian  Prune  in  fruit,  but 
differed  in  that  it  had  a  noticeably  broader  leaf;  he  adds  "  it  has  been 
incorrectly  called  the  Swiss  Prune  and  is  much  spread  in  Germany  under 
the  name  of  Italian  Prune."  E.  R.  Lake,  of  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture,  brought  it  to  America,  in  1901,  from  the  Pomological  Insti- 
tute, Reutlingen,  Wurtemburg,  Germany.  Lake's  stock  was  tested  at 
this  Station  and  the  variety  agrees  with  Oberdieck's  description. 

Tree  of  average  size,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  dense-topped,  productive; 
branchlets  with  long  internodes;  leaf-scars  enlarged;  leaves  folded  upward,  oval  or 
obovate,  nearly  one  and  three-quarters  inches  wide,  three  and  one-half  inches  long, 
thick,  rugose;  margin  crenate  or  almost  serrate,  eglandular  or  with  small  dark  glands; 
petiole  pubescent,  tinged  red,  with  from  two  to  four  globose  glands;  blooming  season 
intermediate  in  time,  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  inch  across;  petals 
long,  narrow,  white,  in  the  buds  tipped  with  yellow;  borne  singly  or  in  pairs;  stamens 
tend  to  become  petals. 

Fruit  late,  season  of  medium  length;  one  and  three-quarters  inches  by  one  and 
one-half  inches  in  size,  long-ovate,  purplish-black,  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous, 
conspicuous;  flesh  yellowish  with  a  trace  of  red  at  full  maturity  at  both  skin  and  stone, 
juicy,  very  sweet,  aromatic,  with  a  pleasant  flavor;  very  good  to  best;  stone  free,  the 
cavity  larger  than  the  pit,  often  brownish-red,  one  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size, 
irregular-oval,  flattened,  with  an  oblique  apex;  ventral  suture  prominent,  usually  with 
a  distinct  wing;  dorsal  suture  with  a  wide,  deep  groove. 

LATE  MIRABELLE 

Prunus  insititia 

I.  Land.  Hon.  Soc.  Cat.  150.  1831.  2.  Barry  Fr.  Garden  339.  1851.  3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees 
Am.  388.  1857.  4.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  353.  1866.  5.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  901.  1869.  6.  Pom. 
France  7:  No.  20.  1871.  7.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:7.  1866-73.  8-  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  352.  1887. 
9.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  442,  449.  1889.  10.  Guide  Prat.  162,  360.  1895.  n.  Baltet  Cult.  Fr. 
493.  1908. 

Bricetta  9.  Bricetta  5.  Bricet  5,  9.  Bricette  6,  8,  10.  Brisette  6,  7,  10.  Bricette  4.  Die 
Brisette  9.  Kleine  Brisette  9.  La  Bricette  9.  Mirabelle  Tardive  i,  3,  6,  7,  8,  10,  n.  Mirabelle 
Tardive  4,  5,  6,  9.  Mirabelle  d'Octobre  2.  Mirabelle  d'Octobre  4,  5,  6,  8,  9,  10.  October  Mirabelle  9. 
Petit  Bricette  5,  9.  Petite  Bricette  4,  6,  10.  Runde  Brisette  9.  Spate  Mirabelle  6,  8,  9,  10. 

In  France,  where  all  of  the  Mirabelles  are  highly  esteemed,  the  Late 
Mirabelle  is  much  grown  because  of  its  season.  The  variety  is  practically 


264  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

unknown  in  America,  but,  judging  from  its  behavior  at  Geneva,  well  de- 
serves widespread  trial,  as  do  all  the  Mirabelles.  The  history  of  this 
variety  is  unknown  other  than  that  it  is  an  old  sort,  having  been  mentioned 
in  the  London  Horticultural  Society  catalog  as  long  ago  as  1831.  In  1851, 
Barry,  of  Rochester,  New  York,  described  the  Mirabelle  d'Octobre,  which 
is  identical  with  Late  Mirabelle,  and  said  that  it  had  been  recently  intro- 
duced from  France. 

Tree  medium  in  size  and  vigor,  very  hardy,  productive;  branches  smooth;  leaves 
small,  oval,  one  and  one-quarter  inches  wide,  two  inches  long;  margin  finely  serrate, 
with  few,  dark  glands;  petiole  slender,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  glands  at  the  base 
of  the  leaf. 

Fruit  late;  small,  roundish-oval,  greenish-yellow,  often  with  a  light  blush  on  the 
sunny  side,  covered  with  thin  bloom;  stem  short,  slender;  flesh  yellow,  very  juicy, 
aromatic,  sweet;  good;  stone  semi-free. 

LATE  MUSCATELLE 

Prunus  domestica 

I.  Lucas  Vollst.  Hand.  Obst.  470.  1894.  2.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:53.  1900.  3.  U.  S. 
D.  A.  Div.  Pom.  Bui.  10:22.  1901. 

Late  Muscatel  2.     Spate  Muskateller  3.     Spate  Muskatellerpflaume  i. 

This  variety  was  obtained  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture from  the  Pomological  Institute  at  Reutlingen,  Germany,  in  1900, 
and  was  soon  after  sent  to  this  Station  to  test.  In  some  respects,  in  fruit- 
characters  in  particular,  the  variety  is  promising,  but  not  sufficiently  so 
to  recommend  it  to  fruit-growers,  even  for  trial. 

Tree  of  medium  size  and  vigor,  upright-spreading,  productive;  branchlets  thick; 
with  short  internodes,  pubescent;  leaf-scars  prominent;  leaves  drooping,  folded  upward, 
obovate,  one  and  five-eighths  inches  wide,  three  and  three-eighths  inches  long,  leathery; 
margin  crenate,  eglandular  or  with  few,  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  thick,  pubescent, 
glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  glands;  blooming  season  intermediate  in  time; 
and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  inch  across;  borne  in  scattering 
clusters,  singly  or  in  pairs;  petals  white,  creamy-white  as  they  open;  anthers 
tinged  red. 

Fruit  late,  season  short;  medium  in  size,  roundish,  slightly  truncate,  purplish- 
brown,  splashed  and  mottled  with  russet  about  the  base,  overspread  with  thick  bloom; 
flesh  greenish-yellow,  sweet;  good  to  very  good;  stone  often  reddish,  clinging,  three- 
quarters  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  somewhat  flat,  irregular-oval,  with  slightly  pitted 
surfaces. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW   YORK.  265 

LATE  ORLEANS 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  151.  1831.  2.  Mag.  Hort.  164.  1843.  3-  Jour.  Hori.  N.  S.  15:  301. 
1868.  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  927.  1869.  5.  Guide  Prat.  161,  360.  1895.  6.  Garden  49:268. 
1896.  7.  Rivers  Cat.  33.  1898. 

Black  Orleans  i,  2,  5.  Late  Black  Orleans  3,  4.  Late  Black  Orleans  5.  Late  Orleans  5.  Mon- 
sieur Noir  Tardif  5.  Orleans  Late  Black  5. 

This  is  another  variety  having  only  a  European  reputation  to  recom- 
mend it  in  America.  The  fruits  of  Late  Orleans  are  handsome  in  color 
and  shape,  but  are  not  large  enough  to  enable  them  to  compete  in  the 
markets  with  other  late  purple  plums  and  are  so  poor  in  quality  as  to  be 
worthless  as  dessert  fruits.  In  Europe  the  variety  is  rated  high  for  culinary 
purposes  and  fruit-growers  there  like  it  because  it  hangs  well  to  the  tree 
and  keeps  and  ships  well.  The  trees  are  very  satisfactory  in  practically 
all  respects.  It  is  doubtful  if  the  variety  is  worth  further  trial  in  America. 

Late  Orleans  was  mentioned  in  the  catalog  of  the  Horticultural  Society 
of  London  in  1831,  but  was  not  described.  No  account  seems  to  have 
ever  been  published  of  its  origin,  but  it  is  probably  related  to  or  descended 
from  the  Orleans  since  they  are  very  similar  in  tree  and  shape  of  fruit, 
differing  only  in  size  and  color  of  fruit. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  round-topped,  hardy,  very  productive;  branches  smooth, 
dark  ash-gray,  with  numerous,  small  lenticels;  branchlets  medium  to  slender,  with  long 
internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  dull  reddish-brown,  dull,  pubescent,  marked  with 
gray  scarf-skin  and  with  small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  intermediate  in  size  and  length, 
conical,  appressed. 

Leaves  flattened,  oval  or  obovate,  one  and  one-quarter  inches  wide,  two  and  one- 
quarter  inches  long;  upper  surface  sparingly  pubescent,  with  a  deeply  grooved  midrib; 
lower  surface  heavily  pubescent  along  the  midrib;  apex  abruptly  pointed,  base  broadly 
cuneate,  margin  finely  crenate,  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  one-half  inch  long, 
slender,  pubescent,  faintly  tinged  with  red,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  four  small, 
globose,  yellowish  glands  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  inch  across,  white;  borne  on  lateral  buds 
and  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  one-half  inch  long,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx- 
tube,  green,  obconic,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  obtuse,  pubescent,  glandular-serrate  and 
with  marginal  hairs,  erect;  petals  roundish  or  broadly  ovate,  entire,  short-clawed; 
anthers  yellow  with  a  reddish  tinge ;  filaments  five-sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous, 
equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  late,  season  long;  about  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter,  roundish,  slightly 
compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity  shallow,  narrow,  flaring;  suture  aline;  apex  roundish ; 
color  dark  purple,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  dots  few,  reddish-brown;  stem  three- 


266  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

quarters  inch  long,  pubescent  at  the  base,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  toughish, 
slightly  astringent,  separating  readily;  flesh  golden-yellow,  dry,  tender,  sweet,  mild; 
fair  in  quality ;  stone  clinging,  one  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  oval,  flattened, 
slightly  roughened,  blunt  at  the  base  and  apex;  ventral  suture  rather  narrow,  blunt; 
dorsal  suture  widely  and  deeply  grooved. 

LAWRENCE 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Cultivator  10:167.  1843.  2-  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  54  1852.  3.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  412.  1854. 
4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  928.  1869.  5.  Pom.  France  7:  No.  29.  1871.  6.  Mas  Le  Verger 
6:75.  1866-73.  7-  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  710.  1884.  8.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  349.  1887.  g.  Guide 
Prat.  364.  1895.  10.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  112.  1901. 

Favorite  de  Lawrence  6,  9.  Lawrence  Favorite  5.  Lawrences  Reine  Claude  9.  Lawrence's  Favorite 
r,  2>  3.  4.  7-  Lawrence's  Gage  i,  3,  4,  6,  7,  9.  Lawrence's  Favorite  6,  8,  9,  10.  Lawrence  Gage  8. 
Prune  Lawrence  Gage  5.  Reine-Claude  de  Lawrence  6,  9.  Reine-Claude  de  Lawrence  4,  5,  8. 

This  variety  is  surpassed  in  the  quality  of  its  fruits  by  few  plums. 
The  trees  bear  young  and  abundantly  and  the  fruit  hangs  well  on  the 
tree;  unfortunately,  the  plums  do  not  ship  nor  keep  well  and  the  variety 
thus  fails  as  a  market  sort.  It  is,  however,  a  delicious  dessert  fruit,  deserv- 
ing to  be  grown  in  every  plum  connoisseur's  garden.  Lawrence  is  a  seedling 
of  Reine  Claude,  and  was  grown  by  L.  V.  Lawrence  of  Hudson,  New  York, 
some  time  during  the  second  quarter  of  the  last  century.  As  its  large  size 
and  superior  quality  became  known  its  popularity  increased,  until  it  was 
cultivated  not  only  in  America,  but  to  some  extent  throughout  western 
Europe.  During  the  last  twenty -five  years,  however,  it  has  waned  in  popu- 
larity, having  been  superseded  by  better  commercial  varieties,  though  it 
still  ranks  high  as  a  dessert  plum.  The  American  Pomological  Society 
placed  Lawrence  in  its  catalog  in  1852,  and  retained  it  there  until  1899. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  productive;  trunk  and  branches  rough, 
with  large  lenticels;  branchlets  brash,  dark  reddish-brown,  pubescent;  leaves  folded  up- 
ward, oval,  two  inches  wide,  three  and  three-quarters  inches  long,  thick,  leathery, 
rugose;  margin  doubly  serrate,  with  small  glands;  petiole  pubescent,  usually  with  two 
small  glands. 

Fruit  medium  early;  one  and  three-eighths  inches  in  diameter,  roundish,  greenish- 
yellow,  covered  with  thin  bloom;  skin  thin,  tender,  slightly  astringent;  flesh  yellowish, 
fibrous,  tender,  sweet,  aromatic;  very  good;  stone  free,  seven-eighths  inch  by  five- 
eighths  inch  in  size,  oval,  turgid,  nearly  smooth. 

LINCOLN 

Prunus  domestica 

I.  Lovett  Cat.  fig.  44.  1890-1900.  2.  Rural  N.  Y.  56:595  fig.  253,  598.  1897.  3.  Mich.  Sta. 
Bui.  169:242,  246.  1899.  4.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  113:159.  1899.  5.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2d  Ser.  3:53. 


LATE  ORLEANS 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  26? 

1900.  6.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  114.  1901.  7.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hon.  Man.  317,  318  fig.  1903. 
8.  Am.  Pom.  Sac.  Rft.  254.  1903.  9.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:236,  238  fig.,  256,  257.  1905.  10.  Mass. 
Sta.  An.  Rpt.  17:1 59.  1903. 

Lincoln  has  never  been  popular  in  New  York,  but  in  Pennsylvania 
and  New  Jersey  it  is  well  thought  of  for  home  use  and  the  markets.  The 
trees  in  this  State  grow  slowly  and  when  fully  grown  are  rather  inferior. 
This  is  one  of  the  sorts  recommended  to  be  top-worked  on  better  growing 
varieties  but,  as  has  been  said  before  in  these  notes,  top-working  in  New 
York  is  far  more  often  a  failure  than  a  success  with  plums.  The  fruit  of 
this  variety  is  unusually  attractive  in  size  and  color  and  for  quality  it 
may  be  named  among  the  best  of  the  red  plums.  Unfortunately,  the  variety 
is  readily  infected  by  the  brown-rot  which  when  epidemic  cannot  be  con- 
trolled. Lincoln  has  been  so  well  tested  in  New  York  without  becoming 
popular  with  plum-growers  that  it  is  hardly  worth  recommending  for 
further  trial,  though  the  fruits  in  particular  have  much  merit. 

This  plum  originated  in  York  County,  Pennsylvania,  about  forty- 
five  years  ago,  supposedly  from  seed  of  the  Reine  Claude,  and  was  named 
after  Abraham  Lincoln.  If  it  be  a  Reine  Claude  seedling  it  comes  from  a 
cross  with  some  other  variety,  since  it  shows  many  characters  not  in  Reine 
Claude.  Lincoln  was  introduced  by  J.  T.  Lovett  and  Company,  Little 
Silver,  New  Jersey. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  but  somewhat  variable  in  habit, 
dense-topped,  hardy,  productive;  branches  ash-gray,  rough;  branchlets  somewhat 
slender,  short,  with  long  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  brownish-red,  dull,  spar- 
ingly pubescent  throughout  the  season,  overspread  with  thin  bloom,  with  small,  incon- 
spicuous lenticels;  leaf -buds  large,  long,  pointed,  free;  leaf -scars  prominent. 

Leaves  somewhat 'folded  backward,  oval  or  obovate,  two  inches  wide,  four  inches 
long,  rather  stiff;  upper  surface  slightly  rugose,  pubescent  only  in  the  shallow,  grooved 
midrib;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  pubescent;  apex  abruptly  pointed,  base  acute, 
margin  doubly  crenate,  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  nearly  one  inch  long,  pubescent, 
reddish,  with  from  one  to  four  rather  large,  globose  or  reniform,  yellowish  glands  vari- 
able in  position. 

Season  of  bloom  medium;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  over  one  inch  across, 
white;  borne  on  lateral  spurs  and  buds,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  about  seven-eighths 
inch  long,  slender,  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate,  thinly  pubes- 
cent; calyx-lobes  broad,  acute,  somewhat  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  glandular-serrate, 
with  marginal  hairs,  reflexed;  petals  oval,  crenate,  with  claws  of  medium  width;  anthers 
yellow;  filaments  three-eighths  inch  or  more  in  length;  pistil  glabrous,  shorter  than  the 
stamens. 

Fruit  early,  season  short;  somewhat  variable  but  averaging  about  two  inches  by 
one  and  five-eighths  inches  in  size,  oblong-oval,  slightly  necked,  halves  usually  equal; 


268  THE    PLUMS    OP   NEW   YORK. 

cavity  very  shallow,  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  shallow;  apex  roundish  or  depressed; 
color  light  or  dark  red  over  a  yellow  ground,  overspread  with  thin  bloom;  dots  numerous, 
small,  light  russet;  stem  one  inch  long,  lightly  pubescent,  adhering  poorly  to  the  fruit; 
skin  thick,  rather  sour,  separating  readily;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy,  coarse  and 
fibrous,  firm  but  tender,  sweet,  mild,  pleasant;  good  to  very  good;  stone  nearly  free, 
one  and  one-eighth  inches  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  long-oval,  flattened,  necked  at 
the  base,  blunt  at  the  apex,  with  markedly  rough  and  deeply  pitted  surfaces;  ventral 
suture  narrow,  distinctly  furrowed,  with  a  short  wing;  dorsal  suture  with  a  narrow 
groove  of  medium  depth. 

LOMBARD 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  268.  1832.  2.  Ibid.  224.  1841.  3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  303  fig. 
124.  1845.  4.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  345  fig.  265.  1849.  5-  Goodrich  N.  Fr.  Cult.  84.  1849. 
6.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  412.  1854.  7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  190,  210.  1856.  8.  Downing  Fr.  Trees 
Am.  929  fig.  1869.  9.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:151,  fig.  76.  1866-73.  10.  Country  Gent.  48:981.  1883. 
ii.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  423.  1889.  12.  Guide  Prat.  160,  359.  1895.  13.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui. 
169:242,  246.  1899.  14.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:279.  1900.  15.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  114  fig.  1901.  16. 
Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:34.  1903.  17.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:240,  256,  257.  1905. 

Beekmaris  Scarlet  3,  6,  8,  n,  12.  Bleecker's  Scarlet  3,  4,  6,  8,  12.  Bleeker's  Scarlet  n.  Bleeker's 
Rotepflaume  n.  Bleekers  Rothe  Pflaume  12.  Bleeckers  Rothe  Pftaume  9.  Lombard  n.  Lombard 
Plum  i.  Montgomery  Prune  8,  n.  Prune  Rouge  De  Sleeker  9,  n.  Rouge  de  Bleecher  12.  Spanish 
King  ?  14,  15.  Variegated  Plum  i. 

The  Lombard  plum  is  known  by  all.  It  is  not  as  largely  planted  in  New 
York  as  a  few  other  varieties,  but  it  is  probably  more  widely  grown  than 
any  other  plum  if  the  whole  continent  be  considered.  The  preeminently 
meritorious  characters  which  enable  it  to  take  first  place  in  American  plum- 
growing  are:  The  elasticity  of  its  constitution  whereby  it  adapts  itself 
to  widely  different  soils  and  climates;  the  robustness,  healthiness,  pro- 
ductiveness and  regularity  in  bearing  of  its  trees;  the  fact  that  the  fruits 
are  comparatively  free  from  the  scourge  of  the  crescent  sign,  plum-curculio ; 
and,  lastly,  its  showy  fruits  tempting  to  the  eye  and  readily  salable. 
The  tree-characters  of  Lombard  are  all  good,  making  so  superior  a  tree 
that  it,  more  than  any  other  variety,  is  recommended  as  a  stock  upon 
which  to  graft  weak-growing  plums.  It  is  a  virile  variety  and  from  it  have 
come  a  considerable  number  of  offspring  mostly  from  self -fertilized  seeds 
which  have  given  us  several  nearly  related  varieties  and  strains.  There 
are  also  a  few  very  good  cross-bred  plums  of  which  Lombard  was  one 
parent.  Lombard  would  be  preeminently  the  plum  "for  the  millions" 
were  it  not  for  a  fatal  fault — it  is  very  poor  in  quality.  Canned,  cooked, 
preserved  or  spiced,  it  does  very  well,  but  as  a  dessert  fruit  it  falls  in  a 


LOMBARD 


THE    PLUMS   OF   NEW   YORK.  269 

category  with  the  Ben  Davis  apple  and  Kieffer  pear,  "good-looking  but 
poor."  The  variety  ripens  so  early  as  to  come  in  direct  competition  with 
the  peach  and  this  hurts  it  not  a  little  as  a  market  plum.  To  be  at  its  best 
the  crop  shoiild  be  thinned  and  should  be  allowed  to  ripen  fully  on  the 
trees.  Lombard  is  now  much  used  in  the  canneries  in  New  York  and  is 
also  planted  in  home  orchards  where  only  hardy  plums  stand  the  climate. 
In  the  markets  it  is  usually  a  low-priced  plum. 

Lombard  was  raised  by  Judge  Platt,  Whitesboro,  New  York,  from 
seed  received  from  Amsterdam  (References,  2).  Another  writer  (Refer- 
ences, 10)  reports  that  the  trees  were  brought  over  from  Holland  by 
some  of  the  earliest  Dutch  settlers  of  Utica  and  Whitesboro.  The  name 
was  given  to  the  plum  about  1830  by  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural 
Society  in  honor  of  Daniel  Lombard  of  Springfield,  who  was  the  first  to 
propagate  the  variety  in  that  state.  It  was  previously  well  known  in  New 
York  as  Bleecker's  Scarlet  (References,  3),  but  was  never  formally  de- 
scribed under  that  name  which  must,  therefore,  though  the  older,  be  dis- 
carded. In  1856,  it  was  placed  on  the  recommended  list  by  the  American 
Pomological  Society.  Several  varieties,  as  Communia,  Tatge,  Spanish 
King  and  Odell,  are  very  similar,  if  not  identical  to  the  Lombard  and, 
consequently,  have  caused  much  confusion  in  the  nomenclature  of  the 
variety.  This  similarity  is  probably  explained  by  the  fact  that  the  Lombard 
produces  seedlings  very  nearly  true  to  type.  Professor  J.  L.  Budd,  in  a 
letter  written  in  1898  to  this  Station,  says,  "The  fruit  of  Communia  is 
much  like  that  of  Lombard,  but  this  can  be  said  of  a  hundred  or  more 
east  European  varieties."  Professor  Budd  had  traveled  much  in  Europe 
and  knew  plums  very  well.  His  statement,  therefore,  is  entitled  to  credence 
and  indicates,  together  with  other  circumstances,  that  Lombard  is  one 
of  an  old  group  of  plums  the  varieties  of  which  are  very  similar. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  round-topped,  very  hardy,  productive;  branches  stocky, 
dark  ash-gray,  smooth,  with  few,  small  lenticels;  branchlets  thick,  medium  to  long, 
with  long  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  dull  brownish-red,  marked  with  gray 
scarf-skin,  glabrous  early  in  the  season,  becoming  pubescent  at  maturity,  with  a  few, 
inconspicuous,  small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  of  medium  size  and  length,  conical,  appressed; 
leaf-scars  prominent. 

Leaves  long-oval  or  long-obovate,  one  and  five-eighths  inches  wide,  three  and  one- 
half  inches  long,  medium  to  thick;  upper  surface  dark  green,  thinly  pubescent,  with 
a  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  lightly  pubescent;  apex  acute,  base  some- 
what tapering,  margin  often  doubly  serrate,  eglandular  or  with  small,  dark  glands; 


270  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

petiole  one-half  inch  long,  thick,  tinged  red,  pubescent,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two 
globose,  yellowish-green  glands  usually  at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  inch  across,  the  buds 
creamy-yellow,  changing  to  white  on  expanding;  borne  in  clusters  on  short,  lateral 
spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  nine-sixteenths  inch  long,  slender,  nearly  glabrous; 
calyx- tube  greenish,  campanulate,  pubescent  only  at  the  base;  calyx-lobes  obtuse, 
pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  glandular-serrate,  strongly  reflexed;  petals  oval,  entire 
or  occasionally  notched  at  the  apex,  short-clawed;  anthers  yellow;  filaments  five- 
sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  pubescent  only  on  the  ovary,  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  long;  one  and  three-quarters  inches  by  one 
and  five-eighths  inches  in  size,  oval  or  roundish-oval,  slightly  compressed,  halves 
unequal;  cavity  narrow,  abrupt,  roundish;  suture  usually  a  line;  apex  roundish  or 
flattened;  color  light  to  dark  purplish-red,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous, 
small,  light  russet;  stem  slender,  three-quarters  inch  long,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit; 
skin  thin,  tender,  separating  readily;  flesh  yellowish,  juicy,  slightly  fibrous,  firm  and 
sweet,  mild;  inferior  in  quality;  stone  semi-free  to  free,  one  inch  by  five-eighths  inch 
in  size,  daik  colored,  oval,  flattened,  roughened;  base  and  apex  acute;  ventral  suture 
slightly  furrowed,  acute;  dorsal  suture  widely  and  rather  deeply  grooved. 

LONG  FRUIT 

Prunus  triflora 

I.  Wild  Bros.  Cat.  27.     1892.     2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  62:26.     1894.     3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.   26. 
1897-99.     4-  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  138.     1901. 
Long  Fruited   i. 

Long  Fruit  is  noted  among  the  leading  varieties  of  plums  in  The  Plums 
of  New  York  chiefly  to  condemn  it.  On  the  grounds  of  this  Station  and 
elsewhere  in  New  York  where  tested,  the  trees  are  unproductive,  the  crop 
drops  badly  and  the  fruits  are  small  and  poor  in  quality.  The  variety 
was  imported  from  Japan  in  1885  by  Luther  Burbank. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  vasiform  to  spreading,  unproductive;  branches  roughened 
by  numerous  raised  lenticels;  branchlets  slender,  with  short  internodes,  glabrous, 
marked  by  scarf-skin;  leaves  oblanceolate,  somewhat  peach-like,  one  inch  wide,  two 
and  one-half  inches  long,  thin;  margin  finely  crenate,  with  small,  amber  glands;  petiole 
slender,  tinged  with  red,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  five  small  glands  usually  on  the 
stalk;  blooming  season  early;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  seven-eighths  inch 
across;  borne  singly  or  in  pairs;  calyx-tube  much  swollen  at  the  base. 

Fruit  early ;  one  inch  by  one  and  one-eighth  inches  in  size,  roundish-oblate ;  cavity 
deep;  color  dark  red  over  a  yellow  ground,  covered  with  thin  bloom;  stem  slender, 
adhering  poorly  to  the  fruit;  skin  thick,  somewhat  astringent;  flesh  greenish-yellow 
or  pale  yellow,  tender,  sweet,  mild;  poor  in  quality;  stone  semi-clinging,  small,  one-half 
inch  by  three-eighths  inch  in  size,  roundish-oval,  turgid,  blunt  at  the  base,  the  apex 
terminating  abruptly  in  a  small,  sharp  point,  with  smooth  surfaces. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK..  271 

LUCOMBE 

Prunus  domestica 

I.  Pom.  Mag.  3:99.  1830.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  281.  1845.  3.  Floy-Lindley  Guide 
Orch.  Card.  284,  383.  1846.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  222.  1858.  5.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  711.  1884. 
6.  Guide  Prat.  163,  358.  1895.  7.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  117.  1901.  8.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hon. 
Man.  320.  1903. 

Incomparable  de  Lucombe  6.  Lucombe's  Nonesuch  2,  3,  5.  Lucombe's  Nonsuch  i,  4.  L-u- 
combe's  Nonsuch  6,  7.  Lucombe's  Unvergleichliche  6.  Lucombe's  Nonesuch  8.  Luccombe's  None- 
such 3.  Nonsuch  7.  Nonesuch  8. 

This  old  plum  has  a  reputation  of  high  excellence  and  is  well  entitled 
to  it.  Despite  the  fact  that  it  must  compete  for  favor  with  such  estimable 
plums  as  Reine  Claude,  Washington  and  Hand,  belonging  to  the  same  group 
with  these,  it  is  still  much  grown  in  England  and  is  well  thought  of  for 
home  use  in  America.  Hardly  in  accordance  with  its  reputation,  it  was 
rejected  by  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1858  for  a  place  in  its 
list  of  fruits.  Lucombe  originated  as  a  seedling  about  1825  with  a  Mr.  Lu- 
combe of  Lucombe,  Prince  and  Company,  nurserymen,  at  Exeter,  England, 
and  was  first  described  by  Lindley  in  1830  in  the  Pomological  Magazine. 

Tree  large,  of  medium  vigor,  upright-spreading,  productive;  branches  covered 
with  numerous  fruit-spurs;  twigs  very  short,  with  heavy  pubescence;  leaves  one  and 
three-quarters  inches  wide,  three  and  one-quarter  inches  long,  dark  green;  margin 
finely  serrate  or  crenate,  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  pubescent,  glandless  or  with 
one  or  two  small  glands  usually  at  the  base  of  the  leaf;  blooming  season  intermediate, 
short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves;  petals  with  a  yellowish  tinge  as  the  buds 
unfold;  borne  on  long  naked  spurs  with  tufts  of  leaves  and  flowers  at  the  ends,  singly 
or  in  pairs. 

Fruit  mid-season,  period  of  ripening  long;  one  and  three-eighths  inches  by  one  and 
one-half  inches  in  size,  roundish-oblate  or  roundish-obovate,  greenish-yellow,  becoming 
golden-yellow,  indistinctly  splashed  and  streaked  with  green,  covered  with  thin  bloom; 
flesh  golden-yellow,  firm,  sweet,  pleasant,  mild;  very  good;  stone  free,  three-quarters 
inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  roundish,  slightly  necked,  with  pitted  surfaces. 

MAQUOKETA 

Prunus  hortulana  mineri 

i.  Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  290.  1889.  2.  la.  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  55,83.  1890.  3.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui. 
38:40.  1892.  4.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  118:53.  l895-  5-  ^>id.  123:20.  1895.  6.  la.  Sta.  Bui. 
31:346.  1895.  7.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:46.  1897.  8.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hon.  Man.  298.  1903. 
9.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  67:277.  1904.  10.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:256,  257.  1905. 

Maquoketa  is  distinguished  as  one  of  the  best  of  the  native  plums 
for  culinary  purposes.  Nearly  all  of  the  plums  brought  in  from  the  wild 


272  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

in  America  have  so  much  astringency,  most  of  it  coming  from  the  skins, 
that  they  are  unpalatable  to  some.  Now  and  then  a  variety  is  nearly  free 
from  this  disagreeable  taste  and  Maquoketa  is  one  of  these.  The  quality, 
as  a  dessert  fruit,  is  very  good  for  a  native  and  the  fruits  keep  and  ship  well. 
In  the  South  the  plums  are  subject  to  both  curculio  and  brown-rot.  The 
trees,  like  those  of  nearly  all  of  the  Miner-like  plums,  are  rather  better 
formed  and  more  adaptable  to  orchard  conditions  than  those  of  other 
species.  After  the  Americana  and  Nigra  plums,  Maquoketa  is  one  of  the 
hardiest  of  our  native  varieties,  growing  even  in  Minnesota.  The  variety 
belongs  in  the  South  and  Middle  West  and  there  are  few,  if  any,  places  in 
New  York  where  it  is  worth  growing. 

The  origin  of  this  plum  is  uncertain.  It  is  reported  in  the  references 
given  as  a  native  found  on  the  banks  of  the  Maquoketa  River  in  eastern 
Iowa  and  also  as  a  Miner  seedling  grown  under  cultivation.  It  has  been 
known  to  fruit-growers  since  about 


Tree  of  medium  size  and  vigor,  spreading,  low-topped,  open,  hardy,  variable  in 
productiveness,  susceptible  to  attacks  of  shot-hole  fungus,  the  trunk  shaggy;  branches 
slender,  rough,  zigzag,  with  few  thorns,  dark,  dull  ash-gray,  with  numerous  lenticels; 
branchlets  slender,  long,  with  internodes  of  medium  length,  green,  changing  to  dull 
reddish-brown,  glabrous,  with  numerous,  conspicuous,  small,  slightly  raised  lenticels; 
leaf-buds  very  small,  short,  obtuse,  appressed. 

Leaves  falling  early,  folded  upward,  broadly  lanceolate,  peach-like,  one  and  three- 
quarters  inches  wide,  four  and  one-half  inches  long;  upper  surface  light  green,  changing 
to  a  dull  red  late  in  the  fall,  glossy,  glabrous,  with  a  narrowly  grooved  midrib  and  veins; 
lower  surface  silvery-green,  thinly  pubescent;  apex  taper-pointed,  base  rather  abrupt; 
margin  with  serrations  in  two  series,  with  very  small,  black  glands;  petiole  five- 
eighths  inch  long,  tinged  with  dull  red,  hairy,  with  from  one  to  four  globose,  rather 
large,  dark  brownish-yellow  glands. 

Blooming  season  late  and  of  medium  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves, 
one  inch  across,  yellowish  as  the  buds  begin  to  open,  changing  to  white,  with  a  disagree- 
able odor;  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  spurs  and  buds,  varying  from  two  to  four  flowers 
in  a  cluster;  pedicels  five-eighths  inch  long,  slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube 
green,  narrowly  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  narrow,  slightly  obtuse,  nearly 
glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  but  pubescent  within,  serrate,  with  dark  colored  glands 
and  marginal  hairs,  reflexed;  petals  oval  or  ovate,  with  long,  tapering  claws  of  medium 
width,  sparingly  hairy  at  the  base;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  seven-sixteenths  inch 
in  length;  pistil  glabrous,  slender,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  late,  ripening  period  short;  below  medium  in  size,  ovate  or  roundish-ovate, 
halves  equal;  cavity  shallow,  rather  wide,  rounded,  flaring;  suture  a  distinct  line; 
apex  roundish  or  slightly  pointed;  colors  some  time  before  fully  ripe  becoming  dark 


MAQUOKETA 


1 

THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  273 

carmine,  covered  with  thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small  to  medium,  light  brown, 
clustered  about  the  apex;  stem  rather  slender,  glabrous,  parting  readily;  skin  thick, 
tough,  astringent,  semi-adherent,  removing  a  thin  layer  of  pulp  when  detached;  flesh 
deep  yellow,  juicy,  coarse,  fibrous,  nearly  melting  next  to  the  skin,  becoming  firmer 
toward  the  center,  sweet  at  first  but  astringent  near  the  pit,  with  a  strong  flavor;  in- 
ferior in  quality;  stone  adhering,  of  medium  size,  oval,  turgid,  bluntly  pointed  at  the 
base  and  apex,  with  slightly  roughened  surfaces;  ventral  suture  acute,  ridged;  dorsal 
suture  a  narrow,  shallow  groove. 

MARIANNA 

Prunus  cerasifera  X   ? 

i.  Ga.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  28.  1886.  2.  Card.  Man.  29:148.  1887.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  38. 
1889.  4.  Neb.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  56.  1889.  5.  III.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  63.  1890.  6.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui. 
38:66,  fig.,  71,  83,  86.  1892.  7.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.  32:479,  480  fig.  1894.  8.  Rev.  Hort.  278.  1894. 
9.  Rural  N.  Y.  54:600.  1895.  10.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  152:210.  1898.  n.  Bailey  Ev.  Nat.  Fruits 
208,  213.  1898.  12.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  13:336-369.  1900.  13.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  36,  232.  1901. 
14.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  67:277.  1904.  15.  5.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:67.  1905. 

Marianna  has  little  or  no  value  for  its  fruit.  It  is  illustrated  and  dis- 
cussed at  length  in  The  Plums  of  New  York  for  two  reasons.  First,  because 
it  has  long  been  an  enigma  which  has  baffled  both  horticulturists  and 
botanists;  second,  because  it  is  extensively  used  as  a  stock  upon  which 
other  kinds  of  plums  are  propagated.  In  1884,  a  plum  of  unknown  species 
was  introduced  to  the  trade.  Some  said  the  new  variety  belonged  to  Prunus 
cerasifera  and  others  that  it  was  an  offspring  of  some  native  species.  The 
characters  of  the  first  named  species  are  so  apparent  in  Marianna  that 
all  are  now  agreed  that  this  variety  is  from  either  a  self  or  a  cross-fertilized 
seed  of  Prunus  cerasifera;  if  the  latter  the  other  parent  must  have  been 
some  native  species,  the  particular  variety  possibly  being  Wild  Goose, 
one  of  the  Munsoniana  plums.  Its  behavior  on  these  grounds,  its  robustness 
and  semi-sterility  and  its  not  fitting  exactly  into  any  known  species,  mark 
it  as  a  hybrid.  A  curious  character  peculiar  to  this  variety  is  that  it  grows 
very  readily  from  cuttings  and  for  this  reason  it  is  a  cheap  stock  for  plums 
of  all  kinds  and  is  used  even  for  peaches  and  apricots.  Besides  rooting 
readily,  the  Marianna  does  not  sprout  and  may  be  budded  as  late  or  later 
than  the  peach.  It  is  chiefly  used  in  propagation  in  the  South,  but,  for 
reasons  stated  in  the  discussion  of  stocks  in  Chapter  II,  the  Marianna 
is  not  now  employed  by  nurserymen  as  largely  as  formerly,  though  there 
are  still  conditions  in  which  it  is  the  best  of  stocks.  The  tree  is  a  handsome 
ornamental  at  any  season  of  the  year  and  its  broad,  spreading  top  makes  it  a 
good  shade  tree. 


274  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Marianna  originated  as  a  seedling  in  a  mixed  orchard  belonging  to 
Charles  G.  Fitze,  Marianna,  Polk  County,  Texas;  its  parentage  is  unknown. 
The  originator  considered  it  a  seedling  of  Wild  Goose,  but,  it  is  probably 
an  offspring  of  DeCaradeuc  and,  as  stated  in  the  foregoing  paragraph, 
undoubtedly  a  hybrid.  In  1884,  Charles  N.  Eley,  Smith  Point,  Texas, 
introduced  the  Marianna  to  fruit-growers;  in  1889  it  was  placed  on  the 
fruit  catalog  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  broad,  spreading,  open  and  flat-topped,  hardy,  unproductive, 
M  comparatively  free  from  insects  or  diseases;  trunk  rough;  branches  numerous,  usually 

smooth,  but  sometimes  roughened  by  the  cracking  of  the  bark,  thorny,  dark  ash-gray, 
with  numerous,  very  large,  raised  lenticels;  branchlets  slender,  twiggy,  with  inter- 
nodes  of  medium  length,  green  changing  to  dull  reddish-brown,  with  gray  scarf-skin, 
glabrous,  with  conspicuous,  large,  raised  lenticels;  leaf -buds  very  small  and  short,  obtuse, 
appressed. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  elongated-oval,  one  and  one-eighth  inches  wide,  two  and 
five-eighths  inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface  smooth,  glabrous,  with  a  shallow  groove 
on  the  midrib;  lower  surface  pale  green,  lightly  pubescent  along  the  midrib  and  larger 
veins;  apex  and  base  acute,  margin  very  finely  serrate,  with  small,  black  or  amber  glands; 
petiole  slender,  three-quarters  inch  long,  pubescent  along  one  side,  usually  tinged  red, 
glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  very  small,  globose,  greenish-brown  glands  variable 
in  position. 

Blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the 
leaves,  three-quarters  inch  across,  white;  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  spurs,  in  twos 
or  in  threes;  pedicels  three-eighths  inch  long,  slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx- tube 
green,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  acute,  sparingly  pubescent,  ciliate,  erect; 
petals  very  small,  separated  from  each  other,  broadly  oval,  entire,  tapering  to  narrow 
claws;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  three-sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal 
to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  early,  season  of  medium  length;  one  and  one-eighth  inches  or  more  in 
diameter,  oval  or  roundish-oval,  often  not  compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity  shallow, 
narrow,  abrupt,  regular;  suture  a  line;  apex  roundish  or  blunt-pointed;  color  bright, 
light  red  changing  to  darker  red,  overspread  with  thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small, 
light  russet,  conspicuous,  clustered  about  the  apex;  stem  slender,  five-eighths  inch  long, 
glabrous;  skin  tough,  bitter,  inclined  to  crack  under  unfavorable  conditions,  parts 
readily;  flesh  yellow,  tinged  red  under  the  skin  and  next  to  the  stone,  unusually  juicy, 
fibrous,  watery  and  melting,  sweet  next  to  the  skin,  but  acid  near  the  pit,  sprightly; 
inferior  in  quality;  stone  clinging,  three-quarters  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  elongated- 
oval,  blunt-pointed,  surfaces  pitted;  ventral  suture  blunt,  wide,  slightly  ridged;  dorsal 
suture  widely  and  deeply  grooved. 


MARIANNA 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  275 

MARU 

Prunus  triflora 

i.  Ga.  Hon.  Sac.  Rpt.  29.  1886.  2. /Wd.  53,  99.  1889.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  105,  106.  1891. 
4.  Rev.  Hon.  515.  1891.  5.  Ibid.  278.  1894.  6.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  62:26.  1894.  7.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui. 
32:489.  1899.  8.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  106:57.  1896.  9.  Rural  N.  Y.  56:615.  1897.  10.  Cornell 
Sta.  Bui.  175:143.  1899.  ii.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:242,  249.  1899.  12.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  138. 
1901.  13.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  68:9.  31.  1905. 

Maru  is  much  in  evidence  in  plum  literature,  the  concensus  of  opinion 
being  that  it  is  little  short  of  worthless.  Its  quality  is  not  high  and  it  comes 
in  season  about  with  Abundance  which  surpasses  it  in  nearly  all  characters. 
The  variety  was  introduced  by  Luther  Burbank  and  is  said  to  have  been 
imported  by  him  about  1885.  In  Japan  this  name  is  applied  to  any  round 
plum,  but  so  far  in  America  it  has  been  restricted  to  this  variety. 

Tree  large,  lacking  in  vigor,  broad-vasiform,  dense-topped,  unproductive,  somewhat 
susceptible  to  attacks  of  shot-hole  fungus;  trunk  and  branches  rough;  branchlets 
twiggy,  marked  with  thin,  russety  scarf-skin,  glabrous,  with  large,  prominent  lenticels; 
leaves  folded  upward,  oblanceolate,  peach-like,  thin,  one  and  three-eighths  inches  wide, 
three  inches  long;  upper  surface  yellowish-green  late  in  the  season;  margin  very  finely 
serrate,  with  small  glands;  petiole  with  from  one  to  six  glands  usually  on  the  stalk; 
blooming  season  early;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  three-quarters  inch  across; 
borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  spurs,  in  threes  or  fours;  pistil  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  early,  about  one  and  one-quarter  inches  in  diameter,  roundish-cordate,  dull 
red,  with  medium  thick  bloom;  flesh  deep  yellow,  tender  and  melting,  sweet  next  the 
skin,  but  slightly  astringent  near  the  pit;  poor  in  quality;  stone  clinging,  five-eighths 
inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  oval  or  roundish,  turgid,  with  rough  surfaces. 

MAYNARD 

Prunus  triflora  X  Prunus  sintonii 

i.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:226.  1899.  2.  Nat.  Nur.  11:5.  1903.  3.  Oregon  Nur.  Cat.  24.  1903. 
4.  Can.  Hort.  28:285.  1905. 

The  habit  of  the  tree  of  Maynard  is  commendable  and  the  plums 
are  very  acceptable  to  those  who  care  for  the  Triflora  fruits.  The  season 
follows  Climax,  a  period  when  there  is  a  dearth  of  Triflora  plums.  May- 
nard has  been  so  widely  advertised  that  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that 
it  is  worthy  of  trial.  The  variety  was  first  fruited  in  1897  by  Burbank 
after  which  it  was  tested  by  him  for  five  years  and  was  then  sold  to  the 
Oregon  Nursery  Company  by  whom  it  was  introduced  in  1903.  It  was 
named  by  the  originator  in  honor  of  Professor  T.  S.  Maynard,  then  in 
charge  of  horticulture  in  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College. 


276  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright,  open-topped,  productive;  branchlets  thick,  dark 
chestnut-red;  leaves  obovate,  one  and  one-half  inches  wide,  three  and  one-half  inches 
long,  thin;  margin  finely  serrate,  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  slender,  glandless 
or  with  one  or  two  small  glands  usually  at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Fruit  early;  about  one  and  three-eighths  inches  in  diameter,  roundish-truncate,  dark 
red,  changing  to  purplish-black,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  flesh  reddish,  with  a 
tinge  of  yellow  near  the  pit,  fibrous,  tender  and  melting,  sweet,  aromatic;  good  to  very 
good;  stone  semi-clinging,  three-quarters  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  broadly 
oval,  turgid,  blunt  at  the  base  and  apex,  with  pitted  surfaces;  ventral  suture  prominent, 
with  deep  furrows  and  with  a  narrow,  blunt  wing;  dorsal  suture  acute  or  with  an  in- 
distinct groove. 

MCLAUGHLIN 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Horticulturist  1:195  fig.  54.  1846.  2.  Cole  Am.  Fr.  Book  209  fig.  1849.  3.  Thomas  Am. 
Fruit  CuU.  332.  1849.  4-  Mag.  Hort.  16:456,  457  fig.  28.  1850.  5.  Hovey  Fr.  Am.  2:47,  PI-  l85:- 
6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  36,  55.  1852.  7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  231.  1834.  8.  Cultivator  6:52  fig. 
1858.  9.  Flor.  &  Pom.  200.  1870.  10.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:137,  fig.  69.  1866-73.  "•  Am.  Card. 
14:299  fig.  1893.  12.  Gaudier  Pom.  Prak.  Obst.  97,  Col.  PI.  95.  1894.  13.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui. 
131:189.  1897.  14.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:242,  246.  1899.  15.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  115,  116  fig. 
1901.  16.  Va.  Sta.  Bui.  134:43.  1902.  17.  Mass.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  17:159.  1905. 

M'Laughlin  2.     McLaughlin's  Gage  Plum  9.     MacLaughlin  12.     MacLanglin  12. 

McLaughlin  stands  well  up  with  the  best  of  plums  in  quality  and 
when  well  grown  is  very  attractive  in  appearance.  Its  flesh  is  sweet 
and  yet  not  so  sweet  as  to  cloy  the  appetite ;  in  flavor  it  is  rich  and  delicate 
and  while  somewhat  like  that  of  Reine  Claude,  is  different,  so  that  the 
variety  has  a  taste  quite  of  its  own;  though  the  juice  is  abundant,  the 
flesh  is  not  watery;  the  texture  is  neither  too  coarse  nor  too  fine,  too 
fibrous  nor  too  mealy,  but  in  a  fruit  rightly  matured  is  most  pleasantly 
melting.  There  are  few  other  plums  in  which  the  characters  pleasing 
to  the  taste  exist  in  such  nice  proportions.  McLaughlin  is  a  little  smaller 
than  some  other  plums  of  its  group,  but  is  quite  large  enough  for  a  dessert 
plum.  Unless  at  its  best,  it  is  not  as  attractive  in  color  as  Jefferson,  Wash- 
ington, Reine  Claude  and  some  others  of  its  type,  but  at  its  very  best,  it 
is  unsurpassed  by  any  other  plum  in  coloring;  it  has  in  perfection  the  deli- 
cate yellow  skin  which  belongs  to  the  Reine  Claudes  upon  which  is  marbled 
tints  of  white,  yellow  and  crimson,  the  blending  of  which  the  illustration 
shows  but  poorly.  The  fruit  of  McLaughlin  has  its  imperfections,  however. 
The  flesh  clings  tenaciously  to  the  stone,  is  too  melting  to  keep  or  ship 
well  and  rots  badly  on  the  tree.  These  defects  debar  the  variety  in  America, 
with  present  market  demands,  from  commercial  plantations.  The  tree 


MCLAUGHLIN 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  277 

is  above  the  average  in  size  and  vigor  and  is  as  hardy  as  any,  more  so  than 
most  of  the  Reine  Claude  varieties.  It  comes  in  bearing  early  and  is  rather 
productive.  The  place  for  this  plum,  from  the  summary  of  its  characters, 
is  apparent  at  once — in  the  home  orchard  and  in  the  collection  of  the  fruit 
connoisseur. 

McLaughlin  was  raised  by  James  McLaughlin  of  Bangor,  Maine, 
first  fruiting  about  1840.  The  parentage  of  the  variety  is  disputed,  but 
no  one  doubts  that  it  contains  Reine  Claude  blood,  though  the  tree  is  too 
vigorous  to  have  been  raised  from  the  Reine  Claude  self -pollinated.  Judging 
from  the  tree-characters,  it  may  have  sprung  from  the  Washington  or  Im- 
perial Gage  fertilized  by  the  Reine  Claude.  The  American  Pomological 
Society,  in  1852,  placed  the  McLaughlin  with  the  plums  that  promised 
well,  and  at  the  next  meeting  added  it  to  the  recommended  list. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  variable  in  vigor,  spreading,  open-topped,  hardy,  medium  to 
productive;  branches  stocky, ash-gray,  smooth,  with  small,  indistinct  lenticels;  branchlets 
few,  thick,  short,  with  short  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  brownish-drab,  lightly 
pubescent,  with  numerous,  small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  above  medium  in  size,  long,  pointed, 
appressed;  leaf-scars  swollen. 

Leaves  oval,  two  inches  wide,  three  and  one-half  inches  long,  thick;  upper  surface 
dark  green,  glossy,  covered  with  fine  hairs;  lower  surface  pale  green,  pubescent;  apex 
abruptly  pointed,  base  acute,  margin  crenate,  with  small,  black  glands;  petiole  five- 
eighths  inch  long,  thick,  pubescent,  tinged  red,  with  one  or  two  small,  globose,  yellowish 
glands  usually  at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Season  of  bloom  intermediate,  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  fifteen- 
sixteenths  inch  across,  white,  with  yellow  tinge  near  the  apex  of  the  petals;  borne  on 
lateral  spurs  and  buds,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  one-half  inch  long,  thick,  very  pubes- 
cent, greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  obconic,  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  narrow,  obtuse, 
sparingly  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  glandular-serrate  and  with  marginal  hairs,  re- 
flexed;  petals  obovate,  crenate,  tapering  below  to  short,  broad  claws;  anthers  yellowish; 
filaments  one-quarter  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous  except  at  the  ovary,  longer  than  the 
stamens. 

Fruit  early,  season  short;  one  and  five-eighths  inches  by  one  and  seven-eighths 
inches  in  size,  roundish-oblate,  compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity  shallow,  narrow,  abrupt; 
suture  shallow;  apex  flattened  or  depressed;  color  greenish-yellow,  blushed  and  mottled 
with  red,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  light  colored;  stem 
thick,  three-quarters  inch  long,  pubescent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit,  surrounded  at  the 
cavity  by  a  fleshy  ring;  skin  tough,  slightly  adhering;  flesh  light  yellow,  juicy,  sweet, 
mild  and  pleasant;  very  good;  stone  clinging,  one  inch  by  three-quarters  inch  in  size, 
irregular  broad-oval,  very  blunt  at  the  base  and  apex,  heavily  wrinkled  and  deeply 
pitted;  ventral  suture  narrow,  distinctly  furrowed,  winged;  dorsal  suture  widely  and 
deeply  grooved. 


278  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

MIDDLEBURG 

Prunus  domestica 

l.  W.  N.  Y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rft.  31:60.  1886.  2.  Mich.  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  288.  1889.  3.  Corwll  Sta. 
Bui.  131:189.  1897.  4.  Ont.  Fr.  Exp.  Sta.  Rpt.  119.  1898.  5.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:242,  246.  1899. 
Ibid.  187:77,  79.  1901. 

Middleburgh  i. 

It  is  somewhat  remarkable  that  so  good  a  plum  as  Middleburg  should 
have  so  long  escaped  the  attention  of  fruit-growers  and  even  of  pomolo- 
gists.  Not  even  Downing  has  recorded  it,  though  he  lived  not  more  than 
a  hundred  miles  from  the  place  of  its  origin,  which  must  have  taken  place 
in  his  time.  The  fruits  may  be  surpassed  somewhat  by  other  purple  plums 
in  appearance  but  few  of  them  are  better  in  quality,  either  for  dessert  or 
for  cooking.  It  is  especially  valuable  too,  because  it  ripens  late,  hangs  well 
to  the  tree  and  ships  and  keeps  well,  in  the  latter  respect  equalling  the  best 
of  the  prunes.  Out  of  a  collection  of  about  three  hundred  sorts  on  the 
Station  grounds,  this  would  undoubtedly  be  chosen  as  the  favorite  purple 
plum  of  its  season.  The  trees,  while  of  only  medium  size,  are  robust,  healthy, 
hardy  and  usually  productive.  In  Schoharie  County,  eastern  New  York, 
where  this  variety  originated  and  has  long  been  grown,  black-knot  is 
usually  epidemic  and  Middleburg  and  Palatine  are  said  to  be  the  sorts 
most  free  from  the  disease — so  free  that  neither  is  much  troubled  by  it. 
From  its  behavior  here  it  is  certain  that,  belying  the  looks  of  either  fruit 
or  tree,  Middleburg  will  improve  upon  acquaintance  and  that  when  well 
known  it  will  be  wanted  in  home  collections  at  least  and  more  than  likely 
some  commercial  fruit-growers  will  find  it  profitable. 

Middleburg  came  from  Middleburg,  Schoharie  County,  New  York, 
where  it  was  found  as  a  chance  seedling.  Mr.  S.  D.  Willard,  of  Geneva, 
first  called  attention  to  the  variety  in  1886  at  a  meeting  of  the  Western 
New  York  Hortcultural  Society.  Its  origin  is  much  older  than  the  date 
given,  as  it  has  been  extensively  grown  in  Schoharie  County  for  a  half- 
century  or  more. 

Tree  above  medium  in  size,  vigorous,  round  and  open -topped  hardy,  productive; 
branches  ash-gray,  smooth,  with  small  lenticels;  branchlets  of  medium  thickness  and 
length,  with  long  internodes,  greenish-red,  changing  to  brownish-red,  overspread  with 
light  bloom,  dull,  somewhat  pubescent,  with  few,  inconspicuous,  small  lenticels;  leaf- 
buds  of  medium  size  and  length,  pointed,  appressed. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  oval,  one  and  one-half  inches  wide,  three  and  one-half  inches 
long,  rather  thick,  stiff;  upper  surface  dark  green,  sparingly  pubescent  on  the  grooved 


MIDDLEBURG 


THE    PLUMS   OF   NEW    YORK.  279 

midrib  and  larger  veins;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  pubescent;  apex  and  base  acute, 
margin  doubly  serrate,  with  a  few,  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  eleven-sixteenths  inch 
long,  pubescent,  tinged  red,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  small,  globose,  greenish- 
brown  glands  on  the  stalk  or  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  early  to  medium,  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one 
inch  across,  white,  borne  in  scattering  clusters  on  lateral  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  ped- 
icels three-quarters  inch  long,  overspread  with  fine,  short  pubescence,  greenish;  calyx- 
tube  green,  campanulate,  pubescent  at  the  base;  calyx-lobes  obtuse,  thinly  pubescent 
on  both  surfaces,  glandular-serrate,  somewhat  reflexed;  petals  roundish  or  obovate, 
entire,  with  short,  abrupt  claws;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  five-sixteenths  inch  long; 
pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length,  with  a  large,  pubescent  ovary. 

Fruit  very  late,  seasonlong;  oneand  five-eighths  inches  by  one  and  one-half  inches  in 
size,  distinctly  oval,  compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity  very  shallow,  narrow,  flattened; 
suture  usually  lacking;  apex  roundish;  color  varies  from  light  to  deep  purplish-red,  over- 
spread with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  russet,  inconspicuous;  stem  one  inch 
long,  thinly  pubescent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  slightly  sour,  separating 
readily;  flesh  light  yellow,  rather  juicy,  somewhat  coarse,  firm,  sprightly  when  first 
mature,  becoming  sweetish,  strongly  aromatic,  pleasant  flavored;  very  good;  stone 
semi-free  or  free,  one  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  irregular-oval,  with  pitted  sur- 
faces, slightly  acute  at  the  base  and  apex;  ventral  suture  narrow,  winged,  faintly  ridged; 
dorsal  suture  acute  or  with  a  shallow,  narrow  groove. 

MILLER  SUPERB 

Prunus  domestica 

Of  the  two  hundred  and  more  varieties  of  plums  which  have  fruited 
on  the  Station  grounds,  Miller  Superb  is  one  of  the  finest  for  dessert.  The 
variety  is  of  the  Reine  Claude  group  and  is  fully  up  with  the  best  of  these 
plums — all  noted  for  high  quality.  In  size  and  appearance,  the  plums 
resemble  those  of  the  well-known  Bavay  though  usually  larger.  This  plum 
originated  with  Colonel  Charles  Miller  of  Geneva,  New  York,  when,  is  not 
known.  About  1889,  M.  F.  Pierson  of  Stanley,  New  York,  secured  cions  of 
the  plum  from  Colonel  Miller  and  named  the  variety  Miller  Superb.  It 
has  never  been  introduced  and  is  grown  locally  only  to  a  very  limited 
extent.  Its  large  size,  productiveness  and  superior  quality  should  recom- 
mend it  strongly  for  more  general  cultivation. 

Tree  of  medium  size  and  vigor,  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  productive; 
branches  rough  as  they  approach  the  rough  trunk;  leaf -scars  enlarged;  leaves  flattened, 
oval,  two  inches  wide,  three  and  three-quarters  inches  long;  margin  serrate  or  crenate, 
with  few,  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  long,  thick,  reddish,  pubescent,  with  from  one 
to  three  glands  usually  at  the  base  of  the  leaf;  blooming  season  of  medium  length; 


280  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  inch  or  more  across,  white  with  yellowish  tinge; 
borne  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs. 

Fruit  intermediate  in  time  and  length  of  ripening  season;  one  and  three-quarters 
inches  by  one  and  five-eighths  inches  in  size,  roundish-oval  or  roundish-ovate,  golden- 
yellow,  mottled  and  splashed  with  green  and  sometimes  with  a  blush  on  the  exposed 
cheek,  overspread  with  thin  bloom;  dots  conspicuous;  flesh  light  golden-yellow,  juicy, 
firm  but  tender,  sweet,  pleasant  in  flavor;  very  good;  stone  clinging  or  semi-clinging, 
one  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  ovate  or  oval,  somewhat  flattened,  usually 
winged;  dorsal  suture  grooved. 

MILTON 

Prunus  munsoniana  X  ? 

i.  la.  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  287.  1887.  2.  Ibid.  393.  1892.  3.  Ibid.  334.  1894.  4.  Neb.  Hon.  Soc. 
Rpt.  201.  1897.  5.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:24,  48.  1897.  6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  40.  1899.  7.  la. 
Sta.  Bui.  46:280.  1900.  8.  Ala.  Col.  Sta.  Bui.  112:178.  1900.  9.  Terry  Cat.  6.  1900.  10.  Waugh 
Plum  Cult.  187.  1901.  ii.  Can.  Exp.  Farm.  Bui.  43:31.  1903.  12.  la.  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  445. 
1903.  13.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  67:277.  1904.  14.  Miss.  Sta.  Bui.  93:15.  1903.  15.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui. 
162:256,  257.  1905.  16.  III.  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  420.  1905. 

The  special  merits  of  Milton,  as  compared  with  other  native  varieties, 
are  that  it  blooms  late  and  ripens  early.  It  thus  escapes  frosts,  when,  for 
example,  its  parent,  Wild  Goose,  might  be  injured;  and  its  early  ripening 
prolongs  the  season  for  native  plums.  The  fruits  are  large,  of  very  good 
quality,  though  a  little  too  juicy  for  pleasant  eating  or  to  ship  well,  .very 
attractive  in  appearance,  and,  more  important  than  all  else  for  the  regions 
in  which  it  is  likely  to  be  grown,  it  is  comparatively  free  from  rot.  Unfor- 
tunately, the  flesh  clings  most  tenaciously  to  the  stone  even  after  cooking. 
In  its  fruit-characters,  Milton  strongly  resembles  one  of  the  Mineri  plums,  but 
the  tree  is  very  much  like  that  of  Wild  Goose,  its  known  parent.  In  New 
York,  Milton  is  one  of  the  best  of  the  native  plums  but  it  is  hardly  so  con- 
sidered in  the  Middle  West,  where  these  plums  are  most  grown,  judging 
from  the  discussions  of  it  in  the  references  given  above. 

Milton,  a  seedling  of  Wild  Goose  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent, 
Iowa,  first  fruited  in  1885.  The  originator  believed  that  the  other  parent 
was  an  Americana,  but  from  the  characters  of  the  tree  it  was  more  likely 
one  of  the  Mineri  plums.  The  American  Pomological  society  added  Milton 
to  its  fruit  catalog  list  in  1899. 

Tree  of  medium  size  and  vigor,  round  and  dense-topped,  symmetrical,  hardy  at 
Geneva,  productive,  healthy;  branches  brash,  rough,  thorny,  dark  brownish-gray, 
with  numerous,  large,  narrow  and  much  elongated  lenticels;  branchlets  very  slender, 
willowy,  medium  to  long,  with  internodes  of  average  length,  greenish-red,  changing 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  281 

to  dull  reddish-brown,  thinly  pubescent,  with  numerous,  conspicuous,  small,  slightly 
raised  lenticels;  leaf -buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  free. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  broadly  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  peach-like,  one  inch 
wide,  three  inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface  smooth,  with  a  grooved  midrib;  lower 
surface  thinly  pubescent  on  the  midrib  and  larger  veins;  apex  taper-pointed,  base 
slightly  acute,  margin  serrate  or  crenate,  with  numerous,  minute,  dark  glands;  petiole 
seven-sixteenths  inch  long,  slender,  reddish,  lightly  pubescent,  glandless  or  with  from 
one  to  four  small,  globose,  yellowish-brown  glands  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  late  and  long;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  three-quarters 
inch  across,  the  buds  creamy  when  opening,  changing  to  white,  odor  disagreeable;  borne 
in  thin  clusters  on  lateral  spurs  and  buds,  singly,  in  pairs,  or  in  threes;  pedicels  three- 
quarters  inch  long,  very  slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx- tube  green,  obconic,  glabrous; 
calyx-lobes  narrow,  slightly  obtuse,  pubescent  within,  with  dark  colored  glands  and 
marginal  hairs,  erect;  petals  oval,  entire  or  deeply  indented,  tapering  below  to  long, 
narrow  claws  margined  with  few  scattering  hairs  near  the  base;  anthers  yellow  with 
a  faint  trace  of  red;  filaments  five-sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  slender,  glabrous,  equal 
to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  very  early,  season  short;  one  and  three-sixteenths  inches  by  one  inch  in  size, 
oval,  slightly  compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity  shallow,  narrow,  abrupt,  regular;  suture 
a  distinct  line;  apex  roundish  or  slightly  pointed;  color  dark  red,  covered  with  thin 
bloom;  dots  very  numerous,  medium  to  large,  russet,  conspicuous;  stem  slender,  seven- 
eighths  inch  long,  adhering  fairly  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tough,  astringent,  sepa- 
rating readily;  flesh  yellowish,  the  juice  given  off  readily  leaving  a  tough,  fibrous  pulp, 
sweet  next  the  skin,  but  rather  acid  at  the  center,  of  pleasant  flavor;  fair  to  good;  stone 
adhering,  three-quarters  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  long-oval,  slightly  elongated  at 
the  base  and  apex,  somewhat  flattened,  surface  broken  into  irregular  ridges;  ventral 
suture  blunt,  faintly  ridged;  dorsal  suture  a  narrow,  shallow  groove. 

MINER 

Prunus  hortulana  mineri 

i.  Horticulturist  22:332.  1867.  2.  Am.  Jour.  Hort.  5:145.  1869.  3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am. 
931.  1869.  4.  la.  Agr.  Soc.  Rpt.  332.  1871.  5.  Card.  Man.  13:347,  348.  1871.  6.  la.  Hort.  Soc. 
Rpt.  152.  1873.  7.  Ibid.  90.  1874.  8.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  36.  1875.  9.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc. 
Rpt.  81.  1882.  10.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:55,  56,  58,  81,  86.  1892.  n.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  118:54. 
1895.  12.  Guide  Prat.  163,  359.  1895.  13.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  10:99,  I03-  J897-  14.  Thomas 
Am.  Fruit  Cult.  491.  1897.  15.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50:41.  1898.  16.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  173.  1901. 
17.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  208.  1901.  18.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  67:278.  1904.  19.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:25, 
57  fig.  1905. 

Chicasaw  Chief  4,   10,   14.     General  Jackson  4,   10,   14.     Gillett  3,   14.     Hinckley  3,  6,   10,   14. 
Hinckley  5,  7.     Isabel  3,  14.     Minner  12.     Old  Hickory  4,  10,  14.     Parsons  ?io,  14,  16.     Robinson 
3,  14.     Townsend  3,  6,  14.     William  Dodd  4,  10,  14. 

Miner  has  the  distinction  of  being  the  first  of  the  native  plums  to 
be  named  and  of  being  the  typical  plum  in  the  sub-species  to  which  its 


282  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

name  has  been  given.  Though  lacking  but  a  few  years  of  having  been  in 
the  hands  of  civilization  a  century  (the  Indians  from  whom  it  appears 
to  have  been  taken  had  possibly  cultivated  it  longer),  Miner  is  still  a  standard 
variety  and  while  not  the  best  of  the  group  of  which  it  is  the  type,  it  is  one 
of  the  best.  This  variety  has  the  further  distinction  of  being,  after  Wild 
Goose,  the  parent  of  more  cultivated  offspring  than  any  other  of  our  native 
plums  and  must  be  credited  with  having  transmitted  its  characters,  those 
of  the  tree  being  especially  good,  to  a  high  degree.  Miner  is  one  of  the 
parents  of  more  than  two  score  of  named  native  plums  in  nearly  all  of  which 
the  resemblances  to  each  other  and  to  the  parent  are  very  marked.  The 
variety  is  not  grown,  so  far  as  is  known,  in  New  York  and  the  trees  on 
the  grounds  of  this  Station  not  being  in  bearing,  it  was  impossible  to  illus- 
trate the  fruit  in  The  Plums  of  New  York  though  to  do  so  was  greatly 
desired.  In  the  Middle  West,  Miner  is  probably  as  widely  disseminated 
and  as  largely  grown  as  any  other  plum,  being  particularly  adapted 
to  the  northern  limits  of  the  cultivation  of  its  species.  The  tree  of  this 
variety  is  robust,  healthy,  probably  better  in  habit  of  growth  for  orchard 
management  than  any  other  of  the  native  plums,  and  usually  productive. 
The  fruits  are  good  in  quality,  attractive  in  appearance,  comparatively 
curculio-proof  and  are  especially  suited  for  culinary  uses.  The  variety 
is  unproductive  unless  cross-fertilized. 

Several  accounts  are  given  of  the  origin  of  Miner,  none  of  which  can 
be  accurately  verified  at  this  late  date.  When  all  of  the  data  is  compared 
and  that  which  is  reliable  is  put  together,  the  history  of  the  variety  runs 
about  as  follows:  In  1813  William  Dodd,  an  officer  under  General  Jackson, 
found  this  plum  growing  in  a  Chicasaw  Indian  plantation  at  a  place  called 
Horse  Shoe  Bend,  on  the  Tallapoosa  River,  Alabama.  The  plums  were 
so  attractive  in  size  and  excellent  in  quality  that  he  saved  seeds  of  the 
variety  and  in  1814  planted  them  in  Knox  County,  Tennessee.  When 
the  trees  came  in  bearing  and  their  merits  were  discovered,  the  new  plum 
was  at  once  in  demand  and  was  rather  widely  distributed  in  Knox  and 
neighboring  counties  under  the  names  "  Old  Hickory  "  and  "  General 
Jackson."  In  1823  or  1824,  Dodd  moved  to  Springfield,  Illinois,  taking 
sprouts  of  this  plum  with  him.  Dodd's  young  trees  did  not  thrive  and  he 
asked  a  brother  in  Tennessee  who  was  moving  to  Illinois,  to  bring  more 
sprouts  of  the  new  plum.  The  brother,  instead  of  going  to  Springfield, 
went  to  Galena,  Illinois,  taking  with  him  the  sprouts  of  Old  Hickory. 
These  fell  into  the  hands  of  Judge  Hinckley,  who  distributed  them  among 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  283 

his  friends,  one  of  whom,  a  Mr.  Townsend,  propagated  the  variety  rather 
extensively.  At  Galena,  from  the  circumstances  just  noted,  the  variety 
was  called  "  Hinckley  "  and  "  Townsend."  Meanwhile,  the  trees  which 
the  first  Mr.  Dodd  had  taken  to  Springfield  came  into  bearing  and  the 
variety  was  propagated  and  distributed  in  the  neighborhood  as  "  William 
Dodd  "  and  "  Chicasaw  Chief."  A  relative  of  the  Townsends,  at  Galena, 
took  trees  of  this  plum  to  Lancaster,  Wisconsin,  where  they  were  propa- 
gated by  a  man  named  Joel  Barber.  Barber  named  the  plum  after  his 
father-in-law,  a  Mr.  Miner,  and  this  name,  out  of  the  dozen  or  more  that 
have  been  given  it,  is  the  one  under  which  the  plum  is  now  universally 
known.  During  the  process  of  dissemination  the  variety  received  several 
other  local  names  as  Isabel,  Gillett,  Robinson  and  Parsons. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  hardy  at  Geneva,  unproductive  unless  cross-pol- 
linized;  branches  smooth,  reddish-brown,  thorny;  branchlets  slender,  long,  with  long 
internodes,  greenish-red,  changing  to  brownish-red,  glossy,  glabrous,  with  numerous, 
small,  grayish  lenticels;  leaf -buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  appressed. 

Leaves  falling  late,  long-oval  or  obovate,  peach-like,  one  and  five-eighths  inches 
wide,  four  inches  long,  thick;  upper  surface  roughish,  glabrous  except  for  a  few  hairs 
on  the  narrowly  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  very  thinly  pubescent;  apex  acuminate, 
base  abrupt  and  nearly  acute,  margin  serrate,  with  small  glands;  petiole  five-eighths 
inch  long,  pubescent  on  the  upper  surface,  often  tinged  red,  with  from  two  to  four  reni- 
form  or  globose,  dark  amber  glands  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Flowers  late,  often  self-sterile,  medium  to  large. 

Fruit  somewhat  late;  medium  in  size,  roundish-ovate  or  roundish-oblong;  cavity 
shallow,  narrow,  regular;  suture  indistinct ;  apex  pointed;  color  dull,  dark  red,  appearing 
some  time  before  maturity,  covered  with  thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  minute,  yellowish, 
conspicuous  at  first,  becoming  duller;  stem  slender,  long,  adhering  strongly  to  the 
fruit;  skin  thick,  tough,  somewhat  astringent;  flesh  pale  amber  yellow,  juicy,  nearly 
tender,  mild,  aromatic;  good  in  quality;  stone  adhering,  small  to  medium,  roundish- 
oval,  flattened,  pointed  at  the  base  and  apex,  with  nearly  smooth  surfaces. 

MIRABELLE 

Prunus  insititia 

i.  Merlet  Abrege  des  bans  fruits  1675.  2.  Rea  Flora  207.  1676.  3.  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  68,  70. 
1699.  4.  Langley  Pomona  93,  PI.  XXIII  fig.  VIII.  1729.  5.  Miller  Card.  Diet.  3:1754.  6.  Du- 
hamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:95,  PI.  XIV.  1768.  7.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:52,  58.  1771.  8.  Land.  Hort. 
Soc.  Cat.  149.  1831.  9.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:76.  1832.  10.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  1:1846.  n. 
Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  282  fig.  no.  1845.  12.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  330.  1849.  13.  Thomp 
son  Card.  Ass't  518.  1859.  U-  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  371.  1866.  15.  Jour.  Hort.  N.  S.  15:339-  1868. 
16.  Pom.  France  7:No.  14.  1871.  17.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:13,  fig.  7.  1866-73.  18.  Oberdieck  Deut. 
Obst.  Son.  425.  1881.  19.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  431,  432.  1889.  20.  Gaucher  Pom.  Prak.  Obst. 


284  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

93,  PI.  69.     1894.     21.  Guide  Prat.  163,  361.     1895.     22.  Garden  50:364.  1896.     23.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Dili. 
Pom.  Bui.      10:11.     1901.     24.  Baltet  Cult.  Fr.  489,  492  fig.  326,  503.     1908. 

Aprikosenartige  Mirabelle  id,  19,  20,  21.  Damascena  Artneniacea  21.  Damascena  Armeniaca  19. 
Damas  Vert  7.  De  Mirabelle  21.  Gelbe  Mirabelle  16,  17,  21.  Gelbe  Mirabelle  18,  19,  20.  Geperlte 
Mirabelle  19.  Green  Damask  ?  3.  Kleinste  Mirabelle  19.  Kleine  Mirabelle  19,  20,  21.  La  Mirabelle 
9,  19,  20,  21.  Lerchenei  19,  20.  Little  Mirabelle  9,  19,  20.  Mirababelle  20.  Mirabel  3.  Mirabelle 
abricotee  16,  19,  20,  21.  Mirabelle  14,  17,  19,  21.  Mirabelle  Blanche  7.  Mirabelle  Blanche  14,  16,  19, 
20,  21.  Mirabellede  Metz  15,  19,  20,  24.  Mirabelle  de  Vienne  14,  16,  19,  20,  21.  Mirabelle  Jaime  7,  8, 
ii,  13,  14,  16,  19,  20,  21.  Mirabelle  Perle  14,  20.  Mirabelle  Perlee  7,  16,  19,  20,  21.  Mirabelle  Petite 
8,  9,  ii,  13,  17,  19,  21.  Mirabelle  prccoce  16,  17,  19,  20?,  21?.  Mirabelle  Petite  14.  Mirabelle 
Simple  ?  7.  Mirabelle  Verte  16,  ?ai.  Mirabelle  Verte  ?7.  Ptff*2  £>ra/>  d'Or  9,  19,  20.  Petite  Mira- 
belle 9,  16,  19,  20.  Petite  Mirabelle  16,  17,  21,  24.  P.  Damascena  Armeniacea  16.  Prune  de  Mira- 
belle 9,  17,  19.  Prune  de  Mirabelle  10.  Small  Mirabelle  9.  Small  Mirabelle  19,  20.  Syrische 
Pflaume  19,  20.  The  Green  Damosine  Plum?2.  White  Mirabelle  14,  16,  19,  21.  White  Mirable  4. 
Wiener  Mirabelle  19,  20. 

Mirabelle,  though  described  in  an  American  fruit  book  as  early  as 
1832  and  mentioned  in  nearly  every  pomology  since,  is  hardly  known  in 
America.  In  Europe,  especially  in  France,  it  is  one  of  the  favorite  varieties 
and  is  in  great  demand  for  canning,  preserves,  compotes,  tarts  and  prunes. 
The  trees  of  this  variety  on  the  grounds  of  this  Station  grow  very  well, 
producing  fine  crops  of  fruit,  as  it  is  probable  they  would  do  wherever 
the  Damsons  can  be  grown.  The  small,  round,  yellow  fruits  are  attractive 
in  appearance,  and  the  sweet,  pleasant  flavor  of  the  variety  should  fit  it 
admirably  in  this  country  for  the  purposes  for  which  it  is  so  largely  grown 
by  the  French.  The  trees  are  small  but  vigorous  and  healthy,  the  last  two 
qualities  having  suggested  in  Europe  their  use  as  stocks,  to  which  purpose 
they  are  sometimes  put  in  France  when  a  dwarfing  stock  is  needed.  European 
writers  say  that  the  variety  may  be  reproduced  from  seed. 

Mirabelle  is  a  very  old  plum;  it  was  noted  by  the  pomological  writers 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  Seventeenth  Century  and  since  that  date  it  has  held 
a  conspicuous  place  in  all  of  the  European  plum  literature.  This  variety, 
though  probably  sparingly  introduced  in  America  at  different  times,  has 
never  been  widely  cultivated  and  is  not  now  offered  for  sale  by  any  of 
the  nurserymen  whose  catalogs  have  been  consulted  for  The  Plums  of 
New  York. 

Tree  small,  round  and  open-topped,  hardy;  branches  dark  ash-gray,  smooth,  with 
numerous,  small  lenticels;  branchlets  slender,  of  medium  length,  dull  brownish-red, 
thorny,  glabrous,  with  numerous,  small,  indistinct  lenticels;  leaf -buds  of  medium  size 
and  length,  conical,  free. 

Leaves  falling  early,  one  and  one-half  inches  wide,  three  inches  long,  folded  upward, 
oval,  rather  thin;  upper  surface  medium  green,  smooth,  with  few  hairs  scattered  along 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  285 

the  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  pubescent;  apex  acute,  base  abrupt, 
margin  crenate,  with  small,  black  glands;  petiole  one-half  inch  long,  tinged  red  along 
one  side,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  small,  globose  glands  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Flowers  appearing  in  mid-season,  after  the  leaves,  seven-eighths  inch  across,  white 
with  a  yellow  tinge  as  the  buds  unfold;  borne  on  lateral  spurs  and  buds,  in  twos  or 
threes;  pedicels  three-quarters  inch  long,  slender,  thickly  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx- 
tube  green,  broadly  obconic,  glabrous  except  at  the  base;  calyx-lobes  of  medium  width, 
obtuse,  glandular-serrate,  pubescent  on  both  surfaces;  reflexed;  petals  oval,  crenate, 
tapering  to  short,  broad  claws;  anthers  yellow  with  a  tinge  of  red;  filaments  three- 
eighths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  mid-season,  period  of  ripening  of  medium  length;  seven-eighths  inch  in  dia- 
meter, roundish-oval,  slightly  necked,  swollen  on  one  si  decompressed,  halves  equal;  cav- 
ity very  shallow  and  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  indistinct;  apex  roundish  or  depressed;  color 
light  golden-yellow,  sometimes  blushed  and  mottled  with  red  on  the  exposed  cheek, 
overspread  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  whitish,  inconspicuous,  clustered 
at  the  apex;  stem  slender,  three-quarters  inch  long,  pubescent,  adhering  poorly  to  the 
fruit;  skin  thin,  tough,  not  astringent,  separating  readily;  flesh  light  yellow,  not  very 
juicy,  firm,  but  tender,  sweet,  mild,  but  pleasant;  good  to  very  good;  stone  free,  five- 
eighths  inch  by  three-eighths  inch  in  size,  oval,  blunt,  broadly  ridged  along  one  edge, 
roughish. 

MIRACLE 

Prunus  insititia  X  Prunus  domestica 

i.  Rural  N.  Y.  62:594.  1903.  2.  W.  N.  Y.  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  25.  1904.  3.  Rural  N.  Y.  64:280. 
1905.  4.  Oregon  Nur.  Cat.  4.  1906.  5.  DeVries  PI.  Br.  228.  1907. 

Unfortunately,  so  far  as  is  known,  this  much-talked-of  plum  has  not 
been  fruited  in  New  York.  About  1887,  Luther  Burbank  imported  from 
a  French  nurseryman  a  tree  of  the  Prunier  San  Noyeau  or  Stoneless  plum 
known  as  a  curiosity  in  Europe  for  at  least  three  centuries.  With  this 
fruit  he  crossed  several  of  the  best  European  varieties,  producing  hybrids 
which  first  fruited  in  1893.  Although  there  were  several  stoneless  fruits 
in  this  lot,  none  were  of  any  value  and  it  was  not  until  1899  that  one  ap- 
peared worthy  of  consideration.  In  this  seedling,  developed  from  Agen 
pollen,  the  stone  is  represented  by  a  small,  hard  scale  near  the  base  of 
the  kernel.  Burbank  sold  the  new  plum  in  1903  to  the  Oregon  Nursery 
Company  by  whom  it  was  introduced  in  1906.  The  following  description 
is  compiled: 

Tree  somewhat  dwarfish,  producing  a  roundish,  compact  head,  very  productive. 
Fruit  larger  than  Agen,  oblong,  dark  blue  covered  with  thick  bloom;  cavity  medium; 
stem  short;  flesh  yellow,  sweet,  juicy;  good;  stone  lacking,  the  kernel  lying  naked 
in  the  flesh. 


286  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK 

MONARCH 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Card.  Chron.  19:815.  1883.  2.  Rev.  Hort.  252,  PI.  1892.  3.  Guide  Prat.  163,  360.  1895. 
4.  Cornell  Sta.  Bid.  131:181  fig.  40  V,  189.  1897.  5.  Rural  N.  Y.  57:670,  671  fig.  310.  1898. 
6.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:242,  247.  1899.  7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  39.  1899.  8.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
116.  1901.  9.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  4:158  fig.  956.  1901.  10.  Garden  62:298.  1902.  n.  Card. 
Chron.  36:282.  1904.  12.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:242  fig.,  256,  257.  1905. 

Monarque  3.     Prune  Monarque  2. 

No  plum  of  recent  introduction  has  so  quickly  attained  popularity 
as  the  Monarch.  Of  the  great  number  of  plums  imported  from  the  Old 
World,  this  is  one  of  the  few  which  has  proved  worthy  of  a  place  with  the 
best  American  varieties  for  American  conditions,  an  illustration  of  the 
importance  of  testing  all  foreign  fruits.  The  plate  shows  the  fruit  of  this 
variety  well,  though  the  plums  look  smaller  in  the  illustration  than  in 
nature — an  illusion  always  accompanying  the  reproduction  in  exact  size 
of  the  photograph  of  a  round  object.  The  nicely  turned  form  and  the 
rich  purple  color  of  this  plum  make  it  a  handsome  fruit.  While  the  quality 
is  not  of  the  best,  Monarch  ranks  high  among  purple  plums  as  a  dessert 
fruit,  few  plums  of  this  color  being  especially  palatable  to  eat  out  of  hand. 
The  variety  is  not  remarkable  for  any  of  its  tree-characters,  yet  they  aver- 
age well  with  other  plums  and,  with  those  of  the  fruit,  make  a  variety 
quite  above  the  average  and  give  it  a  place  among  the  best  commercial 
sorts.  Monarch  is  now  so  widely  disseminated  and  so  largely  grown  in 
New  York,  that  we  shall  know  shortly  whether  it  is  to  hold  the  high  place 
it  has  so  quickly  taken  among  market  plums  in  this  State. 

Monarch,  a  seedling  of  the  Autumn  Compote,  was  grown  by  Thomas 
Rivers,  Sawbridgeworth,  England  and  was  introduced  by  the  originator 
in  1885.  English  publications  described  and  figured  this  variety  in  1883 
but  there  are  no  notices  of  it  in  American  pomological  literature  until 
1897.  Two  years  later  it  was  placed  on  the  fruit  list  of  the  American  Pomo- 
logical Society  catalog  and  recommended  for  the  north-eastern  section  of  the 
United  States.  Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  variety  is  relatively  new, 
it  is  now  offered  for  sale  by  nearly  every  nurseryman  in  this  country. 

Tree  of  medium  size  and  vigor,  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  hardy  at  Geneva, 
visually  productive;  branches  ash-gray,  smooth,  with  small  lenticels;  branchlets  of 
medium  thickness  and  length,  with  internodes  of  average  length,  greenish-red,  changing 
to  brownish-drab,  dull,  thickly  pubescent,  with  obscure,  small  lenticels;  leaf-buds 
large,  long,  pointed,  appressed;  leaf-scars  somewhat  swollen. 


MONARCH 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  287 

Leaves  broadly  oval,  wide,  medium  in  length,  thick,  somewhat  stiff;  upper  surface 
rugose,  covered  thinly  with  hairs;  lower  surface  pubescent;  apex  abruptly  pointed, 
margin  serrate  or  crenate,  eglandular;  petiole  short,  thick,  heavily  pubescent,  lightly 
tinged  red,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  large,  reniform  or  globose,  greenish-brown 
glands  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Season  of  bloom  intermediate  in  time  and  length ;  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves, 
one  and  one-eighth  inches  across,  white;  pedicels  three-quarters  inch  in  length,  thick, 
pubescent,  green;  calyx-tube  greenish,  campanulate,  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  broad, 
obtuse,  thickly  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  glandular-serrate,  reflexed;  petals  oval, 
crenate,  tapering  to  short  and  very  broad  claws;  anthers  yellow;  filaments  five-six- 
teenths inch  long;  pistil  pubescent,  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  late;  two  inches  by  one  and  three-quarters  inches  in  size,  roundish-oval, 
halves  unequal;  cavity  deep,  medium  to  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  shallow,  often  a  line; 
apex  roundish  or  flattened;  color  dark  purplish-red,  often  with  russet  flecks  scattered 
over  the  surface,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  reddish-brown, 
conspicuous,  clustered  about  the  apex;  stem  thick,  three-quarters  inch  long,  pubescent, 
adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tender,  slightly  astringent,  separating  readily; 
flesh  golden-yellow,  juicy,  somewhat  fibrous,  tender,  sweet  next  to  the  skin,  pleasantly 
tart  towards  the  center,  aromatic;  good;  stone  clinging,  one  inch  by  five-eighths  inch 
in  size,  long-oval,  turgid,  roughened  and  pitted,  pointed  at  the  base,  blunt  at  the  apex; 
ventral  suture  rather  wide,  shallowly  furrowed,  blunt;  dorsal  suture  with  a  wide,  shallow 
groove. 

MONROE 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  189,  210.  1856.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  389.  1857.  3.  Thomas 
Ant.  Fruit  CuU.  356.  1867.  4.  Barry  Fr.  Garden  414.  1883.  5.  Guide  Prat.  163,  364.  1895.  6. 
Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:189.  1897.  7.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  116.  1901.  8.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort. 
Man.  2:320.  1903. 

Monroe  Egg  i,  6.  Monroe  Egg  2,  7,  8.  Monroe  Gage  i,  2,  5,  7,  8.  Monroe  Gage  4.  Reine- 
Claude  de  Monroe  5. 

The  fruit  of  Monroe  is  small  and  the  trees  produce  well  only  in  alter- 
nate years,  defects  that  its  high  quality  cannot  overcome.  Monroe  origi- 
nated with  a  Miss  Durham,  Penfield,  Monroe  County,  New  York,  about 
the  middle  of  the  last  century.  At  one  time  it  was  quoted  by  nearly  all 
nurserymen  but  the  variety  is  fast  disappearing. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  hardy,  productive;  branchlets  covered 
with  fine  pubescence;  leaves  oval,  one  and  three-quarters  inches  wide,  three  and  one- 
half  inches  long,  thick,  rugose;  margin  finely  serrate;  petiole  tinged  red,  pubescent, 
with  from  one  to  three  small  glands. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season;  one  and  three-eighths  inches  by  one  and  one- 
quarter  inches  in  size,  oval,  sometimes  necked,  golden-yellow,  often  mottled  on  the 


288  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

sunny  side  with  red,  overspread  with  thin  bloom;  stem  adhering  poorly  to  the  fruit; 
flesh  golden-yellow,  tender,  sweet,  mild;  of  very  good  quality;  stone  semi-free  or  free, 
three-quarters  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  long  and  slightly  irregular-oval,  acute  at  the 
base  and  apex,  with  nearly  smooth  surfaces;  ventral  suture  prominent,  blunt. 

MOREMAN 

Primus  hortulana 

i.  Montreal  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  91.  1885.  2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:49,  86.  1892.  3.  Mich.  Sta. 
Bui.  123:20.  1895.  4.  Vt.  Sta.  An  Rpt.  11:283.  1898.  5.  Bailey  Ev.  Nat.  Fruits  177,  206.  1898. 
6.  Am.  Pont.  Soc.  Cat.  40.  1899.  7.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:280.  1900.  8.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.  101:135,  137. 
1901.  9.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:256,  257.  1905. 

Mooreman   i . 

Moreman  is  the  hardiest  of  the  Hortulana  plums  and  possibly  worthy 
of  keeping  before  plum-growers  for  this  reason.  Its  fruit-characters  are 
not  as  satisfactory  as  those  of  several  other  varieties  of  its  species.  Dr. 
Wayland  of  Cadiz,  Kentucky,  according  to  T.  V.  Munson,  grew  a  lot  of 
seedlings  from  pits  of  wild  plums  found  in  his  vicinity  and  either  from 
this  lot  or  from  a  seedling  from  them,  came  the  Moreman.  The  variety 
was  introduced  by  W.  F.  Heikes  in  1881.  It  was  listed  in  the  catalog  of 
the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1899.  The  following  description  is 
compiled. 

Tree  vigorous,  spreading,  hardy,  productive ;  leaves  of  medium  size,  coarsely  serrate ; 
petiole  usually  glandless.  Fruit  late;  small,  roundish,  bright  red,  bloomless;  stem  long, 
slender;  dots  numerous,  yellow;  flesh  firm,  yellow,  pleasant  in  flavor;  quality  fair;  stone 
small,  roundish,  clinging. 

MOROCCO 

Prunus  domestica 

I.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576.  1629.  2.  Rea  Flora  207.  1676.  3.  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  2:1528. 
1688.  4.  Langley  Pomona  91,  PI.  XX  fig.  III.  1729.  5.  Miller  Card.  Diet.  3:1754.  6.  Knoop 
Fructologie  56.  1771.  7.  Abercrombie  Card.  Ass't  13.  1786.  8.  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees  19. 
1803.  9.  Pom.  Mag.  3:103.  1830.  10.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  145,  146,  150.  1831.  n.  Prince 
Pom.  Man.  2:82.  1832.  12.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  306.  1845.  r3-  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch. 
Card.  282,  382.  1846.  14.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  338.  1849.  IS-  Loudon  Enc.  Card.  921.  1834. 
16.  Ga.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  28.  1876.  17.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  714.  1884.  18.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom. 
430.  1889. 

Black  Morocco  7.  Black  Morocco  9,  10,  12,  13,  14,  17,  18.  Black  Damask  9,  10,  12,  13,  14,  17,  18. 
Black  Damascus  13.  Damas  Noir  5.  Damas  Noir  Hatif  6,  10.  Damas  Hdtif  10.  Damas  noir 
hatif  ii.  Early  Damask  5,  8.  Early  Black  Damask  9,  10,  13.  Early  Damson  10.  Early  Morocco 
10,  12,  13,  14,  17,  18.  Early  Damask  9,  10,  n,  12,  13,  14,  15,  17,  18.  Early  Black  Damask  n. 
Early  Black  Morocco  12,  18.  Fruhe  Schwarze  Pflaume  18.  Fruhe  Platte  Damascene  18.  Italian 
Damask  12  incor.,  14.  Mogul  16.  Morocco  16,  18.  Marokko  Pflaume  18.  Morocco  Plumb  4. 
Morocco  5,  8,  9.  Noire  Hatif  18.  Saint  Cyr  n 


THE    PLUMS   OF   NEW    YORK.  289 

This  variety  is  not  popular  in  New  York  nor  does  it  deserve  to  be, 
as  there  are  many  better  plums  of  its  season.  Its  faults  are  small  size, 
an  insipid  flavor  and  poor  keeping  qualities.  Morocco  is  one  of  the  oldest 
of  the  cultivated  plums.  It  has  been  known  in  Europe  for  three  centuries 
at  least  and  is  undoubtedly  much  older,  its  early  history  not  having  been 
written.  It  is  not  known  when  the  variety  was  introduced  into  this  coun- 
try but  it  has  been  grown  in  the  Southern  States  for  many  years  under 
the  name  Mogul.  About  1894,  it  was  reintroduced  from  England  by  the 
W.  &  T.  Smith  Nursery  Company  of  Geneva,  New  York,  under  the  name 
Mogul. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  round-topped,  rather  tender  to  cold,  productive;  branchlets 
covered  with  heavy  pubescence;  leaves  oval,  one  and  three-quarters  inches  wide,  three 
inches  long;  margin  finely  serrate  or  crenate;  petiole  short,  thick,  with  one  or  two 
globose  glands  usually  at  the  base  of  the  leaf;  blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and 
length;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  and  one-eighth  inches  across,  white  or 
creamy  as  the  buds  unfold;  borne  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs. 

Fruit  late,  ripening  period  short;  below  medium  in  size,  round  to  oval  or 
obovate,  purplish-black,  covered  with  thick  bloom;  dots  conspicuous;  flesh  light  golden- 
yellow,  rather  dry,  moderately  firm,  sweet  next  to  the  skin,  but  rather  acid  near  the  center; 
poor;  stone  clinging,  medium  to  small,  oval  or  ovate,  flattened,  with  rough  surfaces. 

MOTTLED  PRUNE 

• 

Prunus  domestica 

This  plum  is  placed  among  the  leading  varieties  only  that  a  full 
description  of  it  may  be  put  on  record.  The  fruit  is  attractive  in  color 
but  is  inferior  in  quality.  These  defects  are  so  prominent  that  the  variety 
can  hardly  become  popular.  The  Mottled  Prune  originated  in  Waterloo, 
New  York,  as  a  chance  seedling  in  1887;  it  was  introduced  by  E.  Smith 
&  Sons,  Geneva,  New  York. 

Tree  large,  round  and  open-topped,  very  productive;  branches  stocky;  branchlets 
heavily  pubescent;  leaves  folded  backward  or  flattened,  oval  or  obovate,  one  and  three- 
quarters  inches  wide,  three  and  one-half  inches  long,  thick  and  leathery,  rugose ;  margin 
crenate,  with  few,  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  thickly  pubescent,  dull  dark  red,  gland- 
less  or  with  from  one  to  three  smallish  glands  usually  on  the  stalk;  blooming  season 
intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  inch  across, 
white;  borne  in  scattering  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs; 
pedicels  very  pubescent. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  short;  one  and  three-quarters  inches  by  one  and 
one-half  inches  in  size,  ovate,  dark  purplish-red,  somewhat  mottled,  covered  with  thick 


290  THE    PLUMS   OF   NEW    YORK. 

bloom;  dots  numerous,  conspicuous;  flesh  pale  yellow,  juicy,  firm,  sweet,  mild;  of 
fair  quality;  stone  free,  one  inch  by  three-quarters  inch  in  size,  oval,  flattened,  strongly 
roughened;  ventral  suture  deeply  furrowed,  often  with  a  short  wing;  dorsal  suture 
with  a  narrow,  shallow  groove. 

MYROBALAN 

Prunus  cerasifera 

I.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576,  578.  1629.  2.  Gerard  Herball  1498,  1500.  1636.  3.  Rea  Flora 
209.  1676.  4.  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  2:1528.  1688.  5.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:111,  PI.  XX  fig.  15. 
1768.  6.  Knoop  Fructologie  55,  56.  1771.  7.  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees  20.  1803.  8.  Miller  Card. 
Diet.  3:1807.  9  Coxe  Cult.  Fr.  Trees  232.  1817.  10.  Land.  Hart.  Soc  Cat.  144,  150.  1831.  n. 
Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:80.  1832.  12.  Hoffy  Orch.  Comp.  2:1842.  13.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  294. 
1845.  14.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  285.  1846.  13.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  I.  1846.  16.  Jour. 
Roy.  Hon.  Soc.  N.  S.  15:360.  1868.  17.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  690.  1884.  18.  Card.  &  For.  1:178. 
1888.  19.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  448.  1889.  20.  Cal.  State  Board  Hort.  112,  113.  1891.  21.  Cor- 
nell Sta.  Bui.  38:66.  1892.  22.  Rev.  Hort.  204.  1894.  23.  Neb.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  177.  1895.  24. 
Guide  Prat.  157,  353.  1895.  25.  Bailey  Ev.  Nat.  Fruits  190  fig.  27,  209.  1898.  26.  Vt.  Sta.  An. 
Rpt.  12:211,  212,  215.  1899.  27.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:66.  1905. 

Ardbische  Kirsche  19.  Asiatische  Kirsche  19.  American  Cherry  Plum  n.  Cerisette  n.  18,  19. 
Cerizette  u.  Ciriselle  6.  Cerisette  6,  n.  Cerisette  Blanche  6.  Cerise  19.  Cherry  i,  n. 
Cherry  Plum  7,  8,  n,  16,  19,  20.  Cherry  13,  14,  17.  Cherry  Plum  9,  10,  18.  De  Virginie 
10,  13,  14.  Damasine  24.,  D'Amerique  Rouge  10,  13,  14.  Early  Scarlet  10,  u,  13,  17,  19.  European 
Cherry  Plum  n.  Muscadine  ?i.  Kirschpftaume  18,  19.  Kleine  Kirschpflaume  24.  Mirobalan  2. 
Mirabilon  3.  Mirabolan  5  Myrobolan  13.  Mirabolanenpflaume  19  Myrobalans  7.  Mirabolane 
19.  Mirobalan  9,  n.  Myrobalane  19.  Mirabolan  14.  Myrobalan  10,  n,  14,  17,  18,  19.  Mira- 
belle  Rouge  24.  Mirabelle  Rouge  10.  Miser  Plum  19.  Miser  12,  13,  14,  17.  Prune  d'Amerique 
Rouge  19.  Prune  Cerise  n.  Prune  Cerizette  8.  Prunus  Myrobalana  u,  14,  19,  23.  Prunus 
Cerasifera  10,  n,  13,  14,  19.  Prune  Ceriset  n.  Prune  de  Virginie  19.  Prunier  Myrobolan  15,  22. 
Prune  Cerisette  1 5.  Prunus  Cerastf era  jructu  majore  19.  Prunus  Myrobolana  13.  Queene  Mother  ?i. 
Red  Mirobalane  i.  Rote  Kirschpflaume  19.  Red  Mirabelle  12.  Rothe  Mirabelle  24.  Stambul 
Erik  oder  Irek  19.  Turkische  Kirsche  19.  Virginian  Cherry  10,  13,  14,  17,  19.  White  Mirobalane  i. 
The  Myrobalane  Plum  4. 

Myrobalan  is  a  group  name  rather  than  a  varietal  one.  Plums  of 
this  group  are  grown  from  seeds  and  many  varieties  have  appeared  during 
the  last  three  centuries,  differing  in  color,  shape,  stone  and  in  many  minor 
characters.  The  red  and  reddish -purple  plums  and  the  round  ones  are 
apparently  the  most  numerous  though  there  are  frequent  references  to 
the  White  Myrobalan  and  to  heart-shaped  fruits  in  this  group.  For 
a  further  discussion  of  these  plums  see  Prunus  cerasifera.  The  Myrobalan 
plums  are  used  largely  as  stocks  in  the  propagation  of  plums  and  closely 
allied  plants;  occasionally  they  are  used  for  culinary  purposes  though 
with  rather  poor  results. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  291 

NECTARINE 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Pom.  Mag.  3:148.  1830.  2.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  150.  1831.  3.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  264. 
1832.  4.  Downing  Ft.  Trees  Am.  306.  1845.  5.  Horticulturist  1:115.  1846.  6.  Cole  Am.  Fr. 
Book  215.  1849.  7.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  518.  1859.  8.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  448.  1889. 
9.  Guide  Prat.  162,  365.  1895. 

Bradshaiv  6.  Caledonian  i,  2,  3.  Calvel's  Pfirschenpflaume  8.  Goliath  of  some  8.  Howel's 
3.  Howelis  Large  i,  2,  4,  7,  8.  Jenkin's  Imperial  2,  4,  7,  8,  9.  Louis  Phillips  4.  Louis  Philippe 
6,  7  8,  9.  Large  Early  Black  6.  Nectarine  i,  8,  9.  Nectarine  Plum  3,  7.  Peach  Plum  4,  7,  9. 
.Peacfc  2,  8.  Prune  Peche  i,  2,  3,  4,  7,  8.  Pec&e  de  Calvel  8.  Prune  d'Abricot  8.  P£cfo  of  some 
9.  Rothe  Nectarine  9.  Rote  Nectarine  8.  The  Nectarine  Plum  i. 

Much  confusion  has  existed  regarding  the  identity  of  the  Nectarine, 
Peach  and  Goliath  plums.  These  names  have  been  interchanged  indis- 
criminately for  the  three  plums  and  it  is  now  difficult  to  separate  the  varie- 
ties, especially  as  they  are  very  similar.  The  Goliath,  however,  may  be 
separated  from  the  other  two  by  its  pubescent  shoots,  which  the  others 
do  not  have.  The  Peach  plum  is  the  largest  of  the  three  and  has  a  reddish 
cast  whereas  the  Nectarine  and  Goliath  are  dark  purple.  The  earlier 
writers  knew  a  Nectarine  as  a  synonym  of  Peach  but  it  was  not  until  1830 
that  the  Nectarine  was  finally  described  as  a  separate  variety.  Nectarine 
is  of  unknown  origin.  The  following  description  is  compiled. 

Tree  vigorous,  round- topped,  productive;  leaves  large,  oval;  branches  glabrous. 
Fruit  early;  large,  roundish,  flattened  at  the  ends,  dark  purple  with  thin  bloom;  flesh 
greenish-yellow,  tinged  red  at  maturity,  rather  coarse,  sprightly;  fair  to  good;  stone 
of  medium  size,  compressed,  oval,  semi-clinging. 

NEWARK 

Prunus  domestica 

This  fruit  has  little  to  recommend  it  to  the  commercial  plum-grower; 
it  is  small  in  size  and  unattractive  in  color;  the  quality,  however,  is  very 
good  and  the  variety  is  worth  planting  for  home  use.  Newark  originated 
in  Newark,  New  York,  and  in  1895  was  bought  by  E.  Smith  &  Sons  of 
Geneva,  New  York,  who  disseminated  it  two  years  later. 

Tree  medium  in  size  and  vigor,  upright-spreading,  rather  open,  very  productive; 
branches  rough;  branchlets  marked  by  scarf-skin,  leaf -scars  prominent;  leaves  flattened, 
somewhat  drooping,  oval  or  obovate,  one  and  three-quarters  inches  wide,  three  and  one- 
half  inches  long,  thick,  rugose;  margin  coarsely  serrate,  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole 
thick,  pubescent,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  smallish  glands  usually  on  the  stalk; 
blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves, 


292  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW   YORK. 

one  inch  or  more  across,  white  with  yellowish  tinge  at  the  apex  of  the  petals;    borne 
singly  or  in  pairs;    anthers  yellow  with  a  trace  of  red. 

Fruit  early,  season  short;  one  and  one-half  inches  by  one  and  three-eighths 
inches  in  size,  oval,  dull  yellow  mottled  with  red  at  full  maturity,  covered  with  thin 
bloom;  dots  numerous,  conspicuous;  flesh  light  greenish-yellow,  rather  dry,  firm,  sweet, 
mild;  good  to  very  good;  stone  free,  three-quarters  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  irregular- 
oval,  flat,  with  finely  pitted  surfaces;  ventral  suture  usually  winged;  dorsal  suture  with 
a  shallow,  narrow,  indistinct  groove. 

NEWMAN 
Prunus  munsoniana 

I.  Horticulturist  22:271.  1867.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  934.  1869.  3.  Am.  Jour.  Hort. 
5:142.  1869.  4.  Mich.  Pom.  Sac.  Rpt.  39.  1874.  5.  Am.  Pom..  Soc.  Cat.  36.  1875.  6.  Barry 
Fr.  Garden  418.  1883.  7.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  286.  1887.  8.  Cornell  Sia.  Bid.  38:63,  86.  1892. 
9.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  123:20.  1895.  10.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:49.  1897.  n.  Me.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:66. 
1896.  12.  Bailey  Ev.  Nat.  Fruits  200  fig.,  201.  1898.  13.  Rural  N.  Y.  59:450.  1900.  14.  la. 
Sta.  Bui.  46:282.  1900.  15.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:256,  257.  1905. 

Warren  ?  8. 

Newman  is  one  of  the  oldest  but  still  one  of  the  standard  varieties 
of  its  species.  Its  fruits  are  characterized  by  a  firm,  meaty  flesh,  which 
fits  it  well  for  shipping  and  storing ;  the  plums  are  also  attractive  in  shape 
and  color  but  are  too  small  and  too  low  in  quality  to  make  the  variety  a 
first-rate  one.  The  trees  are  large  and  vigorous  and  in  all  respects  very 
satisfactory  orchard  plants.  Both  fruits  and  trees  are  usually  reported 
as  fairly  free  from  diseases  and  insects.  While  the  variety  is  gradually 
going  out  it  still  has  some  value  for  its  crops  and  ought  to  make  a  good 
parent  from  which  to  breed  a  race  of  vigorous,  firm-fleshed  Munsonianas. 

The  origin  of  this  plum  is  uncertain.  In  1867  a  Mr.  Elliott  of  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  reported  in  the  Horticulturist  that  he  had  received  samples  of 
the  "  Newman  Plum  "  from  D.  L.  Adair,  Esq.,  of  Hawesville,  Kentucky, 
and  gave  a  brief  description  of  the  fruit  which  seems  to  tally  with  that  of 
the  variety  under  discussion.  The  American  Pomological  Society  added 
this  plum  to  its  fruit  catalog  list  in  1875  and  removed  it  in  1891. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  low  and  flat,  dense-topped,  hardy  at  Geneva, 
productive,  subject  to  attacks  of  shot-hole  fungus,  the  trunk  shaggy;  branches  dark 
ash-gray,  rough  and  shaggy,  thorny,  zigzag,  with  numerous,  rather  inconspicuous, 
large,  elongated  lenticels;  branchlets  very  slender,  twiggy,  with  internodes  of  average 
length,  greenish-red,  changing  to  dark  brown,  glabrous,  with  few,  conspicuous,  large, 
raised  lenticels;  leaf -buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  plump,  nearly  free. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  peach-like,  one  and  one-quarter  inches  wide,  four  inches  long, 
thin;  upper  surface  smooth,  glabrous,  with  a  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  glabrous 


THE    PLUMS   OF   NEW    YORK.  293 

except  along  the  midrib  and  larger  veins;  apex  taper-pointed,  base  acute,  margin  finely 
crenate,  with  small,  amber  glands;  petiole  slender,  seven-eighths  inch  long,  lightly 
pubescent  along  one  side,  reddish,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  four  very  small,  globose, 
yellowish-red  glands  on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  late  and  long;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  three-quarters 
inch  across,  in  the  buds  tinged  yellow,  changing  to  white  on  expanding,  odor  disagree- 
able; borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  spurs  and  buds,  in  twos  or  in  threes;  pedicels  eleven- 
sixteenths  inch  long,  slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate, 
glabrous;  calyx-lobes  small,  narrow,  slightly  obtuse,  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface, 
glandular-serrate  and  with  marginal  hairs,  erect;  petals  ovate  or  oval,  crenate,  tapering 
at  the  base  into  long,  narrow  claws;  anthers  yellow,  tinged  with  red;  filaments 
five-sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  slender,  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  very  long;  one  inch  by  seven-eighths  inch  in 
size,  strongly  oval,  not  compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity  shallow,  narrow,  flaring;  suture 
a  distinct  dark  red  line;  apex  depressed;  color  bright  currant-red,  with  thin  bloom;  dots 
grayish,  rather  conspicuous,  clustered  near  the  apex;  stem  very  slender,  seven-eighths 
inch  long,  glabrous,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  very  tough,  astringent,  sepa- 
rating readily;  flesh  deep  yellow,  juicy,  tender  and  melting,  sweetish  next  to  the  skin, 
but  tart  at  the  center;  fair  in  quality;  stone  clinging,  five-eighths  inch  by  three-eighths 
inch  in  size,  long-oval,  turgid,  necked  at  the  base,  blunt-pointed  at  the  apex,  with  finely 
pitted  surfaces;  ventral  suture  narrow,  inconspicuous;  dorsal  suture  with  a  narrow, 
shallow  groove. 

NEW  ULM 
Prunus  americana 

i.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  126.  1890.  2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:49  fig.,  50.  1897.  3.  la.  Hort.  Sac. 
Rpt.  in.  1899.  4-  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  37.  1899.  5.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:282  fig.  1900.  6.  Waugh 
Plum  Cult.  158.  1901.  7.  Ont.  Fr.  Gr.  Assoc.  143.  1901.  8.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:26.  1905. 
9.  Itt.  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  422.  1905.  10.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  114:141.  1910. 

Snooks  10. 

New  Ulm  is  worthy  of  attention  because  of  its  large,  handsome,  well- 
formed  fruits.  The  plums  are  further  distinguished  by  a  peculiar  flavor, 
somewhat  suggesting  that  of  the  mandrake,  pleasant  to  some  but  dis- 
agreeable to  others.  The  flesh  is  a  little  too  juicy  for  pleasant  eating  but 
the  fruits  ship  well,  the  tough,  thick  skin  firmly  holding  its  contents.  The 
fruits,  however,  do  not  keep  well,  for,  despite  the  thick  skin,  the  spores 
of  the  brown-rot  find  entrance  and  thrive  so  that  the  variety  rots  badly. 
The  trees  are  hardy  and  productive  but  ill-shaped  and  hard  to  manage 
in  either  the  orchard  or  the  nursery  for  which  reason  the  culture  of  the 
variety  is  discouraged  by  nurserymen  and  it  is  now  almost  impossible  to 
buy  New  Ulm  trees.  The  illustration  of  this  variety  shows  well  the  char- 
acters of  the  western  type  of  Prunus  americana  in  leaf,  fruit  and  stone. 


294  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

New  Ulm  was  raised  from  seed  of  a  wild  variety  that  grew  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  originator  and  introducer,  C.  W.  H.  Heideman,  New 
Ulm,  Minnesota.  The  fruit  was  exhibited  at  the  Minnesota  State  Fair 
in  1890  where  it  attracted  much  attention,  being  the  largest  plum  of  fifty 
varieties  exhibited.  In  1899  the  American  Pomological  Society  placed 
the  variety  on  its  fruit  catalog  list.  The  Minnesota  State  Horticultural 
Society,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  this  plum  has  gained  a  good  reputation 
for  its  size  and  productiveness,  removed  it  from  its  recommended  fruit 
list  in  1904  because  of  the  difficulty  of  growing  the  trees  in  the  nursery. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  spreading  and  drooping,  irregular,  low  and  dense-topped, 
undesirable  in  habit  of  growth,  hardy,  usually  productive,  subject  to  attacks  of  shot- 
hole  fungus;  branches  very  rough  and  shaggy,  zigzag,  thorny,  dark  ash-gray,  with 
large  lenticels;  branchlets  thick,  long,  willowy,  with  long  internodes,  green,  with  a 
faint  yellow  tinge,  changing  to  light  and  dark,  dull  reddish-brown,  glabrous,  with  numer- 
ous, conspicuous,  large,  raised  lenticels;  leaf-buds  small,  pointed,  strongly  appressed. 

Leaves  drooping,  folded  upward,  oval  or  ovate,  two  inches  wide,  four  and  three- 
eighths  inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface  dark  green,  changing  to  reddish-yellow  late  in 
the  season,  glabrous,  with  a  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  silvery  green,  lightly  pubes- 
cent; apex  taper-pointed,  base  abrupt,  margin  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate,  eglandular; 
petiole  slender,  five-eighths  inch  long,  pubescent,  tinged  with  red  which  deepens  in 
color  at  the  base,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  globose,  greenish-brown  glands 
usually  on  the  stalk. 

Flowers  intermediate  in  time  and  length  of  blooming  season,  appearing  after  the 
leaves,  showy  on  account  of  the  numerous  pure  white  petals,  one  and  one-sixteenth 
inches  across,  white;  borne  in  dense  clusters  on  lateral  spurs  and  buds,  usually  in  threes; 
pedicels  seven-sixteenths  inch  long,  thick,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  red,  cam- 
panulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  long,  narrowly  obtuse,  lightly  pubescent  on  the  inner 
surface,  thickly  pubescent  along  the  glandular-serrate  margin,  erect;  petals  oval,  entire  or 
incised,  tapering  below  to  narrow  claws  of  medium  length  and  with  reddish  base;  anthers 
yellow;  filaments  seven-sixteenths  inch  in  length;  pistil  glabrous,  much  shorter  than 
the  stamens. 

Fruit  mid-season,  intermediate  in  length  of  ripening  period;  about  one  and 
three-eighths  inches  in  diameter,  roundish-ovate,  halves  equal;  cavity  markedly 
shallow,  very  narrow ;  suture  a  line ;  apex  roundish  or  slightly  pointed ;  color  carmine 
over  a  yellow  ground,  overspread  with  thin  bloom;  dots  very  numerous,  russet;  stem 
five-eighths  inch  long,  glabrous,  adhering  somewhat  to  the  fruit;  skin  thick  and  tough, 
astringent,  adhering  strongly;  flesh  golden-yellow,  very  juicy  and  fibrous,  granular, 
tender  and  melting,  sweet  with  a  strong  aromatic  flavor;  good;  stone  adhering,  seven- 
eighths  inch  by  nine-sixteenths  inch  in  size,  oval,  slightly  flattened,  blunt  at  the  base, 
pointed  at  the  apex,  with  smooth  surfaces;  ventral  suture  distinctly  winged;  dorsal 
suture  narrow,  shallow,  grooved. 


NEW  ULM 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  295 

NICHOLAS 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  61.  1887.  2.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.  101:121,  124  fig.  1901.  3.  Budd-Hansen 
Am.  Hart.  Man.  327.  1903. 

Arab  No.  2     Bielaya  Nicholskaya  i.     White  Nicolas  i.     White  Nicholas  2,  3. 

Although  a  fairly  good  early  dessert  plum  it  is  doubtful  if  Nicholas 
has  any  commercial  value  as  it  is  inferior  in  most  characters  of  fruit  and 
tree  to  standard  varieties;  in  particular  it  drops  badly  as  it  begins  to  ripen. 
'  White,"  as  formerly  and  usually  now  put  in  the  name,  is  a  misnomer, 
as  the  fruit  is  red;  how  it  came  to  be  applied  to  this  fruit  does  not  appear. 
Nicholas  was  imported  from  Dr.  Regel  of  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  by  Pro- 
fessor J.  L.  Budd  of  the  Iowa  Experiment  Station  in  the  winter  of  1881— 
82  and  in  1888  was  sent  out  for  testing  under  the  name  Arab  No.  2. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  round-topped,  productive;  trunk  rough;  branches  smooth 
except  for  the  raised  lenticels  and  longitudinal  cracks  in  the  bark;  branchlets  slender; 
leaves  falling  early,  folded  upward,  obovate  or  oval,  one  and  five-eighths  inches  wide, 
three  and  three-eighths  inches  long,  rugose;  margin  serrate,  with  few,  small,  dark  glands; 
petiole  pubescent,  tinged  red,  sometimes  with  several  small  glands;  blooming  season 
intermediate  in  time,  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  inch  or  more  across, 
white,  tinged  with  yellow  near  the  apex  of  the  petals;  borne  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs, 
in  scattering  clusters,  singly  or  in  pairs. 

Fruit  early,  one  and  three-eighths  inches  by  one  inch  in  size,  long-oval,  dark  red, 
covered  with  thick  bloom;  stem  adhering  poorly  to  the  fruit;  flesh  light  yellow, 
juicy,  fibrous,  tender,  sweet,  mild;  good;  stone  free,  one  inch  by  five-eighths  inch 
in  size,  flattened,  oval,  somewhat  obliquely  acute  at  the  base,  with  granular  surfaces; 
ventral  suture  prominent,  rather  narrow,  blunt;  dorsal  suture  with  a  narrow,  shallow 
groove. 

OCCIDENT 

Prunus  triflora 

i.  Rural  N.  Y.  57:653.  1898.  2.  Am.  Card.  19:826.  1898.  3.  Burbank  Cat.  1899.  4.  Vt. 
Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:229.  1899.  5.  Rural  N.  Y.  60:658  fig.,  662.  1901.  6.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hurt. 
Man.  320.  1903.  7.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  68:n,  37.  1905.  8.  Rural  N.  Y.  65:730.  1906. 

Burbank' s  Sulian  6.  Garnet  i.  Garnet  2.  Occident  8.  Oval  Blood  (unpublished).  Sultan 
2,  3,  5,  8.  Sultan  4,  7. 

Occident  differs  little  from  Apple  in  horticultural  characters  and  need 
not  be  discussed  at  length  as  the  reader  can  readily  turn  to  the  color-plate 
and  description  of  the  last  named  variety.  At  best  this  sort  can  hardly  be 
called  more  than  a  curiosity,  though  an  interesting  one,  of  use,  if  at  all, 
only  for  cooking  and  as  a  long-keeping,  rot-resistant  plum.  It  will  add 


296  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

novelty  to  any  amateur's  collection  because  of  the  size,  shape,  color,  flavor 
and  red  flesh  of  the  fruits. 

This  variety  was  grown  by  Burbank  and  introduced  by  him  in  1899 
under  the  name  Sultan.  H.  E.  Van  Deman,  in  the  Rural  New  Yorker 
(References,  i),  says  that  Occident  is  a  cross  between  Wickson  and 
Satsuma  and  that  the  name  Garnet  which  he  suggested,  owing  to  the 
color  of  its  flesh  and  skin,  had  been  accepted  by  Mr.  Burbank.  About 
two  months  later  the  Division  of  Pomology  of  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  "Garnet"  had 
been  previously  given  to  another  variety  and  the  name  was  changed 
to  Sultan.  Waugh  in  1899  substituted  "Occident"  for  Sultan  as  the 
latter  is  the  name  of  a  European  plum;  Waugh 's  name  has  been  accepted 
by  all  recent  writers.  Occident  undoubtedly  contains  Satsuma  blood  but  it 
has  but  few  characters  that  suggest  Wickson,  and  if  a  cross,  which  is  likely, 
the  other  parent  is  undeterminable.  The  following  description  is  compiled: 

Tree  vigorous,  slow  of  growth,  straggling,  somewhat  variable  in  habit,  late  in  coming 
into  bearing,  productive;  leaves  numerous,  large. 

Fruit  ripens  with  Burbank,  keeps  and  ships  unusually  well,  resistant  to  rot;  large, 
roundish;  cavity  of  medium  depth;  suture  shallow,  distinct;  color  dark  red  over  a 
greenish  ground;  dots  many,  yellowish;  stem  thick,  short,  adhering  to  the  fruit;  skin 
somewhat  thin,  tough,  slightly  astringent;  flesh  dark  red,  firm,  sweet,  rather  acid, 
changing  to  subacid  as  maturity  advances,  sprightly;  good  to  very  good;  stone  free 
or  semi-clinging,  of  medium  size,  roundish,  turgid,  winged,  rough. 

OCHEEDA 

Prunus  americana 

i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:41.  1892.  2.  Wis.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  11:344.  1894.  3.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt. 
34:112.  1899.  4-  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  37.  1899.  5.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  159.  1901.  6.  Can. 
Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:31.  1903.  7.  III.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  420.  1905.  8.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:28.  1905. 

Ocheda  7. 

This  variety  is  generally  regarded  as  one  of  the  valuable  native  plums 
but  in  New  York  it  is  surpassed  by  a  number  of  other  plums  of  its  species 
in  size  of  fruit  and  color  though  the  quality  is  very  good.  We  must  rank 
it  in  this  State  as  second  rate  among  Americanas.  Ocheeda  was  found 
by  P.  L.  Hardow  in  1872  growing  wild  on  the  banks  of  Ocheeda  Lake, 
Minnesota,  and  in  1892  was  introduced  by  H.  J.  Ludlow  of  Worthington, 
Minnesota. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  open-topped,  unproductive;  branches  shaggy, 
thorny,  with  large  lenticels;  branchlets  willowy,  pubescent;  leaves  folded  upward, 


THE    PLUMS   OF   NEW    YORK.  297 

oval,  nearly  two  inches  wide,  three  and  one  quarter  inches  long;  margin  coarsely  and 
doubly  serrate;  petiole  densely  covered  with  short  hairs;  blooming  season  intermediate 
in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  seven-eighths  inch  across,  dull 
white;  borne  in  scattering  clusters  almost  entirely  on  one-year-old  wood,  many  lateral 
buds  remaining  undeveloped,  the  bare  limbs  carrying  tufts  or  clusters  of  blossoms, 
in  threes  or  fours;  petals  long-obovate,  nearly  three  times  as  long  as  wide,  tapering  to 
long  claws,  reddish  at  the  base;  stigma  distinctly  reddish  when  the  flowers  first  open. 
Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  long;  one  inch  by  seven-eighths  inch  in  size, 
ovate  or  roundish-ovate,  slightly  oblique,  dull  light  to  dark  carmine  over  a  yellow  ground, 
somewhat  mottled,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  skin  slightly  astringent;  flesh  dark 
golden-yellow,  tender,  melting,  sweet,  aromatic,  pleasant  in  flavor;  fair  to  good;  stone 
dark  colored,  nearly  free,  three  quarters  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  roundish-oval, 
turgid  with  smooth  surfaces;  ventral  suture  markedly  winged. 

OCTOBER 

Prunus  triflora 

i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  106:58.  1896.  2.  Cal.  State  Bd.  Hort.  52.  1897-98.  3.  Am.  Card.  20: 
162  fig.  1899.  4.  Rural  N.  Y.  59:104,  690.  1900.  5.  Am.  Card.  21:36,  660.  1900.  6.  Nat. 
Nur.8:iog,  123.  1900.  7.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  139.  1901.  8.  Rural  N.  Y.  62:756.  1903.  9.  Ohio 
Sta.  Bui.  162:250  fig.,  256,  257.  1905.  10.  Mass.  Sta.  An.  Rft.  17:160.  1905. 

October  Purple  i,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  8,  9,  10.     October  Purple  7. 

There  are  but  few  late  plums  in  Prunus  triflora  worth  cultivating 
and  one  of  the  needs  of  horticulture  is  a  late  plum  of  superior  quality  in 
this  species.  At  present  October  is  the  nearest  approach  to  the  plum 
desired  but  because  of  several  faults  it  falls  considerably  short  of  filling 
the  need.  The  fruits  are  large,  at  tractive -looking,  fairly  suitable  for  des- 
sert, very  good  for  culinary  purposes,  hang  well  to  the  tree  and  keep  and 
ship  much  better  than  the  average  Triflora  variety;  but  still  they  are  not 
far  enough  from  mediocrity  to  make  the  variety  especially  desirable.  The 
trees  are  well  shaped,  usually  robust  and  healthy  and  the  fruit  is  well 
borne  on  lateral  spurs  distributed  over  the  old  wood ;  but  in  New  York,  at 
least,  the  trees  are  very  tardy  in  coming  in  bearing  and  cannot  be  depended 
upon  to  bear  satisfactory  crops  regularly — a  fatal  fault  in  a  Triflora  plum. 
October  might  be  sparingly  planted  in  New  York  to  the  pleasure  of  the 
amateur  and  possibly  to  the  profit  of  the  commercial  fruit-grower  who 
has  a  good  local  market. 

October  is  said  to  be  a  cross  of  Satsuma  and  a  seedling  Triflora  plum; 
it  was  first  fruited  by  Luther  Burbank  in  1892  and  was  introduced  by 
Stephen  Hoyt's  Sons,  New  Canaan,  Connecticut,  in  1897.  The  variety 
was  named  October  Purple  by  Burbank  but  "  Purple  "  has  been  dropped 
in  accordance  with  the  rules  of  the  American  Pomological  Society. 


298  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Tree  variable  in  size  and  vigor,  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  hardy  for  a  Tri- 
flora,  not  uniform  in  productiveness,  healthy;  branches  rough,  dark,  dull  ash-gray, 
with  numerous,  small  lenticels;  branchlets  slender,  long,  with  internodes  of  average 
length,  greenish-red  changing  to  dull  reddish-brown,  often  with  a  green  tinge  on  the 
winter  shoots,  glabrous;  lenticels  numerous,  small;  leaf -buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  free. 

Leaves  falling  early,  sparse,  folded  upward,  oval  or  obovate,  one  and  three-eighths 
inches  wide,  three  and  one-quarter  inches  long,  thin  and  leathery;  upper  surface  slightly 
rugose,  with  a  broad  groove  on  the  lightly  pubescent  midrib;  lower  surface  very  thinly 
pubescent;  apex  and  base  acute,  margin  glandular,  doubly  serrate  or  crenate;  petiole 
one-half  inch  long,  hairy  along  the  upper  side,  green,  with  from  one  to  three  small, 
globose,  yellowish  glands  variable  in  position. 

Blooming  season  early  to  medium,  of  average  length;  flowers  appearing  before 
the  leaves,  thirteen-sixteenths  inch  across,  white;  borne  in  dense  clusters  on  lateral 
spurs  and  buds,  in  pairs;  pedicels  one-half  inch  long,  slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx- 
tube  green,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  obtuse,  glandular-serrate,  with  numer- 
ous hairs  along  the  edge,  pubescent,  somewhat  erect;  petals  broadly  ovate,  entire, 
tapering  to  short,  blunt  claws;  anthers  yellow;  filaments  three-sixteenths  inch  long; 
pistil  glabrous,  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  mid-season  or  later,  ripening  period  long;  one  and  seven-eighths  inches  in 
diameter,  roundish-cordate  or  slightly  oblate,  halves  unequal;  cavity  deep,  wide,  flar- 
ing, with  streaks  radiating  from  the  cavity;  suture  shallow  or  a  line;  apex  roundish  to 
slightly  pointed;  color  dark  red  over  a  yellowish-green  ground,  with  bloom  of  medium 
thickness;  dots  numerous,  large,  russet,  conspicuous,  clustered  about  the  apex;  stem 
somewhat  slender,  five-eighths  inch  long,  glabrous,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin 
thin,  tough,  sour,  separating  readily;  flesh  light  yellow  frequently  tinged  with  red, 
very  juicy,  slightly  fibrous,  variable  in  firmness,  sweet,  mild,  lacking  the  strong  char- 
acteristic Triflora  flavor;  good;  stone  clinging,  seven-eighths  inch  by  five-eighths  inch 
in  size,  roundish-oval,  blunt  but  with  a  small  tip,  somewhat  rough,  ridged  along  the 
ventral,  grooved  on  the  dorsal  suture. 

OGON 

Prunus  trifiora 

i.  Ga.  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  29.  1886.  2.  Ibid.  35,  58.  1888.  3.  Ibid.  53,  99.  1889.  4.  Col.,  O., 
Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  81.  1892.  5.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  62:27,  28  fig.  1894.  6.  Ga.  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  95.  1895. 
7.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  106:59.  1896.  8.  Ibid.  131:194.  1897.  9.  Ibid.  139:45.  1897.  10.  Am.  Pom. 
Soc.  Cat.  26.  1897.  ii.  Rural  N.  Y.  57:562.  1898.  12.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50:43.  1898.  13.  Mich. 
Sta.  Bui.  169:242,  249.  1899.  14.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  175:138  fig.  1899.  15.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui. 
113:157.  1899.  16.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  139.  1901.  17.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  68:6  32.  1905.  18.  Miss. 
Sta.  Bui.  93:15.  1905. 

Ogan  5.     Ogden  i.     Ogon  5.     Shiro  Smomo  6.     Yellow  N  agate  2. 

Ogon,  the  Japanese  for  gold,  is  the  name  for  one  of  the  comparatively 
few  varieties  of  Prunus  triflora  having  a  yellow  color.  This  variety  is 
further  distinguished  by  being  the  only  freestone  sort  of  its  species  under 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  299 

cultivation  in  America.  Ogon  also  has  a  flavor  quite  distinct,  resembling 
somewhat  that  of  the  apricot,  which  is  agreeable  to  some  and  not  so  to 
others;  as  the  variety  grows  on  the  grounds  of  this  Station  it  can- 
not be  considered  of  high  quality  even  for  an  early  plum.  The  fruits 
crack  rather  badly  on  the  tree  and  seem  to  be  unusually  susceptible  to 
the  attacks  of  curculio.  In  some  of  the  references  given,  it  is  reported 
as  making  a  poor  tree  and  as  having  a  weak  constitution,  and  practically 
all  agree  that  the  variety  is  unproductive.  These  faults  preclude  its  use 
in  commercial  plantations.  The  variety  is  distinct  and  interesting  not 
only  in  its  fruits  but  in  its  flowers  which  bear  comparatively  few  stamens, 
many  of  which  are  abortive  and  show  all  degrees  between  perfect  stamens 
and  perfect  petals. 

Ogon  was  imported  from  Japan  by  H.  H.  Berger  and  Company,  San 
Francisco,  California.  It  was  first  mentioned  as  the  Ogden  in  the  Georgia 
Horticultural  Society  Report  for  1886  and  in  the  1888  report  of  the  same 
Society  it  was  described  as  a  new  fruit.  In  1897,  the  American  Pomological 
Society  added  Ogon  to  its  fruit  catalog  list. 

Tree  medium  to  large,  vigorous,  vasiform,  dense-topped,  hardy  at  Geneva,  unpro- 
ductive; branches  slender,  roughened  by  numerous  spurs,  sparingly  thorny,  dark  gray, 
with  numerous,  small  lenticels;  branchlets  sometimes  swollen  at  the  tips,  of  medium 
thickness  and  length,  with  internodes  of  average  length,  dark  brown  often  with  some 
green,  partly  overspread  with  gray  scarf-skin,  glossy,  glabrous;  lenticels  medium  in 
number  and  size,  raised;  leaf -buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  plump,  free. 

Leaves  few,  oblanceolate,  peach-like,  variable  in  size,  averaging  one  and  one- 
eighth  inches  wide,  four  inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface  light  green,  shining,  glabrous, 
narrowly  grooved  along  the  midrib ;  lower  surface  light  yellowish-green,  glabrous  except 
at  the  base  of  the  veins;  margin  finely  crenate,  with  small,  dark  amber  glands;  petiole 
one-half  inch  long,  glandless  or  with  from  jone  to  four  globose,  greenish  glands  on 
the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  early  and  of  medium  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves, 
thirteen-sixteenths  inch  across,  white;  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  spurs  and  buds,  in 
threes  or  in  fours;  pedicels  five-sixteenths  inch  long,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube 
green,  obconic,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  narrow,  acute,  slightly  glandular-serrate,  faintly 
pubescent,  erect;  petals  broadly  ovate,  entire,  tapering  below  to  short  claws;  anthers 
yellowish,  with  a  little  pink;  filaments  three-sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal 
to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  early,  season  short;  one  and  one-quarter  inches  by  one  and  three-quarters 
inches  in  size,  roundish-oblate,  oblique,  halves  equal;  cavity  narrow,  regular,  flaring; 
suture  variable  in  depth,  prominent;  apex  roundish  or  slightly  flattened;  color  lemon- 
yellow,  with  thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  whitish,  inconspicuous;  stem  slender, 


300  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW   YORK. 

one-half  inch  long,  glabrous,  separating  readily;  skin  thin,  tough,  astringent,  inclined 
to  crack,  slightly  adhering;  flesh  pale  or  amber-yellow,  not  as  juicy  as  many  of  the 
Trifloras,  firm  and  meaty,  sweet,  mild;  of  fair  quality;  stone  free,  five-eighths  inch  by 
one-half  inch  in  size,  roundish-oval,  turgid,  blunt  but  with  a  small  short  tip,  oblique, 
slightly  pitted;  ventral  suture  faintly  ridged  and  furrowed;  dorsal  suture  not  grooved. 

ORANGE 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  150.  1831.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  282.  1845.  3.  Cole  Am.  Fr. 
Book  214.  1849.  4-  Mas  Le  Verger  6:25.  1866-73.  5-  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  442.  1889.  6.  Budd- 
Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  320.  1903. 

Orange  5.     Orange  Gage  z,  5,  6.     Pomeranzen  Zwetsche  5.     Wager  5,  6. 

Orange  belongs  to  the  Reine  Claude  group.  Taking  its  characters 
all  in  all  it  cannot  compete  with  even  the  average  varieties  of  the  plums 
with  which  it  should  be  compared.  This  variety  was  introduced  by  A.  J. 
Downing  who  secured  it  from  a  Mr.  Teller  of  Rhinebeck,  Dutchess  County, 
New  York.  Although  Rhinebeck  is  probably  its  place  of  origin,  it  is  not 
likely  that  Teller  first  grew  the  variety  since  it  was  quite  generally  dis- 
seminated in  that  vicinity  at  the  tinie  of  its  introduction.  It  is  fast  pass- 
ing from  cultivation. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright,  productive;  branches  roughened  by  the  raised  lenti- 
cels;  branchlets  numerous,  pubescent;  leaves  oval  or  slightly  obovate,  two  inches  wide, 
four  inches  long,  thick;  margin  crenate  or  serrate,  with  small  grands;  petiole  tinged 
red,  pubescent,  with  from  two  to  three  globose  glands. 

Fruit  matures  in  mid-season;  about  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter 
roundish-truncate,  light  amber-yellow  with  a  blush,  overspread  with  thin  bloom; 
stem  slender,  adhering  strongly  to  the  fruit;  flesh  pale  yellow,  firm,  sweet;  of  good 
quality;  stone  free  or  nearly  so,  one  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  obovate,  acute 
at  the  apex,  blunt  at  the  base,  with  thickly  pitted  surfaces;  ventral  suture  wide, 
usually  blunt  but  sometimes  distinctly  winged;  dorsal  suture  with  a  deep  groove. 

OREN 

Prunus  americana 

i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:285  fig.  1900.  2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  174,  igot.  3.  Budd-Hansen  Am. 
Hort.  Man.  299.  1903. 

Bartlett  i.     Bingaman  i. 

Waugh  places  Oren  with  the  "  Miner-like  "  plums  but  as  the  variety 
grows  here  it  is  a  typical  western  Americana — the  characters  of  this  species 
in  leaf,  fruit  and  stone  being  well  shown  in  the  accompanying  plate.  It 


OREN 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  301 

is  one  of  the  best  of  the  Americanas  in  both  fruit  and  tree.  The  fruits 
are  large  and  of  good  shape,  perhaps  a  little  dull  in  color  and  not  quite  as 
good  in  quality  as  a  few  other  Americanas  but  still  averaging  very  well 
in  all  fruit-characters.  The  flesh  is  very  nearly  free  from  the  stone.  The 
trees  are  typical  of  the  species,  shaggy  of  trunk  and  limb,  straggling  and 
unkempt  in  growth  of  top,  but  hardy,  robust,  healthy  and  reliable  in 
bearing.  It  would  seem  as  if  this  variety  is  rather  too  good  to  be  allowed 
to  pass  out  of  cultivation  until  there  are  more  Americanas  that  are  better. 
Oren  was  taken  from  the  wild  in  Black  Hawk  County,  Iowa,  about 
1878,  by  J.  K.  Oren.  Mr.  Oren  grew  trees  of  this  plum  on  his  farm 
and  permitted  all  who  came  to  take  sprouts,  cions  and  seed  until  the  variety 
was  very  generally  disseminated  locally.  Who  introduced  it  to  the  trade 
and  when  is  not  known. 

Tree  small,  spreading,  low,  dense-topped,  hardy,  often  unproductive;  branches 
roughish,  slightly  zigzag,  thorny,  dark  ash-brown,  with  small  lenticels;  branchlets 
slender,  long,  twiggy,  with  internodes  of  average  length,  green  changing  to  dark  chest- 
nut-brown, glabrous,  with  large,  conspicuous,  raised  lenticels;  leaf -buds  small,  short, 
obtuse,  free. 

Leaves  falling  early,  oval  or  obovate,  two  inches  wide,  three  and  three-quarters 
inches  long;  upper  surface  dark  green  changing  to  golden-yellow  late  in  the  season, 
smooth  and  shining,  with  a  narrow,  grooved  midrib ;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  lightly 
pubescent;  apex  taper-pointed,  base  abrupt,  margin  coarsely  serrate,  the  serrations 
ending  in  sharp  points,  eglandular;  petiole  five-eighths  inch  long,  thick,  tinged  red, 
thinly  pubescent,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  prominent,  greenish-brown  glands. 

Blooming  season  late  and  of  medium  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves, 
one  and  one-eighth  inches  across,  white;  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  spurs  and  buds, 
in  pairs  or  in  threes;  pedicels  five-eighths  inch  long,  slender,  glabrous,  green,  tinged 
with  red;  calyx-tube  red,  campanulate,  enlarged  at  the  base,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes 
narrow,  somewhat  obtuse,  pubescent  on  both  surfaces  and  on  the  margin,  reflexed; 
petals  ovate,  somewhat  crenate  or  fringed,  tapering  below  to  long,  narrow  claws,  spar- 
ingly hairy  along  the  edge  of  the  base;  anthers  yellow;  filaments  three-eighths  inch 
long;  pistil  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  intermediate  in  time  and  length  of  ripening  season ;  one  and  three-sixteenths 
inches  in  diameter,  roundish,  usually  truncate  and  slightly  oblique,  compressed,  halves 
equal;  cavity  very  shallow,  flaring;  suture  a  line;  apex  roundish  or  flattened;  color 
dull  light  or  dark  red  over  a  yellow  ground,  mottled,  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numer- 
ous, very  small,  light  russet,  inconspicuous;  stem  slender,  five-eighths  inch  long,  glab- 
rous; skin  tough,  astringent,  adhering;  flesh  dark  golden-yellow,  juicy,  fibrous,  soft  and 
melting,  sweet ;  fair  to  good ;  stone  semi-free,  seven-eighths  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size, 
irregularly  roundish  or  ovate,  flattened,  blunt  at  the  base  and  apex,  with  smooth  surfaces ; 
ventral  suture  strongly  winged;  dorsal  suture  acute,  with  a  narrow  and  shallow  groove. 


302  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

ORLEANS 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  68.  1699.  2.  Langley  Pomona  91,  PI.  XX  fig.  4.  1729.  3.  Miller 
Card.  Diet.  3:1754.  4.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:78,  PI.  VII.  1768.  5.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:52, 
55.  56.  57-  1771-  6.  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees  19.  1803.  ?.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  2:32,  Tab.  179 
fig.  i.  1796.  8.  Brookshaw  Pom.  Brit.  PI.  XI.  1817.  9.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  145,  150.  1831. 
10.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:62,  67,  85.  1832.  n.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  1:1846.  12.  Floy-Lindley 
Guide  Orch.  Gard.  289,  290,  383.  1846.  13.  Thomas  Ant.  Fruit  Cult.  339.  1849.  J4-  Elliott  Fr. 
Book  428.  1854.  15.  Thompson  Gard.  Ass't  519.  1859.  z^-  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  935.  1869. 
17.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:37,  fig.  19.  1873.  J8.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  36.  1875.  19.  Oberdieck  Deut. 
Obst.  Sort.  414.  1881.  20.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  435.  1882.  21.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  715.  1884. 
22.  Guide  Prat.  156,  360.  1895. 

Anglaise  Noire  16,  17,  20,  21,  22.  Angloise  Noire  5.  Brignole  ?  i.  Brugnole  ?  i.  Brignole 
Violette  17,  20,  22.  Brignole  Violette  ?  5.  Common  Orleans  10,  16,  17,  20.  Damas  Rouge  10. 
Damas  Rouge  5,  9.  Damas  Violet  ?  5-  Z?e  Monsieur  17,  22.  Die  Herrnpflaume  7.  English 
Orleans  10,  16,  17,  20.  French  Orleans  8.  Hernnpflaume  17.  Herrnpflaume  19.  Herrnpflaume  22. 
Herzog  von  Orleans  20,  22.  Italian  Damask  of  some  14.  Large  Red  Orleans  10.  Late  Monsieur 
10,  16,  17,  20.  Monsieur  4,  9,  10,  12,  17,  22.  Monsieur  10,  13,  14,  15,  16,  20,  21.  Monsieur  Ordi- 
naire 9,  10,  14,  15,  16,  17,  20,  21,  22.  Old  Orleans  10,  13,  14,  15,  16,  17,  20,  22.  Orleans  17,  20, 
22.  Orleans  Red  Damask  20.  Prune  de  Monsieur  10,  16,  20.  Prune  de  Monsieur  n.  Prune 
d'Orleans  16,  17,  20,  21.  Prunelle  ?  5.  Prwntf  Monsieur  7.  Red  Damask  10.  Red  Damask  9, 
10,  12,  13,  14,  15,  16,  17,  18,  20,  21,  22.  Red  Orleans  10,  16,  17,  20.  Red  Orleans  Plum  6. 

In  Europe  Orleans  is  one  of  the  most  renowned  of  the  plums  culti- 
vated. A  proof  of  its  popularity  is  the  great  number  of  names,  as  shown 
in  the  synonymy  given  above,  under  which  it  passes  in  England  and 
on  the  continent.  This  variety,  however,  is  almost  unknown  in  America 
though  described  by  all  of  the  older  American  pomologists  and  probably 
introduced  time  and  again  during  the  last  hundred  years  in  our  orchards. 
The  French  fruit  books  say  that  the  variety  thrives  better  in  southern 
than  northern  France  and  nearly  all  of  the  European  writers  state  that 
it  does  best  in  high,  dry,  light,  warm  soils.  It  is  likely  that  our  climate, 
and  the  soils  in  which  plums  are  generally  grown  in  America,  are  not  suited 
to  this  sort.  Unfortunately  this  Station  has  no  trees  of  this  variety  and 
the  brief  description  given  is  a  compilation. 

The  Orleans  has  been  cultivated  for  more  than  two  hundred  years. 
Langley  said  of  it  in  1729  "  The  Orleans  Plumb  tho  a  common,  is  yet  a 
very  valuable  Plumb,  as  well  for  its  fine  firm  juicy  Pulp  when  well  ripened, 
as  its  being  a  constant  and  plentiful  bearer."  The  Red  Damask  and  the 
Brugnole  mentioned  by  Quintinye  in  1699  are  probably  the  Orleans;  but 
the  Prune  de  Monsieur  of  Knoop  and  the  Monsieur  of  Tournefort,  which 
are  yellow,  are  distinct.  The  variety  is  evidently  of  French  origin.  Mas 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  303 

in  his  Pomologie  Generate,  1873,  states  that  it  first  bore  the  name  Brignole 
Violette,  but  later  was  given  the  name  it  now  bears  in  honor  of  Monsieur, 
Duke  of  Orleans,  brother  of  Louis  XIV.  Damas  Rouge  is  an  old  synonym, 
though  Duhamel  described  it  as  a  distinct  variety.  Herrnpflaume  is  the 
common  name  of  the  Orleans  in  Germany  and  Austria,  while  in  France, 
it  is  often  called  the  Monsieur.  It  has  never  been  common  in  America, 
yet  it  was  entered  on  the  American  Pomological  Society  catalog  list  in  1875. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  hardy,  productive,  bearing  annually;  branches  grayish, 
pubescent;  leaves  large,  ovate,  with  crenate  margins;  flowers  large,  blooming  early; 
petals  roundish,  imbricated. 

Fruit  early  mid-season;  medium  in  size,  roundish-truncate,  sides  unequal;  cavity 
usually  shallow,  wide;  suture  distinct;  apex  flattened;  color  dark  or  purplish-red, 
overspread  with  thin  bloom,  with  a  sprinkling  of  pale  reddish  dots;  stem  thick,  short; 
skin  tender;  flesh  yellowish,  juicy,  usually  melting  when  properly  matured,  sweet  near 
the  skin  but  sprightly  toward  the  center,  pleasant-flavored;  good;  stone  free,  small, 
oval,  flattened,  with  roughish  surfaces. 

OULLINS 

Prumts  domestica 

i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  374.  1866.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  935.  1869.  3.  Pom.  France  7: 
No.  15.  1871.  4.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:43.  1866-73.  5-  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  38.  1877.  6.  Cat. 
Cong.  Pom.  France  366.  1887.  7.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  446.  1889.  8.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
117.  1901.  9.  Thompson  Gard.  Ass't  4:158.  1901. 

Massot  6,  7.  Monstrueuse  d'Oullins  2,  7.  Ouillin's  Gage  2,  7.  Oullins  Golden  i.  Oullin's 
Golden  2,  9.  Oullin's  Golden  3,  4,  6,  7.  Oullin's  Golden  Gage  2,  7.  Oullins  Golden  Gage  5.  Oul- 
lin's Green  Gage  8.  Prune-Massot  3.  Reine-Claude  d'Oullins  i,  2,  7,  9.  Reine-Claude  D'Oullins 
3,  4,  6.  Reine-Claude  Precoce  i,  2,  3,  6,  7,  9.  Reine-Claude  von  Oullins  7.  Roi-Claude  3,  7. 

Oullins  came  to  America  with  the  best  of  recommendations  from 
European  growers  but  it  has  fallen  so  far  short  of  its  reputation  in  Europe 
that  it  was  dropped  from  the  fruit  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society 
and  is  gradually  disappearing  from  cultivation.  The  fault  is  in  the  fruit 
which  is  but  indifferent  in  quality  for  a  plum  of  the  Reine  Claude  group. 
In  Europe  the  variety  is  rated  as  one  of  the  best  dessert  sorts;  in  America 
it  is  hardly  second-rate  in  quality.  This  difference  may  be  due  to  differ- 
ences in  climate  and  soil;  more  probably,  it  is  due  to  the  greater  number 
of  better  Reine  Claude  varieties  grown  in  America  with  which  it  must 
compete.  Hand,  Jefferson,  Washington,  McLaughlin,  Yellow  Gage,  Spauld- 
ing  and  Imperial  Gage,  the  cream  of  the  Reine  Claude  plums,  are  all  Amer- 
icans similar  to  Oullins  but  much  better  in  quality.  Oullins  is  hardly 
surpassed  by  any  of  its  group  in  tree -characters  and  might  well  be  used 


304  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

for  breeding  purposes  as  there  are  so  few  sorts  of  its  kind  having  satis- 
factory trees. 

This  variety,  probably  a  Reine  Claude  seedling,  was  found  at  Coligny, 
France,  on  the  estate  of  M.  Filliaud;  it  was  propagated  by  M.  Corsaint, 
gardener  to  the  Baron  de  Toisy,  near  Cuiseaux  (Department  of  Saone- 
et-Loire)  and  was  introduced  at  Oullins  (Department  of  Rhone)  by  M. 
Massot,  nurseryman.  The  name  is  seldom  spelled  correctly  in  American 
fruit  books,  being  either  written  with  an  apostrophe  and  s  or  with  both 
left  off,  these  spellings  coming  from  the  supposition  that  the  name  comes 
from  that  of  a  man,  a  mistake  as  the  history  shows.  Oullins  was  placed 
on  the  American  Pomological  Society  catalog  fruit  list  in  1875  but  was 
dropped  when  the  catalog  was  revised  in  1897. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  open-topped,  hardy,  productive;  branches  ash- 
gray,  somewhat  rough,  with  numerous,  large,  raised  lenticels;  branchlets  stout,  the 
bark  rough,  medium  to  above  in  thickness,  short,  with  short  internodes,  greenish- 
red  changing  to  brownish-red,  dull,  lightly  pubescent,  overspread  with  faint  bloom, 
with  numerous,  small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  large,  long,  pointed,  free;  leaf -scars 
swollen. 

Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  two  inches  wide,  four  and  one-quarter  inches  long,  thick; 
upper  surface  dark  green,  covered  with  fine  hairs,  the  midrib  grooved;  lower  surface 
pale  green,  pubescent;  apex  acute  or  abruptly  pointed,  base  acute,  margin  serrate 
or  crenate,  with  small  black  glands;  petiole  three-quarters  inch  long,  thick,  pubescent, 
tinged  red,  with  from  two  to  four  globose,  greenish-brown  glands  variable  in  size,  usually 
on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  medium  to  late,  of  average  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the 
leaves,  one  and  one-quarter  inches  across,  white,  with  a  faint  yellowish  tinge;  arranged 
on  lateral  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  eleven-sixteenths  inch  long,  pubescent, 
greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate,  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  broad,  obtuse,  pu- 
bescent on  both  surfaces,  glandular-serrate,  reflexed;  petals  broadly  obovate,  crenate, 
tapering  to  short,  broad  claws;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  three-eighths  inch  long; 
pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  early,  season  short;  medium  to  below  in  size,  roundish,  halves  equal;  cavity 
shallow,  below  medium  in  width,  abrupt;  suture  an  indistinct  line;  apex  flattened 
or  depressed;  color  greenish-yellow  changing  to  dull  light  yellow,  overspread  with 
thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  whitish,  inconspicuous,  clustered  about  the  apex; 
stem  of  medium  thickness  and  length,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  slightly 
astringent,  separating  readily;  flesh  greenish-yellow  or  pale  yellow,  somewhat  dry, 
firm,  sweet,  not  high  in  flavor;  good;  stone  half-free  or  free,  three-quarters  inch  by 
five-eighths  inch  in  size,  broadly  oval,  flattened,  roughened  and  pitted,  blunt  at  the 
base  and  apex;  ventral  suture  rather  narrow,  furrowed,  with  a  distinct  but  not  promi- 
nent wing;  dorsal  suture  broadly  and  deeply  grooved. 


OTTTT.T  IMS 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  305 

PACIFIC 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rft.  292.  1893.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  150.  1895.  3.  Oregon  Sta.  Bui.  45: 
31.  1897.  4.  Oregon  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  474.  1898.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  40.  1899.  6.  Waugh 
Plum  Cult.  117.  1901.  7.  Oregon  Agriculturist  i7:No.  24,  370.  1908. 

Pacific  3.     Pacific  Prune  2,  3.     Willamette  4,  5,  7.     Willamette  Prune  3. 

No  part  of  America  is  so  well  adapted  to  plum  culture  as  the  Pacific 
Coast  and  especially  the  inter-mountain  valleys  in  Oregon.  From  the 
last-named  State,  though  fruit-growing  is  a  very  recent  development,  a 
number  of  meritorious  plums  have  been  added  to  pomology.  One  of  the 
best  of  these,  as  they  grow  in  New  York,  is  the  Pacific,  the  fruits  of  which 
are  well  shown  in  the  color-plate.  Few  purple  plums  are  more  beautiful 
than  this  in  color  and  shape,  few  equal  it  in  size  and  very  few  of  its  color 
excel  it  in  quality.  The  trees  are  unusually  robust,  perfectly  hardy  and 
productive.  In  Oregon  the  Pacific  has  not  proved  a  good  prune -making 
plum  but  is  reported  as  standing  eastern  shipment  very  well,  which,  if 
true,  indicates  that  this  plum  would  succeed  as  a  market  fruit  in  New 
York.  Pacific  is  well  worth  trying  in  New  York  as  a  commercial  variety. 

This  plum  is  hopelessly  confused  with  the  Willamette.  The  follow- 
ing is  an  abridged  account  of  the  two  fruits  as  written  us  by  H.  M.  William- 
son, Secretary  of  the  Oregon  State  Board  of  Horticulture,  and  one  of  the 
leading  authorities  on  fruit-growing  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

"About  1875  Jesse  Bullock  of  Oswego,  Oregon,  sent  to  Germany  for 
pits  of  the  Italian  or  Fellenberg  prune,  and  planted  the  pits  received  in 
a  nurseiy  row.  When  the  trees  from  these  began  to  bear,  Mr.  C.  E.  Hoskins 
went  to  Mr.  Bullock's  place,  examined  the  fruit  and  selected  trees  which 
seemed  promising,  giving  to  each  tree  a  number.  From  at  least  six  of  these 
trees  he  took  scions,  propagated  them,  and  named  them  Bullock  No.  i, 
Bullock,  No.  2,  etc.  He  finally  decided  that  only  two  of  these,  Bullock 
No.  i  and  Btillock  No.  6,  were  of  sufficient  value  to  justify  their  further 
propagation.  Bullock  No.  i  was  named  Champion  and  Bullock  No.  6, 
Willamette.  Mr.  Hoskins  told  me  these  names  were  given  by  the  State 
Horticultural  Society,  but  I  find  no  record  of  this  action.  He  propagated 
and  sold  a  good  many  trees  of  both  varieties,  but  more  of  the  Willamette 
than  of  the  Champion. 

"  Mr.  Hoskins  was  strongly  of  the  opinion  that  the  Pacific  is  identical 
with  the  Willamette.  I  am  as  strongly  of  the  opinion  that  they  are  distinct 
varieties.  I  base  my  opinion,  first,  upon  the  history  of  the  origin  of  the 
Pacific  given  me  by  Henry  Freeboro,  Portland,  Oregon,  who  introduced 


306  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

it;  and,  second,  upon  what  appear  to  me  to  be  marked  differences  in  the 
two  prunes.  A  number  of  years  ago  I  went  to  Mr.  Freeboro's  place  when 
prunes  were  ripe  and  obtained  from  him  a  supply  of  Pacific  prunes  grown 
on  trees  propagated  by  him  from  scions  taken  from  the  original  Pacific 
tree.  I  took  these  prunes  to  Springbrook  and  compared  them  with  the 
Willamette  grown  on  Mr.  Hoskins'  place.  I  was  thoroughly  convinced 
that  the  two  were  decidedly  different  in  character,  but  Mr.  Hoskins  did 
not  think  so.  I  noticed  first  a  marked  difference  in  the  habits  of  growth 
of  the  trees.  The  Pacific  trees  were  of  unusually  vigorous  growth  and  had 
a  decided  upright  tendency.  The  Willamette  trees  were  very  similar  to 
the  Italian  in  vigor  and  had  the  rather  spreading  habit  of  growth  of  the 
Italian.  The  Pacific  prunes  are  larger  in  size  than  the  Willamette  and 
vary  much  more  in  size.  One  of  the  most  decided  indications  of  difference 
is  the  far  greater  tendency  to  brown-rot  of  the  fruit  of  the  Pacific  than  is 
the  case  with  the  fruit  of  the  Willamette.  This  has  been  observed  when 
scions  of  the  Willamette  and  of  the  Pacific  have  been  grafted  on  the  same 
tree  for  the  purpose  of  comparison.  I  have  never  seen  a  well  dried  speci- 
men of  the  Pacific,  but  this  may  have  been  the  fault  of  the  men  who  dried 
the  specimens  I  have  seen.  The  Willamette  dries  easily  for  a  prune  of  its 
size  and  gives  a  larger  percentage  of  dried  to  fresh  fruit  than  the  Italian, 
according  to  Mr.  Hoskins. 

"  I  believe  the  Willamette  is  well  worthy  of  more  attention  in  the 
Willamette  Valley,  whereas  the  Pacific,  on  account  of  its  extreme  suscep- 
tibility to  the  brown-rot,  does  not  appear  to  be  a  safe  variety  here,  although 
when  perfect  it  is  a  magnificent  prune  for  eating -fresh,  and  one  of  the 
very  largest  known.  I  am  told  that  in  eastern  Oregon  where  climatic  con- 
ditions keep  out  the  brown-rot,  the  Pacific  is  proving  one  of  the  best  varieties 
for  shipping  fresh.  At  the  present  time  the  two  varieties  are  much  confused. 
When  the  Pacific  prune  was  introduced,  Mr.  Hoskins  and  other  recognized 
authorities,  pronounced  it  the  Willamette,  and  nurserymen  therefore 
obtained  scions  from  Willamette  treees  and  sold  the  propagated  trees  as 
Pacifies,  and  in  a  more  limited  way  the  reverse  was  done.  The  greater 
part  of  the  trees  supposed  to  be  Pacifies  are  in  fact  Willamettes." 

At  this  Station  we  have  the  two  plums  under  discussion,  the  Pacific 
having  been  obtained  from  Fred  E.  Young,  nurseryman,  Rochester,  New 
York,  and  the  Willamette,  under  the  name  Pacific,  from  the  Oregon  Whole- 
sale Nursery  Company,  Salem,  Oregon.  The  differences  between  the  two 
plums  in  New  York  are  essentially  those  given  by  Mr.  Williamson  as  dis- 
tinguishing characters  in  Oregon. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  upright-spreading,  open-topped,  hardy,  productive;  branches 
ash-gray,  smooth,  with  small,  raised  lenticels;  branchlets  above  medium  in  thickness, 


PACIFIC 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  307 

short,  with  short  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  brownish-red,  covered  with 
heavy  bloom  and  sparingly  pubescent,  with  indistinct  small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  plump, 
of  medium  size  and  length,  obtuse,  free. 

Leaves  obovate,  two  inches  wide,  four  inches  long,  the  oldest  thick  and  leathery; 
upper  surface  dark  green,  covered  with  fine  hairs,  with  a  widely  and  deeply  grooved 
midrib;  lower  surface  pale  green,  pubescent;  apex  acute  or  obtuse,  base  acute,  margin 
crenate,  with  small  dark  glands;  petiole  seven-eighths  inch  long,  thick,  pubescent, 
tinged  red,  with  from  two  to  four  large,  globose,  yellowish-green  glands  usually  on 
the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  of  medium  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  and 
three-sixteenths  inches  across,  white;  borne  on  lateral  spurs  and  buds,  singly  or  in 
pairs;  pedicels  five-sixteenths  inch  long,  thick,  pubescent;  calyx-tube  green,  campanu- 
late,  pubescent  only  at  the  base;  calyx-lobes  broad,  obtuse,  lightly  pubescent  on  both 
surfaces  but  heavily  pubescent  along  the  serrate  margin,  reflexed;  petals  oval,  dentate, 
tapering  to  short,  broad  claws;  stamens  inclined  to  develop  into  rudimentary  petals; 
anthers  yellow;  filaments  seven-sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the 
stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  intermediate  in  time  and  length  of  ripening  season;  two  inches  by  one  and 
five-eighths  inches  in  size,  ovate,  halves  equal;  cavity  shallow,  narrow,  flaring;  suture 
shallow,  indistinct;  apex  bluntly  pointed;  color  bluish,  overspread  with  thick  bloom; 
dots  small,  brown,  conspicuous,  clustered  about  the  apex;  stem  thick,  one-half  inch 
long,  pubescent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tough,  separating  readily;  flesh 
pale  golden-yellow,  juicy,  firm,  sweet,  spicy;  good;  stone  free,  one  inch  by  five-eighths 
inch  in  size,  flattened,  irregularly  broad-oval,  obliquely  contracted  at  the  base,  blunt 
at  the  apex,  with  rough  and  pitted  surfaces;  ventral  suture  narrow,  with  numerous 
deep  furrows,  usually  blunt;  dorsal  suture  widely  and  deeply  grooved. 

PALATINE 

Prunus  domestica 

This  plum,  scarcely  known  outside  of  two  counties  in  New  York,  is 
of  distinctly  good  quality  and  if  all  accounts  are  true  is  fairly  immune  to 
black -knot.  In  size  and  appearance  the  fruits  are  superior  to  many  other 
Reine  Claude  plums,  with  which  it  must  be  compared,  so  much  so  that  the 
variety  is  probably  worth  growing  outside  the  region  where  the  following 
interesting  history  shows  it  has  been  cultivated  for  nearly  a  century  and 
a  half. 

Palatine,  according  to  Mr.  Washington  Garlock  of  New  York,  origi- 
nated in  1760  when  a  family  of  Palatines  by  the  name  of  Best  came  from 
Germany  to  the  United  States  and  settled  in  Livingston  Manor  (East 
Camps)  now  Columbia  County,  New  York.  They  brought  with  them 
plum  pits  which  they  planted  and  from  them  secured  one  tree.  In  1762 


308  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

they  moved  to  Schoharie  County,  New  York,  taking  with  them  the  seed- 
ling tree.  In  their  new  home  they  propagated  the  variety,  which  they 
named  Palatine,  and  disseminated  it  so  industriously  that  it  became  thor- 
oughly established  throughout  Montgomery  and  Schoharie  counties  and 
attained  great  popularity  because  of  its  apparent  freedom  from  black- 
knot.  That  this  popularity  is  merited  is  attested  by  the  fact  that  after 
one  hundred  and  fifty  years  it  is  still  extensively  grown  in  that  vicinity. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  dense-topped,  productive;  branches  thick;  branch- 
lets  lightly  pubescent;  leaves  flattened,  slightly  drooping,  obovate,  one  and  five-eighths 
inches  wide,  three  and  one-quarter  inches  long,  thick,  rugose;  margin  coarsely  crenate, 
eglandular  or  with  few,  small  glands;  petiole  pubescent,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two 
small  glands;  blooming  season  intermediate  in  time,  short;  flowers  appearing  after 
the  leaves,  more  than  one  inch  across,  white  with  yellow  tinge  at  the  apex  of  the  petals; 
borne  singly;  calyx-lobes  thickly  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  strongly  reflexed. 

Fruit  intermediate  in  time  and  length  of  ripening  season;  about  one  and  one-half 
inches  in  diameter,  roundish  or  roundish-oval,  dull  yellowish-green  becoming  greenish- 
yellow  at  full  maturity,  mottled  and  indistinctly  blushed  on  the  sunny  side,  overspread 
with  thin  bloom;  skin  thin,  slightly  sour;  flesh  light  golden-yellow,  juicy,  fibrous, 
firm,  sweet,  pleasant  in  flavor;  good  to  very  good;  stone  dark  colored,  free  or  nearly 
so,  seven-eighths  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  oval,  with  thickly  pitted  surfaces;  ventral 
suture  blunt  or  with  a  short,  narrow  wing;  dorsal  suture  wide,  shallow. 

PAUL  EARLY 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  N.  Y.  Exp.  Sta.  Rpt.  12:611.    1893.      2.  W.  N.  Y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  42:83.    1897. 
Paul's  Earliest  i,  2. 

This  variety  seems  to  be  under  test  only  at  this  Station  where  it  has 
fruited  for  a  number  of  years.  It  is  so  similar  to  Early  Rivers,  a  variety 
of  small  account  in  America,  as  to  be  an  almost  worthless  addition  to  the 
list  of  plums.  Paul  Early  originated  with  and  was  sent  out  by  J.  M.  Paul, 
North  Adams,  Massachusetts,  about  1888. 

Tree  very  large,  vigorous,  round-topped,  dense,  very  productive;  branches  covered 
with  numerous  fruit-spurs;  branchlets  twiggy,  thickly  pubescent;  leaf -buds  strongly 
appressed;  leaves  flattened,  obovate  or  oval,  two  and  three-eighths  inches  wide,  four 
inches  long;  margin  crenate,  with  few,  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  reddish,  pubescent, 
glandless  or  with  one  or  two  large  glands;  blooming  season  intermediate  in  time, 
short;  flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves,  one  inch  across;  borne  in  scattering  clusters, 
usually  in  pairs;  pedicels  very  thick  and  pubescent;  anthers  tinged  red. 

Fruit  very  early,  season  short ;  one  and  three-eighths  inches  by  one  and  one-quar- 
ter inches  in  size,  roundish-oval,  dark  purplish-black,  overspread  with  thick  bloom; 


THE   PLUMS   OF   NEW   YORK.  309 

skin  tender,  slightly  sour;  flesh  greenish-yellow  becoming  yellowish,  tender,  sweet 
near  the  surface  but  sour  next  the  pit,  mild;  good;  stone  clinging,  seven-eighths  inch 
by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  irregular-oval,  with  roughened  and  thickly  pitted  surfaces; 
ventral  suture  prominent,  seldom  winged;  dorsal  suture  with  a  narrow,  shallow  groove. 

PEACH 

Prunus  domestica 

I.  N.  E.  Farmer  Diet.  266.  1797.  2.  Prince  Treat.  Hort.  27.  1828.  3.  Prince  Pont.  Man. 
2:106.  1832.  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  307.  1845.  5-  Horticulturist  1:113,  114  fig.  34,  147. 
1846.  6.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  1:1846.  7.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  335,  336  fig.  262.  1849. 
8.  Horticulturist  6:132.  1851.  9.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  422.  1854.  10.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  367. 
1857.  ii.  Hooper  W.  Fr.  Book  250.  1857.  12.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  86.  1862.  13.  Hogg  Fruit 
Man.  375.  1866.  14.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:73,  PI.  XXXVII.  1866-73.  *5-  Pom.  France  7:  No.  7. 
1871.  16.  Card.  Chron.  N.  S.  17:144.  1882.  17.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  466.  1883.  18.  Wickson 
Col.  Fruits  353.  1891.  19.  Wash.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  136.  1893.  20.  Guide  Prat.  156,  361.  1893. 
21.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  462  fig.  1906. 

Apricot  Plum  5  incor.  Caledonian  15,  20.  Calvels  Pfirschenpfiaume  14,  20.  D'Abricot  (of 
Streets  of  Paris)  20.  Duane's  Purple  5  incor,  6,  n.  Howell's  Large  15,  20,  21.  Jenkin's  Imperial 
15,  20.  Large  Peach  16.  Large  Peach  Plum  3.  Nectarine  15,  20.  Nectarine  Rouge  21.  Peach 
15,20.  Peach  Plum  3,  5,  14,  20.  Peach  Plum  7,  8,  9,  10,  n,  12,  17.  Peche  14,  15,  20,  21.  Peche 
de  Calvel  20.  Prune  Peche  3,  7,  9,  10,  14,  18.  Prune  Peche  4,  5,  6,  20.  Prune-PGche  De  Calvel  14. 
Reine-Claude  De  Berger  13,  16.  Rothe  Nektarine  15,  ?2o. 

Peach,  the  largest  early  plum,  is  not  high  in  quality  but  is  justly 
esteemed  where  it  can  be  grown  for  its  earliness,  large  size  and  handsome 
appearance.  Unfortunately  this  variety  is  capricious  beyond  most  other 
plums  as  to  climate  and  soils  and  refuses  to  thrive  unless  its  needs  are 
very  well  supplied  in  the  matter  of  environment.  In  America  it  seems 
to  find  congenial  soil  and  climate  only  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  even  then 
refuses  to  bear  well  except  on  strong,  rich  soils.  In  New  York,  even  when 
grown  upon  soils  similar  to  those  upon  which  it  does  well  elsewhere,  the 
fruits  are  few  and  lacking  in  quality,  though  the  trees  are  large,  vigorous 
and  about  all  that  could  be  desired  in  a  good  plum  tree.  It  may  be  pos- 
sible to  grow  Peach  in  favorable  locations  in  the  East;  in  which  case,  a 
plum  of  its  appearance  and  quality,  coming  as  early  in  the  season  as  it 
ripens,  would  make  a  most  desirable  addition  to  the  list  of  plums.  From 
its  behavior  elsewhere  the  situation  that  would  suit  it  best  in  New  York 
is  a  sunny  exposure  with  a  warm,  rich,  clay  loam. 

The  origin  of  the  Peach  is  unknown.  Poiteau  was  unable  to  find 
any  reference  to  it  in  the  Eighteenth  Century  European  literature  and 
thought,  therefore,  that  it  must  have  been  unknown  to  this  period.  Samuel 
Deane  mentions  a  Peach  plum  in  New  England  in  1797.  It  is  doubtful, 


310  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

however,  whether  it  is  the  Peach  of  this  discussion,  the  name  having  been 
applied  indiscriminately  to  several  varieties,  the  Goliath,  Nectarine  and 
Apricot  in  particular.  Prince,  in  1832,  described  a  Large  Peach  Plum 
which  he  said  "  had  been  introduced  a  few  years  since  "  but  as  his  variety 
is  oval  and  a  clingstone,  it  is  not  the  same  as  the  Peach  of  Poiteau,  the 
one  discussed  here,  this  plum  being  nearly  round  and  a  freestone.  Judge 
James  C.  Duane  of  Schenectady,  New  York,  seems  to  have  first  imported 
the  Peach  plum,  with  several  others,  from  France,  in  1820.  The  name  of 
this  variety  was  lost  during  the  shipment  and  as  the  invoice  called  for  an 
Apricot  Plum,  the  names  Apricot  and  Duane's  Plum  became  locally  applied 
to  what  afterwards  turned  out  to  be  the  Peach.  C.  H.  Tomlinson  of  Sche- 
nectady and  A.  J.  Downing  in  1846  made  a  careful  study  of  these  imported 
plums  and  showed  conclusively  that  this  Apricot  or  Duane's  Plum  was 
the  Peach  of  the  French.  In  1862,  the  American  Pomological  Society 
added  Peach  to  the  fruit  catalog  list  and  recommended  it  for  the  eastern 
and  western  sections  of  New  York. 

Tree  large,  very  vigorous,  spreading,  round  or  flat-topped,  hardy,  medium  in  pro- 
ductiveness; branches  stocky,  smooth,  dark  ash-brown,  with  lenticels  of  medium 
number  and  size;  branchlets  thick,  with  internodes  one  inch  long,  light  brown,  cov- 
ered with  short,  heavy  pubescence;  leaf -buds  large,  of  medium  length,  conical. 

Leaves  large,  oval,  of  average  thickness;  upper  surface  dark  green;  lower  surface 
pale  green,  pubescent;  apex  obtuse,  margin  doubly  crenate,  with  small  glands;  petiole 
three-quarters  inch  long,  thick,  pubescent,  with  a  trace  of  red,  usually  with  two,  small, 
globose,  greenish  glands  at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Fruit  early;  thick-set,  without  a  neck,  one  and  seven-eighths  inches  in  diameter, 
roundish,  slightly  angular,  halves  equal;  cavity  deep,  wide,  compressed;  suture  shal- 
low, distinct;  apex  flattened  or  depressed;  color  dark  purplish-red,  overspread  with 
thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  large,  conspicuous;  stem  eleven-sixteenths  inch  long, 
glabrous,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  tough,  adhering;  flesh  golden-yellow,  medium 
juicy,  firm,  subacid,  mild;  good;  stone  free,  one  inch  by  three-quarters  inch  in  size, 
roundish-oval,  flattened,  with  rough  and  pitted  surfaces,  blunt  at  the  base  and  apex; 
ventral  suture  wide,  prominent,  often  distinctly  winged;  dorsal  suture  with  a  wide, 
deep  groove. 

PEARL 

Prunus  domestica 
I.  Burbank  Cat.  5.    1898.      2.  Am.  Card.  21:36.    1900.      3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  118.    1901. 

One  can  grow  seedlings  of  some  plums  with  considerable  certainty 
of  getting  respectable  offspring — plums  worth  having  in  an  orchard — 
but  the  chances  of  growing  a  variety  of  superior  qualities  are  small  indeed. 


PEARL 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  31 1 

It  is  a  piece  of  good  luck,  a  matter  almost  wholly  of  luck,  when,  as  in  this 
case,  but  one  parent  is  known,  to  secure  as  fine  a  fruit  as  the  Pearl  plum. 
The  variety  now  under  notice  is  one  to  be  pleased  with  if  it  came  as  a 
chance  out  of  thousands;  its  rich,  golden  color,  large  size,  fine  form,  melting 
flesh  and  sweet,  luscious  flavor,  place  it  among  the  best  dessert  plums. 
In  the  mind  of  the  writer  and  of  those  who  have  assisted  in  describing 
the  varieties  for  The  Plums  of  New  York,  it  is  unsurpassed  in  quality  by 
any  other  plum.  The  tree-characters,  however,  do  not  correspond  in 
desirability  with  those  of  the  fruits.  The  trees,  while  of  medium  size  and 
seemingly  as  vigorous  and  healthy  as  any,  are  unproductive.  In  none  of 
the  several  years  they  have  been  fruiting  at  this  Station  have  they  borne 
a  large  crop.  If  elsewhere  this  defect  does  not  show,  the  variety  becomes 
at  once  one  of  great  value.  The  fruits  of  Pearl  are  said  to  cure  into  deli- 
cious prunes — to  be  readily  believed  by  one  who  has  eaten  the  fresh  fruits. 
This  variety  ought  to  be  very  generally  tried  by  commercial  plum-growers 
and  is  recommended  to  all  who  grow  fruit  for  pleasure. 

Pearl  is  a  recent  addition  to  the  list  of  plums  and  though  its  history 
is  well  known  its  parentage  is  in  doubt.  In  1898,  Luther  Burbank  intro- 
duced the  variety  as  a  new  prune  grown  from  the  seed  of  the  well-known 
Agen.  The  male  parent  is  not  known  but  from  the  fruit  and  tree,  one  at 
once  surmises  that  it  was  some  variety  of  the  Reine  Claude  group,  its 
characters  being  so  like  those  of  the  plum  named  that  no  one  could  suspect 
that  it  came  from  the  seed  of  a  plum  so  far  removed  from  the  Reine  Claude 
as  the  Agen. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  vigorous,  vasiform,  dense-topped,  hardy,  unproductive; 
branches  ash-gray,  with  numerous,  small,  raised  lenticels;  branchlets  twiggy,  thick, 
long,  with  long  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  brownish-red,  very  pubescent 
early  in  the  season  becoming  less  so  at  maturity,  with  numerous,  small,  raised  lenti- 
cels; leaf -buds  large,  above  medium  in  length,  conical,  appressed;  leaf -scars  prominent. 

Leaves  broadly  oval,  one  and  seven-eighths  inches  wide,  three  and  one-half  inches 
long,  thick,  leathery;  upper  surface  dark  green,  rugose,  covered  with  fine  hairs,  with 
a  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  pale  green,  pubescent;  apex  abruptly  pointed,  base 
abrupt,  margin  serrate  or  crenate,  with  small,  black  glands;  petiole  seven-eighths  inch 
long,  thick,  pubescent,  tinged  red,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  small,  globose, 
brownish  glands  on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the 
leaves,  showy  on  account  of  their  size,  averaging  one  and  five-eighths  inches  across, 
white,  with  a  tinge  of  yellow  at  the  apex  of  the  petals;  borne  on  lateral  spurs  and  buds, 
usually  singly;  pedicels  one-half  inch  long,  thick,  strongly  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx- 


312  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

tube  green,  campanulate,  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  broad,  obtuse,  pubescent  on  both 
surfaces,  glandular-serrate  and  with  marginal  hairs,  strongly  reflexed;  petals  obovate 
or  oblong,  entire,  tapering  to  short,  broad  claws;  anthers  yellow;  filaments  nearly 
one-half  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  intermediate  in  time  and  length  of  ripening  season;  one  and  three-quarters 
inches  by  one  and  one-half  inches  in  size,  roundish-oval,  compressed,  halves  unequal; 
cavity  shallow,  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  a  line;  apex  depressed;  color  golden-yellow, 
obscurely  striped  and  splashed  with  dull  green,  mottled,  overspread  with  thin  bloom; 
dots  numerous,  small,  whitish,  inconspicuous,  clustered  about  the  apex;  stem  thick, 
three-quarters  inch  long,  thickly  pubescent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  tough, 
separating  readily;  flesh  deep  yellow,  juicy,  a  little  coarse  and  fibrous,  firm  but  tender, 
very  sweet,  with  a  pleasant,  mild  flavor,  aromatic;  very  good  to  best;  stone  clinging, 
one  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  long-oval,  slightly  necked  at  the  base,  bluntly 
acute  at  the  apex,  with  rough  surfaces;  ventral  suture  broad,  blunt;  dorsal  suture 
with  a  wide,  shallow  groove. 

i. 
PETERS 

Prunus  domestica 

I.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  27.  1828.  2.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  151.  1831.  3.  Cultivator  8:52  fig. 
1860.  4.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  375  fig. 392.  1867.  5.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  937.  1869. 
6.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  289.  1889.  7.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  103:35.  1894.  8.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131: 
190  fig.  45,  194.  1897.  9.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  118  fig.  1901.  10.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man. 
321,  322  fig.  1903. 

Peter's  Large  Yellow  i,  2.  Peter's  Yellow  Gage  10.  Peters'  Yellow  Gage  3,  4,  6,  7.  Peter's 
Yellow  Gage  5,  8.  Peters  Yellow  Gage  9. 

Peters  is  an  excellent  old  plum  probably  ranking  in  quality  with  the 
best  varieties  in  the  group  to  which  it  belongs — a  sufficient  recommenda- 
tion to  make  it  desirable  in  any  home  collection  of  fruit.  This  variety, 
however,  is  not  equal  in  appearance  to  any  one  of  several  other  sorts  in 
its  group,  lacking  size  and  color.  The  trees  are  large,  hardy,  robust  and 
healthy,  surpassing  in  these  respects  most  of  the  other  Reine  Claude  sorts. 
The  tree-characters  have  made  this  variety  a  prime  favorite  in  western 
New  York  for  two  generations,  one  pomologist  after  another  recommend- 
ing it  for  this  section.  The  fruits  are  not  sufficiently  attractive  to  sell 
well,  however,  and  the  variety  is  now  going  out  of  cultivation  except  for 
the  amateur.  While  a  very  good  plum  it  does  not  appear  to  be  worth 
growing  in  competition  with  Hand,  Washington,  McLaughlin,  Jefferson, 
Spaulding  and  the  latest  comer  among  these  high-quality  plums,  Eearl. 

Of  the  origin  of  this  old  plum  we  have  no  certain  information.  Wil- 
liam Prince,  the  first  pomologist  to  mention  it,  gave  a  brief  description  of 
the  variety  in  his  "A  Short  Treatise  on  Horticulture  "  published  in  1828 


PETERS 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  313 

but  says  nothing  in  regard  to  its  history.  In  1831  the  London  Horticul- 
tural Society  listed  it  in  its  fruit  catalog  but  otherwise  the  variety  is  not 
mentioned  in  the  European  pomologies. 

Tree  very  large,  vigorous,  round  and  dense-topped,  hardy,  productive;  branches 
thick,  ash-gray,  smooth  except  for  the  numerous,  rather  large,  raised  lenticels;  branch- 
lets  thick,  short,  with  short  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  dark  brownish-drab, 
dull,  pubescent  throughout  the  season,  with  numerous,  inconspicuous,  small  lenticels; 
leaf-buds  medium  in  size  and  length,  pointed,  free. 

Leaves  flattened,  obovate  or  oval,  two  inches  wide,  four  inches  long;  upper  surface 
covered  with  numerous  hairs,  with  a  shallow  groove  on  the  midrib;  lower  surface  sil- 
very-green, heavily  pubescent;  apex  abruptly  pointed  or  acute,  base  rather  abrupt, 
margin  slightly  crenate,  eglandular  or  with  few,  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  three- 
eighths  inch  long,  thick,  tinged  red,  pubescent,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  small, 
globose  or  reniform,  greenish-brown  glands  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  with  the 
leaves,  one  and  one-eighth  inches  wide,  white,  creamy  at  the  apex;  borne  on  lateral 
spurs  or  buds,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  about  one  inch  long,  below  medium  in  thick- 
ness, pubescent,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  obconic,  pubescent;  calyx -lobes  broad, 
obtuse,  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  glandular-serrate  and  with  fine  marginal  hairs, 
reflexed;  petals  roundish-oval  or  obovate,  dentate  to  slightly  crenate;  anthers  yellow, 
with  a  slight  trace  of  red;  filaments  three-eighths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  longer 
than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  late,  season  rather  short ;  about  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter,  round- 
ish, compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity  very  shallow,  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  shallow; 
apex  flattened  or  depressed ;  color  dull  yellowish-green,  often  blushed  or  mottled  on 
the  sunny  side,  covered  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  large,  whitish,  conspicuous; 
stem  one  and  one-eighth  inches  long,  pubescent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin, 
tough,  separating  readily;  flesh  golden-yellow,  juicy,  somewhat  fibrous,  firm  but  tender, 
sweet  next  the  skin  but  sour  near  the  center,  with  pleasant  flavor;  very  good;  stone 
clinging,  one  inch  by  three-quarters  inch  in  size,  oval,  turgid,  somewhat  acute  at  the  base 
and  apex,  with  pitted  surfaces;  ventral  suture  wide,  indistinctly  furrowed,  often  with 
a  short  wing;  dorsal  suture  widely  and  deeply  grooved. 

POND 

i 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  151.  1831.  2.  Mag.  Hort.  9:163.  1843.  3-  Horticulturist  6:560 
fig.  1851.  4.  Card.  Chron.  13:228.  1853.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  214.  1856.  6.  Ann.  Pom. 
Beige  9,  fig.  1857.  7-  Cultivator  8:52  fig.  1860.  8.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  343.  1867.  9.  Down- 
ing Fr.  Trees  Am.  937  fig.  1869.  10.  Pom.  France  7:No.  2.  1871.  n.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:5,  fig. 3. 
1886-73.  12.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  466.  1883.  13.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  717.  1884.  14.  Cal.  State 
Bd.  Hort.  Rpt.  292.  1885-86.  15.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  442.  1889.  16.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt. 
465.  1893.  17.  Guide  Prat.  155,  366.  1895.  18.  Oregon  Sta.  Bui.  45:29  fig.  1897.  19.  Cornell 


314  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Sta.  Bui.  131:190.  1897.  20.  W.  N.  Y.  Hori.  Soc.  Rpt.  92.  1899.  21.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  113:160, 
PI.  XVI  fig.  1899.  22.  Va.  Sta.  Bui.  134:44.  1902.  23.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hon.  Man.  322.  1903. 
Chili  (Kerr  unpublished).  Diamant  15  incor.  Diamant  pflaume  17  incor.  Dorr's  Favorite  12. 
English  Pond's  Seedling  3.  Farleigh  Castle  13,  15.  Fonthill  4,  9,  10,  12,  13,  15,  17,  23.  Gros 
Prune  14.  Grosse  Prune  d'Agen  18,  20.  Hungarian  18.  Hungarian  20.  Hungarian  Prune  16, 
19.  Hungarian  Prune  14.  Oswego  20.  Oswego  19.  Plum  de  1'Inde  ?3.  Plum  de  I'Inde  9,  15. 
Pond's  Purple  9,  10,  13,  15,  17.  Pond's  Seedling  (English)  n,  14,  17.  Pond's  Seedling  i,  a,  4,  5, 
6.  7.  8,  9,  10,  ii,  13,  16,  21.  Pond's  Seedling  14,  15,  17,  18,  19,  23.  Pond  Seedling  20.  Pond's 
Samling  15,  17.  Pourprce  de  Pond  10,  15,  17.  Pride  of  Waterloo  20.  Semis  de  Pond  10,  15.  Semis 
de  Pond  17. 

Pond  is  preeminent  among  plums  for  its  large  size.  It  is  distinguished 
also  by  its  form  and  its  color,  both  being  pleasing  as  well  as  distinctive. 
The  three  characters,  size,  form  and  color  make  this  one  of  the  handsomest 
of  all  plums.  Despite  the  efforts  of  the  color-plate  makers,  the  peculiar 
red  of  this  plum  is  not  well  shown  in  the  illustration  —  to  the  disparage- 
ment of  the  fruit.  At  one  time  Pond  was  very  largely  grown  in  New  York 
but  the  fruits  are  not  as  perfect,  grown  here,  as  on  the  Pacific  Coast  and 
the  trees  are  not  regular  in  bearing.  The  eye  is  pleased  with  Pond  but 
the  palate  is  sadly  disappointed;  at  best  it  is  not  even  second-rate.  The 
fruits,  however,  ship  and  keep  well,  as  is  demonstrated  by  the  large  quan- 
tities of  this  variety  annually  sent  from  California  to  the  East  for  sale 
on  fruit -stands  where  its  showiness  perennially  beguiles  the  uninformed 
fruit -buyer.  There  is  a  fine  opportunity  for  some  one  to  cross  this  splendid- 
appearing  plum  with  one  of  good  quality  in  the  hope  of  getting  an  offspring 
as  handsome  but  of  better  quality. 

This  variety  was  obtained  from  seed  by  Mr.  Pond,  an  English  amateur 
grower  of  fruits,  concerning  whom  there  seems  to  be  no  further  informa- 
tion. The  London  Horticultural  Society  mentioned  the  variety  as  long 
ago  as  in  1831.  Another  Mr.  Pond,  a  nurseryman  in  Massachusetts,  grew 
a  variety  very  similar  in  appearance  to  the  English  plum  and  permitted 
his  name  to  be  given  it  to  the  great  confusion  of  the  nomenclature  of  the 
two.  The  Hungarian  prune  of  the  Pacific  Coast  is  Pond,  why  so-called 
does  not  appear;  with  this  as  with  several  other  plums  the  Pacific  Coast 
fruit-growers  persist  in  using  a  name  known  to  have  been  wrongly  applied 
to  an  old  and  well-known  variety  elsewhere  called  rightly.  Oswego,  a 
supposed  seedling  grown  in  Oswego,  New  York,  is  identical  with  the  Pond 
as  tested  by  this  Experiment  Station  and  by  local  growers.  The  American 
Pomological  Society  placed  this  fruit  on  its  catalog  list  in  1856. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  vigorous,  upright,  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness;  branches 
light  gray,  smooth,  with  small,  raised  lenticels;    branchlets  of  medium  thickness  and 


/r\ 


POND 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  315 

length,  with  internodes  of  average  length,  greenish-red  changing  to  brownish-drab, 
dull,  sparingly  pubescent,  with  inconspicuous  small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  large,  long, 
conical,  free;  leaf -scars  plump,  often  much  enlarged  at  the  apex  of  the  twigs. 

Leaves  somewhat  folded  backward,  oval,  two  and  one-quarter  inches  wide,  four 
inches  long,  thick,  leathery;  upper  surface  dark  green,  finely  pubescent,  rugose,  with 
a  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  pubescent;  apex  abruptly  pointed  or 
acute,  base  abrupt,  margin  crenate  or  serrate,  with  small  dark  glands;  petiole  five- 
eighths  inch  long,  thick,  pubescent,  tinged  red,  with  one  or  two  globose,  yellowish  glands 
variable  in  size,  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Season  of  bloom  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the 
leaves,  one  and  five-sixteenths  inches  across,  white;  borne  in  thin  clusters  on  lateral 
spurs  and  buds,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  thirteen-sixteenths  inch  long,  pubescent, 
greenish;  calxy-tube  green,  campanulate,  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  broad,  obtuse,  lightly 
pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  margins  with  few  glands  and  hairs,  reflexed;  petals  round- 
ish, crenate,  tapering  to  short,  broad  claws;  filaments  seven-sixteenths  inch  long; 
pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  or  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  late,  season  short;  two  inches  by  one  and  three-quarters  inches  in  size, 
obovate  or  oval,  frequently  with  a  slight  neck,  halves  equal;  cavity  shallow,  narrow, 
abrupt;  suture  very  shallow,  often  a  line;  apex  roundish;  color  varies  from  reddish- 
purple  to  purplish-red,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  reddish- 
brown,  obscure,  larger  in  size  but  fewer  in  number  towards  the  base;  stem  thick,  seven- 
eighths  inch  long,  heavily  pubescent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit ;  skin  tough,  separating 
readily;  flesh  attractive  golden-yellow,  not  very  juicy,  fibrous,  firm,  of  average  sweet- 
ness, mild,  not  highly  flavored;  fair  in  quality;  stone  semi-free  to  free,  one  and  one- 
sixteenths  inches  by  nine-sixteenths  inch  in  size,  long-oval,  flattened,  the  surfaces 
roughened  and  deeply  pitted,  tapering  towards  the  base  and  apex;  ventral  suture 
heavily  furrowed,  with  a  distinct  but  not  prominent  wing ;  dorsal  suture  usually  widely 
and  deeply  grooved. 

POOLE  PRIDE 

Prunus  munsoniana 

x.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  108.  1885.  2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:50.  1892.  3.  la.  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt. 
334.  1894.  4.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:24,  53.  1897.  5.  Ibid.  87:15.  1901.  6.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
186.  1901.  7.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  299.  1903.  8.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:245  fig.,  256, 
257-  1905- 

Kroh  i,  6.     Kroh  3,  7.     Poole  2,  7.     Poole  6.     Poole's  Pride  3,  4,  5.     Poole's  Pride  2,  6,  7. 

As  compared  with  other  native  plums  growing  on  the  grounds  at 
this  Station,  Poole  Pride  has  considerable  merit.  It  is  very  attractive 
in  appearance,  it  seems  to  have  all  the  characters  of  a  long-keeping  and 
a  good-shipping  sort  of  its  species  and  the  trees  are  large,  vigorous,  hardy, 
healthy  and  productive.  It  is,  however,  lacking  in  the  very  important 
character  of  flavor  though  the  texture  of  the  flesh  is  all  that  could  be 
desired.  Its  very  peculiar  flavor,  incomparable  with  any  other  plum  or  fruit, 


316  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

while  disagreeable  to  the  writer,  might  be  liked  by  some.  The  flesh  of  this 
plum  is  so  transparent  that  the  pit  can  be  readily  seen  when  the  skin  is  re- 
moved. To  those  growing  native  plums,  Poole  Pride  is  recommended  for  trial. 
This  variety  was  raised  by  P.  H.  Kroh,  Anna,  Illinois,  and  was 
exhibited  by  him  under  the  name  Kroh  at  the  American  Pomological 
Society  meeting  in  1885.  Three  years  later  the  same  plum  was  introduced 
by  Stark  Brothers,  Louisiana,  Missouri,  under  the  name  of  Poole's  Pride. 
The  latter  name  has  been  so  much  more  widely  used  that  it  has  been  retained 
even  though  the  former  is  correct  according  to  the  rule  of  priority. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  open  and  round-topped,  hardy,  productive,  healthy;  branches 
rough,  zigzag,  with  few  thorns,  dark  ash-gray,  with  numerous,  small  lenticels;  branch- 
lets  twiggy,  slender,  above  medium  in  length,  with  short  internodes,  greenish-red  chang- 
ing to  light  chestnut-red,  glabrous,  with  numerous,  very  conspicuous,  large,  raised 
lenticels;  leaf -buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  plump,  appressed. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  ovate  or  obovate,  peach-like,  one  and  three-eighths  inches 
wide,  three  and  one-half  inches  long,  thin  and  leathery;  upper  surface  dull  red  late  in 
the  season,  smooth,  glossy,  with  a  narrow  groove  on  the  midrib ;  lower  surface  lightly 
pubescent;  apex  taper-pointed,  base  rather  abrupt,  margin  finely  crenate,  with  small 
dark  glands;  petiole  seven-eighths  inch  long,  slender,  hairy,  light  purplish-red,  with 
from  one  to  four  small,  globose,  reddish-brown  glands  on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  late  and  long;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  five-eighths 
inch  across,  white;  borne  in  clusters  on  short  lateral  spurs  and  buds;  pedicels  nine- 
sixteenths  inch  long,  very  slender,  glabrous,  green;  calyx-tube  greenish,  campanulate, 
glabrous;  calyx-lobes  narrow,  obtuse,  heavily  pubescent  within  and  along  the  margin 
which  is  serrate  and  covered  with  reddish  glands,  erect;  petals  small,  ovate  or  round- 
ish, crenate,  tapering  into  long  pubescent  claws;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  five- 
sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  early,  season  very  long;  one  inch  in  diameter,  roundish-oval,  not  compressed, 
halves  equal;  cavity  very  shallow  and  narrow;  suture  a  distinct  line;  apex  roundish; 
color  clear,  dark,  currant-red,  with  thin  bloom;  dots  few,  large,  light  russet,  conspic- 
uous, clustered  about  the  apex;  stem  slender,  five-eighths  inch  long,  glabrous,  but 
overspread  with  a  grayish  bloom,  adhering  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tough,  separating 
from  the  pulp;  flesh  semi-transparent,  dark  amber-yellow,  very  juicy,  fibrous,  tender 
and  melting,  sweet,  with  a  strong,  peculiar  flavor  not  pleasant;  of  fair  quality;  stone 
adhering,  five-eighths  inch  by  three-eighths  inch  in  size,  long-oval,  slightly  flattened,  com- 
pressed at  the  base,  pointed  at  the  apex,  roughish;  ventral  suture  blunt,  faintly  ridged; 
dorsal  suture  acute,  entire. 

POTTAWATTAMIE 

Prunus  munsoniana 

I.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  287.  1887.  2.  Pop.  Gard.  3:27  fig.  1887.  3.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:64. 
86.  1892.  4.  Mich  Sta.  Bui.  123:20.  1895.  5.  la.  Sta.  Bid.  31:346.  1893-  6.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui. 


POTTAWATTAMIE 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  317 

63:53.     1897.      7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  25.    1897.      8.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  113:156.     1899.      9.  la.  Sta. 
Bui.  46:287.    1900.       10.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  199  fig.    1901.       n.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  67:279.    1904. 

The  plum  under  notice  is  possibly  of  greater  cultural  value  than  any 
other  of  its  species  especially  for  northern  latitudes.  It  is  of  high  quality 
for  a  native  plum,  the  texture  of  the  fruit  being  especially  pleasing  in 
eating,  and  though  melting  and  juicy  it  keeps  and  ships  very  well  because 
of  a  tough  skin.  It  escapes  both  the  curculio  and  the  brown -rot  to  a  higher 
degree  than  most  of  its  kind.  The  trees,  though  dwarfish  at  maturity,  are 
vigorous,  productive  and  among  the  hardiest  of  the  Munsoniana  plums, 
growing  without  danger  of  winter  injury  to  tree  or  bud  as  far  north  as 
the  forty-fourth  parallel.  Pottawattamie  is  deservedly  one  of  the  best 
known  of  the  native  plums  and  if  varieties  of  its  species  are  to  be  grown 
in  New  York,  is  as  desirable  as  any. 

Pottawattamie,  according  to  the  most  authoritative  accounts,  was 
taken  from  Tennessee  to  Iowa  with  a  lot  of  Miner  trees.  It  came  under 
the  notice  of  J.  B.  Rice,  Council  Bluffs,  Iowa,  in  1875,  and  was  introduced 
by  him  and  named  after  one  of  the  counties  of  his  State. 

Tree  medium  in  size,  strong  and  vigorous  when  young  becoming  spreading  and 
somewhat  dwarfish  when  older,  round-topped,  hardy  at  Geneva,  usually  productive ; 
branches  dark  brown,  zigzag,  thorny,  roughened  by  the  numerous,  raised  lenticels  of  vari- 
ous sizes  which  are  often  narrow  and  much  elongated;  branchlets  slender,  long,  with 
internodes  of  medium  length,  greenish-red  changing  to  dark  chestnut-red,  glabrous, 
with  numerous,  conspicuous,  large,  raised  lenticels ;  leaf -buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  free. 

Leaves  flat  or  folded  upward,  lanceolate,  peach-like,  one  and  one-eighth  inches 
wide,  three  and  one-quarter  inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface  light  green,  reddish  late 
in  the  season,  smooth,  glossy,  with  a  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  pale  green,  lightly 
pubescent  along  the  midrib  and  larger  veins;  apex  taper-pointed,  base  abrupt,  margin 
finely  serrate  or  crenate,  with  small,  reddish  glands;  petiole  one  inch  long,  slender, 
tinged  red,  thinly  pubescent,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  five  very  small,  globose, 
reddish-yellow  glands  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  late  and  long;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  five-eighths 
inch  across,  creamy-white  as  the  buds  unfold  changing  to  whitish,  with  a  disagreeable 
odor;  borne  in  clusters  from  lateral  buds,  in  threes,  fours  or  fives;  pedicels  five-eighths 
inch  long,  very  slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  broadly  obconic,  glabrous, 
calyx-lobes  narrow,  somewhat  acute,  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  serrate,  with 
reddish  glands  and  hairy  margin,  erect;  petals  small,  oval,  slightly  toothed,  narrowly 
clawed;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  one-quarter  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  shorter 
than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  early,  season  of  medium  length;  variable  in  size  ranging  from  seven-eighths 
inch  to  one  and  one-eighth  inches  in  diameter,  roundish-oval,  slightly  compressed, 


318  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

halves  equal;  cavity  very  shallow  and  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  indistinct;  apex  round- 
ish or  depressed;  color  clear  currant-red,  with  thin  bloom;  dots  few,  medium  to  large, 
whitish,  somewhat  conspicuous,  clustered  about  the  apex;  stem  very  slender,  three- 
quarters  inch  long,  glabrous,  adhering  poorly  to  the  fruit;  skin  tough,  cracking  under 
unfavorable  conditions,  separating  readily;  flesh  deep  yellow,  juicy,  fibrous,  tender 
and  melting,  sweet  next  the  skin  but  sour  at  the  center,  of  pleasant  flavor;  fair  to  good 
in  quality;  stone  clinging  closely,  five-eighths  inch  by  three-eighths  inch  in  size,  narrow, 
long-oval,  turgid,  smooth,  flattened  and  necked  at  the  base,  abruptly  sharp-tipped  at 
the  apex;  ventral  suture  acute,  inconspicuous;  dorsal  suture  blunt,  faintly  grooved. 

PURPLE  GAGE 

Prunus  domestica 

I.  Pom.  Mag.  3:129,  PI.  1830.  2.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  152,  153.  1831.  3.  Downing  Fr. 
Trees  Am.  308  fig.  127.  1843.  4.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  I.  1846.  5.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  339. 
1849.  6.  Ant.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  54.  1852.  7.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige  3:71,  PI.  1855.  8.  Thompson  Card. 
Ass't  519,  PI.  i.  1859.  9.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  477.  1866.  10.  Pom.  France  7:No.  9.  1871.  n.  Mas 
Le  Verger  6:3  fig.  2.  1866-73.  12-  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  367.  1887.  13.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom. 
452.  1889.  14.  Guide  Prat.  155,  364.  1895. 

Blaue  Reine-Claude  10,  n,  13  incor.,  14.  Die  Violettf  Konigin  Claudia  13.  Die  Violette  Konigin 
Claudie  i.  Die  Violette  Koning  Claudie  3.  Die  Violette  oder  blaue  Renoclode  10,  14.  Die  Violette 
oder  Blaue  Reneclode  n,  13.  Purple  Gage  2,  8,  10,  n,  12,  13,  14.  Prune  Reine  Claude  Violette 
4,  10.  Reine-Claude  Alex.  Dumas  14.  Reine-Claude  Violette  2,  7,  8,  n,  12,  14.  Reine-Claude 
Violette  i,  3,  5,  9,  13.  Violet  Queen  Claude  3,  5.  Violet  Gage  8,  9,  10,  12,  13  14.  Violette  Reine- 
Claude  13.  Violet  Gage  2.  Violette  Queen  Claude  13.  Violet  oder  Blaue  Reneclode  13. 

Purple  Gage  is  worthy  of  attention  as  one  of  the  best  flavored  of  all 
purple  plums.  In  all  but  color  of  fruit  it  is  a  true  Gage,  to  say  which  is 
a  sufficient  characterization  as  to  quality.  In  size  it  averages  larger  than 
most  of  the  Gages  or  Reine  Claude  plums,  and  in  color  is  a  rich  dark  purple 
as  attractive  as  any  of  the  purple  plums.  Another  good  quality  of  the 
fruit  is  that  of  hanging  to  the  tree  until  it  shrivels  at  which  time  it  is  richest 
in  flavor.  Unfortunately  the  trees,  while  averaging  very  well  in  other 
respects,  are  not  productive  and  the  variety  cannot  be  recommended  for 
money-making  though  it  well  deserves  a  place  in  home  orchards. 

Purple  Gage  is  a  European  variety  of  unknown  origin,  though  in 
the  Catalogue  descriptif  des  fruits  adoptes  par  le  Congres  pomologique 
for  1887,  it  is  said  to  have  been  raised  by  M.  Galopin  of  Liege,  Belgium. 
As  it  was  not  mentioned  by  Duhamel  in  his  Traite  des  Arbres  Fruitier s 
in  1768,  it  is  thought  to  have  been  unknown  at  that  date.  English  and 
American  authors  generally  apply  the  name  Purple  Gage  .to  this  variety 
but  in  continental  countries  the  name  Reine  Claude  Violette  is  most  common. 
It  was  imported  into  America  early  in  the  last  century  and  in  1852  was 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  319 

added  to  the  recommended  list  of  fruits  in  the  American  Pomological 
Society  catalog. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  round-topped,  hardy,  not  very  productive;  branches  numer- 
ous, light  ash-gray,  with  few,  small,  raised  lenticels;  branchlets  thick,  above  medium 
in  length,  with  rather  short  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  brownish-red,  marked 
with  much  scarf-skin,  glabrous  throughout  the  season,  with  few,  small,  slightly-raised 
lenticels;  leaf -buds  of  medium  size  and  length,  conical,  appressed;  leaf-scars  greatly 
enlarged. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  oval,  one  and  three-quarters  inches  wide,  three  and  one- 
half  inches  long,  thick,  stiff;  upper  surface  dark  green,  distinctly  rugose,  lightly  pubes- 
cent, with  a  shallow  groove  on  the  midrib;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  covered  with 
thick  pubescence;  apex  abruptly  pointed  or  acute,  base  rather  abrupt,  margin  serrate 
or  crenate,  eglandular  or  with  small  dark  glands;  petiole  three-quarters  inch  long, 
thick,  greenish,  pubescent,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  rather  large,  globose,  yellow- 
ish-green glands  variable  in  position. 

Blooming  season  late,  of  medium  length;  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  nearly 
one  and  one-quarter  inches  across,  white;  borne  from  lateral  buds,  usually  singly; 
pedicels  five-eighths  inch  long,  thick,  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanu- 
late,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  narrow,  obtuse,  lightly  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  gland- 
ular-serrate, reflexed;  petals  obovate  or  oval,  crenate,  short-clawed;  anthers  yellow; 
filaments  nearly  one-half  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous  except  at  the  base,  shorter  than 
the  stamens. 

Fruit  intermediate  in  time  and  length  of  ripening  season;  one  and  one-half  inches 
by  one  and  three-eighths  inches  in  size,  roundish  or  ovate,  slightly  compressed,  halves 
equal;  cavity  shallow,  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  very  shallow,  often  a  line;  apex  variable 
in  shape;  color  dark  purple  or  purplish-black,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  dots 
numerous,  russet,  conspicuous  when  the  bloom  is  removed,  clustered  about  the  apex; 
stem  five-eighths  inch  long,  thinly  pubescent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin, 
separating  readily;  flesh  dull  yellow,  juicy,  somewhat  fibrous,  firm  but  tender,  sweet, 
of  pleasant  flavor;  very  good;  stone  semi-clinging,  seven-eighths  inch  by  five-eighths 
inch  in  size,  irregular-oval,  flat,  often  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  long  narrow  neck, 
blunt  at  the  apex,  with  markedly  rough  and  pitted  surfaces;  ventral  suture  swollen, 
rather  wide,  distinctly  furrowed,  often  with  a  prominent  wing;  dorsal  suture  with  a 
wide  and  deep  groove. 

QUACKENBOSS 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Downing  FT.  Trees  Am.  393.  1857.  2.  Cultivator  6:269  fig.  1858.  3.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit 
Cult.  345.  1867.  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  941.  1869.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Sac.  Cat.  24.  1871.  6.  Mas. 
Pom.  Gen.  2:151,  fig.  76.  1873.  7.  Barry  Fr.  Garden  415.  1883.  8.  Mick.  Sta.  Bui.  103:34,  fig.  6. 
1894.  9.  Ont.  Fr.  Exp.  Sta.  Rpt.  52.  1895.  10.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:191,  fig.  40  II.  1897 
ii.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  119.  1901.  12.  Va.  Sta.  Bui.  134:44.  1908. 

Quackenbos  9,  12. 


320  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Though  not  a  leading  variety,  Quackenboss  is  a  prominent  one  in 
the  list  of  commercial  sorts  for  New  York.  Its  fruits  possess  to  a  high 
degree  the  characters  which  make  a  good  market  plum;  they  are  of  large 
size,  averaging  nearly  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter;  round-oval,  a  better 
shape  for  the  markets  than  the  prune  shapes;  very  prepossessing  in  color 
—  a  handsome,  dark  purple  with  heavy  bloom;  the  flesh  is  tender  and  juicy 
with  a  sweet,  pleasant  flavor  making  it  one  of  the  good  purple  plums, 
though  not  one  of  the  best  in  quality.  The  tree  is  large,  vigorous,  hardy, 
with  a  round  and  spreading  top.  This  gives  it  great  bearing  capacity 
but  though  productive  in  the  Station  orchard,  the  variety  does  not  have 
the  reputation  of  being  fruitful  and 'fails  chiefly  as  a  commercial  sort  for 
this  reason.  It  is  a  late -maturing  variety  and  comes  on  the  market  at 
a  time  when  plums  are  wanted  for  home  canning,  the  demand  for  this 
purpose,  for  which  it  is  most  suitable,  helping  greatly  its  sale.  The  variety 
has  two  peculiarities;  the  petals  are  comparatively  distinct  from  each 
other  giving  the  flower,  or  a  tree  in  flower,  an  odd  appearance;  and  the 
leaves  are  remarkably  variable  in  size. 

It  is  not  quite  certain  when  or  where  this  variety  first  came  to  notice. 
C.  Reagles,  a  competent  authority,  of  Schenectady,  New  York,  in  describ- 
ing the  Quackenboss  for  The  Cultivator  in  1858,  says  "  There  is  a  seedling 
tree  of  this  identical  sort  in  the  garden  of  Mr.  S.  C.  Groot  of  this  city,  which 
is  about  thirty  years  old."  If  true,  this  puts  its  origin  in  Schenectady  at 
about  1828.  But  beyond  question  a  Mr.  Quackenboss  of  Greenbush,  New 
York,  introduced  the  variety,  though  some  years  later,  and  it  has  taken 
his  name.  In  1871,  the  American  Pomological  Society  placed  the  Quack- 
enboss on  its  recommended  fruit  list. 

Tree  very  large  and  vigorous,  round-topped,  hardy,  productive;  branches  numer- 
ous, ash-gray,  the  trunk  rough  but  the  limbs  smooth,  with  smallish  raised  lenticels; 
branchlets  thick,  with  long  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  brownish-drab  over 
red,  dull,  pubescent,  with  numerous,  small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  of  medium  size  and 
length,  pointed,  free. 

Leaves  flattened,  obovate  or  oval,  variable  in  size  averaging  one  and  seven-eighths 
inches  wide  by  three  and  five-eighths  inches  long;  upper  surface  very  dark  green,  nearly 
glabrous,  with  a  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  pale  green,  pubescent;  apex  obtuse, 
base  tapering,  margin  finely  serrate,  with  small  black  glands;  petiole  five-eighths  inch 
long,  pubescent,  faintly  tinged  red,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  four  small,  globose, 
greenish-yellow  glands  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the 
leaves,  one  and  one-eighth  inches  across,  white,  with  a  yellow  tinge  at  the  tips  of  the 


QUACKENBOSS 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  321 

opening  buds;  scattered  on  lateral  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  three-quarters 
inch  long,  above  medium  in  thickness,  finely  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green, 
campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  obtuse,  lightly  pubescent,  glandular-serrate,  re- 
flexed;  petals  obovate,  crenate,  with  broad  claws  of  medium  length;  anthers  yellow 
with  a  reddish  tinge;  filaments  seven-sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous  except  on 
the  ovary,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  late,  season  short;  one  and  five-eighths  inches  by  one  and  three-eighths 
inches  in  size,  roundish-oval,  compressed  slightly,  halves  equal;  cavity  narrow,  abrupt; 
suture  shallow,  often  lacking;  apex  roundish  or  depressed;  color  bluish-black,  with 
thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  yellowish-brown,  inconspicuous;  stem  three- 
quarters  inch  long,  pubescent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  tender,  somewhat  astrin- 
gent; flesh  deep  yellow,  juicy,  tender,  sweet,  of  pleasant,  mild  flavor;  good;  stone  semi- 
free,  one  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  flattened,  irregular-oval,  tapering  to  a  long, 
narrow  neck  at  the  base,  bluntly  acute  at  the  apex,  with  rough  and  pitted  surfaces; 
ventral  suture  prominent,  heavily  furrowed,  distinctly  ridged;  dorsal  suture  acute, 
often  with  a  narrow,  indistinct,  shallow  groove. 

RED  APRICOT 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:52,  54.  1771.  2.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  2:27,  Tab.  172  fig.  i.  1796.  3. 
Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:72.  1832.  4.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  1.1846.  5.  Goodrich  N.  Fr.  Cult.  83. 
1849.  6.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:127,  fig.  64.  1873.  7.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  720.  1884.  8.  Mathieu  Nom. 
Pom.  447.  1889.  9.  Lucas  Vollst.  Hand.  Obst.  474.  1894. 

Abricot  Rouge  i.  Abricote  Rouge  3.  Apricot  Plum  5.  Abricotee  Rouge  6.  Abricot  Rouge 
6,  7,  8.  Abricotee  Rouge  7,  8.  Die  Aprikosenpflaume  2.  Furstenzeller  Pftaume  8.  Furstenzeller 
Reine-Claude  8.  Prune  d' 'Abricot  Rouge  i,  8.  Prune  d'Abricos  2.  Prune  d'Abricot  rouge  i .  Prune 
Abricotee  Rouge  4.  Red  Apricot  Plum  3.  Rothe  Aprikosenpflaume  6.  Red  Apricot  6,  8.  Rote 
Aprikosenpflaume  8.  Rote  Aprikosenzwetsche  9. 

This  plum,  well  known  in  Europe,  is  probably  not  now  grown  in  Amer- 
ica and  it  may  not  deserve  recognition  here  except  for  its  historical  interest. 
Red  Apricot  is  probably  an  inferior  off-shoot  of  the  Apricot  plum  although 
no  definite  record  of  its  lineage  is  obtainable.  It  does  not  seem  to  have 
been  known  until  nearly  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  after  the  Apricot 
was  brought  to  notice.  Kraft  figured  and  described  a  long  prune-like 
red  plum  under  this  name  but  because  of  its  shape  his  plum  was  undoubt- 
edly spurious.  The  variety  was  rejected  by  the  American  Pomological 
Society  in  1856.  It  is  described  as  follows: 

Tree  vigorous,  shoots  glabrous;  fruit  mid-season,  large,  roundish;  color  red  over 
yellow;  suture  shallow;  cavity  small;'  stem  an  inch  long,  stout;  flesh  yellow,  dryish, 
inferior  in  flavor;  poor;  freestone. 


322  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.. 

RED  DATE 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576.  1629.  2.  Rea  Flora  208.  1676.  3.  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  2:1539. 
1688.  4.  Kraft  Pont.  Aust.  2:43,  Tab.  196  fig.  2.  1796.  5.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  147.  1831. 
6.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  447.  1889. 

A  Fleur  Double  5.  Dattel  Pftaume  6.  Dattel  Zwetsche  6.  Die  grosse  rothe  Feigenpflaume  4. 
Figue  Grose  Rouge  5.  Figue  Grosse  Rouge  6.  Fruh  Zwetsche  6.  Grosse  Rote  Feigen  Pftaume  6. 
Lange  Violette  Dattel  Zwetsche  6.  Lange  Violette  Dattel  Pflaume  6.  Prune  figue  grosse  rouge  4. 
Prune  d'Autriche  6.  Prune  Figue  6.  Prune  Datte  6.  Purpur  Pflaume  6.  Red  Date-plum  3.  Rote. 
Dattelzwetsche  6.  Rote  Feigen  Pflaume  6.  Turkische  Zwetsche  6.  Ungarische  Zwetsche  6.  Wil- 
mot's  Russian  5.  Zucker  Zwetsche  6. 

Red  Date  is  an  interesting  variety  because  of  its  very  peculiar  shape 
which  is  that  of  an  elongated  curved  date.  Its  flavor  is  agreeable  and 
all  of  the  characters  of  fruit  and  tree  are  as  good  as  in  the  average  variety; 
yet  it  can  probably  be  counted  as  nothing  more  than  an  interesting  curiosity. 
Parkinson  described  the  Red  Date  as  long  ago  as  1629  and  it  seems  to 
have  maintained  a  place  in  horticulture  since  then.  The  variety  was 
imported  from  France  in  1901  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture from  which  source  trees  were  obtained  by  this  Station. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  upright-spreading,  dense-topped,  productive;  branches 
thorny;  branchlets  developing  many  laterals  on  the  new  wood  at  right  angles  to 
the  direction  of  growth,  thickly  pubescent;  leaf -buds  free;  leaves  folded  backward, 
obovate,  one  and  one-half  inches  by  three  and  one-quarter  inches  long;  margin  crenate, 
with  small  dark  glands;  petiole  pubescent,  rather  long,  glandless  or  with  from  one 
to  three  small  glands ;  blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length ;  flowers  appear- 
ing after  the  leaves,  seven-eighths  inch  across;  borne  in  scattering  clusters  on  lateral 
buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs. 

Fruit  mid-season;  one  and  five-eighths  inches  by  one  inch  in  size,  long  irregular- 
oval,  enlarged  on  the  suture  side,  dark  purplish-red,  with  thick  bloom;  flesh  golden- 
yellow,  rather  dry,  firm,  sweet,  mild;  of  fair  quality;  stone  free,  one  and  one-eighth 
inches  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  very  long  and  narrow,  somewhat  oblique,  acute  and 
oblique  at  both  base  and  apex;  ventral  suture  blunt;  dorsal  suture  with  a  long,  narrow, 
deep  groove. 

RED  DIAPER 
Prunus  domestica 

I.  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  67,  68,  69.  1699.  2.  Miller  Card.  Kal.  184.  1734.  3.  Knoop  Fruct- 
ologie  2:57.  1761.  4.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:102,  PI.  XX  fig.  12.  1768.  5.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust. 
2:36,  Tab.  185  fig.  2.  1796.  6.  Willichs  Dom.  Enc.  300.  1803.  7.  Pom.  Mag.  1:6,  PI.  1828. 
8.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:69,  90.  1832.  9.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  298.  1845.  lo-  Floy-Lindley 
Guide  Orch.  Card.  285,  287,  288,  383.  1846.  u.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  1:1846.  12.  Horticulturist 
3:29.  1848.  13.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  335,  fig.  261.  1849.  14.  Horticulturist  4:195-  '849. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  323 

15.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige  75  PI.  1853.  16.  Bridgeman  Card.  Ass't  128,  129,  130.  1857.  17.  Pom. 
France  7:  No.  10.  1871.  18.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:135,  fig.  68.  1873.  19.  Le  Bon  Jard.  339.  1882.  20. 
Hogg  Fruit  Man.  697.  1884.  21.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  345.  1887.  22.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom. 
447.  1889.  23.  Guide  Prat.  158,  365.  1895. 

Amalia  Pflaume  22,  23.  Bunte  Herzformige  Pflaume  17,  22.  Cyprische  Pflaume  22,  23.  Dia- 
pree de  Roche  Carbon  22.  Dame  Aubert  Rouge  22,  23.  Diademe  Imperial  22.  De  Chypre  23.  Dia- 
deme  Imperials  23.  Diaper  i,  10.  Die  Blutfarbige  Pflaume  5.  Diapree  Rouge  3,  4,  9,  17,  18, 
19,  20,  21.  Diapree  Rouge  5,  8,  10,  13,  16,  18,  22.  Diapre  Rouge  8,  22,  23.  Die  Rothe  Eierpflaume 

14.  Diaper  Rouge  16.     Diaper  17,  20,  22.     Die  Blutfarbege  Pflaume  17.     Diaprea  rubra  17.     Dia- 
deme 19.     De  Briancon  21.     Gluhende  Kohle  22.     Hoheits  Pflaume  22,  23.     Imperial  Diadem  8,  9, 
13,  20,  22.     Imperial  Diadem  10,  16.     Imperial  Diademe  17,  21.     Intperatrice  19.     La  Roche-Carbon 

22.  La  Courbon  17.     Mimms  10,  16.     Mimms  9,  13,  17,  20.     Mimms  Plum  10,  16,  22.     Mimms 
Plum   7,  8.     Mimms  Pflaume  22.     Matchless  22.     Prune  Diapree   Rouge   n.     Prune  Imperatrice 

15.  Prune  Diademe  15.     Prune  de  Briancon  17.     Prune  de  Chypre  22.     Prinzessin  Pflaume  22, 

23.  Roche-Carbon  22.     Rote   Diapree   22.     Rouge  Carbon  22.     Rote   Eier  Pflaume   22.     Rote  Cy- 
prische Pflaume  22.     Rote  Marunke  22.     Rote  Osterei  22.     Rote  Masche  22.     Rote  Ross  Pflaume 
22.     Rothe   Eierpflaume   23.     Rothe  Marunke  23.     Roche   Corbon    i.     Roche   Courbon   2.     Roche 
Carbon  4,  5,  8,  9,  10,  16,  17,  18,  20,  21,  22.     Roch-courbon  6.     Red  Diaper  6,  10,  16,  17,  20,  21,  22. 
Roche  Courbon  8.     Red  Egg  Plum  14.     Reine  de  Chypre  14.     Red  Imperial  16.     Rothe  Diapree  17. 
Rothe   Violen  Pflaume   17.     Red  Diaper  Plum   17.     Rothe  Eierpflaume   17.     Rothe  Susse  Pflaume 
17.     Rothe  Diapre  18.      Virginische  Pflaume  17. 

Red  Diaper  is  of  historical  value  only,  as  it  is  now  rarely  found.  It 
does  not  seem  to  have  been  known  as  long  as  Violet  Diaper  and  may  be 
an  off-shoot  of  the  older  variety.  It  probably  originated  in  France,  one 
of  its  synonyms,  Roche  Corbon,  having  been  derived  from  a  small  village 
near  Tours.  The  Mimms  plum  said  to  have  been  raised  from  a  stone  of 
the  Blue  Perdrigon  about  1800  by  Henry  Browne,  North  Mimms  Place, 
Hertfordshire,  England,  and  the  Imperial  Diadem  said  to  be  a  seedling 
of  about  the  same  date  raised  at  Duckenfield,  near  Manchester,  England, 
are  identical  with  Red  Diaper  in  spite  of  their  supposed  separate  origin. 
The  Chypre,  or  Prune  de  Chypre,  thought  by  some  to  be  a  synonym  of 
this  variety,  is  undoubtedly  distinct,  as  it  is  a  clingstone  and  is  earlier. 
The  following  description  is  compiled. 

Tree  of  slow  growth  in  the  nursery,  hardy,  vigorous  and  productive  in  the  orchard. 
Fruit  mid-season;  large,  obovate;  cavity  slight;  stem  one-half  inch  in  length;  skin 
brownish-red;  bloom  thin;  dots  very  numerous,  brownish,  conspicuous;  flesh  greenish- 
yellow,  firm,  fine-grained,  sweet;  good;  stone  small,  free. 

RED  JUNE 

Prunus  triflora 

i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  106.  1891.  2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  62:28.  1894.  3.  Ga.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt. 
95.  1895.  4.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  106:60.  1896.  5.  Ala.  Col.  Sta.  Bui.  85:444.  1897.  6.  Cornell 
Sta.  Bui.  139:45-  1897.  7.  Rural  N.  Y.  56:615.  1897.  8.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  26.  1897.  9.  Mich. 


324  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Sta.  Bui.  169:242,  243,  249,  250.  1899.  10.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  175:136.  1899.  u.  U.S.  D.  A. 
Rpt.  386.  1901.  12.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  140.  1901.  13.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  324.  1903. 
14.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:37.  1903.  15.  Mass.  Sta.  Ann.  Rpt.  17:160.  1905.  16.  Md.  Hon. 
Soc.  Rpt.  85.  1905.  17.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  68:5,  32.  1905. 

Botan  14.  Hytankayo  n.  Long  Fruit  3.  Nagate  no  Botankyo  10,  n,  17.  Red  Nagate  i,  2, 
3,  6,  9.  Red  Nagate  4,  5,  n,  12,  13,  17.  Red  June  2,  3.  Shiro  Smomo  2,  4,  7,  n,  12,  14.  Shiro 
Smomo  9. 

Red  June  is  variously  estimated  by  fruit-growers  and  pomologists. 
A  concensus  of  the  opinions  of  those  who  have  had  actual  experience  with 
the  variety  shows  that  it  closely  follows  Abundance  and  Burbank  in  popu- 
larity among  the  Trifloras.  The  variety  is  distinguished  from  all  other 
plums  by  its  f ruit -characters ;  the  plums  are  distinctly  cordate  in  shape 
with  a  deep  cavity  and  a  very  pointed  apex ;  the  color  is  a  mottled  garnet- 
red  overlaid  with  thin  but  very  distinct  and  delicate  bloom;  the  flesh  is 
a  light  yellow,  firm  enough  to  endure  transportation  well,  peculiarly  aroma- 
tized, sweetish  and  not  wholly  agreeable  in  flavor  and  ranking  rather  low 
in  quality;  the  stone  adheres  tightly  to  the  flesh.  The  trees  are  large, 
vigorous,  spreading,  hardy,  healthy  and  productive — very  good  for  the 
species  to  which  the  variety  belongs.  Other  good  qualities  of  the  variety 
are  that  it  blooms  late  for  a  Triflora,  and  that  the  fruits  are  compara- 
tively immune  to  curculio  and  brown -rot  and  hang  to  the  trees  exceptionally 
well  for  an  early  plum.  This  is  one  of  the  Trifloras  that  varies  in  season 
of  ripening,  a  peculiarity  of  several  of  the  varieties  of  this  species,  but 
usually  the  fruits  ripen  a  week  or  more  before  Abundance.  Red  June  is 
reported  to  be  somewhat  self -sterile  and  in  need  of  cross-pollination.  This 
variety  ought  to  have  value  as  an  early  market  plum  in  New  York. 

Red  June  was  imported  from  Japan  by  H.  H.  Berger  and  Company, 
San  Francisco,  California,  under  the  name  Shiro  Smomo,  about  1887. 
Stark  Brothers,  Louisiana,  Missouri,  obtained  the  variety  in  1892  and 
introduced  it  as  the  Red  June  in  1893.  In  1897  it  was  added  to  the  fruit 
catalog  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society.  The  nomenclature  of 
this  variety  is  much  confused.  The  true  Japanese  Red  Nagate  (Red  Nagate 
is  one  of  the  synonyms  of  Red  June)  has  red  flesh  while  this  one  has  not ; 
this  variety,  to  which  the  name  Shiro  Smomo  is  most  often  applied,  is  not 
a  Smomo  plum  nor  is  it  white,  (Shiro  is  the  Japanese  for  white)  affording 
another  instance  of  the  confusion  in  the  American  application  of  the 
Japanese  names  of  the  Triflora  plums. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  hardy,  productive,  healthy;  branches 
rough,  thorny,  dark  brown,  with  numerous  lenticels  of  medium  size;  branchlets  slender, 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK  325 

long,  with  short  internodes,  dark  brown,  marked  with  considerable  scarf-skin,  glabrous, 
with  numerous  large,  raised  lenticels;  leaf-buds  small,  medium  in  length,  conical,  free. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  oblanceolate,  one  inch  wide,  two  and  three-quarters  inches 
long,  thin;  upper  surface  glabrous,  with  a  lightly  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  light 
green,  thinly  pubescent  along  the  midrib  and  larger  veins  which  are  tinged  red;  apex 
taper-pointed,  base  acuminate,  margin  finely  serrate,  with  small  glands;  petiole  one- 
half  inch  long,  slender,  tinged  red,  slightly  hairy  along  one  side,  with  from  one  to  three 
small,  brown  glands  usually  at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  before  the 
leaves,  white;  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  in  twos  or  in  threes'  pedicels 
of  medium  length  and  thickness,  glabrous  except  for  occasional  hairs,  greenish;  calyx- 
tube  green,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  narrow,  obtuse,  sparingly  glandular, 
with  marginal  hairs,  glabrous  on  the  outer  side,  thinly  pubescent  on  the  inner  side, 
erect;  petals  oval,  entire,  tapering  at  the  base  to  short  claws;  anthers  light  yellow; 
filaments  short;  pistil  glabrous,  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  early,  one  and  one-half  inches  by  one  and  three-eighths  inches  in  size,  roundish- 
ovate  to  roundish-cordate,  sides  unequal;  cavity  large,  deep,  narrow,  regular,  abrupt; 
suture  deep,  distinct;  apex  very  pointed;  color  garnet-red,  mottled;  bloom  thin;  dots 
numerous,  small,  russet;  stem  one-half  inch  long,  adhering  to  the  fruit;  skin  above 
medium  in  thickness,  tender,  slightly  astringent,  separating  easily;  flesh  light  yellow, 
fibrous,  somewhat  meaty,  sweet  except  near  the  center;  good;  stone  clinging,  five- 
eighths  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  irregular-oval,  slightly  flattened,  pointed  at  both 
ends,  with  pitted  surfaces;  ventral  suture  prominently  winged,  narrow;  dorsal  suture 
not  grooved. 

RED  MAGNUM  BONUM 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576,  S77-  1629.  2.  Rea  Flora  208.  1676.  3.  Langley  Pomona  92, 
PI.  XX  fig.  V.  1729.  4.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:98,  PI.  XV.  1768.  5.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  2:31, 
Tab.  178  fig.  i.  1796.  6.  Willichs  Dom.  Enc.  4:300.  1803.  7.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:59.  1832. 
8.  Hoffy  Orch.  Com.  fig.  1841.  9.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  292.  1846.  10.  Horticulturist 
4:194.  1849.  «•  Ann.  Pom.  Beige  99,  PI.  1853.  12.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  428,  429.  1854.  13.  Noi- 
sette Man.  Comp.  Jard.  2:499.  1860.  14.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  943.  1869.  15.  Mas  Pom. 
Gen.  2:139,  fig.  70.  1873.  16.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  721.  1884.  17.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  61.  1887. 
18.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  445,  448.  1889.  19.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  87.  1890.  20.  Guide  Prat.  158, 
358.  1895. 

Askew's  Purple  Egg  12,  14,  16,  18.  Blaue  Kaiserpftaume  15,  18,  20  incor.  Blaue  Eier  Pflaume 
18  incor.  Bockshoden  18,  20.  Bocksdutten  18,  20.  Bonum  Magnum  18  incor.,  20.  Blue  Impera- 
trice  7  incor.,  8.  Copper  Plum  8.  Die  Kaiserliche  veilchenfarbige  Pflaume  5.  Die  Rothe  Kaiser- 
pflaume  10.  Dame  Aubert  13.  Dame  Aubert  Violette  14,  16,  18,  20.  Die  Rothe  Eiperflaume  14. 
Dame  Aubert  Rouge  17.  Dame  Aubert  Rouge  19.  D'Oeuf  Violette  20.  Early  Forcing  12.  Flor- 
ence 12,  14,  16,  18,  20.  Fruhe  Treib  Zwetsche  18.  Fruhe  Treibzwetsche  20.  Great  Imperial  Plum 
18,  20.  Grosse  Frith  Zwetsche  18  incor.  Grosse  Ungarische  Zwetsche  18  incor.  Imperial!  i.  Im- 
perial 3,  6.  Imperiale  Violette  5,  7,  8,  9,  10,  14,  16,  18,  20.  Impe'riale  Violette  4,  15,  ?o.  Imperial 
Violet  7.  Imperiale  7,  14,  16,  18,  20.  Imperiall  9.  Imperial  9,  14,  18.  Imperiale  Rouge  10,  14, 
16,  18.  Imperial  Rouge  12,  18.  Imperial  Violet  14,  18.  Imperiale  Hdtive  18,  20.  Impe'riale  rouge 


326  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

20.  Large  Orlean  7.  Mogul  Rouge  16,  18.  Oeuf  Rouge  16,  18.  Prune  d'Oeuf  Violette  18.  Prin- 
zessinpfiaume  15.  Prune-figue  13.  Prune  ImpeViale  Violette  n.  Prune  d'oeuf  7,  14,  18.  Purple 
Egg  7.  I2>  M,  I(>,  1 8.  Prune-oeuf  7.  Purple  Magnum  Bonum  12,  14,  18.  Red  Magnum  Bonum  8,  12, 
20.  Red  Magnum  6.  /?ed  Imperiale  7,  8,  12.  14,  16,  18,  20.  Red  Bonum  Magnum  3,  7,  18,  20. 
Red  Egg  Plum  10.  Red  Egg  12.  Red  Imperial  12.  Red  Egg  14,  16,  18.  Red  Aubert  17.  Rote 
Eier  Pftaume  18.  Rote  Kaiserpflaume  18.  Rote  Kaiser  Zwetsche  18.  116  Riga  19.  Rothe  Kaiser- 
pflaume  20.  Rothe  Kaiserzwetsche  20.  Shepler  ?i4,  ?i8.  Sainte-Catherine  (Belgien)  18,  20.  The 
Imperial  Plum  2.  Violette  oder  Blaue  Kaiserpflaume  15. 

Once  popular,  Red  Magnum  Bonum  is  now  but  of  historical  interest. 
Three  centuries  ago  this  variety  was  cultivated  in  England  by  John  Trades- 
cant  under  the  name  Imperiall.  It  was  mentioned  by  all  of  the  early 
horticultural  writers  and  it  seems  clear  that  the  variety  was  well  estab- 
lished in  Europe  at  least  as  early  as  the  beginning  of  the  Seventeenth  Cen- 
tury. As  all  plums  at  that  time  were  propagated  from  seed,  a  large  number 
of  sub-varieties  of  this  sort  were  produced  and  as  these  became  estab- 
lished the  nomenclature t  of  the  variety  became  much  involved.  In  1729 
Langley  called  it  the  Red  Magnum  Bonum,  a  name  it  has  since  retained. 
It  is  not  known  when  the  variety  was  introduced  into  this  country  but 
its  first  appearance  in  American  literature  was  in  1803.  After  its  introduc- 
tion nurserymen  sold  any  large  red  plum  as  Red  Magnum  Bonum  and 
it  became  difficult  to  find  the  true  variety.  Professor  J.  L.  Budd  appar- 
ently reintroduced  this  plum  in  1881-1882  under  the  name  Dame  Aubert 
Rouge.  Although  very  extensively  grown  in  America  at  one  time  it  has 
never  been  a  favorite  because  of  its  poor  quality.  The  American  Porno- 
logical  Society  rejected  it  in  1858  from  a  list  of  candidates  for  its  catalog. 
The  following  description  is  compiled. 

Tree  hardy,  vigorous,  productive;  young  shoots  glabrous.  Fruit  mid-season;  large, 
oval,  deep  red  in  the  sun,  pale  red  in  the  shade,  covered  with  thin  bloom;  stem  one  inch 
long;  flesh  greenish,  firm,  slightly  coarse,  dry,  brisk  subacid;  of  fair  quality;  stone  oval, 
free. 

REINE  CLAUDE 
Prunus  domestica 

i.  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  67,  68,  69.  1699.  2.  Langley  Pomona  93,  PI.  XXIII  fig.  7.  1729. 
3.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:89,  PI.  XI.  1768.  4.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:62.  1771.  5.  Kraft  Pom. 
Aust.  28,  Tab.  173  fig.  2,  41,  Tab.  193  fig.  2.  1796.  6.  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees  20.  1803.  7.  Mil- 
ler Card.  Diet.  3.  1807.  8.  Coxe  Cult.  Fr.  Trees  237,  fig.  14.  1817.  9.  Phillips  Com.  Orch.  306. 
1831.  10.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  147,  148.  1831.  u.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:48.  1832.  12.  Gal- 
lesio  Pom.  Ital.,  PI.  1839.  13.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  276  fig.  106.  1845.  14.  Floy-Lindley 
Guide  Orch.  Card.  283,  382,  419.  1846.  15.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  1:1846.  16.  Horticulturist  2: 
178,  179  fig.  3P,  291.  1847.  17.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  326  fig.  253,  329.  1849.  J8-  Hovey 
Fr.  Am.  2:69,  PL  1851.  19.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  54.  1852.  20.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  410.  1854.  21. 
Thompson  Card  Ass't  517.  1859.  22.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  917.  1869.  23.  Mas  Le  Verger 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  327 

6:55,  fig.  28.  1866-73.  24.  Pom.  France  7:No.  5.  1871.  25.  Oberdieck  Dent.  Obst.  Sort.  434- 
1881.  26.  Lauche  Dent.  Pom.  20,  PI.  IV  20.  1882.  27.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  703.  1884.  28.  Mathieu 
Norn.  Pom.  433.  1889.  29.  Guide  Prat.  154,  363.  1895.  30.  Bailey  Sur.  Unlike  176,  243-  '896. 
31.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:186.  1897.  32.  Botanical  Gazette  26:423.  1898.  33.  Card.  Chron.  3rd 
Ser.  24:465.  1898.  34.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  22,  106,  107  fig.  1901. 

Abricot  Verd  5,  9.  Abricot  Vert  3,  7,  10,  n,  13,  14,  21,  22,  23,  24,  27,  28,  29.  Abricotfe  Sageret 
?22,  28.  Aloise's  Green  Gage  22,  24,  27,  ?28,  29.  Blanche  Grosse  Espece  10.  Bonne  Verte  5.  Brad- 
ford Gage  13,  20,  21,  22,  28,  29.  Bradford  Green  Gage  27,  28.  Bradford  Queen  Gage  24,  ?2g.  Brug- 
non  Green  Gage  10,  18,  21,  22,  24,  27,  28,  29.  Brugnon  Gage  20,  22,  28,  29.  Bruyn  Gage  13,  17; 
18  incor.,  20,22,28,29.  Burgnon  Gage  13,  24.  Cant's  Late  Green  Gage  22,  28.  Claudia  12. 
Damas  Gris  24,  28,  29.  Damas  Verd  9.  Damas  Vert  7,  10,  13,  18,  21,  22,  24,  27,  28,  29.  Dau- 
phine  5,  7,  10,  n,  13,  14,  18,  21,  22,  23,  24,  27,  28,  29.  Die  grosse  KOnigin  Claudiapflaume,  die 
grune  Abrikose  5.  Die  Konigin  Klaudia  5.  Dauphine  3.  Dauphiny  6.  Drop  d'Or  of  some  10, 
18,  28,  29.  Echte  Grosse  Reine-Claude  28,  29.  Gage  Verte  28,  29.  Great  Green  Damask  22,  27, 
28.  Great  Green  Damaski  24,  29.  Great  Queen  Claudia  n.  Green  Gage  2,  6,  8,  10,  n,  13,  14, 
17,  18,  19,  20,  21,  22,  27,  30,  31,  33,  34.  Green  Spanish  14,  18.  Gros  Damas  Vert  n,  22,  28,  29. 
Grosse  Konigin  Claudiapflaume  5.  Green  Gage  7,  9,  23,  24,  28,  29,  32,  34.  Goring's  Golden  Gage 
22,  24,  27,  28,  29.  Grosse  Reine  10,  13,  18,  20,  21,  22,  24,  27,  28,  29.  Grosse  Grune  Reine-Claude 
25,  28.  Grosse  Reine-Claude  7,  25,  26,  28.  Grosse  Reine-Claude  3,  5,  10,  n,  13,  14,  18,  20,  21, 
22,  23,  24,  25,  29.  Gros  Reine-Claude  14.  Grune  Aprikose  5,  28,  29.  Grune  Abrikose  5.  Grune 
Reineclaude  25.  Gute  Grune  28,  29.  Huling's  Heine-Claudia  22,  28.  Huling's  Reine  Claude  n. 
Ida  Gage  22.  Ida  Green  Gage  16.  Ida  Green  Gage  20,  22,  24,  27,  28,  29.  Isleworth  Green  Gage 
13,  18,  20,  21,  22,  24,  27,  28,  29.  Isleworth  Green  Gage  10.  King  of  Plums  20.  Konigin  Claudia 
28,  29.  Konigin  Klaudia  5.  Large  Queen  Claude  n.  La  Grosse  Reine-Claude  n.  Large  Queen 
Claudia  6.  Large  green  claudia  n.  Livingston  Manor  22,  28.  Louis  Brun  ?22,  ?28.  Mammola 
12.  Mirabelle  Vert  Double  22,  24,  27,  28,  29.  Murray's  Reine  Claudia  22,  28.  Murray's  Reine 
Claude  n,  14,  22,  27.  Prune  de  Reine  Claude  15.  Prunus  Domestica  Cereola  32.  Prunus  Domes- 
tica  var.  cereola  33.  Prunus  Domestica  var.  Claudiana  32.  Queen  Claude  2.  Queen  Claudia  n, 
22,  24,  27,  28,  29.  Reine-Claude  Ancienne  23,  24,  28,  27.  Reine-Claude  Blanche  Grosse  Espece  10. 
Reineclaude  d'oree  29.  Reine-Claude  Blanche  La  Grosse  n,  22.  Reine-Claude  8,  10,  n,  13,  17,  18, 
20,  21,  22,  27,  28,  33.  Reine  Claud  i.  Reine-Claudia  2.  Reine-Claude  Blanche  10.  Reine-Claude 
Doree  22,  23,  24,  25,  28,  29.  Reine-Claude  Dore  18,  22.  Reine-Claude  Grosse  27,  28.  Reine-Claude 
Verde  Perdrigon  5.  Reine-Claude  Verte  23,  29.  Rensselaer  Gage  20,  22.  Rensselvar  Gage  24,  29. 
Rensselaar  Gage  27,  28.  Reine-Claude  Verte  Tiquetee  28,  29.  Reine-Claudia  Blanche  La  Grosso 
22,  28.  Royal  Green  Gage  28,  29.  Schuyler  Gage  20,  incor.  22,  24,  27.  Schuyler's  Gage  ?i3,  20, 
28,  29.  Sucrin  Vert  10,  u,  13,  18,  21,  22,  24,  27,  28,  29.  Sultaneck  Erik  '28,  29.  Susina  Regina 
12.  Triomphe  Garcon  24,  28,  29.  Triomphe  Valet  24,  28,  29.  Trompe  Garcon  22,  27,  28,  29. 
Tramp-Valet  7.  Trompe  Valet  22,  27,  28,  29.  Verdacia  27,  28.  Verdacchia  rotonda  12.  Verdoch 
27,  32,  34.  Verdochia  32.  Verdochio  22,  24,  27,  28,  29.  Verducia  22.  Verte  Bonne  3,  7,  9,  10, 
n,  14,  18,  21,  22,  23,  24,  28,  29.  Vert  Bonne  13,  22,  27.  Verte  d'Espagne  23,  28,  29.  Verte  Tiquetee 
22,  24,  27,  28,  29.  Vilmot's  Green  Gage  29.  Vilmot's  Late  Green  Gage  29.  Wilmot's  Green  Gage 
10,  ii,  18,  20,  21,  22,  24,  27,  28.  Wilmot's  Late  Green  Gage  n,  18,  20,  21,  22.  Wilmot's  Late 
Green  Gage  10,  13,  18,  20,  21,  22,  28,  29.  Wilmot's  New  Green  Gage  10,  n,  13,  18,  20,  22,  28,  29. 
Waterloo  20. 

In  the  pomological  literature  since  Quintinye  in  1699,  Reine  Claude 
has  been  the  standard  in  quality  for  plums.  For  the  qualities  that  gratify 
or  assist  in  gratifying  the  sense  of  taste, — richness  of  flavor,  consistency 
and  texture  of  flesh,  abundance  of  juice  and  pleasant  aroma, — the  Reine 


328  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Claude  is  unsurpassed.  It  is,  however,  now  probably  equalled  in  quality  by 
several  of  the  great  number  of  similar  varieties  which  have  originated  in 
America  and  for  which  American  plum-growing  is  justly  distinguished. 
Under  ordinary  cultivation  the  Reine  Claude  is  not  a  remarkably  handsome 
plum  but  when  grown  on  thrifty  trees,  the  crop  thinned,  foliage  and  fruit 
kept  free  from  pests  and  the  fruits  sufficiently  exposed  to  the  sun  to  color 
well,  it  is  a  beautiful  fruit,  its  size,  form  and  color  all  adding  to  its  beauty. 
The  tree  is  only  of  moderate  size  in  the  orchard  and  in  the  nursery  is  so  small 
and  wayward  that  nurserymen  hesitate  to  grow  it.  The  trees,  though 
small,  are  productive  and  bear  regularly,  the  chief  defect  being  the  sus- 
ceptibility to  sunscald  whereby  the  bark  on  the  trunk  is  killed  and  the 
beginning  of  the  end  is  marked.  The  short  life  of  the  trees  of  this  variety 
is  largely  due  to  this  injury  to  the  bark  and  has  led  to  top-working  on 
Lombard  and  other  stocks,  an  operation  successful  only  when  done  early 
in  the  life  of  the  stock.  Another  serious  fault  is  that  the  fruit  cracks  badly 
if  showers  occur  at  ripening  time.  Reine  Claude  is  still  one  of  the  most 
profitable  plums  grown  in  New  York  and  whether  for  the  commercial  or 
home  plantation  deserves  a  place  in  the  plum  orchard. 

For  a  complete  history  of  this  variety  the  reader  is  referred  to  the 
discussion  of  the  Reine  Claude  group  of  plums.  The  Bavay,  a  distinct 
variety,  is  called  the  true  Reine  Claude  by  many  nurserymen  and  horti- 
cultural writers.  Green  Gage  is  a  synonym  of  the  Reine  Claude  and  is 
preferred  by  some  writers  for  this  plum  but  since  "  Reine  Claude  "  is  as 
well  known  and  much  older  it  has  been  retained  in  The  Plums  of  New 
York.  The  American  Pomological  Society  placed  this  variety  on  its  fruit 
catalog  list  in  1852. 

Tree  of  medium  size  and  vigor,  round-topped,  hardy,  productive;  trunk  and 
branches  of  medium  thickness  and  smoothness;  branches  ash-brown,  with  few  lenticels; 
branchlets  short,  with  short  internodes,  reddish-brown,  lightly  pubescent;  leaf -buds 
large,  long,  conical  or  pointed,  free;  leaf-scars  prominent. 

Leaves  four  and  one-half  inches  long,  two  inches  wide,  oval,  thick,  leathery;  upper 
surface  dark  green,  smooth,  covered  with  fine,  scattering  hairs;  lower  surface  pale  green, 
pubescent;  apex  acute,  margin  often  doubly  crenate,  glandular;  petiole  three-quarters 
inch  long,  tinged  red,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  small,  globose,  greenish  glands  variable 
in  position. 

Fruit  mid-season;  one  and  three-quarters  inches  by  one  and  five-eighths  inches  in 
size,  roundish-oval,  halves  equal;  cavity  narrow,  regular,  abrupt;  suture  shallow,  broad; 
apex  pubescent,  roundish  or  slightly  depressed;  color  yellowish  green,  indistinctly 
streaked  with  green;  becoming  golden-yellow  at  full  maturity,  sometimes  mottled  on 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  329 

the  sunny  side  with  red,  overspread  with  thin  bloom;  dots  very  numerous,  small, 
grayish,  conspicuous,  clustered  about  the  apex;  stem  thick,  three-quarters  inch  long, 
pubescent;  skin  tough,  adhering  to  the  pulp;  flesh  greenish-yellow  or  golden-yellow, 
juicy,  firm,  sweet,  mild;  very  good;  stone  semi-clinging,  one  inch  by  three-quarters 
inch  in  size,  oval,  turgid,  tapering  at  the  base,  blunt  at  the  apex,  with  thickly  pitted 
surfaces;  ventral  suture  wide,  distinctly  furrowed,  often  with  a  short  wing;  dorsal 
suture  with  a  very  wide  and  deep  groove. 

ROBINSON 

Prunus  munsoniana 

i.  Ind.  Hort.  Soc.  Rft.  134.  1883.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  151.  1891.  3.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui. 
38:64,  86.  1892.  4.  Me.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:67.  1896.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  89.  1897.  6.  Wis. 
Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  137.  1899.  7.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  87:15.  1901.  8.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  199.  1901. 
g.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.  101:131.  1901.  10.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  67:280.  1904.  n.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:236, 
257.  1905. 

Robinson  has  long  been  one  of  the  best  known  of  its  species  though 
it  is  probably  inferior  in  fruit -characters  at  least  to  several  other  Mun- 
soniana sorts.  The  plums  are  attractive  in  coloring  but  small  in  size  and 
comparatively  low  in  quality.  The  trees  are  capricious  in  growth  and 
not  as  hardy  as  some  others  of  the  species  but  where  they  can  be  grown 
are  always  productive.  The  variety  is  rated  by  some  authors  among  those 
that  need  cross-pollination  to  insure  large  crops.  Robinson  may  be  worth 
growing  in  the  South  and  in  the  States  of  the  Plains  bttt  it  cannot  be 
recommended  for  any  purpose  in  New  York. 

This  variety  is  a  seedling  grown  by  a  Mr.  Pickett  of  Putnam  County, 
Indiana,  from  a  seed  brought  with  him  from  North  Carolina  about  1835. 
In  1879,  Dr.  J.  H.  Robinson  read  a  paper  before  the  Indiana  Horticultural 
Society  on  Chicasaw  plums,  and  gave  a  very  flattering  description  of  this 
plum,  which  he  had  been  growing  since  1872.  Later  it  was  named  by  the 
Putnam  County  Horticultural  Society  in  honor  of  Dr.  Robinson.  This 
name  was  used  as  a  synonym  of  Miner  by  Downing  in  1869  but  at  the 
present  time  that  usage  has  almost  disappeared  in  plum  literature. 

Tree  variable  in  size,  often  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  not  uniform  in  habit,  some- 
what open  and  flat-topped,  hardy,  medium  to  productive;  trunk  shaggy;  branches  very 
rough,  zigzag,  thorny,  dark  ash-gray,  with  numerous,  large,  narrow  and  strongly 
elongated,  raised  lenticels;  branchlets  slender  to  medium,  with  internodes  medium 
to  below  in  length,  greenish-red  changing  to  dull,  dark  chestnut-red,  glabrous,  with 
numerous  very  conspicuous,  large,  raised  lenticels;  leaf-buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  free. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  lanceolate,  peach-like,  one  and  five-sixteenths  inches  wide, 
three  and  one-half  inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface  dark  green,  glabrous,  with 


33°  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

deeply  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  glabrous  except  along  the  midrib  and  larger 
veins;  apex  taper-pointed,  base  obtuse,  margin  very  finely  serrate,  with  small,  dark 
red  glands;  petiole  slender,  five-eighths  inch  long,  reddish,  lightly  pubescent  along 
one  side,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  seven  small,  globose,  reddish-brown  glands  on 
the  stalk  and  on  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  medium  to  late,  long;  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  eleven- 
sixteenths  inch  across,  whitish,  somewhat  self- fertile ;  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  buds 
and  spurs,  in  twos,  threes  or  fours;  pedicels  seven-sixteenths  inch  long,  slender,  glabrous, 
greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  narrow-campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  narrow,  slightly 
obtuse,  glandular,  pubescent  and  with  marginal  hairs,  erect;  petals  ovate  or  oval,  small, 
narrow,  slightly  crenate,  tapering  below  to  long,  narrow  claws;  anthers  yellowish; 
filaments  one-quarter  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  slightly  shorter  than  or  equal  to  the 
stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  early,  season  very  long;  less  than  an  inch  in  diameter,  roundish  or  roundish- 
oval,  halves  equal;  cavity  of  medium  depth  and  width,  abrupt;  suture  a  line;  apex 
roundish;  color  clear  currant-red,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  dots  scattering,  large, 
russet,  conspicuous,  clustered  around  the  apex;  stem  slender,  five-eighths  inch  long, 
glabrous,  adhering  to  the  fruit;  skin  tough,  bitter,  separating  readily;  flesh  golden- 
yellow,  very  juicy,  somewhat  fibrous,  tender  and  melting,  sweet  next  the  skin,  with  some 
astringency  near  the  center,  of  mild  but  pleasant  flavor;  fair  in  quality;  stone  clinging, 
five-eighths  inch  by  three-eighths  inch  in  size,  oval,  turgid,  very  slightly  flattened  and 
necked  at  the  base,  abrupt-pointed  at  the  apex,  roughish;  ventral  suture  blunt,  slightly 
ridged;  dorsal  suture  with  a  rather  broad  groove  of  medium  depth. 

ROLLINGSTONE 

Prunus  americana 

I.  Rural  N.  Y.  44:645.  1885.  2.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  279.  1885.  3.  N.  J.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt. 
186.  1885.  4.  Wis.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  32.  1885.  5.  Minn.  Sta.  Bui.  10:73  fig-  1890.  6.  Cornell 
Sta.  Bui.  38:41,  86.  1892.  7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  24.  1897.  8.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:56,  58  fig.  28. 
1897.  9.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50:45.  1898.  10.  Ohio.  Sta.  Bui.  113:153.  1899.  n.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
162.  1901.  12.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  67:280.  1904.  13.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:256,  257.  1905. 

Minnesota  2.     Rolling  Stone  3,  4. 

Rollingstone  is  an  old  Americana  sort  which  has  been  kept  in  culti- 
vation chiefly  because  it  is  of  very  good  quality  for  one  of  its  species.  The 
fruit  is  rather  dull  in  color  and  small  but  not  unattractive  in  appearance; 
the  plums  are  little  troubled  by  either  the  brown -rot  or  the  plum  curculio 
and  ship  very  well  because  of  the  tough  skin.  The  tree  is  dwarfish  with 
a  crooked  trunk,  shaggy  bark,  unkempt  top  and  very  twiggy — a  typical 
Americana  and  most  difficult  to  grow  into  a  good  orchard  plant.  The 
variety  is  characterized  by  long,  conspicuous  stamens,  stigmas  frequently 
defective  and  by  very  large  leaves.  The  variety  has  little  or  no  value 
in  New  York. 


ROBINSON 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  331 

Rollingstone  was  found  near  an  old  Indian  camping  ground  on  the 
Rollingstone  Creek,  Winona  County,  Minnesota,  by  Mr.  O.  M.  Lord,1 
Minnesota  City,  about  1852.  Mr.  Lord  planted  trees  of  this  plum  in  his 
garden  and  found  that  they  improved  greatly  under  cultivation,  so  much 
so  that  they  soon  became  very  popular  in  the  local  market.  About  1882 
he  introduced  the  Rollingstone  to  fruit-growers  in  general.  Mr.  H.  M. 
Thompson  of  St.  Francis,  according  to  the  Minnesota  Horticultural  Society 
Report  for  1885,  sent  this  plum  out  under  the  name  Minnesota  but  for- 
tunately it  has  not  been  distributed  under  its  synonym  widely  enough  to 
cause  much  confusion.  In  1897  the  American  Pomological  Society  added 
Rollingstone  to  its  fruit  catalog  list. 

Tree  dwarfish,  variable  in  vigor,  spreading,  flat-topped,  hardy,  productive,  healthy; 
trunk  shaggy;  branches  dark  ash-gray,  thorny,  rough,  zigzag,  with  numerous,  rather 
large  lenticels;  branchlets  slender,  twiggy,  medium  to  short,  with  internodes  of  average 
length,  greenish  turning  to  dark  brown,  glossy,  glabrous,  with  conspicuous,  small, 
raised  lenticels;  leaf-buds  medium  in  size  and  length,  appressed. 

Leaves  falling  early,  folded  upward,  obovate  or  long-ovate,  one  and  one-half  inches 
wide,  three  and  one-half  inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface  smooth,  glabrous,  with  a  narrow 
groove  on  the  midrib;  lower  surface  silvery  green,  lightly  pubescent,  the  veins  prominent; 


1  Orville  Morell  Lord  was  born  in  China,  Wyoming  County,  New  York,  April  20,  1826.  When 
he  was  eleven  years  of  age  the  Lord  family  moved  to  Lapeer,  Michigan,  where  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  attended  the  district  school  and  then  for  a  time  was  in  a  private  school  at  Pontiac, 
Michigan.  In  1852  Mr.  Lord  moved  to  Winona  County,  Minnesota,  where  he  built  a  saw  mill, 
and  for  some  years  owned  and  managed  a  lumber  yard.  It  was  only  after  middle  life  that  he 
became  interested  in  horticulture  and  he  then  chose  the  native  plums  as  fruits  with  which  to 
work.  He  was  not  a  breeder  of  plums  and  the  Rollingstone,  brought  in  from  the  wild  and 
sent  out  by  him  in  1882,  is  the  only  addition  to  pomology,  in  the  way  of  a  new  variety, 
made  by  him.  The  work  with  this  fruit  which  has  given  him  a  name  as  a  plum  specialist  was 
in  testing  hardy  varieties.  He  tried  thoroughly  all  the  native  plums  to  be  obtained,  and 
much  of  the  present  information  as  to  the  hardiness  of  plums  for  the  cold  northwest  is  due 
to  knowledge  gained  from  Mr.  Lord's  experimental  orchard.  He  became  a  member  of  the 
Minnesota  State  Horticultural  Society  in  1884  and  in  1889  was  made  an  honorary  life  member  of 
this  organization.  For  some  years  he  was  a  Farmers'  Institute  lecturer  on  horticulture  and  was 
for  a  time  horticultural  editor  of  Farm,  Stock  and  Home.  He  was  not  only  known  in  the  Northwest 
as  a  plum  specialist  but  carried  on  correspondence  with  plum  growers  throughout  the  whole  country 
giving  much  valuable  information  regarding  this  fruit.  Beside  giving  attention  to  plums  he  tested 
many  apples  for  his  region  and  was  the  originator  of  one  or  two  varieties  now  very  generally  grown 
in  his  State.  During  his  life  he  filled  several  places  of  public  trust,  being  a  member  of  the  Terri- 
torial Legislature  in  1853-4  and  of  the  State  Legislature  in  1873-4.  He  also  served  at  various  times 
in  minor  offices  in  his  County  and  in  his  State  being  at  the  time  of  his  death  a  member  of  the  Forest 
Reserve  Board  of  Minnesota.  With  Peter  Gideon  he  was  one  of  the  pioneer  fruit-growers  in  the 
Northwest  and  while  he  has  left  few  fruits  of  his  own  breeding  and  few  records  in  print  of  the  work 
he  did,  yet  his  long  and  faithful  service  in  developing  fruit-growing  in  the  Northwest  makes  him  one 
of  the  men  of  note  in  American  pomology.  Mr.  Lord  died  July  21,  1906. 


332  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

apex  taper-pointed,  base  rather  acute,  margin  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate,  eglandular; 
petiole  slender,  five-eighths  inch  long,  tinged  red,  sparingly  pubescent,  glandless  or  with 
one  or  two  small,  globose,  reddish  glands  on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  late  and  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves;  three-quarters 
inch  across,  the  buds  creamy- white  changing  to  white  as  the  flowers  expand;  borne 
in  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  in  threes  or  in  fours;  pedicels  seven-sixteenths 
inch  long,  below  medium  in  thickness,  glabrous,  green;  calyx-tube  reddish-green, 
obconic,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  narrow,  acute,  eglandular,  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface 
but  lightly  pubescent  within,  heavily  pubescent  on  the  margin  and  with  irregular  deep 
serrations,  erect;  petals  oval  or  slightly  ovate,  dentate,  tapering  below  into  narrow 
claws  reddish  at  the  base;  stamens  conspicuous;  anthers  yellow;  filaments  three- 
eighths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length;  stigma  often  abortive. 

Fruit  mid-season  or  earlier,  ripening  period  short;  about  one  inch  in  diameter, 
roundish,  halves  equal;  cavity  shallow,  flaring,  marked  before  maturity  with  light- 
colored,  radiating  streaks ;  suture  a  line ;  apex  roundish ;  color  dark  purplish-red,  with 
thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  light  russet,  inconspicuous;  stem  slender,  nine- 
sixteenths  inch  long,  adhering  poorly  to  the  fruit;  skin  thick,  tough,  semi-adherent; 
.flesh  orange-yellow,  juicy,  slightly  fibrous,  tender  and  melting,  sweet,  strongly  aromatic; 
good;  stone  semi-free,  five-eighths  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  roundish-oval,  flattened, 
smoothish,  blunt  at  the  base  and  apex;  ventral  suture  acute,  faintly  ridged;  dorsal 
suture  acute,  with  a  narrow,  shallow,  indistinct  groove. 

ROYAL  TOURS 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:81,  PI.  XX  fig.  8.  1768.  2.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  2:35,  Tab.  184 
fig.  2.  1796.  3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  313.  1845.  4.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  423.  1854.  5.  Mas 
Le  Verger  6:53,  fig.  27-  J866-73.  6.  Lange  Allgem.  Garten.  2:420.  1879.  7-  Le  Bon  Jard.  •2:341. 
1882.  8.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  368.  1887.  9.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  438.  1889.  10.  Guide 
Prat.  160,  365.  1895.  n.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  120,  121.  1901. 

Damas  de  Tours  7.  Die  konigliche  Pflaume  von  Tours  2.  Diel's  Konigspflaume  9  incor. 
Diels  Konigpflaume  10.  Fruhe  Herrn  Pflaume  9  incor.,  10.  Kings  plum  of  Tours  6.  Konigs- 
pflaume von  Tours  5,  10.  Konigspflaume  von  Tours  9.  Konigliche  Pflaume  von  Tours  9,  10. 
Konigs  Pflaume  9  incor.,  10.  Konigliche  Grosse  Pflaume  9,  10.  Konigin  von  Tours  9,  10.  Morocco- 
fflaume  10.  Morocco  9  incor.  Prune  Royale  de  Tours  5,  9.  Rothe  Konigspflaume  10.  Roi  10. 
Royale  8,  10.  Royale  de  Tours  i,  3,  5,  7,  8,  10.  Royale  de  Tours  2,  4,  9,  10,  n.  Royal  Tours  3, 
4,  9.  Royal  of  Tours  4.  Royal  red  Plum  8,  10.  Worth  n. 

This  excellent  variety  should  be  grown  generally  in  America  for  home 
use,  at  least,  if  it  proves  nearly  as  desirable  as  it  is  rated  in  Europe.  Royal 
Tours  is  an  old  French  sort  supposed  to  have  originated  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Tours,  France.  Although  highly  esteemed  in  Europe,  it  has  not 
gained  favor  in  this  country  and  is  rarely  found  here.  Waugh  states  that 
in  1899  he  secured  specimens  of  it  from  North  Carolina  where  it  was  grown 
locally  under  the  name  Worth.  The  following  description  is  compiled. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  333 

Tree  strong,  vigorous;  branches  thick,  short,  smooth;  fruit  early  mid-season; 
of  medium  size,  irregularly  roundish,  swollen  on  one  side,  dark  reddish-purple  covered 
with  thick  bloom;  cavity  deep;  suture  prominent;  stem  short,  thick;  skin  thick, 
firm;  dots  conspicuous;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  firm,  sweet;  very  good;  stone  large, 
oblong,  rough,  clinging. 

RUTLAND  PLUMCOT 

Prunus  triflora  X  Prunus  armeniaca 

i.  Burbank  Cat.  13  fig.  1901.  2.  De  Vries  PL  Br.  218.  1907.  3.  Fancher  Creek  Nur.  Cat. 
10  fig.  1909. 

Plumcot  i,  a. 

One  of  the  interesting  novelties  of  recent  plum-breeding  is  the  Plum- 
cot  grown  by  Luther  Burbank  '  from  a  cross  between  the  plum  and  the 
apricot.  Not  having  seen  the  fruit  of  this  remarkable  cross  we  are  unable 
to  judge  of  its  value  to  the  plum-grower.  Out  of  a  large  number  of  ex- 
tremely variable  seedlings  of  this  cross  Burbank  selected  this,  the  Rut- 
land Plumcot,  named  in  honor  of  an  Australian  admirer  of  the  fruit.  The 
variety  was  introduced  by  the  Fancher  Creek  Nursery  in  1906  and  1907. 
The  following  description  is  partly  compiled. 

Tree  vigorous,  spreading,  open,  not  a  heavy  bearer;  branches  thorny;  branchlets 
rather  slender,  with  short  internodes,  dull  red;  leaves  folded  upward,  oval,  one  and 
five-eighths  inches  wide,  two  and  seven-eighths  inches  long,  rather  stiff;  margin  finely 
and  doubly  crenate,  glandular;  petiole  greenish-red,  with  from  one  to  four  globose 
glands. 

The  fruit  in  California  attains  a  large  size;  suture  and  cavity  deep;  skin  fuzzy 
like  an  apricot,  purple;  flesh  deep  red,  subacid;  quality  fair;  stone  large,  broad-oval. 


Of  this  fruit  Burbank  writes  to  this  Station  under  date  of  December  6,  1909,  as  follows: 
"  I  have  this  season  also  about  65,000  or  75,000  Plumcot  seedlings, — a  wholly  new  fruit  which 
promises  great  things  for  localities  where  it  can  be  grown.  These  Plumcots  vary  more  astonish- 
ingly from  seed  than  anything  which  I  have  ever  produced.  No  pure  Apricots  or  pure  Plums  are 
produced,  but  every  possible  variety  and  every  possible  combination  and  all  qualities  are  brought 
out  strongly.  The  range  of  colors  is  astonishing, — some  new  combinations  of  colors  never  before 
seen  in  fruits  have  been  produced.  The  best  California  judges  of  fruits — the  great  growers  and 
shippers — have  pronounced  some  of  these  varieties  the  best  fruit  ever  produced  on  this  earth. 
Most  of  these  fruits  have  a  beautiful  downy  skin — many  of  them  smooth — flesh  orange,  yellow, 
white,  crimson  or  green;  pits  peculiar.  The  fruits  vary  from  about  the  size  of  a  medium  peach 
down  to  the  size  of  Green  Gage  plums,  though  the  various  ones  are  of  every  possible  size,  form, 
flavor,  color,  time  of  ripening,  etc.  The  trees,  in  some  cases,  grow  faster  than  any  other  fruit  tree. 
Sometimes  branches  grow  on  even  quite  young  trees  twelve  feet  in  length  and  an  inch  in  diameter 
in  a  single  season.  Others  are  quite  slow  growers  or  even  dwarfs." 


334  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

SAINT  CATHERINE 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  67,  68,  69.  1699.  2.  Langley  Pomona  94,  PI.  24  fig.  6.  1729.  3. 
Miller  Card.  Diet.  3.  1754.  4.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:97,  PI.  XX  fig.  5,  109,  PI.  XIX.  1768. 
5.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:55.  1771.  6.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  153.  1831.  7.  Prince  Pom.  Man. 
2:76,103.  1832.  8.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  267.  1832.  9.  Gallesio  Pom.  Ital.  2:P1.  1839.  10.  Down- 
ing Fr.  Trees  Am.  283  fig.  112.  1845.  n.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  298,  383.  1846.  12. 
Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  1:1846.  13.  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.  XXX.  1854.  14.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige  65, 
PI.  1855.  15.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  520.  1859.  16.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  86.  1862.  17.  Pom. 
France  7:No.  23.  1871.  18.  Mas  Lt  Verger  6:89,  fig.  45.  1866-73.  *9-  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  724. 
1884.  20.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  431.  1889.  21.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  356  fig.  1891.  22.  Guide 
Prat.  161,  365.  1895.  23.  Oregon  Sta.  Bui.  45:33  fig.  1897. 

Bricet  7.  Bricette  4,  7,  12.  Bricette  7,  19.  Bnsette  20,  22.  Catherine  (Prune  de  Ste.)  5. 
Catharinenpflaume  18,  20,  21.  De  Sainte-Catherine  22.  Gelbe  Catharinenpflaume  20.  Gelbe 
Catharinenpflaume  18,  22.  Gelbe  Katharinenpflaume  17,  22.  Cute  Kathe  20.  Mirabelle  Tardive  7. 
Petite  Bricette  7.  Pruneau  de  Tours  18.  Prune  de  Sainte  Catherine  7,  17,  20.  Prune  Sainte  Cathe- 
rine 13.  Prune  Sainte-Catherine  18.  Prune  Sainte-Catherine  Jaune  18.  Prunier  Sainte-Catherine 
14.  Pruneaux  de  Tours  13.  St.  Catharine  i,  2,  7,  8,  16,  19,  23.  Saint  Catherine  j.  Sainte 
Catherine  n,  20.  Sainte-Catharine  3,  4,  12,  17,  18,  22.  Sainte-Catherine  de  Tours  17,  20,  22. 
Sainte-Catherine  jaune  20,  21.  Sainte-Catherine  ordinaire  17,  20,  22.  St.  Katharine  i.  Spate 
Mirabelle  20  incor.,  22.  Susina  Di  Santa  Caterina  9.  Torlo  d'Ovo  9.  Torlod'Uovo  9.  Yellow 
St.  Catharine  7. 

This  plum  is  grown  only  on  the  Pacific  Coast  in  America  and  even 
there  is  to  be  found  but  locally  and  is  now  passing  from  cultivation.  It 
is,  however,  one  of  the  well-known  sorts  in  Europe,  especially  in  France 
where  it  is  used  for  prune-making.  It  appears  to  be  of  the  Reine  Claude 
group  in  which  group  America  has  so  many  plums  of  surpassing  merit 
that  this  one  has  no  place  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic.  It  is  included  in 
The  Plums  of  New  York  largely  because  of  its  historic  interest  and  because 
there  seems  to  be  no  complete  description  of  it  made  from  trees  and  fruits 
grown  on  this  continent. 

The  origin  of  this  old  plum  is  unknown.  It  was  first  mentioned  by 
Quintinye  in  1699.  Wherever  it  originated,  it  is  now  grown  most  exten- 
sively in  France  and  is  known  to  commerce  as  the  Prune  of  Tours.  The 
people  in  Northern  Italy  cultivate  it  under  the  name  Torlo  d'Ovo  (Refer- 
ences, 9).  The  Belgians  have  used  Saint  Catherine  incorrectly  for  the 
Imperiale  Violette  (References,  14).  In  America,  according  to  Kenrick,  it 
was  not  uncommon  around  Boston  in  1832  but  it  evidently  did  not  receive 
much  recognition,  for  the  "United  States  Patent  Office  reimported  it  from 
France  in  1854  and  distributed  it  in  the  northeastern  part  of  this  country. 
The  American  Pomological  Society  added  it  to  its  fruit  catalog  list  in 
1862  and  dropped  it  in  1899. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW   YORK.  335 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  round-topped,  usually  hardy,  productive;  branches  sparingly 
thorny,  light  ash-brown,  smooth  except  for  the  few  raised  lenticels;  branchlets  thick, 
long,  with  long  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  dark  reddish-brown,  marked  with 
scarf-skin,  nearly  glabrous  throughout  the  season,  with  few,  conspicuous,  large,  raised 
lenticels;  leaf-buds  of  medium  size  and  length,  conical  or  pointed,  broad  at  the  base, 
appressed. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  oval,  one  and  one-half  inches  wide,  three  inches  long;  upper 
surface  lightly  pubescent,  with  a  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  pubescent; 
apex  and  base  acute,  margin  crenate,  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  three-quarters 
inch  long,  thick,  with  a  red  tinge,  pubescent,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  con- 
spicuous, globose,  bright  yellow  glands  variable  in  size,  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Season  of  bloom  intermediate,  long;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  inch 
across,  white,  the  buds  tinged  yellow  as  they  open;  borne  on  lateral  spurs,  in  twos 
or  in  threes;  pedicels  nearly  one  inch  long,  slender,  with  thin  pubescence,  greenish; 
calyx-tube  green,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  s'mall,  narrow,  acute,  pubescent 
on  the  inner  surface,  erect;  petals  oval,  entire,  not  clawed;  anthers  yellow  with  a  tinge 
of  red;  filaments  three-eighths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length, 
often  abortive. 

Fruit  late,  intermediate  in  length  of  ripening  season;  small,  obovate  or  oval, 
slightly  necked,  truncate  at  the  base,  compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity  shallow,  narrow, 
flaring;  suture  varies  from  shallow  to  deep,  often  prominent;  apex  depressed;  color 
dull  green,  changing  to  golden-yellow,  overspread  with  thin  bloom;  dots  numerous, 
small,  gray,  inconspicuous,  clustered  about  the  apex;  stem  slender,  very  long,  often 
one  and  one-eighth  inches  in  length,  glabrous,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thick, 
tough,  clinging  slightly;  flesh  light  golden-yellow,  juicy,  fibrous,  sweet,  mild,  pleasant, 
not  high  in  flavor;  good;  stone  clinging,  three-quarters  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size, 
oval,  flattened,  slightly  acute  at  the  base  and  apex,  with  roughened  surfaces;  ventral 
suture  finely  grooved,  blunt;  dorsal  suture  with  a  wide,  shallow  groove. 

SAINT  JULIEN 

Prunus  insititia 

I.  Miller  Card.  Diet.  3.  1754.  2.  Land.  Hart.  Soc.  Cat.  153.  1831.  3.  Prince  Pom..  Man.  2:73. 
1832.  4.  Noisette  Man.  Comp.  Jard.  2:500.  1860.  5.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  946.  1869.  6. 
Hogg  Fruit  Man.  725.  1884.  7.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  449.  1889.  8.  Rev.  Hort.  438.  1892.  9. 
Trait.  Prat.  Seek.  Fruits  170.  1893.  10.  Bot.  Gaz.  26:425.  1898. 

Common  Saint  Julien  3.  Common  Saint  Julien  5,  7.  French  St.  Julien  3,  5,  7.  Gros  Saint- 
Julien  3.  Gros  Saint-Julien  4.  KUine  Blaue  Julians  Pflaume  7.  Large  Saint  Julien  ?3.  Petit 
Saint  Julien  4.  Petit  Saint  Julien  3,  5,  7.  Prunus  Insititia  var  7.  Prunus  Domestica  Juliana  10. 
Prunier  Saint-Julien  8.  St.  Julien  6.  St.  Julian  3.  Saint  Julien  3.  Saint  Julien  Petit  ?2.  Saint- 
Julien  Petit  3,  5,  7.  The  St.  Julian  Plum  i.  Weichharige  Schleken  Damascene  7. 

The  Saint  Julien  plums,  as  we  now  use  the  name,  constitute  a  division 
of  Prunus  insititia  used  as  propagating  stocks.  Whether  the  name  was 
ever  applied  to  a  specific  variety  can  not  be  said.  Miller,  in  1754,  described 


336  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

a  "St.  Julian  "  and  gave  its  chief  use  as  a  stock  for  plums,  peaches  and 
Bruxelles  Apricot.  Later  writers  recommend  them  chiefly,  if  not  only, 
as  stocks  though  in  France  it  is  said  the  fruits  are  dried  and  sold  by  the 
pharmacists  and  herbaKsts  under  the  name  Prunus  medicines  (medicinal 
prunes).  Carriere,  in  Revue  Horticole  1892,  speaks  very  highly  of  these 
plums  as  stocks  and  describes  them  as  follows: 

"Tree  vigorous,  with  branches  spreading-straggling,  relatively  short,  branched  at 
the  extremity.  Leaves  numerous,  slightly  roughened  by  the  prominence  of  the  numerous 
nerves  on  the  lower  surface,  short,  oblong,  usually  rounded  at  the  apex,  attenuated 
at  the  base,  where  are  found  a  few  very  small  glands;  petiole  about  two  centimeters 
long,  yellowish,  lengthening  out  into  a  prominent  midrib;  buds  short,  oval,  pointed, 
deep  reddish-brown;  dark  green  above,  pale  green  below,  bordered  regularly  with 
very  close,  short,  slightly  inclined  teeth. 

Fruits  very  abundant,  pedunculate,  spherical  or  oblong,  peduncle  a  little  bent, 
rather  strong,  nearly  three  centimeters  long,  inserted  in  a  very  small  cavity,  regularly 
rounded.  Skin  strongly  attached  to  the  flesh,  even,  glossy,  purplish-black,  more  or 
less  glaucous;  flesh  free  from  the  seed,  pulpy,  very  juicy,  soft,  greenish,  sweet,  leaving 
a  taste  a  little  strong,  but  not  disagreeable;  seed  short  oval,  elliptical,  flattened,  ten 
millimeters  in  width,  nearly  fifteen  to  sixteen  millimeters  in  length,  with  grayish-red 
surface  roughened  by  small,  regular  projections.  Matures  from  July  to  September." 

SAINT  MARTIN 

Prunus  domestica 

I.  Land.  Hort.  Sac.  Cat.  144,  153.  1831.  2.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:74.  1832.  3.  Downing 
Fr.  Trees  Am.  295  fig.  119.  1845.  4-  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  I.  1846.  5.  Mag.  Hort.  14:151  fig.  15. 
1848.  6.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  336  fig.  260,  337.  1849.  7-  Elliott  Fr.  Book.  423.  1854.  8. 
Thompson  Card.  Ass't  515.  1859.  9.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  40.  1867.  IO-  Guide  Prat.  162,  365. 
1895. 

Catherine  violette  8,  10.  Coe's  Fine  Late  Red  8.  Coe's  Fine  Late  Red  i,  5,  7,  10.  Coe's  Late 
Red  3,  6,  9.  Coe's  Late  Red  5,  6,  7,  10.  Coe's  sehr  spate  rathe  Pftaume  10.  De  la  Saint-Martin 
10.  Oktoberpftaume  10.  Prune  de  la  St.  Martin  3.  Prunier  de  Saint  Martin  2,  5,  7.  Red  St. 
Martin  2,  7.  Red  Saint  Martin  5,  6,  7.  Rouge  tardive  de  Coe  10.  Saint  Martin  Rouge  5.  Saint- 
Martin  Rouge  i,  2,  3,  6,  7,  10.  Saint  Martin  2,  3,  5.  St.  Martin  2,  6,  7,  8.  St.  Martin  Rouge  8. 
Violette  d'Octobre  IQ.  Violette  Octoverpftaume  8.  Violette  Oktoberpftaume  10. 

Saint  Martin  is  an  old  French  variety  now  hardly  worth  growing, 
brought  into  England  by  a  Mr.  Coe  who  called  it  Coe's  Fine  Late  Red, 
a  name  continued  by  the  London  Horticultural  Society  in  its  catalog. 
In  the  United  States,  too,  it  became  quite  generally  known  as  Coe's  Late 
Red  in  spite  of  the  efforts  of  Prince,  Downing  and  Elliott  to  have  it  pass 
under  its  true  name.  The  variety  was  mentioned  in  the  American  Porno- 
logical  Society's  catalogs  from  1867  to  1897.  It  is  described  as  follows: 


THE    PLUMS   OF   NEW    YORK.  337 

Fruit  very  late;  of  medium  size,  roundish,  bright  purplish-red  with  thin  blue 
bloom;  suture  distinct;  cavity  shallow;  stem  of  moderate  length  and  thickness;  flesh 
yellow,  with  a  vinous  flavor;  fair  to  good;  freestone. 

SATSUMA 

Prunus  triflora 

i.'Gard.  Mon.  366,  367.  1887.  2.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  652,  PI.  I  fig.,  636.  1887.  3.  Card.  &  For. 
1:471.  1888.  4.  Bailey  Ann.  Hort.  103.  1889.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  105,  106,  125.  1891. 
6.  Ga.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  54.  1892.  7.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  62:29.  1894.  8.  Rev.  Hort.  458.  1894. 
9.  Ga.  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  96.  1895.  10.  Guide  Prat.  165,  366.  1895.  n.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  106:46, 
53.  1896.  12.  Ala.  Col.  Sta.  Bui.  85:446.  1897.  13.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  139:38,  42.  1897.  14. 
Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  26.  1897.  15.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:243,  250.  1899.  16.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui. 
175:151.  1899.  17.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  113:158.  1899.  18.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  141.  1901.  19. 
Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  187:77,  80.  1901.  20.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  68:14,  33,  34.  1905.  21.  De  Vries  PI.  Br. 
170.  1907. 

Beni  Smono  No.  4  ?6.  Blood  Plum  7,  9,  16,  18,  20.  Blood  Plum?  i.  Blood  Plum  No.  4  ?p, 
13.  Blood  Plum  No.  4  ?n.  Honsmomo  n.  Honsmomo  ?g,  n.  Japan  Blood  Plum  3.  San- 
guine 10.  Satsuma  Blood  4.  Yonemomo  5,  7,  9,  16,  20.  Yonesmomo  5,  20. 

There  is  a  group  of  several  varieties  of  Triflora  plums  unique  in  having 
the  flesh  deep  red  in  color  and  very  firm  and  juicy.  Of  these  red-fleshed 
plums,  Satsuma  was  the  first  to  be  introduced  into  fruit-growing  in  Amer- 
ica and  is  one  of  the  parents  of  most  of  the  others.  While  the  fruit  is  not 
as  large  nor  as  handsome  in  color  as  in  some  of  its  offspring,  it  is  still  one 
of  the  best  varieties  for  quality  of  fruit  and  its  trees  are  possibly  as  good 
as  those  of  any  of  the  other  sorts  of  red-fleshed  Trifloras.  Satsuma,  besides 
being  one  of  the  best  of  its  class  in  quality  for  either  dessert  or  culinary 
purposes,  keeps  and  ships  very  well  and  if  the  plums  are  of  sufficient  size 
and  have  been  allowed  to  color  properly,  the  variety  makes  a  good  showing 
on  the  markets.  Too  often,  however,  it  is  so  unattractive  as  it  reaches 
the  market  that  it  does  not  sell  well.  In  the  South  the  plums  are  said  to 
be  much  attacked  by  brown -rot  but  they  are  not  more  susceptible  here 
than  other  plums.  The  trees  are  rather  above  the  average  for  the  species 
in  size,  habit,  health,  hardiness  and  productiveness  though  they  bear 
sparingly  when  young.  They  bloom  early  in  the  season  and  are  distin- 
guished from  other  Triflora  sorts  by  having  many  spurs  and  short 
branches  along  the  main  branches.  Satsuma  might  possibly  be  found 
worth  growing  commercially  in  a  very  small  way  in  some  parts  of 
the  State. 

Satsuma  was  raised  from  the  same  lot  of  plum  pits  from  which  the 
Burbank  came,  the  seeds  having  been  sent  to  Luther  Burbank  by  a  Japanese 


338  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

agent  in  1883.  In  1887  Burbank's  tree  was  the  only  bearing  one  in  America 
but  since  then  it  has  been  tested  in  all  of  the  large  plum  regions,  having 
been  introduced  by  Burbank  in  1889.  In  1897  it  was  added  to  the  fruit 
catalog  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society.  Even  though  this  plum 
is  very  distinct,  with  its  solid  red  flesh,  it  is  much  confused  with  other 
sorts.  A  Japanese  in  a  letter  '  to  L.  A.  Berckmans  says  "  Beni-Smomo 
comprises  a  group  of  red-fleshed  plums.  In  Satsuma,  my  native  home, 
Hon-smomo  and  Yone-smomo  are  the  most  noted  and  familiar  fruits  of 
this  group,  the  first  is  the  smallest  in  size  and  deepest  in  color,  while 
the  second  is  the  largest  and  most  highly  esteemed.  In  some  districts, 
plums  in  this  group  are  called  Uchi-Beni,  which  means  red  inside." 
Hon-smomo  or  Blood  Plum  No.  4  was  separated  from  the  Satsuma  or 
Yonemomo  by  the  Georgia  Horticultural  Society  but  Bailey  found  them 
indistinguishable. 

Tree  medium  to  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  usually  quite  hardy,  moderately 
productive,  bearing  heavier  crops  as  the  tree  becomes  older;  branches  grayish-brown' 
branchlets  medium  to  above  in  thickness  and  length,  with  short  internodes,  dark  chest- 
nut-red, glabrous,  with  slightly  raised  lenticels  of  medium  number  and  size;  leaf-buds 
small,  short,  conical,  appressed. 

Leaves  somewhat  lanceolate,  four  inches  by  one  and  one-half  inches  in  size,  of 
medium  thickness;  upper  surface  dark  green,  with  a  shallow,  grooved  midrib;  lower 
surface  light  green,  glabrous;  margin  finely  and  doubly  crenate,  glandular;  petiole 
three-quarters  inch  long,  tinged  red,  with  from  one  to  three  reniform,  greenish-yellow 
glands  variable  in  size,  usually  at  the  base  of  the  blade. 

Blossoms  white;  borne  in  pairs  or  in  threes;  pedicels  nine-sixteenths  inch  long, 
slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  obconic,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  medium 
in  width,  acute,  somewhat  serrate,  with  dark  colored  glands,  glabrous,  erect;  petals 
tapering  below  to  claws  of  medium  length,  reddish  at  the  base. 

Fruit  mid-season  or  later;  one  and  seven-eighths  inches  by  two  inches  in  size, 
variable  in  shape,  ranging  from  roundish-cordate  to  somewhat  oblate,  flattened  at 
the  base,  compressed,  halves  unequal;  cavity  deep,  narrow,  abrupt,  compressed;  suture 
variable  in  depth,  prominent;  apex  pointed  or  roundish;  color  dark  dull  red,  with  thin 
bloom;  dots  numerous,  of  medium  size,  russet,  somewhat  conspicuous,  clustered  about 
the  apex;  stem  slender,  three-eighths  inch  long,  glabrous;  skin  of  medium  thickness 
and  toughness,  bitter,  semi-adherent;  flesh  dark  purplish-red,  juicy,  tender  at  the 
skin,  becoming  tough  at  the  center,  sweet,  with  an  almond-like  flavor;  of  good  quality; 
stone  semi-clinging  or  clinging,  seven-eighths  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  oval, 
strongly  pointed,  rough,  tinged  red;  ventral  suture  narrow,  winged;  dorsal  suture 
grooved. 


1  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  105.    1891. 


SATSUMA 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  339 

SAUNDERS 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  143.     1885.      2.  Can.  Hort.  14:92,  223.    1891.      3.  Ibid.  19:253.  1896. 
4.  Ont.  Exp.  Sta.  Rpt.  45,  46.     1899.      5.  Can.  Hort.  27:244.     1904. 
Saunders  Seedling  5. 

The  American  Pomological  Society  recommends  this  variety  for  trial 
with  the  statement  that  the  quality  is  of  the  best  and  that  it  is  almost  free 
from  black-knot.  But  on  the  grounds  of  this  Station,  fruiting  for  several 
years,  the  plums  have  been  inferior  in  size  and  somewhat  so  in  quality  and 
all  told  much  less  attractive  than  a  number  of  other  sorts  of  the  same 
season.  Saunders  originated  with  John  Arris  of  Belleville,  Ontario,  Canada. 
It  was  first  exhibited  before  the  Fruit -Growers'  Association  of  Ontario  at 
St.  Catherines  in  1883.  In  1884,  upon  its  being  again  exhibited  before 
the  same  association,  it  was  named  Saunders  in  honor  of  the  society's 
noted  president.  The  variety  was  mentioned  in  the  catalog  of  the  Amer- 
ican Pomological  Society  in  1897. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  round-topped,  very  productive;  branchlets  brash,  slender, 
very  pubescent;  leaves  flattened,  obovate  or  oval,  one  and  three-quarters  inches  wide, 
four  inches  long,  somewhat  velvety,  rugose;  margin  finely  serrate,  eglandular  or  with 
small  dark  glands;  petiole  pubescent,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  small  glands; 
blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves, 
one  and  one-quarter  inches  across,  white;  borne  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  usually  singly; 
pedicels  very  pubescent. 

Fruit  early,  season  short;  one  and  one-half  inches  by  one  and  one-eighth  inches 
in  size,  oblong-oval,  greenish-yellow  changing  to  golden-yellow,  covered  with  thin 
bloom;  skin  thin,  tender,  slightly  sour,  cracking  when  fully  mature;  flesh  yellowish, 
tender  and  melting,  sweet,  mild;  of  good  quality;  stone  free,  one  inch  by  five-eighths 
inch  in  size,  long-oval,  flattened,  with  rough  surfaces'  ventral  suture  winged;  dorsal 
suture  with  a  narrow,  shallow  groove. 

SERGEANT 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Cal.  State  Bd.  Hort.  49,  51.  1887.  2.  Ibid.  234,  235.  1890.  3.  Ibid.  105.  1891.  4.  Wick- 
son  Cal.  Fruits  357.  1891.  5.  U,  S.  D.  A.  Div.  Pom.  Bui.  7:316,  PI.  IV  fig.  2.  1898.  6.  Am. 
Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  39.  1899.  7.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  121.  1901. 

Prune  d'Ente  2.  Prunier  Datte  i.  Robe  de  Sergent  2,  5,  6.  Robe  de  Sergeant  7.  Robe  de 
Sergent  i,  3,  4. 

In  France,  from  whence  Sergeant  was  imported  to  California,  Ser- 
geant, Agen  and  Prunier  Datte  are  held  to  be  identical.  But  in  America 


340  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

only  the  first  and  last  are  identical,  the  Agen  being  quite  distinct.  It 
would  seem  that  the  French  should  know  their  own  plums  and  that  their 
nomenclature  should  be  accepted  but  the  Sergeant  is  now  so  widely  dis- 
tributed in  America  as  distinct  that  we  give  a  brief  description  of^  the 
plum.  There  may  be  more  than  one  type  of  the  Agen  in  France  or  Amer- 
ican nurserymen  may  have  received  wrongly  named  varieties. 

Tree  upright,  with  branches  and  branchlets  thickish,  more  robust  than  Agen; 
foliage  large,  lancet-shaped,  glossy,  much  broader  and  more  shiny  than  Agen;  fruit 
mid-season;  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval,  enlarged  on  one  side;  skin  deep  purple 
to  blackish  with  a  thick  bloom;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicier  than  Agen,  sweet,  high 
flavored;  quality  good;  stone  partially  clinging;  valuable  for  preserving  and  drying. 

SHARP 

Prunus  domestica 

I.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  153.  1831.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Ant.  315.  1845.  3-  Ann.  Pom. 
Beige  63,  PI.  1859.  4.  Cultivator  8:25  fig.  1860.  5.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  948.  1869.  6. 
Guide  Prat.  160,  358.  1895.  7.  Jour.  Roy.  Hon.  Soc.  21:  Pt.  2,  222.  1897.  8.  Waugh  Plum 
Cult.  122,  123  fig.  1901. 

Alderton  5.  Dolphin  5.  Dauphin  5.  Denyer's  Victoria  ?2,  5,  7.  Empereur  de  Sharp  3,  6. 
Imperial  de  Sharp  5.  Imperiale  de  Sharp  6.  Prune  Imperiale  de  Sharp  3.  Queen  Victoria  ?2. 
Royal  Dauphine  5.  Sharp  8  incor.  Sharp's  Emperor  i,  2  incor.,  4,  5  incor.  Sharp's  Emperor 
3,  6,  8  incor.  Sharpe's  Emperor  7.  Sharps  Kaiserpflaume  6.  Victoria  5,  8  incor. 

Sharp  was  briefly  described  in  the  London  Horticultural  Society 
catalog  in  1831.  Later,  in  1845,  A.  J.  Downing  described  the  variety 
but  thought  it  identical  with  the  Victoria,  as  did  other  writers,  as  will  be 
seen  by  referring  to  the  Victoria.  H.  A.  Pearson  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Royal  Horticultural  Society,  comparing  these  two  sorts  says,  "  Sharp's 
Emperor  is  a  second  rate  plum,  resembling  Victoria,  in  appearance,  but 
very  inferior  in  point  of  cropping  and  quality,  a  decided  clingstone,  often 
gumming  at  the  stone,  and  ripening  a  fortnight  later  than  its  supposed 
synonym,  not  worthy  of  cultivation."  August  Royer  in  the  Annals  de 
Pomologie  Beige  et  Etrangere  also  separated  the  two  varieties  but  describes 
them  both  as  freestones.  While  there  is  a  lack  of  uniformity  in  the 
descriptions  yet  the  total  evidence  weighs  in  favor  of  two  types  which  are 
very  similar.  The  Victoria  is  probably  the  better  plum  of  the  two. 

SHELDRAKE 

Prunus  domestica 

Although  extremely  vigorous  and  productive  this  variety  is  so  inferior 
in  quality  as  to  be  of  doubtful  value.  Sheldrake  originated  as  a  chance 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  34! 

seedling  on  the  shore  of  Cayuga  Lake  near  the  town  of  Sheldrake,  New 
York.  It  was  discovered  and  propagated  by  J.  T.  Hunt  of  Kendaia,  New 
York,  and  has  been  under  test  at  the  Geneva  Station  since  1895. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  round-topped,  productive;  branchlets  thick,  with  long  inter- 
nodes,  pubescent;  leaves  drooping,  somewhat  flattened,  oval,  nearly  two  and  one-half 
inches  wide,  four  and  one-quarter  inches  long;  margin  serrate  with  few,  small,  dark 
glands;  petiole  pubescent,  tinged  red,  thick,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  four  rather 
large  glands  usually  at  the  base  of  the  leaf;  blooming  season  intermediate  in  time,  short; 
flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  nearly  one  and  one-quarter  inches  across;  borne 
singly  or  in  pairs. 

Fruit  rather  early;  one  and  one-half  inches  by  one  and  three-eighths  inches  in 
size,  roundish-oblong;  cavity  very  deep,  abrupt;  color  purplish-black,  overspread  with 
thick  bloom;  dots  conspicuous;  stem  thickly  pubescent;  skin  thin,  tender,  slightly 
acid;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  sweet  next  the  skin,  but  sour  near  the  center,  inferior  in 
flavor;  poor  in  quality;  stone  dark-colored,  semi-clinging,  one  inch  by  three-quarters 
inch  in  size,  broadly  ovate  or  irregularly  oval,  flattened,  with  roughened  and  gran- 
ular surfaces;  ventral  suture  prominent,  blunt. 

SHIPPER 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Card.  Man.  24:339.  1882.  2.  W.  N.  Y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  31:60.  1886.  3.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui. 
131:191,  fig.  42.  1897.  4.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:243,  247.  1899.  5.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  and 
Ser.  3:56.  1900.  6.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  187:77,  79.  1901.  7.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  119.  1901. 

Pride  7.     Shipper  Pride  4.     Shippers'  Pride  7.     Shipper's  Pride  i,  2,  3,  5,  8. 

This  plum  has  never  become  an  important  commercial  variety  in 
New  York  yet  it  is  offered  for  sale  by  a  surprisingly  large  number  of  nursery- 
men. The  variety  has  too  many  faults  to  succeed  in  competition  with  the 
many  good  plums  of  its  color  and  season.  The  flesh  is  dry  and  the  plums 
often  shrivel  on  the  tree,  characters  which  fit  it  for  shipping,  but  which 
when  taken  with  poor  quality  and  small  size  make  it  of  little  value  after 
it  reaches  the  market.  Moreover  it  fruits  sparingly  under  many  condi- 
tions, though  productive  here,  and  the  plums  ripen  somewhat  unevenly 
and  are  susceptible  to  brown -rot.  Some  pomologists  give  a  rather  better 
estimate  of  the  variety  than  that  expressed  here,  but  from  all  data  at 
hand  the  value  of  the  plum  is  not  underestimated  in  the  above  state- 
ments. There  are  a  great  many  better  plums  for  New  York  than  Shipper. 

This  variety  was  introduced  by  Mr.  H.  S.  Wiley  of  Cayuga,  New  York. 
The  plum  was  found  by  Mr.  Wiley  in  a  private  garden  at  Port  Byron,  New 
York,  about  1877.  The  man  upon  whose  place  it  grew  thought  that  it 


342  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

came  from  a  stone  of  one  of  the  several  varieties  in  his  garden  but  Mr. 
Wiley  is  not  sure  of  this  origin  and  suggests  that  it  may  have  sprouted 
from  a  root. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  round-topped,  hardy,  productive;  branches  thifek,  ash-gray, 
smooth  except  for  the  raised  lenticels;  branchlets  of  medium  thickness  and  length, 
with  long  internodes,  green  changing  to  brownish-drab  and  with  a  red  tinge,  dull, 
covered  with  thick  pubescence  throughout  the  season,  with  inconspicuous  lenticels 
of  medium  number  and  size;  leaf-buds  small,  short,  conical,  appressed. 

Leaves  many,  flattened  or  folded  upward,  obovate  or  oval,  one  and  three-quarters 
inches  wide,  three  and  one-half  inches  long,  thick,  leathery;  upper  surface  dark  green, 
hairy,  with  a  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  thick,  pubescent;  apex 
abruptly  pointed  or  acute,  base  acute,  margin  serrate  or  crenate,  eglandular  or  with 
small  dark  glands;  petiole  one-half  inch  long,  thick,  pubescent,  with  a  red  tinge,  glandless 
or  with  one  or  two  globose,  yellowish-green  glands  usually  at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Season  of  bloom  intermediate  in  time  and  length ;  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves, 
nearly  one  and  one-quarter  inches  across,  white ;  borne  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly 
or  in  pairs;  pedicels  three-quarters  inch  long,  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green, 
campanulate,  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  obtuse,  lightly  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  gland- 
ular-serrate and  with  marginal  hairs,  reflexed;  petals  broadly  oval  or  obovate,  slightly 
crenate  or  occasionally  notched,  with  short,  broad  claws;  anthers  yellow;  filaments 
five-sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  late,  intermediate  in  length  of  ripening  season;  one  and  one-half  inches  by 
one  and  three-eighths  inches  in  size,  ovate,  swollen  on  the  suture  side,  compressed, 
halves  equal;  cavity  shallow,  abrupt;  suture  shallow;  apex  bluntly  pointed;  color 
purplish-black,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  dots  small,  russet,  somewhat  conspicuous; 
stem  seven-eighths  inch  long,  pubescent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tender, 
separating  readily;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  rather  tart,  firm,  sweet,  mild  in  flavor;  inferior 
in  quality;  stone  semi-clinging,  often  with  red  tinge  near  the  edge,  seven-eighths  inch 
by  three-quarters  inch  in  size,  irregular  roundish-ovate,  turgid,  rough,  blunt  at  the  base 
and  apex;  ventral  suture  wide,  ridged,  distinctly  winged;  dorsal  suture  wide,  deep. 

SHIRO 

Prunus  simonii  X  Prunus  triflora  X  Prunus  cerasifera  X  Prunus  munsoniana 

i.  Cal.  State  Ed.  Hort.  53  fig.     1897.      2     Burbank   Cat.     1899.      3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  225. 
1901.      4.  Rural  N.  Y.  62:582.    1903. 
Late  Klondike  i. 

Shiro  has  been  in  the  hands  of  fruit-growers  too  short  a  time  to  permit 
a  just  estimate  of  it  to  be  made.  As  the  variety  grows  on  the  grounds  of 
this  Station,  the  fruits  are  large  and  handsome  in  form  and  color,  as  is  well 
shown  in  the  illustration.  The  flavor  lacks  character  and  is  almost  insipid 
but  the  flesh  is  tender,  melting  and  juicy  and  so  translucent  that  the  pit 


SHIPPER 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  343 

can  be  seen  through  the  flesh.  Despite  the  flavor,  the  plum  is  pleasant 
to  eat  and  may  be  ranked  as  good  in  quality.  Those  who  have  had  ex- 
perience say  that  the  variety  ships  very  well  if  not  fully  mature  but  quickly 
goes  down  after  ripening;  the  plums  are  also  quite  susceptible  to  brown  - 
rot.  The  trees  of  this  variety  at  Geneva  are  quite  as  vigorous,  hardy, 
and  productive  as  any  of  the  sorts  which  Mr.  Burbank  gives  as  progenitors 
of  Shiro  and  will  generally,  it  is  believed,  surpass  any  of  them  in  these 
respects.  It  may  here  be  remarked  that  of  the  four  species  from  which 
Shiro  is  supposed  to  have  come,  it  most  resembles  Prunus  triflora  in  both 
tree  and  fruit  though  the  leaves  have  some  resemblance  to  those  of  Prunus 
cerastfera.  Shiro  is  still,  so  far  as  New  York  is  concerned,  in  the  list  of 
plums  deserving  trial  but  with  the  chances  against  its  becoming  of  great 
value  either  for  home  or  commercial  plantations. 

This  is  another  of  Burbank's  plums  and  is  said  to  be  a  descendant  of  Rob- 
inson, (Prunus  munsoniana,}  Myrobalan,  (Prunus  cerasifera),  and  Wickson, 
(a  cross  of  Prunus  triflora  and  Prunus  simonii)  from  seed  of  Wickson. 
Burbank  in  his  catalog  for  1889  says  that  the  tree  resembles  a  Myrobalan 
in  foliage,  growth  and  general  appearance.  But  as  the  variety  grows  at 
this  Station  it  has  all  the  appearances  of  a  Triflora.  Shiro  was  described 
in  the  California  State  Board  of  Horticulture  Report  for  1898  and  the 
following  year  it  was  introduced  by  the  originator. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  tender  to  cold,  productive;  branches 
smooth,  somewhat  thorny,  dull  ash-gray,  with  few,  small  lenticels;  branchlets  slender, 
above  medium  in  length,  with  short  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  brownish- 
drab,  glabrous,  with  inconspicuous,  scattering,  small  lenticels;  leaf-buds  small,  very 
short,  obtuse,  strongly  appressed. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  obovate,  one  and  five-sixteenths  inches  wide,  two  and  three- 
quarters  inches  long,  leathery;  upper  surface  faintly  rugose,  glabrous,  with  a  grooved 
midrib ;  lower  surface  lightly  pubescent  along  the  midrib  and  larger  veins ;  apex  acutely 
pointed,  base  rather  acute,  margin  finely  crenate,  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole 
three-eighths  inch  long,  pubescent  along  one  side,  greenish-red,  glandless  or  with  one 
or  two  small,  globose,  yellowish  glands  on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  early  and  of  medium  length;  flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves, 
white;  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs;  pedicels  short,  glabrous,  greenish; 
calyx-tube  green,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  obtuse,  glandular-serrate,  glabrous 
on  the  outer  side,  sparingly  pubescent  within,  with  a  pink  margin,  erect;  petals  roundish, 
entire,  tapering  to  short,  abrupt  claws;  anthers  yellow  with  a  reddish  tinge;  filaments 
below  medium  in  length;  pistil  glabrous,  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  very  early,  season  short;  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter,  roundish- 
conic,  with  halves  equal;  cavity  intermediate  in  depth  and  width,  flaring,  regular; 


344  THE    PLUMS    OP   NEW    YORK. 

suture  an  indistinct  line;  apex  roundish;  color  light  yellow  becoming  deeper  yellow 
as  the  season  advances,  occasionally  with  a  blush  of  pink,  with  thin  bloom;  dots 
numerous,  very  minute,  whitish,  inconspicuous;  stem  three-eighths  inch  long,  adhering 
to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tough,  sour,  occasionally  cracking,  separating  readily,  although 
a  thin  coating  of  flesh  is  left  clinging  to  the  skin;  flesh  light  yellow,  semi-transparent, 
the  stone  being  faintly  visible,  very  juicy,  fibrous,  somewhat  melting,  sweet,  mild, 
lacks  character  in  flavor;  good;  stone  clinging,  seven-eighths  inch  by  five-eighths  inch 
in  size,  broadly  oval,  flattened,  slightly  elongated  at  the  base,  with  rough  surfaces; 
ventral  suture  faintly  ridged  and  furrowed;  dorsal  suture  very  lightly  grooved. 

SHROPSHIRE 

Prunus  insititia 

i.  Rea  Flora  209.  1676.  2.  Land.  Hart.  Soc.  Cat.  146.  1831  3.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:90. 
1832.  4.  Loudon  Enc.  Card.  921.  1834.  5.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  297.  1845.  6.  Floy-Lindley 
Guide  Orch.  Card.  282,  383.  1846.  7.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  520.  1859.  8.  Hogg  Fruit  Man. 
377.  1866.  9.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  36.  1875.  10.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  695.  1884.  u.  Mich.  Hart. 
Soc.  Rpt.  289.  1889.  12.  Am.  Card.  14:146  fig.,  147,  148.  1893.  13.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:192 
fig.  46.  1897.  14.  Garden  53:265.  1898.  15,  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:243,  247.  1899.  16.  Waugh 
Plum  Cult.  130  fig.  1901.  17.  Va.  Sta.  Bui.  134:44.  1902.  18.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  67:281  fig.  1904. 

Cheshire  14.  Damascene  8,  10,  14.  Damson  Plum  3.  Long  Damson  2.  Long  Damson  7,  8, 
10.  Pruine  Damson?  i.  Prune  Damson  2,  4,  5,  7,  14.  Prune  Damson  6,  8.  Prune  10.  Shrop- 
shire Damson  ?6,  8,  10,  15,  16,  17.  Shropshire  Damson  2,  3,  4,  7,  9,  u,  12,  13,  18. 

In  America,  Shropshire  is  probably  the  best  known  of  the  Damsons, 
being  found  not  only  in  nearly  all  commercial  plantations  but  in  the  smallest 
home  collections  as  well.  The  qualities  which  make  it  so  generally  a 
favorite  are  for  most  part  those  of  the  tree,  the  French  surpassing  it  in  size 
and  in  quality  of  the  fruit.  The  trees  of  the  variety  under  notice  are  not 
surpassed  by  any  other  Insititia  in  size,  vigor,  hardiness  and  health  nor 
are  they,  except  in  size,  by  any  other  European  plum.  Shropshire  is 
enormously  productive,  bearing  its  load  of  fruit  year  after  year  until  it 
is  a  standard  among  fruits  for  productivity  and  reliability  in  bearing. 
The  trees  have  but  one  defect, — unless  sprayed  the  foliage  falls  prey  to 
fungi  and  drops  early.  The  trees  are  comparatively  easy  to  manage  in 
such  orchard  operations  as  pruning,  spraying  and  harvesting  as  they  are 
not  so  thick -topped,  twiggy  and  spiny  as  other  Damsons.  The  fruit  is  of 
very  good  size  and  while  in  no  sense  a  dessert  plum  may  be  eaten  out  of 
hand  with  relish  when  fully  ripe  or  after  a  light  frost — a  point  worth  con- 
sidering where  only  Damsons  can  be  grown.  It  is  one  of  the  best  of  its 
kind  for  culinary  purposes.  This  old  variety  is  still  to  be  recommended 
for  both  home  and  market. 


SHIRO 


SHROPSHIRE 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  345 

Shropshire  originated  in  England,  sometime  in  the  Seventeenth  Cen- 
tury. It  was  noted  by  American  writers  early  in  the  Nineteenth  Century 
and  in  1875  was  placed  on  the  American  Pomological  Society's  fruit  catalog 
list.  Shropshire  is  a  more  familiar  name  in  fruit  literature  than  the  refer- 
ences given  indicate,  being  found  in  practically  every  English  discussion 
of  plums  since  1676  and  in  all  American  notices  of  this  fruit  since  Prince 
wrote  in  1832.  For  a  fruit  so  long  under  cultivation,  it  has  few  synonyms. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  vasiform,  hardy,  productive;  main  branches  numerous,  ash- 
gray,  smooth  except  for  numerous  scars  from  small  spur-like  branches,  with  many, 
small  lenticels;  branchlets  twiggy,  slender,  with  short  internodes,  green  changing  to 
dark  brownish-drab,  dull,  covered  with  heavy  pubescence  throughout  the  season,  with 
numerous,  small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  below  medium  in  size,  short,  conical,  appressed. 

Leaves  flattened,  obovate,  about  one  inch  wide,  two  inches  long,  thin;  upper 
surface  dark  green,  pubescent  along  the  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  a  paler  green, 
with  thin  pubescence;  apex  obtuse  or  acute,  base  acute,  margin  finely  serrate,  eglandular; 
petiole  one-half  inch  long,  slender,  greenish-red,  with  little  pubescence,  glandless  or 
with  one  or  two  small,  globose,  greenish-yellow  glands  usually  at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Season  of  bloom  medium;  flowers  seven-eighths  inch  across,  white;  borne  in 
clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  three-eighths  inch  long, 
slender,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes 
narrow,  acute,  glabrous,  the  margin  glandular-ciliate,  reflexed;  petals  roundish-oval, 
entire,  short-clawed;  anthers  yellow;  filaments  five-sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous, 
shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  late,  season  long;  one  and  one-half  inches  by  one  inch  in  size,  oval,  compressed, 
halves  equal;  cavity  shallow,  narrow,  flaring;  suture  an  indistinct  line;  apex  roundish; 
color  purplish-black,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  russet,  incon- 
spicuous; stem  slender,  one-half  inch  long,  glabrous,  adhering  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin, 
tender,  adhering;  flesh  golden-yellow,  juicy,  firm  but  tender,  agreeably  tart  at  full 
maturity,  sprightly,  pleasant;  stone  clinging,  three-quarters  inch  by  one-half  inch  in 
size,  oval,  acute  at  the  base,  blunt  at  the  apex,  with  nearly  smooth  surfaces;  ventral 
suture  broad,  blunt;  dorsal  suture  acute,  with  a  narrow,  shallow,  indistinct  groove. 

SIMON 

Prunus  simonii 

i.  Rev.  Hon.  in.  1872.  2.  Horticulturist  27:196.  1872.  3.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  374,  378. 
1881.  4.  Ibid.  321.  1884.  5.  Rural  N.  Y.  45:689  fig.  389.  1886.  6.  Ibid.  46:766.  1887.  7.  Ga. 
Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  53,  99.  1889.  8.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  444.  1889.  9.  Col.  State  Bd.  Hort.  Rpt.  236, 
PI.  II  figs,  i  and  2,  238.  1890.  10.  Rev.  Hort.  152  fig.  40.  1891.  u.  Penin.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  68. 
1891.  12.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  51:55.  1893.  13.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  103:35.  1894.  14.  Guide  Prat.  164, 
362.  1895.  15.  Neb.  State  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  ITS.  1895.  16.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.  73:192.  1897.  17.  Vt. 
Sta.  Bui.  67:29.  1898.  18.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  41.  1899.  19.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  14,  38,  234. 
1901. 


346  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Apricot  Plum  12,  19.  Apricot  Plum  9,  u.  Plum  Simon  2.  Prune  Eugene  Simon  8.  Prunier 
de  Simon  8,  14.  Prunus  simoni  4,  7,  17.  Prunus  Simonii  2.  Prunus  Simonii  i,  3,  6,  8,  10,  n,  14, 
16,  19.  Prunus  simoni  8.  Simon  19.  Simon's  Chinese  Apricot  Plum  7.  Simon's  Peach  15. 
Simon's  Plum  5. 

The  Simon  plum,  a  horticultural  variety,  constitutes  the  species  Prunus 
simonii  and  has  been  fully  discussed  in  the  chapter  of  this  text  dealing 
with  the  botany  of  the  plum.  It  is  given  further  notice  only  to  introduce 
the  horticultural  references  and  history  and  to  estimate  briefly  its  value 
in  fruit-growing.  As  to  the  latter  it  may  be  said  that  the  fruit  is  for  most 
people  unpalatable,  and  therefore  of  little  worth  as  an  edible  product. 
Some  of  the  crosses  of  which  this  variety  is  one  parent  are  well  known 
and  esteemed  in  pomology  and  the  Simon  plum  undoubtedly  has  value 
for  plum-breeding  in  the  future.  The  tree,  where  it  succeeds,  is  a  handsome 
ornamental.  In  New  York  the  variety  seems  hardy  wherever  the  peach 
can  be  grown  and  thrives  on  the  same  types  of  soils — sands,  gravels  and 
light  loams.  The  tree  is  subject  to  diseases  and  unless  well  sprayed  is 
liable  to  be  short-lived.  The  variety  can  be  recommended  in  New  York 
only  to  the  breeder  of  plums  and  for  those  who  want  the  tree  as  an  orna- 
mental or  a  curiosity. 

This  interesting  and  distinct  pltim  was  obtained  in  China  by  Eugene 
Simon,  a  French  consul,  who  sent  it  to  the  Paris  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory in  1867.  Later  it  was  disseminated  by  the  nurseries  of  Simon  Brothers 
at  Plantieres-Les-Metz.  The  date  of  its  introduction  into  America  is 
unknown,  though  it  was  offered  for  sale  by  the  eastern  nurseries  as  early 
as  1 88 1.  Ellwanger  and  Barry  of  Rochester  secured  their  stock  from 
France  a  few  years  previous  to  the  date  given  but  whether  they  were  the 
only  importers  cannot  be  said.  In  1899  the  American  Pomological  Society 
added  Simon  to  its  catalog  list.  The  variety  is  fully  described  under  its 
species. 

SIMPSON 

Prunus  domestica 
i.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  113:161.    1899.      2.  Ibid.  162:256,  257.    1905. 

The  fruit  of  Simpson  is  too  small  and  is  so  much  below  the  average 
of  its  type,  that  of  the  Yellow  Egg,  in  quality  that  it  is  not  worth  general 
introduction.  It  is  given  attention  here  chiefly  as  a  matter  of  record. 
Although  unquestionably  a  Domestica,  Simpson  was  found  growing  wild 
in  the  woods  west  of  Peoria,  Illinois.  It  was  introduced  by  H.  Augustine 
of  Normal,  Illinois,  about  1888. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  347 

Tree  large,  very  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  dense,  very  productive;  branchlets 
slender,  with  long  internodes,  thickly  pubescent;  leaf-buds  large,  long;  leases  flattened, 
oval,  intermediate  in  width  and  length;  margin  serrate,  eglandular;  petiole  pubescent, 
glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  globose  glands  usually  on  the  stalk;  flowers  one 
inch  across,  borne  in  scattering  clusters,  singly  or  in  pairs;  calyx-lobes  thickly  pubescent 
on  both  surfaces. 

Fruit  mid-season;  one  and  one-half  inches  by  one  and  three-eighths  inches  in  size, 
oval,  golden-yellow,  covered  with  thin  bloom;  flesh  golden-yellow,  juicy,  firm  but  tender, 
sweet,  mild;  good;  stone  semi-free,  seven-eighths  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  oval, 
acute  at  the  base;  ventral  suture  usually  winged;  dorsal  suture  widely  and  deeply 
grooved. 

SMALL  REINE  CLAUDE 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:91.  1768.  2.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  39,  Tab.  189  fig.  2.  1796.  3. 
M'Mahon  Am.  Card.  Cal.  587.  1806.  4.  Land.  Hart.  Soc.  Cat.  147,  148,  154.  1831.  5.  Prince 
Pom.  Man.  2:49.  l832-  6-  MaS-  Hort-  9=l64-  l843-  7-  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  288.  1845. 
8.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  284,  383.  1846.  9.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  330.  1849.  lo- 
Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  913.  1869.  n.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:93.  1873.  12.  Oberdieck  Devi.  Obst. 
Sort.  435.  1881.  13.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  732.  1884.  14.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  437-  l889- 

Die  kleine  Konigin  Claudia  2.  English  Yellow  Gage  9,  10.  English  Yellow  Gage  n,  14. 
Gonne's  Green  Gage  6,  7,  10,  13,  14.  Gonne's  Green  Gage  4.  Kibitzenei  14.  Kleine  Dauphine  14. 
Kleine  Reine-Claude  12,  14.  Kleine  Weisse  Damascene  12,  14.  Kleine  Reine-Claude  n.  Kleine 
Grune  Reine-Claude  n,  12,  14.  Little  Rcine  Claude  5.  Little  Queen  Claude  7,  9,  10,  n,  13,  14, 
Little  Queen  Claude  8.  Little  Queen  Claudia  3.  Little  Queen  Claudia  5.  Petite  Reine-Claude  i. 
ii.  Petite  Reine-Claude  2,  5,  7,  8,  10.  Petit  Damas  Vert  13,  14.  Reine-Claude  Petite  Espece  14. 
Reine-Claude  Blanche  Petite  Espece  5,  6,  7,  10.  Reine-Claude  Blanche  6,  7,  10,  14.  Reine-Claude 
Petite  13,  14.  Rcine  Claude  (of  some)  6.  Small  Green  Gage  5,  7,  10,  14.  Small  Queen  Claude  5. 
White  Gage  6,  7,  10,  13,  14.  White  Gage  4.  Yellow  Gage  4,  6,  7,  13.  Yellow  Gage  n,  14. 

Small  Reine  Claude,  an  old  variety  of  unknown  origin,  is  now  prob- 
ably obsolete.  Thomas  and  Downing  described  it  as  an  English  Yellow 
Gage  but  it  cannot  be  found  that  it  is  ever  so  called  in  Europe.  Since 
the  variety  was  known  in  France  and  Austria  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
Eighteenth  Century  it  is  quite  certain  that  it  originated  on  the  continent. 
From  its  name  and  close  resemblance  to  the  Reine  Claude  it  is  safe  to 
state  that  it  is  a  seedling  of  that  sort.  It  is  described  as  follows: 

Tree  of  normal  vigor;  branches  smooth;  flowers  small;  fruit  medium  in  size, 
nearly  spherical,  truncated  on  the  stem  side  and  slightly  on  the  apex;  suture  wide  and 
distinct,  thus  differing  from  the  Reine  Claude;  stem  medium  in  length;  cavity  shallow; 
skin  tender,  yellowish-green,  often  splashed  with  red  on  the  sunny  side;  flesh  greenish- 
yellow,  fine,  a  little  firm,  sweet,  rich  and  pleasant;  freestone;  ripens  earlier  than  the 
Reine  Claude. 


348  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

SMITH  ORLEANS 

Prunus  domestica 

X.  Prince  Treat.  Hort. 21.  1828.  2.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:68.  1832.  3.  Mag.  Hort.  9:410.  1843. 
4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  304,  305  fig.  125.  1845.  5.  Mag.  Hort.  14:152,  153  fig.  16.  1848.  6. 
Cole  Am.  Fr.  Book  214  fig.  1849.  7-  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  343.  1849.  8  Elliott  Fr.  Book 
424.  1854.  9.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  210.  1856.  10.  Hooper  W.  Fr.  Book  252.  1857.  n.  Hogg 
Fruit  Man.  382.  1866.  12.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  450.  1889.  13.  Ont.  Fr.  Exp.  Sta.  Rft.  52.  1895. 
14.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:192.  1897. 

Cooper's  5.  Cooper's  Large  5.  Cooper's  Large  Red  5.  Cooper's  Red  6.  Duane's  Purple  3 
incor.  La  Delicieuse  8.  Large  Orleans  3.  Large  Purple  3  incor.  Monsieur  de  Smith  12.  Purple 
Magnum  Bonum  3.  Red  Magnum  Bonum  incor.  3,  4,  5,  6,  12.  Smith's  large  Orleans  2.  Smith's 
Orleans  i,  2,  3,  4,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10,  n,  13,  14.  Smith's  Orleans  5,  12.  Smith's  Orleans  Pflaume  12. 
Smith's  Herrn  Pflaume  12.  Violet  Perdrigon  incor.  3,  4,  5,  6,  12.  Violetter  Perdrigon  12  incor. 

In  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  Smith  Orleans  was  considered  about 
the  best  plum  of  its  color  in  America.  But  the  fruit  is  not  high  in  quality, 
the  texture  of  the  flesh  is  coarse  and  it  ripens  at  a  time  when  fruits  are 
plentiful,  for  which  reasons  it  has  ceased  to  be  regarded  with  favor  by 
either  the  amateur  or  the  professional  fruit  -grower.  The  trees,  however, 
seem  to  have  some  remarkably  desirable  characters  and  it  may  be  that 
the  variety  should  be  retained  for  some  locations  and  purposes  and  to 
breed  from,  at  least.  If  the  older  pomologists  have  written  truly  few 
plums  are  adapted  to  a  greater  range  of  climates  and  soils  than  this  one; 
so,  too,  the  trees  are  usually  spoken  of  as  of  large  size,  vigorous,  healthy, 
of  great  productiveness  and  as  holding  the  crop  well.  The  trees  in  the 
soil  and  climate  of  this  Station  are  quite  as  the  older  writers  describe  them 
and  were  the  fruit  only  better  in  quality  and  somewhat  more  attractive 
in  appearance,  the  variety  could  be  highly  recommended  for  a  market 
plum  and  as  a  fruit  for  culinary  purposes  in  the  home  orchard. 

William  Prince,  in  1828,  in  his  Treatise  on  Horticulture,  briefly  described 
Smith  Orleans,  and  seventeen  years  later  A.  J.  Downing  gave  a  short  history 
of  the  variety.  It  is  a  seedling  of  the  Orleans  raised  about  1825  by  a  Mr. 
Smith  of  Gowanus,  Long  Island,  New  York.  By  an  error  the  variety  was 
sent  out  as  the  Violet,  or  Blue  Perdrigon,  a  smaller  and  very  different 
fruit.  Charles  M.  Hovey  of  Massachusetts,  who  secured  trees  of  the  Cooper 
from  Prince,  about  1831,  believed  this  variety  to  be  identical  with  the 
Smith  Orleans  in  all  characters.  Downing  could  not  agree  with  him  but 
the  present  writers  find  that  the  two  varieties  are  so  much  alike  that  it 
is  impossible  to  distinguish  between  them.  As  is  suggested  under  Cooper, 
they  may  be  identical  or  they  may  have  come  true  to  seed  irom  the  same 
parent.  The  American  Pomological  Society  recommended  this  plum  for 
general  cultivation  in  1856. 


SMITH  ORLEANS 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  349 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  open-topped,  very  productive  ;  trunk  rather  rough; 
branches  smooth,  with  few  lenticels;  branchlets  of  medium  thickness  and  length,  with 
long  internodes,  green  changing  to  dark  brownish-red,  covered  with  thin  bloom,  lightly 
pubescent  early  in  the  season  becoming  almost  glabrous  at  maturity,  with  few,  small 
lenticels;  leaf-buds  of  medium  size  and  length,  conical,  appressed. 

Leaves  flattened  or  somewhat  folded  backward,  obovate,  two  inches  wide,  three 
and  five-eighths  inches  long,  thick,  velvety;  upper  surface  dark  green,  rugose,  with  but 
few  hairs  along  the  narrow,  deeply  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  covered 
with  thick  pubescence;  apex  abruptly  pointed  or  acute,  base  acute,  margin  crenate, 
with  few  small,  dark  brown  glands;  petiole  one-half  inch  long,  heavily  pubescent,  tinged 
red  along  one  side,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  small,  globose,  yellow  glands  usually 
at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Season  of  bloom  medium,  short;  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  one  and  one- 
quarter  inches  across,  white,  with  a  yellow  tinge;  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and 
spurs;  pedicels  five-eighths  inch  long,  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanu- 
late,  with  few  scattering  hairs;  calyx-lobes  above  medium  in  width,  obtuse,  sparingly 
pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  glandular-serrate  and  with  marginal  hairs,  reflexed;  petals 
broad-obovate  or  oval,  crenate,  tapering  to  long  claws  of  medium  width;  anthers  yellow, 
filaments  seven-sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  intermediate  in  time  and  length  of  ripening  season,  one  and  five-eighths  inches 
by  one  and  one-half  inches  in  size,  oval,  compressed,  halves  somewhat  unequal;  cavity 
shallow,  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  very  shallow  or  sometimes  a  line;  apex  roundish  or 
depressed;  color  dark  purplish-black,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous 
small,  russet,  inconspicuous;  stem  three-quarters  inch  long,  pubescent,  adhering  to 
the  fruit;  skin  below  medium  in  thickness,  tender,  sour,  separating  readily;  flesh  pale 
yellow,  juicy,  tender,  sweet,  of  pleasant  flavor;  good;  stone  clinging,  one  inch  by  five- 
eighths  inch  in  size,  oval,  with  very  rough  and  deeply  pitted  surfaces,  usually  somewhat 
flattened,  tapering  abruptly  at  the  base,  blunt  at  the  apex;  ventral  suture  wide,  blunt; 
dorsal  suture  with  a  groove  variable  in  depth  and  width. 

SOPHIE 

Primus  munsoniana 
i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  263,  PI.  VI.    1892.        2.  Ken-  Cat.  1894.      3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  189.    1901. 

Sophie  is  fast  being  lost  sight  of  among  the  multitudes  of  native  plums 
recently  introduced.  Without  any  very  distinct  merits  it  yet  stands  high 
among  plums  of  its  kind.  The  variety  is  a  seedling  of  Wild  Goose  at  first 
supposed  by  the  originator,  J.  W.  Kerr,1  of  Denton,  Maryland,  to  have 

1  J.  W.  Kerr,  one  of  the  best  informed  and  most  enthusiastic  cultivators  of  native  and  Tri- 
flora  plums,  was  born  in  York  County,  Pennsylvania,  January  23,  1842.  He  is  of  Scotch-Irish 
lineage  paternally  and  of  English  ancestors  maternally.  His  education  at  the  village  school  was 
supplemented  by  several  years  teaching  and  much  reading  and  study  in  horticultural  literature, 
fondness  for  which  seems  to  have  been  inborn.  In  his  early  manhood  Mr.  Kerr  engaged  in  growing 


350  THE    PLUMS    OP   NEW    YORK. 

been  pollinated  by  a  German  Prune  which  stood  near.  This  is  hardly  the 
case,  however,  as  no  trace  of  Domestica  blood  can  be  detected  in  the 
variety.  It  is  mentioned  by  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  its 
catalog  for  1899. 

Tree  large,  very  vigorous,  spreading,  open-topped,  productive;  branches  thorny, 
shaggy,  with  long  and  unbranched  limbs;  branchlets  willowy,  slender;  leaves  folded 
upward,  oval,  one  and  three-quarters  inches  wide,  three  and  one-quarter  inches  long,  thin; 
margin  shallowly  crenate,  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  slender,  pubescent,  with  from 
one  to  three  small  glands;  blooming  season  late,  long;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves, 
nearly  three-quarters  inch  across,  white,  pinkish  as  they  open,  with  a  disagreeable  odor; 
borne  in  twos  or  threes;  anthers  yellow  with  an  orange-red  tinge. 

Fruit  maturing  later  than  Wild  Goose;  large,  one  and  three-eighths  inches  by 
one  and  one-eighth  inches  in  size,  obovate,  slightly  necked,  pear-shaped,  bright  red, 
covered  with  thin  bloom;  dots  conspicuous;  stem  slender,  long;  flesh  deep  yellow, 
juicy,  coarse  and  fibrous,  subacid,  flat;  of  fair  quality;  stone  clinging,  three-quarters 
inch  by  three-eighths  inch  in  size,  somewhat  angular,  irregular-obovate,  with  a  peculiar 
elongated,  flattened,  oblique  base;  apex  abruptly  acute;  surfaces  rough. 

SPAULDING 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Lovett  Cat.  41,  Col.  PI.  1888.  2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:192.  1897.  3.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui. 
169:243,  248.  1899.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  39.  1899.  5-  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.  101:121,  122,  PL  V. 
1901.  6.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  122.  1901.  7.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:239.  1905. 

Among  the  plums  of  comparatively  recent  introduction  Spaulding 
holds  a  conspicuous  place.  It  is  particularly  highly  spoken  of  for  its  good 
quality  and  while  not  recommended  for  commercial  orchards  is  often 
mentioned  as  very  desirable  for  home  use.  As  Spaulding  grows  at  this 
Station,  it  does  not  sustain  the  reputation  it  has  elsewhere.  It  is  of  the 
Reine  Claude  group  of  plums  and  while  of  high  quality  is  not  as  good  a 
dessert  plum  as  several  other  similar  sorts.  Moreover,  the  fruits  are  small 
and  too  light  in  color  to  be  especially  attractive  in  appearance.  The  plums, 

trees  for  sale,  a  business  with  which  he  soon  combined  a  fruit  plantation  in  which  he  collected  and 
tested  all  the  plums  that  could  be  grown  in  his  climate,  comprising  the  great  majority  of  the  varie- 
ties of  American  species  and  of  the  Oriental  plums.  This  work  began  in  1870,  since  which  time 
no  man  has  done  more  to  popularize  and  improve  native  plums  than  Mr.  Kerr.  His  most  valuable 
work  has  been  in  testing  varieties,  where  his  knowledge  of  this  fruit,  his  judgment  and  his  sense 
of  discrimination  have  made  his  opinion,  as  set  forth  in  his  nursery  catalog  and  in  the  reports  of 
horticultural  societies,  authoritative.  He  has,  too,  done  considerable  work  in  breeding  plums. 
Choptank,  Sophie  and  Maryland  probably  representing  the  best  of  his  endeavors  in  originating  new 
plums.  It  is  a  duty  and  a  pleasure  to  acknowledge  here  the  great  services  rendered  by  Mr.  Kerr 
in  the  preparation  of  The  Plums  of  New  York. 


SPAULDING 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  351 

too,  are  quite  susceptible  to  brown-rot.  The  tree-characters  of  this  variety 
are  in  the  main  very  good  but  not  at  all  out  of  the  ordinary.  It  is  very 
doubtful  whether  this  sort  can  compete  for  any  purpose  with  such  similar 
plums  as  Hand,  Jefferson,  Washington,  Bavay,  Reine  Claude,  McLaughlin 
and  Imperial  Gage.  It  may  be  worthy  a  trial  elsewhere  in  New  York 
with  the  hope  that  it  will  more  nearly  approach  the  reputation  that  it 
has  in  other  states  than  it  does  at  Geneva — at  best  it  cannot  be  more  than 
a  home  variety. 

Spaulding  was  brought  to  the  notice  of  fruit-growers  by  J.  T.  Lovett, 
Little  Silver,  New  Jersey,  who  introduced  the  variety  in  1888.  The  plum 
came  to  Mr.  Lovett  from  Francis  Garriel  with  the  statement  that  it  origi- 
nated as  a  seedling  in  the  yard  of  Mr.  Garriel's  father  in  the  Bowery,  New 
York  City.  From  the  resemblance  of  Spaulding  to  the  Imperial  Gage  it  is 
probable  that  they  are  closely  related.  In  1899  the  variety  was  placed 
on  the  fruit  catalog  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  as  a  success- 
ful variety  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  the  United  States  and  the  neigh- 
boring parts  of  Canada. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  dense-topped,  hardy,  productive ;  branches 
ash-gray,  smooth  except  for  the  raised  lenticels  of  various  sizes;  branchlets  of  medium 
thickness  and  length,  with  long  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  brownish-red, 
dull,  lightly  pubescent  throughout  the  season,  with  obscure,  small  lenticels;  leaf -buds 
of  medium  size  and  length,  conical,  appressed;  leaf-scars  prominent. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  nearly  two  inches  wide,  three  and  one-quarter  inches  long, 
thick;  upper  surface  dark  green,  rugose,  glabrous,  with  a  shallow  groove  on  the  midrib; 
lower  surface  silvery-green,  pubescent;  apex  abruptly  pointed  or  acute,  base  acute, 
margin  serrate  or  crenate,  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  nearly  five-eighths  inch  long, 
thick,  pubescent,  tinged  red,  with  from  one  to  four  small,  globose,  greenish  glands 
usually  on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length,  one  inch  or  more  across,  white 
with  a  yellowish  tinge  at  the  apex  of  the  petals  in  the  newly  opened  flowers;  borne 
on  lateral  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  three-eighths  inch  long,  thick,  pubescent, 
greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate,  lightly  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  obtuse,  pubes- 
cent on  both  surfaces,  glandular-serrate,  reflexed;  petals  oblong,  crenate,  not  clawed; 
anthers  yellow;  filaments  one-quarter  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous  or  occasionally  with  a 
few  hairs  near  the  base, 'longer  than  the  stamens;  stigma  large. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  long;  one  and  five-eighths  inches  by  one  and 
three-eighths  inches  in  size,  oblong-oval  or  ovate,  compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity 
small,  shallow,  abrupt;  suture  shallow,  often  a  line;  apex  roundish;  color  dull  greenish- 
yellow,  with  stripes  and  splashes  of  light  green,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  dots 
numerous,  small,  whitish,  inconspicuous;  stem  three-quarters  inch  long,  lightly  pubes- 


352  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

cent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tender,  separating  readily;  flesh  greenish- 
yellow,  juicy,  fibrous,  tender,  sweet,  mild,  pleasant;  very  good;  stone  semi-free  or  free, 
seven-eighths  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  ovate,  turgid,  slightly  pitted,  blunt  at  the 
base,  nearly  acute  at  the  apex;  ventral  suture  rather  broad,  slightly  furrowed,  with  a 
distinct  but  short  wing;  dorsal  suture  widely  and  deeply  grooved. 

STANTON 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Card.  Man.  29:116.  1887.  2.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  288.  1889.  3.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131: 
193.  1897. 

Stanton's  Seedling  2 

This  plum  appears  to  be  a  very  good  late  variety  in  several  respects; 
it  is  a  long-keeping  fruit,  is  of  very  good  quality  for  dessert  and  is  a  fine 
plum  for  canning  and  preserving.  Its  faults  are  that  it  is  tardy  in  coming 
into  bearing  and  the  fruits  drop  badly  from  the  trees  as  they  begin 
to  ripen;  in  localities  where  these  faults  are  marked  the  variety  is  worth- 
less. Stanton  originated  as  a  chance  seedling  in  Albany  County,  New  York, 
from  whence  it  was  sent  to  Hammond  and  Willard  of  Geneva,  New  York, 
who  introduced  it  about  1885. 

Tree  very  large  and  vigorous,  round-topped,  variable  in  productiveness;  branches 
slender,  marked  by  transverse  cracks  in  the  bark;  leaf-scars  enlarged;  leaves  folded 
upward,  oval  or  obovate,  one  and  one-half  inches  wide,  three  inches  long;  margin 
finely  and  doubly  crenate,  with  few,  dark  glands;  petiole  short,  glandless  or  with  from 
one  to  three  small  glands  usually  on  the  stalk;  blooming  season  intermediate  in  time 
and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  and  one-eighth  inches  across,  borne 
in  scattering  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs. 

Fruit  late,  season  long;  about  one  and  one-quarter  inches  in  diameter,  roundish- 
oblate,  truncate,  purplish-black,  overspread  with  very  heavy  bloom;  flesh  bright  golden- 
yellow,  fibrous,  very  sweet,  rather  high-flavored;  good  to  very  good;  stone  semi-free, 
three-quarters  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  irregular  roundish-oval,  turgid,  with  a 
blunt  and  oblique  base,  the  surfaces  nearly  smooth;  ventral  suture  enlarged,  often 
with  a  short,  distinct  wing;  dorsal  suture  shallow. 

STODDARD 

r 

Prunus  americana 

i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  78.    1892.      2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  88.    1895.      3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat. 
38.    1899.      4.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:289.    1900.      5.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  478,  PI.  LXII.    1902. 
Baker  2.     Stoddart  1,2. 

Stoddard  is  usually  rated  as  one  of  the  best  of  the  Americana  plums 
and  its  behavior  on  the  grounds  of  this  Station  sustains  its  reputation. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW   YORK.  353 

The  firmness  of  the  fruit  makes  it  a  good  shipping  plum  of  its  kind  and  season. 
This  variety  was  discovered  by  B.  F.  Stoddard  of  Jesup,  Buchanan  County, 
Iowa,  about  1875,  growing  in  a  garden  owned  by  Mrs.  Caroline  Baker  who 
stated  that  her  husband  secured  the  trees  from  the  woods,  presumably  along 
the  Maquoketa  River.  The  variety  was  subsequently  introduced  by  J.  Wragg 
and  Sons  of  Waukee,  Iowa,  at  dates  variously  reported  from  1890  to  1895. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  open-topped,  productive;  trunk  shaggy;  branches 
slender,  thorny;  branchlets  slender,  with  conspicuous,  large,  raised  lenticels;  leaves 
falling  early,  flattened,  oval  or  obovate,  two  and  one-quarter  inches  wide,  four  inches 
long;  margin  coarsely  serrate,  eglandular;  petiole  tinged  red,  glandless  or  with  from 
one  to  three  glands  usually  on  the  stalk;  blooming  season  late;  flowers  appearing  with 
the  leaves,  one  inch  across,  white. 

Fruit  intermediate  in  time  and  length  of  ripening  season;  about  one  and  three- 
eighths  inches  in  diameter,  roundish-oblate;  suture  a  distinct  red  line;  color  light  to 
dark  red  over  a  yellow  ground,  mottled,  covered  with  thick  bloom;  skin  astringent; 
flesh  dark  golden-yellow,  very  juicy,  tender  and  melting,  rather  sweet  next  the  skin 
but  tart  near  the  center,  with  a  characteristic  flavor;  good;  stone  clinging,  seven- 
eighths  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  roundish  to  broad-oval,  strongly  flattened, 
with  smooth  surfaces;  ventral  suture  narrow,  winged. 

STONELESS 

Prunus  insititia 

i.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:110,  PI.  20  fig.  14.  1768.  2.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  2:42,  Tab.  194 
fig.  2.  1796.  3.  Mag.  Hort.  9:165.  1843.  4.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc,  i.  1846.  5.  Mas  Pom.  Gen. 
2:121,  fig.  61.  1873.  6.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  726.  1884.  7.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  450.  1889. 

Die  Pflaume  ohne  Stein  2.  Jean  Morceau  3.  Kirke's  Stoneless  6,  7.  Pftaume  Ohne  Steine  5. 
Pitless  5,  7.  Prune  Sans-Noyau  4.  Sans-Noyau  i,  5.  Sans  Noyau  3,  6,  7.  Steinlose  Zwetsche  7. 
Stoneless  5,  7. 

This  curious  plum  is  attracting  attention  because  of  the  publicity 
given  it  by  Burbank  in  his  breeding  work.  The  variety  is  at  least  three 
hundred  years  old.  It  was  known  to  Merlet,  writing  in  the  Seventeenth 
Century,  and  has  been  mentioned  in  plum  literature  many  times  since. 
The  plum  is  remarkable  because  of  the  entire  absence  of  a  stone,  the  kernel 
lying  naked  in  a  cavity  much  larger  than  itself.  The  variety  is  worthless 
but  presents  opportunities  for  breeding  purposes  that  should  not  be  over- 
looked. Judging  from  the  fruit-characters  as  given  below  it  belongs  to 
Prunus  insititia.  The  Stoneless  is  supposed  to  have  been  introduced  into 
England  from  the  Royal  Gardens  at  Versailles  by  George  London.  It 
was  long  sold  as  Kirke's  Stoneless,  having  been  much  advertised  by  Kirke, 
a  nurseryman  at  Brompton,  England.  It  is  described  as  follows: 


354 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 


Fruit  small,  oval,  dark  purple,  with  thick  bloom;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  harsh 
and  strongly  acid  at  first  but  assuming  a  more  pleasant  flavor  as  it  shrivels  upon  the 
tree. 

SUGAR 
•    Prunus  domestica 

i.  Cal.  State  Ed.  Hon.  47.     1897-98.      2.  Burbank  Cat.  5  fig-     1899.      3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
124.    1901.      4.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  275,  PI.  XXXVI  fig.  2.    1903. 
Sugar  Prune  i,  4. 

The  introduction  of  Sugar  to  the  Atlantic  States  was  preceded  by 
very  flattering  accounts  of  it  from  the  originator,  Mr.  Burbank,  and  from 
Pacific  Coast  plum-growers.  Possibly  our  expectations  were  too  high; 
for  we  have  been  greatly  disappointed  in  this  plum  as  compared  with 
its  parent,  Agen,  as  the  two  varieties  grow  at  Geneva — it  shotild  be  said 
at  once  that  neither  grows  nearly  as  well  in  New  York  as  in  California. 
The  fruits  of  Sugar  on  the  Station  grounds  are  not  larger  than  those  of 
the  Agen,  while  in  California  it  is  said  to  be  twice  or  three  times  as  large ; 
the  flavor  is  not  as  pleasant  and  the  flesh  is  fibrous  in  the  offspring  and 
not  so  in  the  parent  at  Geneva,  though  in  California  the  Sugar  is  said  to 
be  of  better  quality  than  the  Agen.  As  the  two  grow  here,  Sugar  is  rather 
more  attractive  in  appearance  and  ripens  earlier,  the  latter  character  a 
distinct  advantage  since  Agen  is  very  late  in  New  York.  The  trees  of 
the  two  plums  are  much  alike  though  those  of  Agen  are  larger  and  more 
productive  than  those  of  Sugar  as  grown  in  New  York.  There  are,  how- 
ever, but  two  trees  of  the  latter  variety  on  the  Station  grounds  and  these 
are  young,  set  in  1899,  so  that  too  much  importance  must  not  be  attached 
to  the  comparison  of  the  trees.  Sugar  is  worth  further  trial  in  New  York 
under  other  conditions  of  soil  and  climate  but  it  is  extremely  doubtful 
whether  it  will  surpass  the  Agen  in  this  State. 

This  plum,  a  seedling  of  the  well-known  Agen,  was  introduced  by  its 
originator,  Burbank,  in  1899.  The  California  Experiment  Station  in  analyz- 
ing this  plum  found  it  to  be  richer  in  sugar  than  the  Agen  and  states  that 
it  is  larger  and  more  easily  dried.  Sugar  has  become  of  great  commercial 
importance  in  the  California  prune  districts  and  has  been  top-grafted  on 
other  plums  and  even  on  almonds  to  the  extent  of  hundreds  of  acres  in 
that  State  and  in  Oregon.  As  yet  it  is  only  under  trial  in  New  York. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  usually  vigorous,  spreading,  dense-topped,  hardy,  productive; 
branches  ash-gray,  tinged  red,  smooth  except  for  the  numerous,  small,  raised  lenticels; 
branchlets  slender,  with  long  internodes,  green  changing  to  brownish-red,  dull,  sparingly 


• 


I 


SUGAR 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  355 

pubescent  throughout  the  season,  with  numerous,  inconspicuous,  small  lenticels;  leaf- 
buds  large,  long,  somewhat  pointed,  strongly  appressed. 

Leaves  folded  backward,  obovate  or  oval,  two  and  one-half  inches  wide,  five  inches 
long;  upper  surface  dark  green,  rugose,  covered  with  numerous  hairs,  the  midrib 
narrowly  grooved;  lower  surface  pale  green,  overspread  with  thick  pubescence;  apex 
abruptly  pointed  or  acute,  base  acute,  margin  serrate,  with  small  dark  glands;  petiole 
nearly  one  inch  long,  covered  with  thick  pubescence,  lightly  tinged  with  red,  glandless 
or  with  from  one  to  three  small,  globose,  greenish -yellow  glands  at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Flowers  large,  intermediate  in  time  of  bloom;  calyx-tube  green;  stamens  longer 
than  the  pistil. 

Fruit  intermediate  in  time  and  length  of  ripening  season;  small,  ovate  or  oval, 
halves  equal;  cavity  shallow,  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  shallow,  often  a  line;  apex 
roundish  or  pointed;  color  dark  reddish-purple  changing  to  purplish-black,  covered 
with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  light  russet,  inconspicuous;  stem  slender, 
long,  pubescent,  adhering;  skin  thin,  tender,  separating  readily;  flesh  golden-yellow, 
juicy,  coarse,  fibrous,  tender,  sweet,  mild;  good  to  very  good;  stone  light  colored, 
with  a  tinge  of  red,  thin,  of  medium  size,  ovate,  flattened,  with  rough  and  pitted  sur- 
faces, blunt  at  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex;  ventral  suture  rather  narrow,  distinctly 
furrowed,  slightly  winged;  dorsal  suture  with  a  wide,  deep  groove. 

SURPRISE 

Prunus  hortidana  mineri  ? 

I.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:61  fig.  30.  1897.  2.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  112.  1899.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Cat.  38.  1899.  4.  Wis.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  69.  1900.  5.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:289.  1900.  6.  Wis.  Sta. 
Bui.  87:18.  1901.  7.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  175.  1901.  8.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  228.  1904.  9.  III. 
Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  426.  1905.  10.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:39.  1905. 

Surprise  is  one  of  the  best  of  the  native  plums  in  the  Station  orchard. 
The  fruits  are  very  attractive  in  appearance  and  while  not  of  the  rich 
flavor  of  the  Domesticas  they  are  yet  of  pleasant  flavor  with  an  abundance 
of  juice  which  together  make  this  a  most  refreshing  fruit.  The  fruits  keep 
well  and  would  probably  ship  well.  The  color  is  a  peculiar  red  which 
serves  to  identify  the  variety ;  on  the  whole  the  fruits  resemble  the  Amer- 
icana s  while  the  trees  are  rather  more  of  the  Miner  type.  The  variety  is 
productive  in  New  York  and  is  so  spoken  of  in  Wisconsin  by  Goff,1  but 

1  Emmett  Stull  Goff  was  born  at  Elmira,  New  York,  Sept.  3,  1852.  He  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  and  in  the  Elmira  Free  Academy,  graduating  from  the  last  named  place  in  1869. 
The  following  years  were  spent  on  his  father's  farm  until  in  1880  he  became  Associate  Editor  of 
an  agricultural  paper,  but  finding  the  work  uncongenial  he  returned  to  the  farm  for  a  short  time 
leaving  again  to  accept  in  1882  a  position  at  the  New  York  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  which 
had  just  been  established.  Here  for  seven  years  Professor  Goff  gave  his  attention  to  vegetables. 
His  classification  of  a  number  of  vegetables,  the  pea,  tomato,  cabbage  and  onion  in  particular, 
are  still  standard  in  American  vegetable  culture.  During  his  work  at  this  Station  he  did  much 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

in  Iowa  it  is  said  not  to  bear  abundantly.    If  a  native  plum  is  wanted  in 
New  York,  this  variety  is  worthy  a  trial. 

Surprise,  according  to  the  originator,  Martin  Penning  of  Sleepy  Eye, 
Brown  County,  Minnesota,  is  the  best  of  a  thousand  or  more  seedlings 
grown  from  pits  of  De  Soto,  Weaver  and  Miner  sown  in  1882.  In  1889, 
Penning  introduced  this  plum  and  ten  years  later  it  was  added  to  the 
fruit  catalog  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society.  The  parentage  of 
the  variety  is  unknown  but  it  has  usually  been  thought  that  the  botanical 
characters  indicate  that  it  is  a  seedling  of  Miner.  As  the  tree  grows  here, 
(they  came  to  the  Station  from  Mr.  Penning,)  it  appears  to  be  a  hybrid 
of  Prunus  americana  and  Prunus  hortulana  mineri,  characters  of  both 
species  being  evident. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright,  dense-topped,  hardy,  productive;  trunk  roughish; 
branches  smooth,  zigzag,  thorny,  dark  ash-gray,  with  numerous,  small  lenticels;  branch- 
lets  slender,  medium  to  long,  with  long  internodes,  green  changing  to  dark  chestnut- 
red,  with  brownish-gray  scarf-skin,  glossy,  glabrous,  with  numerous,  conspicuous, 
small,  raised  lenticels;  leaf-buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  plump,  appressed. 

Leaves  falling  early,  folded  upward,  oval  or  ovate,  two  inches  wide,  four  and  one- 
half  inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface  light  green,  glabrous,  smooth,  with  a  grooved 
midrib;  lower  surface  pale  green,  lightly  pubescent  ;  apex  taper-pointed,  base  abrupt, 
margin  often  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate,  with  amber  glands  which  are  not  persistent; 
petiole  thirteen-sixteenths  inch  long,  slender,  reddish,  sparingly  pubescent  along  one 
side,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  five  small,  globose,  yellowish-brown  glands  usually 
on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  with  the 
leaves,  three-quarters  inch  across,  creamy-white,  with  a  disagreeable  odor;  borne  in 
clusters  from  lateral  buds,  in  threes  or  in  fours;  pedicels  three-eighths  inch  long,  slender, 
glabrous,  green;  calyx-tube  greenish,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  narrow, 
acute,  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  serrate  and  with  reddish  glands,  erect;  petals 


pioneer  work  in  spraying  plants  and  invented  a  device  for  mixing  kerosene  and  water.  In  1889  Pro- 
fessor Goff  moved  to  Madison,  Wisconsin,  where  he  became  professor  of  horticulture  in  the  University 
of  Wisconsin  and  horticulturist  of  the  Wisconsin  Experiment  Station.  Here  for  fourteen  years  he 
gave  his  attention  to  various  phases  of  fruit-growing  and  vegetable-growing.  His  bulletin  87  on 
"  Native  Plums  "  is  the  outcome  of  several  years'  experiments  in  testing  and  breeding  plums  of  such 
of  our  native  species  as  will  grow  in  Wisconsin.  His  work  with  plums  is  particularly  valuable,  as 
he  was  able,  in  his  location,  to  do  much  to  ascertain  the  degree. of  hardiness  of  many  varieties 
of  the  species  of  cultivated  plums.  From  his  work  with  sterility  and  fertility  of  varieties  came 
valuable  recommendations  regarding  the  cross-pollination  of  such  varieties  as  are  self-sterile.  He 
is  the  author  of  Principles  of  Plant  Culture  and  Lessons  on  Fruit-growing,  text  books  much  used  in 
high  schools  and  agricultural  colleges.  Professor  Goff  was  a  modest  and  retiring  man  but  singu- 
larly independent  of  view  in  all  things  regarding  his  work  and  all  things  that  concerned  men — 
a  serene,  lofty-minded,  unselfish  man.  His  death  occurred  at  Madison,  June '6th,  1903. 


SURPRISE 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  357 

roundish-ovate,   entire,   narrowly  clawed;     anthers    yellowish;    filaments    one-quarter 
inch  long;    pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  short;  one  and  three-eighths  inches  by  one  and 
one-eighth  inches  in  size,  halves  equal;  cavity  shallow,  flaring;  suture  very  shallow, 
distinct;  apex  roundish  or  depressed;  color  dark  red,  covered  with  thin  bloom;  dots 
numerous,  medium  to  large,  russet,  conspicuous,  clustered  about  the  apex;  stem  one- 
half  inch  long,  glabrous,  adhering  to  the  fruit;  skin  thick,  tough,  clinging;  flesh  golden- 
yellow,  juicy,  fibrous,  somewhat  tender,  sweet,  insipid;  quality  fair;  stone  clinging, 
one  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  oval,  flattened,  pointed  at  the  base  and  apex,  with 
smooth  surfaces. 

TENNANT 
Prunus  domestica 

I.  Bailey  Ann.  Hon.  133.  1893.  2.  Oregon  Sta.  Bui.  45:32.  1897.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat 
40.  1899.  4.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:57.  1900.  5.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  124.  1901.  6 
Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hon.  Man.  326.  1903. 

Tennant  Prune  i.     Tenant  Prune  4. 

It  is  surprising  that  a  variety  of  so  much  merit,  especially  of  so  great 
beauty,  as  Tennant,  should  not  have  been  more  widely  tried  in  New  York. 
In  the  survey  of  plum  culture  in  this  State  in  the  preparation  of  the  text 
for  The  Plums  of  New  York,  it  could  not  be  learned  that  the  Tennant  had 
been  tried  in  more  than  four  or  five  places.  In  size  and  beauty  of  form 
and  coloring,  all  well  shown  in  the  illustration,  Tennant  has  few  superiors 
in  the  collection  of  plums  growing  at  this  Station.  While  it  is  not  suffi- 
ciently high  in  quality  to  be  called  a  first-rate  dessert  fruit  it  is  more  palat- 
able than  most  of  the  purple  plums.  It  ripens  at  a  good  time  of  the  year, 
several  days  before  the  Italian  Prune,  and  should,  from  the  nature  of  its 
skin  and  the  firmness  of  its  flesh,  both  ship  and  keep  well.  A  fault  of  the 
fruit  as  it  grows  here,  a  fault  not  ascribed  to  it  elsewhere,  is  that  it  shrivels 
soon  after  ripening.  Our  trees  are  large,  vigorous,  healthy,  hardy  and 
productive — almost  ideal  plum-trees.  This  variety  should  be  very  generally 
tried  in  commercial  plantations  in  New  York  and  may  well  be  planted  in 
home  collections  for  a  culinary  fruit  at  least.  On  the  Pacific  Coast  it  is 
cured  for  prunes,  its  meaty  flesh  fitting  it  very  well  for  this  purpose. 

This  is  another  promising  plum  from  the  Pacific  Northwest.  Tennant 
originated  with  Rev.  John  Tennant  of  Fern  dale,  Washington,  and  was 
introduced  in  1893  by  McGill  and  McDonald,  Salem,  Oregon.  The  variety 
is  fairly  well  known  in  the  region  of  its  origin  but  is  practically  unknown 
in  New  York.  It  was  listed  in  the  American  Pomological  Society  catalog 
in  1897  as  successful  in  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


358  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  round-topped,  open,  hardy,  productive;  trunk  slightly 
roughened;  branches  stocky,  smooth,  with  lenticels  of  medium  number  and  size; 
branchlets  thick,  long,  with  long  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  brownish-drab, 
with  green  patches  and  considerable  scarf-skin,  somewhat  glossy,  sparingly  pubescent 
throughout  the  season,  with  small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  large,  long,  pointed,  appressed; 
leaf-scars  prominent. 

Leaves  folded  backward,  oval  or  obovate,  one  and  three-quarters  inches  wide, 
three  and  one-half  inches  long,  thick,  stiff;  upper  surface  dark  green,  rugose,  sparingly 
hairy,  with  a  grooved  midrib ;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  with  thick  pubescence ;  apex 
abruptly  pointed  to  acute,  base  acute,  margin  crenate,  eglandular  or  with  small,  brown 
glands;  petiole  five-eighths  inch  long,  thick,  tinged  red  along  one  side,  hairy,  glandless 
or  with  one  or  two  rather  large,  globose,  brownish  glands  variable  in  position. 

Blooming  season  early  to  medium,  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one 
inch  or  more  across,  white,  the  buds  tinged  yellow;  borne  on  lateral  spurs;  pedicels 
one-half  inch  long,  thick,  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  often  with  a  swelling 
around  the  base,  campanulate,  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  broad,  obtuse,  pubescent  on 
both  surfaces,  with  thick,  marginal  hairs,  erect;  petals  roundish-oval,  entire,  tapering 
to  short,  broad  claws;  anthers  large,  yellow;  filaments  five-sixteenths  inch  long; 
pistil  pubescent  at  the  base,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length;  stigma  large. 

Fruit  intermediate  in  time  and  length  of  ripening  season;  one  and  three-quarters 
inches  by  one  and  five-eighths  inches  in  size,  roundish-truncate  or  roundish-oblong, 
with  irregular  surface  which  is  somewhat  ridged,  halves  equal;  cavity  narrow,  abrupt, 
slightly  compressed;  suture  variable  in  depth,  distinct;  apex  deeply  depressed;  color 
dark  reddish-purple,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  variable  in  size, 
whitish,  conspicuous,  clustered  about  the  apex;  stem  thick,  three-eighths  inch  long, 
pubescent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  tough,  adhering  slightly  to  the  pulp;  flesh 
dark  golden-yellow,  somewhat  dry,  coarse,  tough,  firm,  sweet,  mild  but  pleasant;  of 
good  quality;  stone  clinging,  seven-eighths  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  irregular- 
oval,  flattened,  obliquely  necked,  blunt  at  the  apex,  with  deeply  pitted  surfaces, 
roughish;  ventral  suture  prominent,  heavily  furrowed,  not  winged;  dorsal  suture 
usually  with  a  narrow,  shallow  groove. 

TRAGEDY 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Cal.  State  Bd.  Hort.  236,  PI.  II  fig.  5,  237.  1890.  2.  Ibid.  109  fig.  8.  1891.  3.  Wickson 
Cal.  Fruits  358.  1891.  4.  N.  Mex.  Sta.  Bui.  27:125.  1898.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  40.  1899. 
6.  Waugh  Plum.  Cult.  124.  1901. 

Tragedy  Prune  i,  3,  4. 

Tragedy  is  another  western  plum  which,  like  the  Tennant,  has  not 
been  well  tested  in  the  East.  It  is  an  older  plum  than  the  Tennant  and 
somewhat  better  known  in  New  York  but  still  the  reports  of  it  are  not 
sufficient  in  number  or  of  great  enough  range  to  enable  a  fair  opinion  to 


TENNANT 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  359 

be  given  as  to  its  merits.  As  the  variety  grows  at  Geneva  the  fruits  are 
very  attractive  in  appearance — above  medium  size,  a  dark,  rich  purple 
color,  and  having  the  full,  rounded  form  much  liked  by  consumers  in  a  des- 
sert plum.  The  flesh  is  juicy,  tender  and  sweet  so  that  the  quality  may  be 
called  good;  possibly  the  flesh  is  a  little  too  soft  for  long  shipping  or  long 
keeping  as  it  grows  here,  though  in  one  of  the  California  references  it  is 
spoken  of  as  "  valuable  for  eastern  shipment."  The  trees  are  very  satis- 
factory except  that  in  New  York  they  are  not  quite  as  reliable  in  bearing 
as  could  be  wished.  A  fault,  as  the  variety  grows  here  and  which  may  be 
local,  is  that  a  large  proportion  of  the  pits  are  cracked  and  all  are  soft  and 
granular.  The  tree  is  reported  by  some  as  "scale  proof"  but  unfortunately 
this  statement  can  neither  be  denied  nor  affirmed.  A  plum  with  the  good 
qualities  possessed  by  Tragedy,  should  be  better  known  in  New  York. 

The  following  history  is  contributed  by  Professor  E.  J.  Wickson, 
Berkeley,  California.  Tragedy  originated  as  a  chance  seedling  on  the 
farm  of  O.  R.  Runyon,  near  Courtland,  Sacramento  County,  California, 
probably  in  the  late  seventies.  It  was  first  offered  to  the  trade  in  dormant 
buds  by  W.  R.  Strong  and  Company  of  Sacramento  in  1887.  Since  the 
German  Prune  and  Duane  Purple  grew  on  the  place  of  its  origin  and  as 
it  shows  characters  of  both,  it  has  been  noted  as  a  probable  cross  of  these 
varieties.  The  name  Tragedy  is  understood  to  have  been  given  to  the 
fruit  by  Mr.  Runyon  because  the  plum  was  noted  to  be  desirable  on  or 
about  a  day  upon  which  a  certain  event  held  to  be  tragical  occurred  in 
the  neighborhood.  In  1899,  the  American  Pomological  Society  considered 
Tragedy  worthy  a  place  in  its  list  of  fruits. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  round-topped,  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness;  branches 
ash-gray,  usually  smooth,  with  raised  lenticels  of  various  sizes;  branchlets  twiggy, 
thick,  medium  to  short,  with  short  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  dark  brownish- 
drab,  covered  with  thick  pubescence,  with  obscure,  small  lenticels  ;  leaf-buds  inter- 
mediate in  size  and  length,  obtuse,  plump,  appressed. 

Leaves  folded  backward,  oval  or  obovate,  one  and  three-quarters  inches  wide, 
three  and  three-quarters  inches  long;  upper  surface  dark  green,  glabrous  except  for 
the  few  hairs  on  the  deeply  and  narrowly  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  pubescent; 
apex  acute  or  obtuse,  base  acute;  petiole  five-eighths  inch  long,  thick,  pubescent, 
faintly  tinged  red,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  small,  globose,  greenish-brown  glands 
usually  at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  early,  short;  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  seven-eighths 
inch  across,  white;  borne  on  lateral  buds,  usually  in  pairs;  pedicels  one-half  inch 
long,  thick,  pubescent  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  with  roughened  surface,  campanulate, 


360  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

glabrous;  calyx-lobes  acute,  lightly  pubescent,  serrate,  with  many  glands  and  marginal 
hairs,  reflexed;  petals  broadly  oval,  crenate,  short-clawed;  anthers  bright  yellow; 
filaments  nearly  five-sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  pubescent  at  the  base,  much  longer 
than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  early,  season  short;  one  and  five-eighths  inches  by  one  and  three-eighths 
inches  in  size,  oval,  swollen  on  the  suture  side,  compressed,  halves  unequal;  cavity 
narrow,  abrupt,  regular;  suture  shallow,  often  an  indistinct  line;  apex  roundish;  color 
dark  purplish-black,  covered  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  variable  in  size,  russet, 
inconspicuous;  stem  five-eighths  inch  long,  pubescent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin 
of  medium  thickness  and  toughness,  somewhat  sour,  separating  readily;  flesh  greenish- 
yellow,  juicy,  tender,  sweet,  mild;  good;  stone  clinging,  one  inch  by  five-eighths  inch 
in  size,  irregular-oval,  flattened,  obliquely  necked;  apex  acute;  surfaces  pitted,  roughish; 
ventral  suture  narrow,  prominent,  not  winged;  dorsal  suture  narrowly  and  deeply 
grooved. 

TRANSPARENT 

Prunus  domestica 


I.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  395.  1857.  2-  Flor.  &  Pom.  56,  Col.  PI.  fig.  1862.  3.  Hogg  Fruit 
Man.  383.  1866.  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  950.  1869.  5.  Jour.  Hort.  N.  S.  17:258.  1869. 
6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  91.  1869.  7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  24.  1871.  8.  Pom.  France  7:No.  25. 
1871.  9.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:31,  fig.  16.  1873.  10.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  365.  1887.  n.  Mathieu 
Nom.  Pom.  428.  1889.  12.  Guide  Prat.  154,  364.  1895.  13.  Nicholson  Diet.  Card.  3:166.  14. 
Waugh  Plum  Cult.  124.  1901.  15.  Soc.  Nat.  Hort.  France  Pom.  554  fig.  1904. 

Diaphane  4,  12.  Diaphane  Lafay  4.  Durchscheinende  Reineclaude  9,  12.  Durchscheinende 
Reine-Claude  n.  Prune  Diaphane  9.  Prune  Diaphane  Laffay  4,  n.  Reine-Claude  De  Guigne  9. 
Reine-Claude  Diaphane  i,  8,  9,  10,  12,  15.  Reine-Claude  Diaphane  2,  3,  4,  5,  n.  Reine-Claude 
Transparente  9,  n,  12,  15.  Reine-Claude  Transparent  4.  Transparent  Green  Gage  6.  Trans- 
parent Gage  3,  4,  7,  8,  13.  Transparent  Gage  8,  9,  10,  n,  12,  14,  15.  Transparent  Gage  Plum  2,  5. 

In  Europe  Transparent  is  considered  one  of  the  best  of  all  dessert 
plums  but  either  it  does  not  do  as  well  in  America  or  the  American  bred 
plums  of  the  Reine  Claude  group,  to  which  this  variety  belongs,  are  much 
better  on  this  continent  than  in  the  Old  World.  At  any  rate  in  our  soil 
and  climate  there  are  a  dozen  or  more  Reine  Claude  plums  as  good  or 
better  in  quality  than  Transparent  and  much  superior  in  other  characters. 
It  is,  however,  worth  planting  by  the  connoisseur  for  its  quality  and  because 
of  the  transparency  of  skin  —  in  the  latter  respect  it  is  unique  among  Domes- 
tica plums.  The  flower-buds  of  this  variety  have  a  remarkable  tendency 
to  produce  leaves  in  the  place  of  floral  organs. 

Transparent  is  an  old  French  variety.  M.  Lafay,  a  rose-grower  at 
Bellevue,  near  Paris,  raised  it  from  the  seed  of  the  Reine  Claude  and  named 
it  Reine  Claude  Diaphane.  It  was  grown  previous  to  1836,  for,  during  this 
year,  Thomas  Rivers  of  England,  while  visiting  M.  Lafay,  was  told  of 


TRAGEDY 


THE    PLUMS    OP   NEW    YORK.  361 

its  origin.  In  1871,  the  American  Pomological  Society  listed  Transparent 
in  its  catalog  as  worthy  of  culture.  The  color  of  this  variety  leads  to  the 
suspicion  that  Reine  Claude  is  not  the  only  parent. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  open-topped,  hardy,  productive ;  branches  slender, 
ash-gray,  roughish  towards  the  trunk,  with  small  lenticels;  branchlets  above  medium 
in  thickness,  short,  with  internodes  of  average  length,  green  changing  to  brownish-red 
often  retaining  some  green,  dull,  pubescent,  with  small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  of  medium 
size  and  length,  conical,  somewhat  appressed. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  obovate  or  oval,  two  and  one-half  inches  wide,  five  inches 
long,  above  average  thickness;  upper  surface  rugose,  nearly  glabrous,  with  a  grooved 
midrib;  lower  surface  pubescent;  apex  abruptly  pointed  or  acute,  base  acute,  margin 
often  doubly  serrate  or  crenate,  with  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  seven-eighths  inch 
long,  thick,  pubescent,  faintly  tinged  red,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  four  rather 
large,  globose  or  oval,  greenish-brown  glands  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Season  of  bloom  medium,  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  and  one- 
eighth  inches  across,  white;  borne  in  scattering  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs, 
singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  five-eighths  inch  long,  thick,  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx- 
tube  green,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  obtuse,  lightly  pubescent,  glandular- 
serrate,  reflexed;  petals  obovate,  crenate,  tapering  to  short,  broad  claws;  anthers 
yellow  with  a  tinge  of  red;  filaments  three-eighths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  shorter 
than  the  stamens,  often  in  pairs. 

Fruit  late,  intermediate  in  length  of  ripening  season;  one  and  three-eighths 
inches  by  one  and  one-half  inches  in  size,  oblate,  compressed;  halves  equal;  cavity 
wide,  flaring;  suture  a  line;  apex  flattened  or  depressed;  color  red  over  a  dark  amber- 
yellow  ground,  mottled,  covered  with  thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  grayish  or  light 
russet,  conspicuous,  decreasing  in  number  but  increasing  in  size  towards  the  cavity; 
stem  thick,  three-quarters  inch  long,  pubescent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin, 
adhering  but  slightly;  flesh  golden-yellow,  juicy,  fibrous,  tender,  very  sweet,  aromatic, 
pleasant;  very  good  to  best;  stone  clinging,  five-eighths  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size, 
roundish-oval,  turgid,  blunt  at  the  base  and  apex,  with  slightly  pitted  surfaces;  ventral 
suture,  wide,  blunt,  faintly  grooved;  dorsal  suture  with  a  deep  groove  of  medium  width. 

UNGARISH 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  la.  Agr.  Col.  Bui.  50,  51.  1886.  2.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  86.  1890.  3.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  118: 
53.  1895.  4.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.  101:117,  119,  120  fig.  1901.  5.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  109.  1901.  6. 
Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  102.  1902.  7.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  326.  1903.  8.  Can.  Exp. 
Farms  Rpt.  433.  1905. 

Hungarian  3,  ?6.  Hungarian  Prune  3.  Hungarian  Prune  4.  Hungary  i.  Ungarische  8. 
Ungarish  Prune  2,  7.  Quetsche  de  Hongrie  i.  Zwetsche  Ungarisclte  i. 

Budd's  Ungarish  as  grown  at  the  New  York  State  Experiment  Sta- 
tion is  nearly  identical  with  the  Italian  Prune.     The  only  differences  to 


362  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

be  detected  are  that  the  Italian  Prune  is  a  trifle  smaller,  a  little  more  firm, 
not  as  broad  and  not  quite  as  sweet  as  the  Ungarish.  The  pit  of  the  latter 
is  usually  tinged  with  red,  while  that  of  the  former  is  rarely  so  colored. 
If  the  Ungarish  prove  as  productive  as  the  Italian  Prune  it  may  be  more 
desirable  because  of  its  larger  size.  In  1883  Professor  J.  L.  Budd  of  the 
Iowa  Experiment  Station  imported  trees  under  the  name  Quetsche  de  Hon- 
grie  or  Zwetsche  Ungarische  from  C.  H.  Wagner  of  Riga,  Russia  and  from 
Wilhelm  Wohler  of  Wilna,  Russia.  Budd  disseminated  the  variety  as 
Hungary,  a  name  soon  changed  to  Hungarian  Prune  and  later  to  Ungarish. 
This  is  not  to  be  confused  with  the  true  Hungarian  so  well  known  in  Europe 
as  the  Quetsche  de  Hongrie. 

UTAH 
Prunus  besseyi  X  Prunus  watsoni 

i.  Dieck  in  Dippel  Laubholzkwtde  3:634.  1893.  2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  70:262,  PI.  II  fig.  3. 
1894.  3.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.  32:490.  1894.  4.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  67:21.  1898.  5.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
225.  1901. 

Black  Utah  Hybrid  2,  4,  5.     Utah  Hybrid  i,  2,  3,  4,  5. 

This  interesting  natural  hybrid  was  grown  by  J.  E.  Johnson  at  Wood 
River,  Nebraska,  some  time  previous  to  1870.  Mr.  Johnson  planted  seed 
of  the  native  dwarf  cherry  which  had  grown  near  Sand  plums  and  which 
supposedly  had  been  pollinized  by  the  plums.  The  resulting  plants  proved 
to  be  intermediates  between  the  cherry  and  the  plum  and  are  now  generally 
thought  to  be  natural  hybrids.  From  these  seedlings,  one  was  selected 
and  propagated.  Shortly  afterwards  Mr.  Johnson  moved  to  Utah  taking 
his  new  hybrid  with  him  and  from  there  distributed  it  as  Utah.  In  1893 
a  German  botanist,  Dieck  (References,  i),  described  this  hybrid  and  gave 
it  the  specific  name  Prunus  utahensis.  The  plant  has  no  commercial  value. 
It  is  described  as  follows: 

Tree  a  dwarfish  tree-like  bush  three  or  four  feet  in  height ;  branches  and  branchlets 
zigzag  after  the  habit  of  Prunus  watsoni:  leaves  small,  narrow-ovate,  pointed  at  the 
ends;  margins  crenulate,  glandless,  sometimes  small  glands  on  the  petioles;  fruit  early, 
small,  round,  dark  mahogany-red,  covered  with  bloom;  skin  very  bitter;  flesh  melting; 
pleasant  flavor;  quality  poor;  stone  small,  round  like  that  of  a  cherry. 

VICTORIA 

i 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  153.  1831.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  315.  1845.  3-  Ann.  Pom. 
Beige  45,  PL  1856.  4.  Thompson  Card.  A ss't  516.  1859.  5.  Cultivator  8:26  fig.  1860.  6.  Am. 
Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  88.  1862.  7.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  349  fig.  379.  1867.  8.  Downing  Fr.  Trees 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  363 

Am.  948.  1869.  9.  Pom.  France  7:  No.  13.  1871.  10.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:23,  fig.  12.  1866-73. 
ii.  Oberdieck  Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  419.  1881.  12.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  728.  1884.  13.  Mathieu 
Nom.  Pom.  438.  1889.  14.  Gaucher  Pom.  Prak.  Obst.  No.  98  fig.  1894.  15.  Guide  Prat.  159,  367. 
1895.  16.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:193.  1897.  17.  Jour.  Roy.  Hort  Soc.  21:222.  1897.  18.  Mich.  Sta. 
Bui.  169:243,  248.  1899.  19.  Garden  57:267.  1900.  20.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  122,  123  fig.  1901. 
Alderton  4,  6,  8,  9,  12,  13,  14,  15.  Dauphin  8,  13.  Denyer's  Victoria  ?z,  3,  6,  8,  9,  12,  13,  14, 
15.  Denyer's  Victoria  4.  Dolphin  8,  13.  Imperial  de  Sharp  8,  13.  Konigin  Victoria  n,  13,  15. 
Konigin  Victoria  9,  14,  15.  La  Victorine  i.  Prune  Reine  Victoria  3.  Queen  Victoria  ?2,  3,  13, 
14,  15.  Queen  Victoria  9.  Reine  Victoria  9,  10,  13,  14,  of  some  15.  Royal  Dauphine  8,  13.  Sharp 
jo.  Sharp's  Emperor  2,  8.  Sharp's  Emperor  3,  9,  10,  12,  13,  by  error  15,  20.  Sharpe's  Emperor 
17  incor.  Victoria-Pflaume  14.  Sharp's  Kaiserpftaume  13.  Victoria  8,  9,  13,  14,  20.  Victoria's 
Kniserziuetsche  14,  15. 

For  some  reason  Victoria,  long  known  in  America,  has  never  attained 
great  popularity  in  this  country.  It  is  a  large  plum  attaining  nearly  the 
size  of  Pond,  though  the  color-plate  does  not  so  show  it,  and  has  much 
the  same  color  as  the  plum  with  which  we  have  just  compared  it.  Here 
resemblances  cease  for  Victoria  is  not  the  same  shape  as  Pond,  is  a  little 
better  in  quality,  is  earlier  and  quite  different  in  tree-characters.  It  would 
seem  that  this  would  make  a  good  market  plum  as  it  is  firm  enough  in 
flesh  to  ship  well,  as  grown  here  keeps  remarkably  well,  is  better  in  quality 
than  the  average  market  plum  and  is  handsome,  though  Americans  seem 
.to  care  little  for  red  plums,  preferring  the  yellow  sorts  and  still  more  the 
purple  kinds.  Unfortunately,  Victoria  does  not  always  color  well  in  our 
climate.  The  trees  of  this  variety  at  this  Station,  while  productive,  are 
not  large  nor  robust,  and  the  foliage  is  a  little  too  susceptible  to  fungi. 
These  defects  of  the  tree  may  account  for  the  lack  of  popularity  of  the 
variety  in  New  York  though  even  if  they  are  to  be  found  in  all  localities, 
which  is  probably  not  the  case,  this  plum  is  still  worth  growing  to  some 
extent  for  home  or  market. 

The  origin  of  this  plum  and  even  its  right  to  the  name  under  which 
it  is  discussed  here  are  matters  of  controversy.  The  London  Horticul- 
tural Society  in  1831  mentioned  La  Victorine  in  its  catalog  but  since  no 
description  was  given  it  cannot  be  identified  as  Victoria.  Sharp's  Emperor 
which  has  been  confused  with  this  variety,  was  described  in  the  same 
publication.  These  two  varieties  were  considered  as  identical  by  Charles 
Downing,  Hogg,  Mas  and  others ;  while  Royer '  who  tested  Sharp's 
Emperor,  obtained  from  Liegel,  thought  it  to  be  distinct,  as  did  Thomas, 
the  Guide  Pratique  and  Pearson  of  England.  Hogg  in  describing  the 
Victoria  says,  "  This  is  a  Sussex  plum,  and  was  discovered  in  a  garden 

'Aug.  Royer  Annales  De  Pomologie  Beige  et  Etrangere  63.     1859. 


364  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

at  Alderton  in  that  county.  It  became  known  as  Sharp's  Emperor,  and 
was  ultimately  sold  by  a  nurseryman  named  Denyer,  in  the  year  1844 
at  Brixton,  near  London,  at  a  high  price  as  a  new  variety  under  the 
name  of  Denyer 's  Victoria."  Pearson  in  the  Journal  of  the  Royal  Horti- 
cultural Society  for  1897  says  the  reason  that  Hogg  and  other  authorities 
had  called  these  varieties  identical  is  that  they  had  not  seen  the  true 
variety.  At  this  Station  we  have  not  seen  Sharp's  Emperor  but  judging 
from  the  descriptions  it  is  distinct  though  very  similar.  The  American 
Pomological  Society  placed  Victoria  on  its  fruit  list  in  1862  but  in  1871, 
Sharp's  Emperor  was  substituted  as  the  correct  name  with  Victoria  as 
a  synonym.  This  change  was  probably  made  to  comply  with  Downing's 
nomenclature  of  1869.  A  review  of  the  whole  controversy  cannot  but 
lead  to  the  conclusion  that  Victoria  is  the  correct  name  and  it  appears 
also  to  be  in  most  common  use. 

Tree  of  medium  size  and  vigor,  upright-spreading,  hardy,  productive;  branches 
ash-gray,  smooth,  with  few  large  lenticels;  branchlets  thick,  short,  stout,  with  short 
internodes,  greenish  changing  to  dark  brownish-drab,  dull,  with  thick  pubescence, 
with  few  inconspicuous,  small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  large,  long,  conical  or  pointed,  free. 

Leaves  folded  backward,  obovate,  two  and  three-eighths  inches  wide,  five  inches 
long,  thick,  stiff;  upper  surface  dark  green,  rugose,  with  a  narrow  groove  on  the  midrib, 
sparingly  hairy;  lower  surface  medium  green,  thickly  pubescent;  apex  abruptly  pointed, 
base  cuneate,  margin  serrate  or  crenate,  eglandular  or  with  small  dark  glands;  petiole 
one  inch  long,  covered  with  thick  pubescence,  tinged  red  on  one  side,  glandless  or  with 
from  one  to  three  globose  or  reniform,  yellow  glands  usually  on  the  stalk. 

Season  of  bloom  medium,  short;  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  one  and  one- 
eighth  inches  across,  white,  the  buds  tinged  yellow;  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  buds 
and  spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs;  pedicels  nearly  three-eighths  inch  long,  thick,  heavily 
pubescent;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate,  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  medium  to  narrow, 
obtuse,  glandular-serrate,  thickly  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  reflexed;  petals  roundish- 
obovate,  entire  or  occasionally  notched,  tapering  to  short,  broad  claws;  anthers  yellow; 
filaments  one-quarter  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  of  medium  length;  one  and  seven-eighths  inches 
by  one  and  one-half  inches  in  size,  long-oval,  oblong,  compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity 
shallow,  narrow,  flaring;  suture  variable  in  depth,  prominent;  apex  roundish  or  de- 
pressed; color  dark  red,  mottled  before  full  maturity,  covered  with  thick  bloom;  dots 
numerous,  russet,  conspicuous;  stem  thick,  three-quarters  inch  long,  very  pubescent, 
adhering  strongly  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  tender,  adhering  but  slightly;  flesh  light 
yellow,  juicy,  coarse,  firm,  sweet,  mild  but  pleasant;  good;  stone  free,  one  and  one- 
eighth  inches  by  three-eighths  inch  in  size,  broad-oval,  strongly  flattened,  deeply  pitted, 
roughish,  blunt  at  the  base  and  apex;  ventral  suture  narrow,  distinctly  winged;  dorsal 
suture  widely  and  deeply  grooved. 


VICTORIA 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  365 

VIOLET  DIAPER 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576,  578.    1629.      2.  Langley  Pomona  93,  PI.  XXIII  fig.  II.    1729. 

3.  Duhamel   Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:101,  PI.  XVII  fig.     1768.      4.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:70,  92.     1832. 
5.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  425.     1854.      6.  Koch  Devi.  Obst.  572.     1876.      7.  Le  Bon  Jard.  339.     1882. 
8.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  690.    1884.      9.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  452.    1889.      10.  Guide  Prat.  157,  355. 
1895. 

Black  Diapred  i.  Blaue  Diapree  9,  10.  Blaue  Herzformige  Pflaume  9,  10.  Buntfarbige  Vio- 
lette  Pflaume  9,  10.  Cheston  i,  9.  10.  Cheston  4,  5,  8.  Cheston  Matchless  5.  Cheston's  Plumb 
2.  Dennie  i.  Diapree  noire  7.  Die  Violette  Diapree  10.  Diapree  Violette  3,  10.  Diapree  Vio- 
lette  4,  8,  9.  Diapre  Violet  4.  Friars  i.  Friars  8.  Friar's  Plum  9.  Matchless  4,  5,  9,  10. 
Purple  Diaper  6.  Violet  Diaper  5,  9.  Violette  Diapree  9.  Violette  Violen  Pflaume  9,  10.  Veilchen 
Pflaume  9,  10. 

Violet  Diaper  was  cultivated  at  the  beginning  of  the  Seventeenth 
Century  and  has  maintained  itself  in  Europe  until  the  present  time  although 
never  attaining  nor  deserving  the  popularity  of  the  Red  Diaper.  Match- 
less, cited  as  a  synonym,  is  manifestly  incorrect  as  the  true  Matchless 
is  a  yellow  plum ;  but  since  it  has  been  used  so  long  and  by  so  many  writers 
as  a  synonym,  it  seems  best  to  mention  it  as  such.  This  plum  is  not  grown 
in  America.  It  is  described  as  follows: 

Fruit  early;  of  medium  size,  oval;  suture  faint;  cavity  almost  lacking;  skin  free; 
dark  purple,  covered  with  thick  bloom;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  sweet;  good;  freestone. 

VORONESH 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.   Rpt.   76.     1883.       2.  Ibid.  61.    1887.      3.  Am.  Card.  11:625   fig.  i.    1890. 

4.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  116.    1901.      5.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hon.  Man.  327,  329.    1903. 

Moldavka  i,  2,  3,  4.     Voronesh  Yellow  3,  5.     Yellow  Moldavka  5.     Yellow  Voronesh  2. 

Voronesh  is  a  Russian  sort  supposed  to  be  ironclad  as  to  cold.  It  is 
perfectly  hardy  at  Geneva,  the  trees  are  also  very  productive  and  the 
fruits  are  attractive  enough  in  size  and  color  to  meet  market  demands 
but  the  flavor  is  so  insipid  as  to  make  the  plum  unfit  for  dessert  and  hardly 
fit  for  kitchen  use.  It  is  given  the  honor  of  a  color-plate  because  it  is  a 
somewhat  distinct  type.  In  1881  Professor  J.  L.  Budd  secured  from  J. 
E.  Fisher,  Voronesh,  Russia,  a  variety  which  he  introduced  as  Voronesh 
Yellow.  At  the  same  time  he  imported  a  variety  from  Fisher  under  the 
name  Moldavka  which  proved  to  be  identical  with  his  Voronesh  Yellow, 
though  Budd  held  that  while  they  were  very  similar  the  Moldavka  was 
more  oval  than  Voronesh. 


366  THE    PLUMS    OP   NEW    YORK. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  round-topped,  productive;  leaves  drooping,  folded  backward, 
narrow-obovate,  two  and  one-quarter  inches  wide,  four  and  one-half  inches  long,  thick; 
margin  doubly  serrate,  with  small,  yellowish  glands;  petiole  one-half  inch  long,  tinged 
red,  pubescent,  sometimes  with  two  globose,  yellowish-red  glands  usually  on  the  stalk 
near  the  base  of  the  leaf;  blooming  season  early,  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the 
leaves,  fully  one  and  one-eighth  inches  across,  dull  white;  borne  on  lateral  buds  and 
spurs,  singly  or  in  pairs. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  short;  one  and  seven-eighths  inches  by  one  and 
one-half  inches  in  size,  ovate,  necked,  slightly  enlarged  on  the  suture  side,  dark  lemon- 
yellow,  with  thin  bloom;  dots  very  numerous,  of  medium  size,  white,  conspicuous;  stem 
adhering  strongly  to  the  fruit;  skin  tough,  sour;  flesh  dark  amber-yellow,  very  tender, 
sweet,  mild;  poor;  stone  free,  one  and  three-eighths  inches  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size, 
long-oval,  flattened,  somewhat  necked,  acute  at  the  apex,  the  surfaces  smooth  or 
partially  honeycombed;  ventral  suture  prominent. 

WALES 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Card.  Chron.  5:837.  1845.  2-  Mag.  Hart.  12:340.  1846.  3.  Mclntosh  Bk.  Card.  529.  1855. 
4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  392.  1857.  5.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  515.  1859.  6.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige 
7,  PL  1859.  7-  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:119,  fig.  60.  1873.  8.  Flor.  &  Pom.  253,  PI.  1875.  9.  W.  N.  Y. 
Hart.  Soc.  Rpt.  21:20.  1876.  10.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  718.  1884.  n.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  443. 
1889.  12.  Ont.  Fr.  Exp.  Sta.  Rpt.  96,  120.  1896.  13.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:190.  1897.  14.  Am. 
Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  26.  1897.  15.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  113:160.  1899.  16.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  125.  1901. 

Chapman's  Prince  of  Wales,  3,  5.  Chapman's  Prince  of  Wales  4,  10,  n.  Chapman's  Prince 
of  Wales'  Plum  i.  Prince  Albert?  n.  Prince  De  Galles  7.  Prince  De  Galles  6,  n.  Prince  of 
Wales  2,  4,  8,  9,  10,  12,  13,  15.  Prince  of  Wales  7,  n,  14,  16.  Prinz  Von  Wales  n.  Prune 
Prince  of  Whales  6. 

Wales,  more  commonly  known  as  the  Prince  of  Wales,  seems  to  have 
much  merit  yet  it  has  long  been  grown  in  America,  probably  three-quarters 
of  a  century,  without  attaining  distinction  with  fruit-growers.  In  recent 
years  it  has  been  favorably  commented  upon  in  a  number  of  publications 
and  seems  to  be  better  known  and  more  grown  than  formerly.  Whether 
this  tardily -given  recognition  is  not  too  late  is  a  question.  So  many  good 
plums  have  been  introduced  both  at  home-  and  abroad  in  the  last  few 
decades  that  a  sort  dating  back  nearly  a  century  must  be  meritorious, 
indeed,  to  stand  the  competition.  As  Wales  grows  in  New  York,  it  is 
rather  too  poor  in  quality  to  recommend  it  for  a  home  variety  and  the 
plums  are  too  small,  as  they  generally  grow,  for  a  good  commercial  fruit. 
The  trees  are  enormously  productive  and  are  very  satisfactory  in  other 
characters  as  well.  In  a  bulletin  from  the  Cornell  Station  (References, 
13)  this  variety  is  said  to  have  "  much  to  commend  it  for  general  favor:" 


VORONESH 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  367 

while  in  Ohio  (References,  15)  it  is  thought  that  Wales  "  ought  to  become 
popular." 

Wales,  a  seedling  of  Orleans,  was  raised  by  a  Mr.  Chapman,  Brent- 
ford, Middlesex,  England,  in  1830.  It  was  exhibited  before  the  London 
Horticultural  Society  in  1845  where  it  was  awarded  a  prize.  The  following 
year,  Hovey,  the  American  pomologist,  (References,  2)  described  the 
variety  but  the  date  of  the  first  importation  to  this  country  is  unknown. 
It  was  not  until  1897  that  the  variety  was  sufficiently  known  to  be  placed 
on  the  fruit  catalog  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  slightly  vasiform,  open-topped,  hardy,  very  productive; 
branches  ash-gray,  smooth  except  for  the  numerous,  small,  slightly  raised  lenticels, 
often  marked  by  concentric  rings;  branchlets  of  medium  thickness  and  length,  with 
long  internodes,  green  changing  to  brownish-red,  dull,  thinly  pubescent,  with  numerous, 
inconspicuous,  small  lenticels;  leaf-buds  large,  long,  conical  or  pointed;  leaf-scars 

prominent. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  roundish-ovate  or  oval,  two  and  one-half  inches  wide,  three 
and  one-half  inches  long;  upper  surface  dark  green,  somewhat  rugose,  covered  with 
numerous  hairs;  lower  surface  pale  green,  thickly  pubescent;  apex  and  base  abrupt, 
margin  crenate,  eglandular  or  with  small  dark  glands;  petiole  one-half  inch  long,  pubes- 
cent, tinged  red,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  three  small,  globose,  yellowish-brown 
glands  usually  at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  short;  flowers  one  inch  across,  white,  with  a  yellow  tinge;  usually 
borne  in  pairs;  pedicels  eleven-sixteenths  inch  long,  thick,  pubescent,  greenish;  calyx- 
tube  green,  campanulate,  lightly  pubescent  toward  the  base;  calyx-lobes  broad,  obtuse, 
pubesceiiu  on  both  surfaces,  glandular-serrate  and  with  marginal  hairs,  erect;  petals 
broadly  oval,  crenate,  tapering  to  short,  blunt  claws;  filaments  five-sixteenths  inch  long; 
pistil  glabrous  except  on  the  ovary,  longer  than  the  stamens;  stigma  large. 

Fruit  late,  season  short;  one  and  five-eighths  inches  by  one  and  one-half  inches 
in  size,  roundish -oval,  halves  equal;  cavity  narrow,  abrupt ;  suture  a  line;  apex  roundish ; 
color  reddish-purple,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  dots  few,  large,  often  tinged  red, 
conspicuous;  stem  thick,  one-half  inch  long,  pubescent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit; 
skin  tough,  separating  readily;  flesh  golden-yellow,  juicy,  tender,  sweet,  mild;  good; 
stone  semi-free  or  free,  seven-eighths  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  oval,  turgid, 
blunt  at  the  base  and  apex,  with  slightly  pitted  surfaces;  ventral  suture  narrow,  often 
acute  or  with  a  slight  wing;  dorsal  suture  widely  and  deeply  grooved. 

WANGENHEIM 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Cultivator  8:26  fig.  1860.  2.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:157,  &£•  79-  1866-73.  3-  Am.  Pom.  Sac. 
Cat.  XXIV.  1871.  4.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  453.  1889.  5.  Guide  Prat.  159,  367.  1895.  6.  Waugh 
Plum  Cult.  125.  1901. 


368  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Die  Wangenheim  4.  De  Wangenheim  5.  Prune  de  Wangenheim  4.  Prune  Wangenheim  Hdtive 
4.  Quetsche  Precoce  de  Wangenheim  2,  4,  5.  Von  Wangenlieim  Pftaume  2,  4,  5.  Wangenheims 
Frukzwetsche  2,  5.  Wangenheims  Friih  Zwetsche  4.  Wangenheim  Hdtive  4. 

This  variety,  very  well  known  and  highly  esteemed  in  Germany,  has 
been  grown  to  some  extent  in  America  both  on  the  Pacific  and  Atlantic 
Coasts  and  in  neither  region  has  it  proved  equal  to  standard  plums. 
According  to  Dittrich,  Wangenheim  originated  at  Beinheim,  a  small  place 
near  Gotha,  Saxe-Cobourg,  Germany. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading,  productive;  trunk  rough;  branches  rough, 
stocky;  branchlets  nearly  glabrous;  leaves  folded  upward,  slightly  rugose;  margin 
finely  serrate,  with  small  glands;  petiole  tinged  red,  pubescent,  with  from  one  to  three 
small  glands  usually  at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Fruit  mid-season;  one  and  one-quarter  inches  by  one  and  one-eighth  inches  in  size, 
ovate,  purplish-red,  covered  with  thin  bloom,  yellowish,  rather  dry,  firm,  sweet,  mild; 
of  good  quality;  stone  very  free,  three-quarters  inch  by  one-half  inch  in  size,  irregular- 
oval,  flattened,  with  faintly  pitted  surfaces;  ventral  suture  distinctly  winged;  dorsal 
suture  with  a  narrow,  shallow  groove. 

WASHINGTON 

Pr,unus  dcmestica 

I.  Prince  Treat.  Hort.  24.  1828.  2.  Pom.  Mag.  1:16,  PI.  1828.  3.  Land.  Hort.  Sac.  Cat.  154. 
1831.  4.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:53.  I832.  5.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  298,  383,  418.  1846. 
6.  Cole  Am.  Fr.  Book  210.  1849.  7.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  326  fig.,  327.  1849.  8.  Hovey  Fr. 
Am.  1:87,  Col.  PI.  1851.  9.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  54.  1852.  10.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  415.  1854. 
ii.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige  4:23,  PI.  1856.  12.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  520.  1859.  13.  Downing  Fr. 
Trees  Am.  951.  1869.  14.  Pom.  France  7:No.  24.  1871.  15.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:59.  1866-73. 
16.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  729.  1884.  17.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  453.  1889.  18.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  103: 
32,  33,  fig.  1894.  19.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:193.  1897.  20.  Va.  Sta.  Bui.  134:44.  1902.  21.  Can. 
Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:36.  1903. 

Anglesio  17.     Bolmar  3,  6,  7,  8,  10,  12,  13,  14,  16,  17.     Bolmar's  Washington  3,  7,  8,  10,  n,  12,  14, 

16,  17.     Bolmar's  Washington  5.     Bolmer  i,  4,  13,  17.     Bolmer's  Washington  i,  4,  13.     Bolmore's 
Washington  4.     Double  Imperial  Gage  i,  4.     Franklin  3,  4,  5,  8,  10,  n,  12,  13,  14,  16,  17.     Imperial 
Gage  (of  Albany)  4.     Irving's  Bolmar  10,  13,  16,  17.     Irving's  Bolmer  14.     Jackson  n,  13,  14,  17. 
Louis  Philippe  14.     Louis  Philipp  17.     New  Washington  3,  4,  5,  8,   10,  n,   13,   14,  17.     Parker's 
Mammoth  10,    13,    16,    17.     Philippe  i,   n,    13,    14,   17.     Prune  Washington  Jaune   n.     Superior 
Gage  i,  4,  8.     Superior  Green  Gage  4,  8.     The  Washington  Plum  2,  8.     Washington  5,  8.     Wash- 
ington Bolmar  8.     Washington  Gage  4.     Washington  Jaune  13,   14,   17.     Washington  Maminot  14, 

17.  Washington  Yellow  17. 

Washington  holds  high  rank  among  the  Reine  Claude  varieties,  plums 
unsurpassed  for  dessert  purposes.  The  fruits  are  large  in  size  for  one  of 
this  group;  handsome  in  form  and  color  (in  the  latter  respect  the  color- 
plate  does  not  do  the  variety  justice) ;  abundant  in  juice  yet  firm  and 


WASHINGTON 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW   YORK.  369 

meaty  enough  in  flesh  to  keep  and  ship  well ;  fine  in  flavor  though  not  quite 
equalling  some  others  of  its  group  in  this  character.  The  trees  are  large, 
hardy,  vigorous  and  healthy,  remarkable  for  their  broad,  glossy,  abundant 
leaves,  bear  bountiful  crops  annually  and  at  a  favorable  period  of  maturity. 
Washington  thus  has  a  combination  of  characters  which  few  of  its  group, 
with  which  only  it  must  be  compared,  possess.  The  variety,  however, 
is  not  without  defects;  the  fruits  are  subject  to  brown-rot,  so  much  so 
that  its  value  as  a  commercial  variety  is  greatly  lessened;  the  quality 
varies  greatly  in  different  locations  and  even  in  different  years, — the  latter 
very  noticeable  on  the  Station  grounds;  the  trees  are  slow  in  coming  in 
bearing  and  the  crops  are  small  for  some  years  after  fruiting  begins.  From 
the  above  considerations  it  may  be  seen  that  while  this  variety  is  almost 
always  worth  planting  in  a  home  collection,  the  location  for  it  as  a  com- 
mercial fruit  needs  to  be  chosen  with  some  care. 

There  are  two  accounts  of  the  origin  of  this  variety.  William  Prince 
gives  its  history  as  follows  (References,  i):  "It  has  always  been  the 
custom  at  the  establishment  of  the  author,  at  Flushing,  to  plant  annually 
the  seeds  of  the  finest  fruits,  for  the  purpose  of  originating  new  varieties; 
and,  about  the  year  1790,  his  father  planted  the  pits  of  twenty-five  quarts 
of  the  Green  Gage  plum;  these  produced  trees  yielding  fruit  of  every 
colour;  and  the  White  Gage,  Red  Gage,  and  Prince's  Gage,  now  so  well 
known,  form. part  of  the  progeny  of  those  plums;  and  there  seems  strong 
presumptive  evidence  to  suppose  that  the  Washington  Plum  was  one  of 
the  same  collection."  Michael  Floy  gives  a  different  history  of  the  Wash- 
ington (References^).  He  states  that  he  received  the  variety  in  1818  from 
a  Mr.  Bolmar  of  New  York  who  in  turn  had  purchased  his  trees  from  a 
market  woman  in  1814.  The  purchased  trees  were  produced  as  suckers 
from  the  roots  of  a  Reine  Claude  tree  which  had  been  killed  below  the 
graft  by  lightning  on  the  Delancey  farm,  now  the  Bowery,  in  New  York 
City.  In  1819,  a  few  of  the  trees,  budded  the  previous  year  by  Floy,  were 
sent  to  England.  The  American  Pomological  Society  added  the  Washing- 
ton to  its  fruit  catalog  list  in  1852.  Taking  in  consideration  the  evidence 
of  other  writers  and  further  facts  offered  in  other  accounts  by  the  Princes, 
father  and  son,  it  seems  almost  certain  that  the  first  history  is  correct  and 
that  Bolmar's  trees  had  their  origin  in  the  Prince  nursery. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  round  and  open-topped,  hardy,  very  productive;  branches 
dark  ash-gray,  rough  becoming  shaggy  on  the  trunk,  with  small  lenticels;  branchlets 
below  medium  in  thickness  and  length,  with  long  internodes,  green  changing  to  brownish- 


37°  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

red,  thinly  pubescent,  with  small  lenticels  of  average  number;  leaf -buds  of  medium  size 
and  length,  pointed,  free. 

Leaves  flattened,  oval,  two  and  one-half  inches  wide,  four  and  one-quarter  inches 
long,  leathery,  somewhat  velvety;  upper  surface  dark  green,  lightly  pubescent,  with  a 
shallow  groove  on  the  midrib;  lower  surface  medium  green,  thickly  pubescent;  apex 
abruptly  pointed  or  acute,  base  abrupt;  margin  serrate,  eglandular;  petiole  five-eighths 
inch  long,  green,  pubescent,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  smallish,  globose,  greenish- 
yellow  glands  at  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the 
leaves,  one  and  five-sixteenths  inches  across,  white,  with  yellow  near  the  apex;  borne 
on  lateral  buds  and  spurs;  pedicels  three-eighths  inch  long,  thick,  covered  with  fine 
pubescence,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  campanulate,  pubescent  ;  calyx-lobes  broad, 
obtuse,  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  glandular-serrate  and  with  marginal  hairs,  erect; 
petals  broad-ovate  or  oval,  crenate,  tapering  into  short,  broad  claws;  anthers  yellow; 
filaments  three-eighths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  intermediate  in  time  and  length  of  ripening  season;  one  and  three-quarters 
inches  by  one  and  five-eighths  inches  in  size,  roundish-oval,  compressed,  halves  equal; 
cavity  shallow,  narrow,  flaring;  suture  shallow;  apex  roundish;  color  greenish-yellow 
or  light  yellow,  with  green  stripes  and  splashes,  occasionally  with  a  faint  blush  on  the 
sunny  side,  covered  with  thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  white,  inconspicuous,  clustered 
about  the  apex;  stem  one-half  inch  long,  covered  with  thick  pubescence,  adhering 
strongly  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  slightly  sour,  separating  readily;  flesh  greenish-yellow, 
juicy,  firm  but  tender,  sweet,  mild,  pleasant  flavor;  good  to  very  good;  stone  free, 
not  filling  the  cavity,  one  inch  by  three-quarters  inch  in  size,  oval,  turgid,  roughened, 
somewhat  blunt  at  the  base  and  apex;  ventral  suture  wide,  marked  by  deep  furrows, 
with  a  distinct  but  short  wing;  dorsal  suture  widely  and  deeply  grooved. 

WAYLAND 

Prunus  hortulana 

i.  U.S.D.  A.  Rpt.  573,  PI.  5  fig.  2.  1888.  2.  Am.  Card.  10:175  fig.,  243.  1889.  3.  Cornell 
Sta.  Bui.  38:51,  87.  1892.  4.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:24,  62.  1897.  5.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  10:99,  I03- 
1897.  6.  Ibid.  11:281,  286  fig.  1898.  7.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  228.  1904.  8.  Ga.  Sta.  Bid. 
67:283.  1904.  9.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:258.  1905. 

Wayland  is  of  little  interest  to  plum-growers  who  grow  the  Domestica 
varieties  without  difficulty  but  in  the  South  and  Middle  West  it  is  an 
important  representative  of  a  valuable  species.  The  trees  withstand  the 
hot,  dry  weather  in  the  region  south  of  central  Iowa  and  Nebraska  rather 
better  than  do  those  of  varieties  of  other  species  and  its  fruits  are  borne  in 
such  quantities  and  so  late  that  this  and  its  kindred  sorts  become  important 
plums.  The  fruits  are  quite  too  firm  of  flesh,  too  sour  and  too  small  to  be 
of  value  for  dessert  purposes  but  they  are  most  excellent  for  jellies,  marma- 


WAYLAND 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  371 

lades  and  preserves — any  of  the  uses  to  which  the  Damsons  are  commonly 
put.  They  are,  too,  best  adapted  for  long-keeping  and  shipping  of  any 
of  the  native  plums.  Except  in  size,  the  plums  are  hardly  surpassed  in 
the  characters  that  make  a  fruit  handsome  among  the  native  plums.  The 
trees  are  large,  robust  and  hardy  in  central  New  York,  usually  free  from 
attacks  of  insects  and  fungi  and,  with  their  abundant,  glossy  foliage,  are 
strikingly  ornamental.  Wayland  is  of  value  for  New  York,  however, 
when  all  characters  are  considered,  only  in  furnishing  variety,  in  extending 
the  season  for  native  plums  and  as  an  ornamental. 

Wayland  was  found  in  a  plum  thicket  on  the  premises  of  Professor 
H.  B.  Wayland,  Cadiz,  Kentucky.  It  was  sent  by  him  about  1875  to 
J.  S.  Downer  and  Sons,  Fairview,  Todd  County,  Kentucky,  who  named 
and  introduced  it.  There  has  been  much  discussion  as  to  the  botanical 
status  of  this  variety,  various  writers  having  put  it  in  at  least  three  distinct 
species  and  Waugh  and  Bailey  have  used  it  as  the  type  of  the  Wayland 
group  of  Prunus  hortulana. 

Tree  very  large  and  vigorous,  spreading,  somewhat  drooping,  flat-topped,  open, 
hardy  at  Geneva,  productive;  trunk  shaggy;  branches  rough,  dark  ash-gray,  with 
inconspicuous  lenticels,  medium  in  number  and  size;  branchlets  slender,  twiggy,  long, 
with  internodes  of  average  length,  green,  changing  to  light  chestnut-red,  glossy, 
glabrous,  with  numerous,  conspicuous,  large,  raised  lenticels;  leaf -buds  very  small, 
short,  obtuse,  plump,  appressed. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  ovate  or  long-oval,  peach-like,  one  and  seven-eighths  inches 
across,  five  inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface  smooth  and  glossy,  with  a  grooved  midrib; 
lower  surface  sparingly  pubescent;  apex  acuminate,  base  abrupt,  margin  unevenly 
serrate,  glandular;  petiole  one  inch  long,  slender,  pubescent  along  one  side,  with  a 
tinge  of  red,  with  from  one  to  five  very  small,  globose,  brownish  glands  usually 
on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  late  and  long;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  thirteen-six* 
teenths  inch  across,  white,  with  disagreeable  odor;  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and 
spurs,  in  threes,  fours  or  fives;  pedicels  fifteen-sixteenths  inch  long,  very  slender, 
glabrous,  green;  calyx-tube  greenish,  narrowly  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes 
narrow,  acute,  erect,  lightly  pubescent  within,  serrate  and  with  dark-colored  glands; 
petals  ovate  or  oval,  irregularly  crenate,  tapering  into  long,  narrow  claws  with  hairy 
margins;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  three-eighths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  shorter 
than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  very  late,  season  long;  one  and  one-eighth  inches  by  one  inch  in  size,  roundish- 
ovate  narrowing  somewhat  toward  the  stem,  conical,  slightly  compressed,  halves  equal; 
cavity  medium  to  deep,  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  usually  very  shallow  and  wide,  often 
a  distinct  line;  apex  pointed;  color  dark  currant-red,  with  inconspicuous,  thin  bloom; 


372  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

dots  numerous,  small  to  medium,  conspicuous,  densely  clustered  about  the  apex;  stem 
very  slender,  five-eighths  inch  long,  glabrous,  not  adhering  to  the  fruit;  skin  thick,  tough, 
clinging  but  slightly;  flesh  attractive  light  yellow;  moderately  juicy,  coarse,  fibrous, 
rather  tender,  mildly  sweet  next  the  skin  but  astringent  towards  the  pit;  fair  to  good; 
stone  clinging,  five-eighths  inch  by  three-eighths  inch  in  size,  long-oval,  somewhat 
elongated  at  the  base  and  apex,  turgid,  with  rough  and  pitted  surfaces ;  ventral  suture 
wide,  blunt,  faintly  ridged;  dorsal  suture  acute,  with  a  narrow,  indistinct  groove. 

WEAVER 
Prunus  americana 

I.  Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  367.  1874.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  44.  1883.  3.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc. 
Rpt.  268.  1883.  4.  Minn.  Sta.  Bui.  5:36,  37  fig.  1889.  5.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:43,  86.  1892. 
6.  Can.  Hort.  16:409,  PI.  1893.  7.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  123:21.  1895.  8.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:24,  62. 
1897.  9.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50:46.  1898.  10.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:291.  1900.  n.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
166  fig.  1901.  12.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  302.  1903.  13.  Can.  Exf.  Farm  Bui.  43:32. 
1903.  14.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  67:283.  1904.  15.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:41.  1905. 

Weaver  is  an  old  and  well-known  Americana,  once  one  of  the  most 
popular  of  its  species  because  of  its  hardiness  and  productiveness.  It  is 
still  listed  by  many  nurserymen  and  is  widely  distributed  throughout 
the  country  but  it  is  now  rapidly  passing  out  of  cultivation,  being  super- 
seded by  sorts  producing  larger  and  better  colored  fruits. 

This  variety  was  found  growing  wild  on  the  Cedar  River,  in  Iowa,  by 

.a  Mr.  Weaver.    In  1873,  Ennis  and  Patten,  Charles  City,  Iowa,  began  its 

sale   to   fruit-growers.     The   American   Pomological   Society   placed   the 

Weaver  on  its  fruit  catalog  list  in  1883,  dropped  it  in  1891,  and  replaced 

it  in  1897.    The  following  description  is  partly  compiled. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  well  formed,  upright-spreading,  unusually  hardy,  productive; 
branches  long,  slender;  branchlets  slender,  long,  with  short  internodes,  reddish-brown, 
glabrous,  with  numerous,  conspicuous  lenticels  of  medium  size;  leaf -buds  small,  conical, 
of  average  length. 

Leaves  falling  late,  four  and  one-half  inches  long,  two  and  one-half  inches  wide, 
obovate  or  oval,  firm,  thick,  leathery;  upper  surface  dark  green,  slightly  roughened, 
glabrous,  with  narrow  midrib;  lower  surface  pale  green,  pubescent  on  the  midrib  and 
larger  veins;  apex  acuminate,  base  somewhat  acute,  margin  deeply  and  coarsely  serrate; 
petiole  five-eighths  inch  long,  stout,  reddish,  slightly  pubescent  along  one  side,  usually 
with  two  large,  globose,  reddish-brown  glands  on  the  stem. 

Flowers  large,  prominently  stalked;  calyx-lobes  conspicuously  glandular,  lightly 
pubescent  within. 

Fruit  mid-season  or  later;  one  inch  by  three-quarters  inch  in  size,  large  for  a  native, 
oval  or  roundish-oblong,  compressed,  halves  unequal;  cavity  medium  to  shallow, 
narrow,  rather  abrupt ;  suture  shallow  distinct;  apex  roundish  or  depressed;  color  not 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  373 

uniform,  yellowish  overlaid  with  purplish-red,  mottled,  covered  with  thin  bloom;  dots 
numerous,  small,  often  purplish,  inconspicuous;  skin  thick,  very  tough,  astringent, 
adhering  to  the  pulp;  flesh  deep  yellow,  juicy,  firm  and  meaty,  sweet,  mild;  fair  to 
good;  stone  variable  in  adhesion,  three-quarters  inch  by  three-eighths  inch  in  size,  long 
and  narrow,  somewhat  oval,  flattened,  obscurely  pointed  at  the  base  and  apex,  smooth. 

WHITE  BULLACE 

Prunus  insititia 

i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576.  1629.  2.  Abercrombie  Card.  Ass't  13.  1786.  3.  Forsyth  Fr. 
Trees  Ant.  21.  1803.  4.  Land.  Hon.  Soc.  Cat.  344.  1831.  5.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:105.  1832. 
6.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  300,  383.  1846.  7.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  385.  1866.  8.  Downing 
Fr.  Trees  Am.  952.  1869.  9.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  4:160,  161  fig.  960.  1901.  10.  Can.  Exp. 
Farms  Rpt.  481.  1904. 

Bullace  5.     Bullace  7.     White  Bulleis  i. 

The  origin  of  this  old  sort  is  unknown.  It  was  cultivated  more  than 
three  hundred  years  ago  for  Parkinson  described  it  as  common  in  his  time. 
He  says  of  it  "  The  White  and  the  blacke  Bulleis  are  common  in  most 
Countries,  being  small  round,  lesser  than  Damsons,  sharper  in  taste,  and 
later  ripe."  It  is  probably  one  of  the  first  of  the  cultivated  plums.  White 
Bullace  is  illustrated  and  described  in  full  in  The  Plums  of  New  York  chiefly 
as  a  means  of  comparison  between  the  plums  of  three  centuries  ago  and 
those  of  the  present.  It  has  little  value  now  for  any  purpose,  though  the 
Europeans  still  grow  it  rather  commonly  and  from  seeds,  cions  or  suckers, 
as  convenience  may  dictate. 

Tree  of  medium  size  and  vigor,  upright-spreading,  dense-topped,  hardy,  unproduc- 
tive; branches  ash-gray,  nearly  smooth,  with  numerous,  small,  inconspicuous  lenticels; 
branchlets  thick,  above  medium  in  length,  with  short  internodes,  greenish-red  changing 
to  dark  brownish-red,  dull,  with  thick  pubescence  throughout  the  season,  with  few, 
small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  small,  short,  stubby,  obtuse,  strongly  appressed. 

Leaves  flattened,  obovate,  one  and  five-eighths  inches  wide,  two  and  three-eighths 
inches  long,  thick;  upper  surface  dark  green,  rugose,  with  few  hairs  along  the  narrow, 
grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  silvery  green,  pubescent;  apex  abruptly  pointed  or  acute, 
base  acute,  margin  doubly  serrate,  eglandular ;  petiole  one-half  inch  long,  green,  pubescent, 
glandless  or  with  one  or  two  small,  globose,  greenish-yellow  glands  variable  in  position. 

Blooming  season  medium  to  late,  of  average  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the 
leaves,  three-quarters  inch  across,  white,  scattered  on  lateral  spurs;  usually  borne 
singly;  pedicels  one-quarter  inch  long,  thick,  densely  covered  with  short  hairs,  green; 
calyx-tube  reddish-green,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  acute,  lightly  pubescent 
on  both  surfaces,  glandular-serrate,  reflexed;  petals  obovate,  entire,  with  short,  broad 
claws;  anthers  yellow  with  red  tinge;  filaments  five-sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil 
glabrous,  nearly  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 


374  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Fruit  late,  ripening  season  of  medium  length;  about  one  inch  in  diameter,  roundish, 
compressed,  truncate  at  the  base;  cavity  rather  deep  and  wide,  abrupt;  suture  a  line; 
apex  flattened  or  depressed;  color  deep  amber-yellow,  sometimes  with  faint  pink  blush 
on  the  exposed  cheek,  overspread  with  moderately  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  white, 
inconspicuous;  stem  one-half  inch  long,  covered  with  scant  pubescence,  adhering 
strongly  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  astringent,  slightly  adhering;  flesh  deep  golden-yellow, 
juicy,  coarse,  fibrous,  firm,  sour;  poor  in  quality;  stone  clinging,  five-eighths  inch  by 
one-half  inch  in  size,  ovate,  turgid,  blunt  at  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex,  slightly 
roughened;  ventral  suture  broad,  blunt,  shallowly  furrowed;  dorsal  suture  with  a  wide, 
shallow  groove. 

WHITE  DAMSON 

Prunus  insititia 

i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  578.  1629.  2.  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  67,  69.  1699.  3.  M'Mahon 
Am.  Card.  Cal.  588.  1806.  4.  Coxe  Cult.  Fr.  Trees  238,  fig.  15.  1817.  5.  Lond.  Hon.  Soc.  Cat. 
146.  1831.  6.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:88.  1832.  7.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  287.  1845.  8.  Floy- 
Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  300.  1846.  9.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  334.  1849.  IO-  Elliott  Fr. 
Book  430.  1854.  ii.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  190,  214.  1856.  12.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  385.  1866. 
13.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  952.  1869.  14.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  131.  1901. 

Frost  Plum  6,  13.  Late  Cluster  6,  13.  Late  White  Damson  6.  Late  Yellow  Damson  7,  9, 
10,  13.  Shailer's  White  Damson  7,  10,  12,  13.  Shailer's  White  Damson  5.  Small  Round  Damson 
5.  White  Damascene  4.  White  Damascene  6,  7,  10,  13.  White  Damask  2.  White  Damson  6. 
White  Prune  Damson  7,  8,  10,  13.  White  Winter  Damson  6,  13.  White  Winter  Damson  3.  Winter 
Damson  6.  Yellow  Damson  9. 

This  old  plum,  known  since  the  beginning  of  the  Seventeenth  Century, 
is  chiefly  of  historic  interest.  Downing  thought  this  a  very  desirable  addi- 
tion to  our  list  of  plums  but  nearly  all  other  pomologists  who  have  seen 
the  fruit  of  the  variety  think  it  of  small  importance.  Unfortunately  it 
is  not  in  the  collection  at  this  Station  and  can  be  neither  recommended 
nor  condemned  from  first  hand  knowledge.  This  plum  was  first  noted  in 
America  by  M'Mahon  in  1806,  and  fifty  years  later  it  was  added  to  the 
American  Pomological  Society  list  of  promising  varieties.  For  some  reason, 
perhaps  for  its  color,  it  has  never  become  so  well  known  as  the  purple 
Damsons.  Perhaps  from  the  division  of  Prunus  insititia  made  in  The 
Plums  of  New  York,  this  variety  should  be  known  as  a  Mirabelle  rather 
than  as  a  Damson.  The  following  description  is  a  compilation: 

Tree  vigorous,  very  productive;  branches  long,  slender.  Fruit  matures  the  last 
of  September,  season  long;  small,  oval,  pale  yellow  sprinkled  with  reddish-brown  dots, 
covered  with  thin  bloom;  flesh  yellowish,  sprightly,  pleasant  flavored;  good  to  very 
good;  stone  clinging. 


WHITE  BULLACE 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK..  375 

WHITE  IMPERATRICE 

Prunus  domestica 

I.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  2:33,  Tab.  181  fig.  2;  2:44,  Tab.  197  fig.  a.  1796.  2.  Duhamel  Trait. 
Arb.  Fr.  2:106.  1768.  3.  Pom.  Mag.  1:38,  PI.  1828.  4.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:61.  1832.  5. 
Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  285.  1845.  6.  Floy-Lindley  G«wfe  Orc/z.  Card.  300,  383.  1846.  7.  Poi- 
teau  Pom.  Franc,  i.  1846.  8.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  329.  1849.  9.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  730. 
1884.  10.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  454.  1889. 

Die  Weisse  Kaiserpflaume  3,  4,  6,  10  incor.  Die  Weisse  Kaiserpflaume  i.  Die  Weisse  Kaiserinn- 
pflaume  i.  Imperatrice  Blanche  i,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  8,  9,  10.  The  White  Impera trice  Plum  3.  Prune 
Imperatrice  Blanche  7.  White  Imperatrice  3,  10.  WhiteEmpress  5,  8,  10.  Weisse  Kaiserpflaume  10. 

Kraft  in  his  Pomona  Austriaca,  1796,  described  a  Weisse  Kaiser- 
pflaume and  a  Weisse  Kaiserinnpflaume  and  gave  Imperatrice  Blanche 
as  a  synonym  to  both  of  them.  The  latter  he  gave  as  a  variety  of  the 
Weisse  Kaiserpflaume  but  it  is  probable  that  they  are  the  same  since  no 
other  author  noted  the  distinction,  and,  in  fact,  the  differences  mentioned 
are  wholly  insignificant.  According  to  Downing  this  variety  was  little 
known  in  this  country  in  1845  an<^  &  is  doubtful  if  it  is  now  known  at  all. 
It  is  described  as  follows: 

Compared  with  the  Saint  Catherine,  which  it  resembles,  it  is  found  to  differ  in  that 
its  stone  is  free  and  its  flavor  less  high;  branches  smooth;  leaves  smaller  and  less  shining; 
fruit  matures  in  September;  of  medium  size,  obovate;  suture  indistinct;  cavity  narrow; 
skin  yellow,  spotted  with  a  little  red;  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow,  crisp,  juicy,  sweet. 

WHITE  PERDRIGON 

Prunus  domestica 

i.  Rea  Flora  208.  1676.  2.  Langley  Pomona  92,  93,  PI.  XXIII  figs.  V  &  VI.  1729.  3.  Miller 
Card.  Diet.  3.  1754.  4.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:84,  PI  VIII.  1768.  5.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  2:41, 
Tab.  193  fig.  i.  1796.  6.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  151.  1831.  7.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:52,  64.  1832. 
8.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  287.  1845.  9.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  298,  301,  383.  1846. 
10.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  386.  1866.  n.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  454.  1889. 

Brignolle  ii.  Brignole  6,  8,  10,  n.  Die  weisse  Duranzen  pflaume  5.  Diaprte  Blanche  n. 
Maitre  Claude  2,  3,  7,  9.  Perdrigon  blanc  4.  Perdrigon  blanc  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10,  n.  Maitre  Claude 
8,  10,  ii.  Weisser  Perdrigon  n.  Weisse  Diapree  n.  Weisses  Rebhuhnerei  xx.  Prune-Pechg 
(of  some)  ii.  White  Perdrigon  n. 

White  Perdrigon  is  an  old  French  variety  grown  extensively  in  the 
vicinity  of  Brignoles,  France  where  it  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  the 
famous  Brignoles  Prunes.  Because  of  its  use  for  this  purpose,  it  has  been 
badly  confused  with  a  similar  variety,  the  Brignole,  which  derived  its  name 
from  the  town  of  Brignoles,  where  it  was  first  grown.  The  variety  is  pro- 
bably not  known  in  America  and  might  be  worth  introducing.  It  is  des- 
cribed as  follows: 


376  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

The  White  Perdrigon  is  a  mid-season,  medium-sized,  oval  plum,  tapering  slightly 
towards  the  base;  suture  shallow;  cavity  small;  stem  slender;  skin  rather  tough,  pale 
yellow,  with  thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  whitish;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  melt- 
ing, juicy,  sweet,  aromatic;  good;  stone  small,  long-oval,  free. 

WICKSON 

Prunus  triftora  X  Prunus  simonii 

i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  263.  1892.  2.  Burbank  Cat.  21  fig.  1893.  3.  Gard.  &  For.  7:420.  1894. 
4.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  106:63.  l896.  S-  Cal.  State  Bd.  Hort.  53.  1897-8.  6.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  139: 
46  fig.  120.  1897.  7.  Can.  Hort.  21:30  fig.  1272.  1898.  8.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:229.  1899. 
9.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  175:148,  149  fig.  38.  1899.  10.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  41.  1899.  n.  Kan.  Sta. 
Bui.  101:125.  1901.  12.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  187:77,  80.  1901.  13.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  227.  1901. 
14.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  387.  1901.  15.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  68:13,  PI.  IV,  37.  1905.  16.  Md.  Hort.  Soc. 
Rpt.  85.  1905.  17.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  on  Plums  etc.  65.  1905. 

Eureka  5.     Perfection  i,  2.     Perfection  4,  14. 

It  is  difficult  to  estimate  the  value  of  Wickson  in  American  pomology. 
Probably  no  plum  of  recent  introduction  has  been  on  the  one  hand  so 
highly  lauded  and  on  the  other  so  condemned  as  this  one.  Its  remarkable 
size,  the  largest  of  the  Oriental  plums  if  not  the  largest  of  all  plums; 
its  handsome  color  and  distinct  form;  the  firm  flesh  and  peculiar  flavor, 
generally  considered  pleasant ;  the  narrow  upright  tree  with  its  long  lance- 
olate leaves,  mark  the  variety  as  a  new  and  for  some  parts  of  the  country 
a  valuable  addition  to  pomology.  The  contradictory  evidence  as  to  its 
desirability  arises  from  the  fact  that  it  can  be  well  grown  in  comparatively 
few  plum-growing  regions,  most  of  these  being  on  the  Pacific  Coast  and 
in  the  South.  In  New  York,  the  Wickson  has  small  value  other  than  in 
private  collections.  The  variety  is  a  little  tender  in  tree  and  bud,  hardy 
only  in  favored  parts  of  this  State  and  not  at  all  where  the  peach  cannot 
be  grown;  it  blooms  too  early  to  be  safe  from  frost;  it  is  susceptible  to 
brown-rot;  the  trees  are  late  in  coming  in  bearing  and  are  not  reliable 
in  fruiting;  the  fruits  ripen  unevenly;  and  the  trees  are  not  of  good  form 
for  heavy  crops.  In  California,  however,  the  Wickson  is  one  of  the  leading 
Japanese  sorts,  possibly  the  leading  one,  and  is  seemingly  growing  in  favor. 
Starnes,  one  of  the  pomological  authorities  of  the  South,  in  his  bulletin 
on  Japan  and  Hybrid  Plums,  speaks  of  Wickson  as  a  "  grand  plum  "  and 
as  one  of  the  best  for  Georgia.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  from  the  same  cross 
which  produced  Wickson  or  from  breeding  this  variety  with  some  other, 
a  plum  of  this  type  well  suited  to  New  York  may  sometime  be  offered 
the  plum-growers  of  this  State. 


WICKSON 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  377 

Wickson  is  one  of  the  best  known  of  Burbank's  many  plums.  The 
variety  was  first  described  in  the  report  of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture 
in  1892  under  the  name  Perfection  and  as  a  seedling  of  Kelsey  crossed 
by  Burbank.  In  1893  and  1894  Burbank  offered  for  sale  the  control  and 
the  stock  of  this  variety  but  found  no  buyers  and  in  1895  introduced  it 
himself.  The  parentage  of  the  variety  is  in  doubt.  Burbank  considered 
it  a  Kelsey-Burbank  cross ;  the  Pacific  Rural  Press  described  it  as  offspring 
of  Kelsey  and  Satsuma ;  Bailey,  Waugh  and  the  .workers  at  this  Station 
believe  it  to  have  Prunus  simonii  characters.  The  foliage,  flowers,  the 
tree,  the  fruiting  habit,  the  texture  of  the  flesh,  all  indicate  Simon  as 
one  of  its  parents.  According  to  the  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Cali- 
fornia State  Board  of  Horticulture  shipments  of  this  plum  were  made  to 
New  York  in  the  season  of  1897  under  the  name  of  Eureka.  In  1899  it 
was  placed  on  the  fruit  catalog  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society. 

Tree  medium  to  large,  vigorous,  with  narrow,  upright  head,  dense-topped,  tender 
to  cold,  an  uncertain  bearer;  branches  medium  in  smoothness,  the  fruit-spurs  numerous, 
dark  ash-gray  with  tinge  of  brown,  with  lenticels  of  medium  size;  branchlets  thick  and 
long,  with  short  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  light  chocolate-brown,  glossy, 
glabrous;  lenticels  numerous,  raised,  variable  in  size;  leaf -buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  free. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  one  inch  wide,  three  inches  long, 
thin;  upper  surface  dark  green,  glossy,  glabrous,  with  a  slightly  grooved  midrib;  lower 
surface  pale  green,  glabrous,  except  along  the  midrib;  apex  taper-pointed,  base  cuneate, 
margin  finely  serrate,  with  reddish  glands;  petiole  three-eighths  inch  long,  lightly 
pubescent  along  one  side,  faintly  tinged  red,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  nine  small, 
reniform,  greenish  or  yellow  glands  variable  in  position. 

Blooming  season  early  and  of  medium  length;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves, 
intermediate  in  size,  white;  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  spurs,  in  pairs  or  in  threes; 
pedicels  of  medium  length  and  thickness,  glabrous,  greenish;  calyx-tube  green,  obconic, 
glabrous;  calyx-lobes  acute,  erect,  glandular-ciliate ;  petals  oval,  entire,  short-clawed; 
anthers  yellowish;  filaments  below  medium  in  length;  pistil  glabrous,  longer  than 
the  stamens. 

Fruit  early  mid-season,  period  of  ripening  long;  variable  in  size,  the  larger  fruits 
about  two  and  one-eighth  inches  in  diameter,  obliquely  cordate,  halves  unequal;  cavity 
deep,  abrupt,  with  yellowish  concentric  rings;  suture  often  prominent  and  deep,  with  a 
prolonged  tip  at  the  apex;  color  dark  red  over  a  yellow  ground,  indistinctly  splashed  with 
darker. red,  mottled  with  thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small, yellow, inconspicuous,  densely 
clustered  about  the  apex;  stem  thick,  eleven-sixteenths  inch  long,  glabrous;  skin  thin, 
tender,  separating  easily;  flesh  amber-yellow,  juicy,  coarse,  somewhat  fibrous,  firm, 
sweet,  pleasant  but  not  high  in  flavor;  good;  stone  clinging,  one  inch  by  five-eighths 
inch  in  size,  oval  or  ovate,  pointed,  with  pitted  surfaces;  ventral  suture  winged;  dorsal 
suture  grooved. 


378  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

WILD  GOOSE 

Prunus  munsoniana 

i.  Card.  Man.  9:105.  1867.  2.  Ant.  Jour.  Hon.  5:147.  1869.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  60. 
1869.  4-  Am.  Hort.  An.  78.  1870.  5.  Country  Gent.  35:166.  1870.  6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  116. 
1871.  7.  Ibid.  44.  1875.  8.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  36.  1875.  9.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  152,  153, 
154.  1883.  10.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  454.  1889.  u.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:51,  fig.  3,  86.  1892. 
12.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.  32:482,  fig.  4.  1894.  13.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  10:99,  I04-  l897-  X4-  Wis.  Sta. 
Bui.  63:24,  63  fig.  31.  1897.  15.  Ala.  Col.  Sta.  Bui.  112:178.  1900.  16.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  189, 
190.  1901.  17.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  67:284.  1904.  18.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:42.  1905.  19.  Ohio  Sta. 
Bui.  162:258.  1905. 

Nolen  Plum  10.     Suwanee  9.     Suwanee  ?i6. 

Wild  Goose  is  the  first  of  the  native  plums  to  be  generally  grown  as 
a  distinct  variety  though  Miner  was  first  known  and  named.  Wild  Goose, 
too,  is  probably  a  parent  of  more  sorts  than  any  other  variety  of  the  several 
cultivated  native  species,  most  of  its  offspring  so  strongly  resembling  it 
that  its  name  has  been  given  to  a  group  of  its  closely  related  sorts.  In 
spite  of  the  great  number  of  native  plums  that  have  been  introduced  in 
recent  years,  Wild  Goose  is  still  a  favorite — probably  more  trees  of  it  are 
now  cultivated  than  of  any  other  native  plum.  Its  good  qualities  are: 
bright  attractive  color;  tender  and  melting  flesh  with  a  sprightly  and 
refreshing  flavor;  a  tough  skin  which  fits  the  variety  well  for  shipment 
and  long-keeping;  comparative  freedom  from  brown -rot  and  curculio  and 
a  large,  hardy,  healthy  and,  when  cross-pollinated,  a  very  productive 
tree.  Wild  Goose  has  been  more  extensively  planted  in  New  York  than 
any  other  plum  of  its  kind  and  in  a  few  cases  has  proved  a  fairly  profitable 
commercial  sort.  It  is  doubtful  if  it  is  now  the  best  of  its  species  for  this 
State  but  it  can  at  least  be  recommended  for  home  plantings  and  in  some 
localities  as  a  market  plum.  Wherever  planted  there  should  be  some 
other  native  sort  blooming  at  the  same  time  for  cross-pollination. 

The  following  account  of  the  origin  of  this  variety,  more  romantic 
than  credible,  is  told  with  several  variations.  About  1820,  M.  E.  McCance, 
who  lived  near  Nashville,  Tennessee,  shot  a  wild  goose  on  his  farm;  his 
wife,  in  dressing  the  goose,  found  a  plum  seed  in  the  craw,  which,  planted 
in  the  garden,  produced  the  Wild  Goose  tree.  The  merits  of  the  new  fruit 
seem  to  have  been  discovered  by  J.  S.  Downer,  Fairview,  Kentuckv,  and 
James  Harvey  of  Columbia,  Tennessee.  The  former  propagated,  named 
and  began  the  dissemination  of  Wild  Goose  to  fruit-growers.  Many  varie- 
ties have  been  sent  out  for  this  plum  and  much  confusion  has  arisen  as  to 
what  the  true  variety  is.  Since  the  characters  of  Wild  Goose,  even  when 
cross-pollinated,  are  transmitted  to  its  offspring  to  a  remarkable  degree, 
the  name  now  applies  to  a  class  of  plums  rather  than  to  a  variety.  The 


WILD  GOOSE 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  379 

American  Pomological  Society  placed  this  variety  on  the  fruit  catalog 
list  of  the  Society  in  1875,  dropped  it  in  1891,  and  replaced  it  in  1897. 

Tree  very  large  and  vigorous,  wide-spreading,  flat-topped,  hardy  in  New  York, 
productive;  branches  rough  and  shaggy,  dark  ash-gray,  with  numerous,  large,  elongated 
lenticels ;  branchlets  slender,  long,  with  internodes  of  medium  length,  greenish-red 
changing  to  dull  reddish-brown,  glossy,  glabrous,  with  many,  conspicuous,  large,  raised 
lenticels;  leaf -buds  small,  short,  obtuse,  free. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  lanceolate,  peach-like,  four  and  one-quarter  inches  long,  one 
and  one-half  inches  wide,  thin;  upper  surface  light  or  dark  green  changing  to  reddish 
late  in  the  season,  smooth,  glabrous,  with  a  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  pale  green, 
glabrous  except  along  the  midrib  and  larger  veins;  apex  taper-pointed,  base  abrupt, 
margin  finely  serrate,  with  small,  reddish-black  glands;  petiole  five-eighths  inch  long, 
slender,  pubescent  along  one  side,  tinged  red,  glandless  or  with  from  one  to  six  globose, 
yellow  or  reddish-brown  glands  on  the  stalk  and  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  late  and  long;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  three-quarters 
inch  across,  white,  with  disagreeable  odor;  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs, 
in  threes  or  fours;  pedicels  five-eighths  inch  long,  slender,  glabrous,  green;  calyx-tube 
greenish,  narrowly  campanulate;  calyx-lobes  narrow,  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface, 
lightly  pubescent  within,  entire,  heavily  pubescent  and  with  reddish  glands  on  the 
margin,  erect;  petals  ovate,  entire,  long  and  narrowly  clawed;  anthers  yellow,  with  a 
tinge  of  red;  filaments  five-sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens 
in  length. 

Fruit  very  early,  season  of  medium  length;  one  and  three-eighths  inches  by  one 
and  three -sixteenths  inches  in  size,  oval,  halves  equal;  cavity  small,  narrow,  shallow, 
rather  abrupt;  suture  an  indistinct  line;  apex  roundish  or  pointed;  color  bright  red, 
with  thin  bloom;  dots  few  in  number,  light  russet,  somewhat  conspicuous,  clustered 
about  the  apex;  the  stem  attached  to  a  stem-like  growth  from  the  fruit-spurs  gives 
the  appearance  on  the  tree  of  a  jointed  stem,  very  slender,  three-quarters  inch  long, 
glabrous,  not  adhering  well  to  the  fruit;  skin  tough,  slightly  astringent,  separating 
readily;  flesh  yellowish,  very  juicy  and  fibrous,  tender  and  melting,  sweet  next  the  skin 
but  sour  at  the  center,  sprightly;  fair  to  good;  stone  adhering,  seven-eighths  inch  by 
three-eighths  inch  in  size,  long  and  narrow-oval,  flattened,  slightly  necked  at  the  base, 
acute  at  the  apex,  roughened;  ventral  suture  wide,  blunt,  ridged;  dorsal  suture  acute 
or  with  a  shallow,  indistinct  groove. 

WILLARD 

Prunus  triflora 

i.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rft.  81.  1893.  a.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  62:31.  1894.  3.  Ibid.  106:64.  1896. 
4.  Ibid.  131:194.  1897.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  26.  1897.  6.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  177:42,  43.  1899. 
7.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  175:134  fig.  27.  1899.  8.  Rural  N.  Y.  57:515,  530,  595.  1898.  9.  Waugh 
Plum  Cult.  140.  1901.  10.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  68:33.  J9°S-  "•  IM-  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  420.  1905. 

Baton  No.  26  2,  3,  9.     Botan  i.     Botan  No.  26  i.       Willard  Plum  i.     Willard  Japan  8. 


380  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW   YORK. 

Willard  is  about  the  earliest  of  the  Triflora  plums  that  can  be  shipped 
to  the  markets.  When  this  is  said  all  is  said ;  as  the  variety  has  little  else 
to  recommend  it,  being  very  inferior  in  quality  and  having  a  reputation 
of  being  subject  to  shot-hole  fungus.  S.  D.  Willard,  Geneva,  New  York, 
procured  cions  of  this  variety  from  California  about  1888  from  an  impor- 
tation made  by  Burbank  from  Japan.  According  to  Willard,  the  plum 
was  received  under  the  name  Botan  and  he  labelled  it  No.  26  to  avoid 
confusion;  in  1893,  it  was  named  Willard  by  W.  F.  Heikes  of  the  Hunts- 
ville  Nurseries,  Huntsville,  Alabama.  The  American  Pomological  Society 
placed  the  variety  on  its  fruit  catalog  list  in  1897. 

Tree  medium  to  large,  vigorous,  vasiform,  productive;  leaves  falling  early,  folded 
upward,  oblanceolate,  one  and  three-eighths  inches  wide,  three  and  three-quarters 
inches  long,  thin,  glabrous;  margin  finely  and  doubly  serrate,  with  very  small  glands; 
petiole  three-quarters  inch  long,  with  from  one  to  five  reniform  glands  usually  on  the 
stalk. 

Fruit  early,  of  medium  size,  roundish  or  somewhat  oblong,  blunt  at  the  apex,  dark 
red  when  well  grown,  covered  with  thick  bloom;  stem  short,  thick,  adhering  poorly  to 
the  fruit;  skin  sour;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  rather  firm,  sweet,  low  in  flavor;  poor  in 
quality;  stone  variable  in  adhesion,  of  medium  size. 

WOLF 

Prunus  americana  mollis 

i.  la.  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  367.  1883.  2.  Rural  N.  Y.  44:645.  1885.  3.  Am.  Pont.  Soc.  Cat.  40. 
1889.  4.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:45  fig.  2,  87.  1892.  5.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  118:54.  1895.  6.  Wis. 
Sta.  Bui.  63:24,  64.  1897.  7.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50:47.  1898.  8.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  167.  1901. 
9.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  67:284  fig.  1904.  10.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:42.  1905.  u.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  114:148 
fig.  1910. 

Wolf  Free  4,  6.     Wolf  Freestone  n. 

Wolf  has  long  maintained  a  high  place  among  the  standard  Amer- 
icana plums,  with  which  it  is  usually  classed  though  put  in  a  sub-species, 
and  from  which  it  differs  chiefly  in  having  much  more  pubescence  on 
foliage,  floral  organs  and  branchlets.  It  is  noted  for  its  great  hardiness, 
reliability  in  bearing,  attractive  and  well-flavored  fruits  and  in  being  one 
of  the  few  freestones  of  its  kind.  This  plum  is  remarkably  well  adapted 
for  the  northern  part  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  there  alone  it  is  worth 
planting  extensively.  In  New  York  it  might  prove  valuable  in  the  coldest 
parts  of  the  State  where  the  Domesticas  and  Insititias  cannot  be  grown. 

This  variety  was  raised  from  a  pit  of  a  wild  plum  planted  on  the  farm 
of  D.  B.  Wolf,  Wapello  County,  Iowa,  about  1852.  Professor  J.  L.  Budd 


I  J 


WOLF 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  381 

of  the  Iowa  Agricultural  College  stated  in  1885  that  for  over  a  quarter  of 
a  century  the  original  tree  had  not  failed  to  produce  a  partial  or  large 
crop  annually  on  the  grounds  of  the  originator.  A  spurious  clingstone 
type  of  the  Wolf  has  been  propagated  in  some  nurseries  but  this  false 
plum  is  readily  distinguished  from  the  true  freestone  type.  The  variety 
was  added  to  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  list  in  1889, 
dropped  in  1891,  and  replaced  in  1897. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  low,  and  open-topped,  hardy,  productive,  healthy; 
branches  rough  and  shaggy,  thorny,  dark  ash-gray,  with  numerous,  small  lenticels; 
branchlets  somewhat  slender,  short,  twiggy,  with  internodes  below  medium  in  length, 
green  changing  to  dull  brownish-drab,  overspread  with  thick  pubescence,  with  numerous, 
small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  very  small,  short,  conical,  strongly  appressed. 

Leaves  falling  early,  oval,  one  and  seven-eighths  inches  wide,  three  and  seven- 
eighths  inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface  medium  green,  lightly  pubescent,  with  a  narrow 
groove  on  the  midrib;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  pubescent;  apex  taper-pointed, 
margin  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate,  eglandular;  petiole  one-half  inch  long,  velvety, 
tinged  red,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  small,  globose,  yellowish  glands  on  the  stalk 
or  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  of  average  length,  late;  flowers  opening  after  the  leaves,  one  inch 
across,  the  buds  tinged  yellow  changing  to  white  as  the  flowers  expand;  borne  on  lateral 
buds  and  spurs;  pedicels  nine-sixteenths  inch  long,  thickly  pubescent,  green;  calyx- 
tube  greenish-red,  campanulate,  covered  with  short,  fine  pubescence;  calyx-lobes  narrow, 
acute,  heavily  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  with  few  marginal  glands,  reflexed;  petals 
inclined  to  curl,  long-oval,  fringed,  long  and  narrowly  clawed;  anthers  yellowish;  fila- 
ments three-eighths  inch  long;  pistil  sparingly  hairy  on  the  ovary,  equal  to  or  shorter 
than  the  stamens,  frequently  defective. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  short;  less  than  one  inch  in  diameter,  roundish- 
oval  or  somewhat  obovate,  compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity  frequently  yellowish, 
shallow,  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  an  indistinct  line;  apex  roundish  or  flattened;  color 
dull  crimson,  thickly  mottled,  overspread  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small, 
russet,  inconspicuous;  stem  slender,  glabrous,  adhering  poorly  to  the  fruit;  skin  thick, 
tough,  slightly  roughened,  astringent,  adhering;  flesh  golden-yellow,  very  juicy,  fibrous, 
tender  and  melting,  sweet  next  the  skin,  but  astringent  toward  the  center;  fair  to  good; 
stone  semi-free  to  free,  five-eighths  inch  by  three-eighths  inch  in  size,  roundish-obovate, 
tapering  at  the  base,  blunt  at  the  apex,  with  smooth  surfaces;  ventral  suture  winged; 
dorsal  suture  acute,  or  with  a  faint,  narrow  groove. 

WOOD 

Prunus  americana 

i.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  60.  1894.  2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:64.  1897.  3.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt. 
433.  1898.  4.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  168.  1901. 


382  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Wood  is  one  of  the  comparatively  new  Americanas  and  seems  to  have 
considerable  merit,  especially  for  cold  climates.  It  is  attractive  in  color; 
above  the  average  size ;  good  in  quality,  though  not  the  best  of  its  species ; 
and  the  trees  in  habit  of  growth  and  in  productiveness  are  better  than 
most  Americanas.  It  is  sufficiently  early  to  fit  into  the  short  seasons  of 
northern  latitudes  very  well.  Wood  is  one  of  the  sorts  that  can  be  recom- 
mended for  the  coldest  parts  of  this  State. 

This  variety,  according  to  a  letter  from  the  originator  and  intro- 
ducer, Joseph  Wood  of  Windom,  Minnesota,  is  a  seedling  from  a  choice 
plum  found  growing  on  the  bank  of  the  Des  Moines  River,  Cottonwood 
County,  Minnesota.  It  was  not  mentioned  in  pomological  literature  pre- 
vious to  1894  and  is  of  too  recent  origin  to  be  widely  distributed  or  well 
known. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  spreading,  hardy,  dense-topped,  an  annual  and  abundant 
bearer;  trunk  shaggy;  branches  roughish,  thorny,  zigzag,  brownish  ash-gray,  with 
numerous,  small  lenticels;  branchlets  slender  to  medium,  above  the  average  length, 
twiggy,  with  short  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  dark  brown,  lightly  pubescent 
when  young  becoming  glabrous  in  the  fall,  with  numerous,  conspicuous,  large,  much 
raised  lenticels;  leaf -buds  of  medium  size  and  length,  conical,  appressed. 

Leaves  falling  early,  ovate,  two  inches  wide,  four  inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface 
light  green,  rugose,  glabrous,  with  a  narrow  groove  on  the  midrib;  lower  surface  silvery- 
green,  pubescent;  apex  taper-pointed,  base  abrupt,  margin  coarsely  serrate,  with  long, 
taper-pointed  teeth,  eglandular;  petiole  five-eighths  inch  long,  slender,  tinged  red, 
lightly  pubescent,  glandless  or  with  one  or  two  small,  globose,  greenish-red  glands  on 
the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length ;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves, 
eleven-sixteenths  inch  across,  white;  borne  in  clusters  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  in 
threes  or  fours;  pedicels  three-eighths  inch  long,  slender,  glabrous,  green;  calyx-tube 
greenish,  narrowly  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  narrow,  acute,  lightly  pubes- 
cent, occasionally  tipped  with  red,  serrate,  with  many  marginal  hairs,  reflexed;  petals 
oval,  notched,  tapering  at  the  base  to  narrow  claws  of  medium  length;  anthers  light 
yellow;  filaments  five-sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  longer  than  the  stamens, 
often  defective. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  short;  one  and  one-quarter  inches  in  diameter, 
oblate,  compressed,  oblique,  halves  equal;  cavity  of  average  depth  and  width,  flaring; 
suture  a  line;  apex  flattened  or  depressed;  color  dark  red  over  a  yellow  ground,  mottled, 
with  thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  minute,  light  russet,  inconspicuous;  stem  one-half 
inch  long,  glabrous,  detaches  from  the  fruit  when  ripe;  skin  thick,  tough,  sour,  adhering; 
flesh  orange -yellow,  juicy,  coarse,  fibrous,  tender  and  melting,  sweet,  lacking  in  flavor; 
fair  in  quality;  stone  free,  three-quarters  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  roundish, 
flattened,  slightly  oblique,  blunt  and  flattened  at  the  base,  roundish  at  the  apex,  smooth; 
ventral  suture  acute,  not  ridged;  dorsal  suture  acute,  sometimes  indistinctly  grooved. 


WOOD 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  383 

WORLD  BEATER 

Prunus  hortulana 

i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:52.     1892.      2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:65.     1897.      3.  W.  N.   Y.  Hart.  Soc. 
Rft.  41:54.     1896.      4.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.   182.     1901. 

World  Beater  is  very  similar  to  Wayland,  differing  chiefly  in  being 
a  week  earlier  and,  as  the  color-plate  shows,  the  plums  are  a  little  smaller 
and  more  oval.  In  tree-characters,  as  the  two  grow  at  this  Station,  World 
Beater  is  perhaps  the  better  plum.  This  variety  has  the  same  place  in 
pomology  as  Wayland,  a  place  which  it  fills  possibly  a  little  better.  It 
may  be  recommended  for  culinary  purposes  and  as  a  late  plum  for  regions 
where  the  peach  is  hardy.  Plums  of  this  species  have  small  value  in  New 
York  except  for  the  sake  of  variety. 

World  Beater  was  grown  from  a  seed  of  a  plum  found  near  Nash- 
ville, Tennessee,  in  1838,  by  J.  H.  Tinsley  and  planted  in  Lincoln  County, 
Kentucky.  About  ten  years  later  trees  of  the  variety  were  taken  to  Clay 
County,  Missouri,  and  were  further  propagated  but  the  variety  remained 
practically  unknown  until  the  fall  of  1890  when  it  was  introduced  by 
Stark  Brothers  of  Missouri. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  spreading,  open  and  flat-topped,  hardy  where  the  peach  can 
be  grown,  productive;  branches  rough  and  shaggy,  somewhat  thorny,  dark  ash-gray, 
with  numerous,  large  lenticels;  branchlets  medium  to  above  in  thickness  and  length, 
twiggy,  with  internodes  of  average  length,  green  changing  to  dark  chestnut-red,  glossy, 
glabrous,  with  few,  conspicuous,  large,  raised  lenticels;  leaf -buds  very  small  and  short, 
obtuse,  plump,  appressed. 

Leaves  folded  upward,  broadly  lanceolate,  peach-like,  one  and  three-quarters 
inches  wide,  four  and  one-half  inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface  smooth,  glossy,  with  a 
shallow  groove  on  the  midrib;  lower  surface  pubescent  on  the  midrib  and  larger  veins; 
apex  acuminate,  base  abrupt,  margin  serrate,  glandular;  petiole  one  inch  long,  slender, 
tinged  red,  pubescent  on  one  side,  with  from  two  to  six  small,  globose,  brownish  glands 
scattered  on  the  stalk  or  base  of  the  leaf. 

Blooming  season  late  and  long;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  three-quarters 
inch  across,  white,  with  a  disagreeable  odor;  borne  in  clusters  from  lateral  buds,  in 
twos,  threes  or  fours;  pedicels  three-quarters  inch  long,  very  slender,  glabrous,  green; 
calyx- tube  greenish,  campanulate,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  narrow,  acuminate,  slightly 
pubescent  towards  the  base  of  the  inner  surface,  serrate  and  with  reddish  glands,  erect; 
petals  ovate,  crenate,  fringed,  with  pubescent  claws  of  medium  width;  anthers  yellowish; 
filaments  five-sixteenths  inch  long;  pistil  glabrous,  equal  to  the  stamens  in  length. 

Fruit  very  late,  season  short;  one  inch  by  seven-eighths  inch  in  size,  roundish-ovate 
or  oval,  not  compressed,  halves  equal;  cavity  narrow,  shallow,  rather  abrupt;  suture  a 


384  THE    PLUMS    OP   NEW    YORK. 

line;  apex  pointed;  color  carmine,  bloomless;  dots  medium  in  number,  small,  whitish 
or  sometimes  reddish,  somewhat  conspicuous;  stem  slender,  medium  to  above  in  length, 
glabrous,  not  adhering  to  the  fruit;  skin  thick,  tough,  astringent,  adhering  slightly; 
flesh  light  yellow,  juicy,  coarse,  melting  near  the  skin  but  firmer  and  fibrous  next  the 
pit,  sweet  except  near  the  center,  strongly  aromatic;  fair  to  good;  stone  often  tinged 
red,  adhering,  three-quarters  inch  by  three-eighths  inch  in  size,  oval,  turgid,  angular, 
pointed  at  the  base  and  apex,  roughish;  ventral  suture  wide,  blunt,  ridged;  dorsal 
suture  acute  or  with  an  indistinct,  shallow  groove. 

WYANT 

Prunus  americana 

i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  327.  1885.  2.  Ibid.  85.  1890.  3.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:46.  1892.  4. 
la.  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt.  448.  1893.  5.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  31:345.  1895.  6.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.  73:192.  1897. 
7.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:24,  65  fig.  32,  66.  1897.  8.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  24.  1897.  9.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui. 
50:47.  1898.  10.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:292.  1900.  n.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  167  fig.,  168.  1901.  12. 
Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:32.  1903.  13.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  67:284,  285  fig.  1904.  14.  S.  Dak.  Sta. 
Bui.  93:44,  49  fig-  I9°S- 

Wyant  is  one  of  the  standard  Americana  plums,  ranking  well  with 
the  best  of  them  in  both  fruit  and  tree-characters.  While  it  is  almost 
beyond  question  a  true  Americana  (from  its  history  it  could  hardly  be 
otherwise,)  it  has  a  number  of  characters  that  mark  it  as  a  departure  from 
the  usual  type  of  Prunus  americana.  The  calyx-tube  is  bright  red,  a  char- 
acter found  only  in  a  few  other  varieties  of  this  species;  the  stamens  are 
much  longer  than  is  usual  in  the  species  and  much  more  numerous;  the 
pistils  are  often  defective;  the  flowers  are  borne  in  greater  profusion;  the 
plums  do  not  have  the  distinctive  Americana  taste;  the  flesh  is  less  juicy 
than  usual ;  the  skin  is  free  and  the  stones  are  nearly  free  and  have  pitted 
surfaces.  Some  of  these  characters  are  so  valuable  in  a  native  plum  that 
Wyant  may  well  be  used  to  breed  from.  The  trees  from  which  the  descrip- 
tion here  given  was  made  came  from  C.  L.  Watrous,  Des  Moines,  Iowa, 
and  to  the  best  of  our  belief  are  true  to  name. 

This  variety,  according  to  a  letter  from  J.  E.  Wyant,  Shellsburg, 
Iowa,  was  found  by  J.  B.  Wyant  of  Janesville,  Iowa,  while  hunting  for 
wild  plums  in  1866  on  the  Cedar  River  near  his  home.  The  following 
year  he  transplanted  the  tree  to  his  yard.  About  1874,  J.  E.  Wyant  told 
R.  Royce  of  Shellsburg,  Iowa,  proprietor  of  the  Benton  County  Nursery, 
of  this  tree.  Royce  secured  cuttings  from  the  original  tree  and  began 
propagating  the  plum.  Fruits  were  sent  to  Professor  J.  L.  Budd,  Ames, 
Iowa,  who  named  it  Wyant.  The  variety  was  introduced  by  Mr.  Royce 


WORLD  BEATER 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW   YORK.  385 

and  was  disseminated  by  him  and  by  Professor  Budd.     In  1897  it  was 
added  to  the  fruit  catalog  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society. 

Tree  small,  spreading  and  straggling,  flat-topped,  very  hardy,  productive,  healthy; 
branches  rough  and  shaggy,  zigzag,  thorny,  dark  ash-gray,  with  numerous,  large  lenticels ; 
branchlets  willowy,  slender,  long,  with  long  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  reddish- 
brown,  glossy,  glabrous,  with  conspicuous,  raised  lenticels  of  average  size  and  number; 
leaf-buds  small,  pointed,  strongly  appressed. 

Leaves  falling  early,  folded  upward,  oval,  one  and  five-eighths  inches  wide,  three 
and  one-quarter  inches  long,  thin;  upper  surface  green,  smooth,  glabrous,  grooved 
on  the  midrib  and  larger  veins;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  lightly  pubescent;  apex 
acuminate,  base  abrupt,  margin  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate,  the  serrations  sharp-pointed, 
not  glandular;  petiole  one-half  inch  long,  tinged  red,  pubescent,  glandless  or  with  from 
one  to  five  globose,  yellowish-green  glands  on  the  stalk. 

Blooming  season  medium  to  late,  of  average  length;  flowers  appearing  with  the 
leaves,  showy  on  account  of  the  many  blossoms  and  peculiar  appearance  caused  by 
the  numerous  long  stamens,  whitish,  with  disagreeable  odor;  borne  in  dense  clusters 
on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  one  to  four  flowers  in  each  cluster;  pedicels  one-half  inch 
long,  slender,  glabrous,  green,  faintly  tinged  with  red;  calyx-tube  red,  obconic,  glabrous; 
calyx-lobes  narrow,  acute,  lightly  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  serrate  and  with 
numerous  marginal  hairs,  erect;  petals  small,  narrow-ovate,  crenate,  with  narrow, 
long  claws;  stamens  very  numerous;  anthers  yellowish;  filaments  three-eighths  inch 
long;  pistil  slender,  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens,  often  defective. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  short;  one  and  one-quarter  inches  in  diameter, 
not  symmetrical  in  shape,  oblong-obovate  to  nearly  ovate,  oblique,  somewhat  truncate, 
halves  equal;  cavity  shallow,  narrow,  flaring;  suture  a  line;  apex  slightly  flattened; 
color  dark  carmine  over  a  yellow  ground  which  largely  disappears  as  maturity  advances, 
with  thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  very  small,  light  russet,  inconspicuous;  stem  slender, 
one-half  inch  long,  glabrous,  dehiscent;  skin  thin,  tender,  separating  readily;  flesh 
dark  golden-yellow,  juicy,  tender  and  melting,  sweet,  with  the  Americana  flavor  less 
marked  than  in  other  varieties;  of  fair  quality;  stone  nearly  free,  seven-eighths  inch  by 
five-eighths  inch  in  size,  broadly  oval,  flattened,  blunt  at  the  base,  somewhat  pointed 
at  the  apex,  with  pitted,  dark  colored  surfaces;  ventral  suture  blunt  or  slightly  winged, 
shallowly  ridged;  dorsal  suture  acute,  with  shallow,  narrow,  distinct  groove. 

YELLOW  EGG 

Prunus  domestica 

l.  Rea  Flora  209.  1676.  2.  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  2:1328,  1329.  1688.  3.  Langley  Pomona  95, 
PI.  XXV  fig.  VI.  1729.  4.  Miller  Card.  Diet.  3.  1754.  5.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  21:07,  PI-  XX 
fig.  10.  1768.  6.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:59.  'TV1-  7-  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  2:29,  Tab.  173  fig.  i;  38, 
Tab.  188  fig.  i.  1796.  8.  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees  20,  21.  1803.  g.  Coxe  Cult.  Fr.  Trees  233, 
fig.  8.  1817.  10.  Land.  Hart.  Sac.  Cat.  149.  1831.  n.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:37,  38.  1832.  it. 
Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  238,  269.  1832.  13.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  299,  301.  1846.  14.  Poi- 


386  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

teau  Pom.  Franc,  i:  fig.  1846.  15.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  333.  1849.  16.  Elliott  Fr.  Book 
424.  1854.  17.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  520.  1859.  18.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  88.  1862.  19.  Down- 
ing Fr.  Trees  Am.  954  fig.  1869.  20.  Pom.  France  7:No.  18.  1871.  21.  Koch  Deut.  Obst.  560. 
1876.  22.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  730.  1884.  23.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  431.  1889.  24.  Fell  Cat.  49. 
1893.  25.  Guide  Prat.  163,  354.  1895.  26.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:193.  1897. 

Aechte  Gelbe  Eierpflaume  25.  Albert's  Damascene  23,  25.  Albertus  Damen  Pflaume  20,  23,  2.5 
Askew's  Golden  20.  ^.iiew's  Golden  Egg  16,  19,  22,  23,  25.  Aubertiana  21.  Bonum  Magnum  n, 
20,  22,  23,  25.  Bonum  Magnum  j,  2.  Col.  Young's  Seedling  16.  Dame  Aubert  10,  n,  13,  17,  19, 

22,  23,  25.     Dame  Ambert  16.     Dame  Aubert  5,  12.     Damas  Aubert  7,  23,  25.     Dame  Aubert  Blanche 
10,   17,   19,  20,  22,  23,  25.     Dame  Ambert  Blanche  16.     Dame  Aubert  Grosse  Luisante  n.     Dame 
Ambert  Jaune  16.     Dame  Aubert  Jaune  10,   n,  17,   19,  20,  23.     Darwin  Peach  24.     Die  Albertus 
Damenpflaume  7.     De  Besancon  25.     De  Monsieur  25  incor.     Die  Grosse  Weisse  Glanzende  7.     Die 
Kaiserliche   Weisse   Pflaume    ?7-     D'OEuf  25.     D'OEuf  Blanche  25.     Z>zric&  P!wm   i,    n.     Dutch 
Plumb  3.     Echte  Gelbe  Eier  Pflaume  23.     Edle  Gelbe  Eger  Pflaume  20.     Edle  Gelbe  Eier  Pflaume 

23,  25.     Egg  Plum  4,  8,  9,  10,  n,  12,  13,  16,  17,  19,  20,  22,  23,  25.     Eier  Pflaume  23,  25.     Gelbe 
Eger  Pflaume  20,  23,  25.     Gelbe  Egg  20,  23,  25.     Gelbe  Malonke  23,  25.     Gelbe  Ungarische  Eier  Pflaume 
23,  25.     Gelbe  Marunke  23,  25.     Gelbe  Eierpflaume  23.     Gelbe  Eierpflaume  20,  25.     Grosse  Weisst 
Glanzende  20,  23,  25.     Great  Mogul  ?2.     Grosse  Datte  ?$.     Grosse-Luisante  5,  7,  10,  n,  13,  14,  16, 
17,  19,  20,  22,  23,  25.     Gres  Luisante  12.     Gelbe  Ungarische  Eyerpflaume  20.     Grosse  Prune  Blanche 

20,  23,   25.     Grosse  Maronke  25.     Grosse  Marouk  20,   23,   25.     Grosse  Glanzende  Alberts  Pflaume 
23,  25.     Grosse  Glanzende  20,  25.     Grosse  Glanzende  Pflaume  23.     Grosse  Gelbe  Eier  Pflaume  23,  25. 
Grosse  Marunke  23.     Grunliche  Dattel  Pflaume  von  Besancon  23,  25.     Hick's  large  Egg?  1 1.     Impe'riale 
Blanche  ?$.     Impcriale  Blanche  ?7,  10,  n,  12,  13,  17,  19,  20,  22,  ?23,  25.     Imperial  Blanc  u.     Large 
Yellow  Egg  ii.     Magnum  Bonum  19.     Monsieur's  Plum   ?4,    ?8.     Monsieur's  Plum  ?4.     Mogul  9. 
Monsieur  n.     Mogul  4,  8,  n,  23.     Mogul  Plum  25.     Mogule  Plumb  3.     Mogule  n.     Mogol  Plum 
ao,  23,  25.     Mogols   Pflaume  20,  23,  25.     Mogul' s  Pflaume  23,  25.     Prune  de  Monsieur?  4,  6.     Prune 
de  Monsieur  23  incor.     Prune  OEuf  20.     Prune  Dame  Aubert  14,  20.     Prune  d'Oeuf  20,  23.     Prune 
d'Oeuf  blanche  6,  23.     Prune  d'Inde  Blanc  19.     Prune  De  Besan$on  20,  23.     Prune  Dame  d'Aubert 

21.  Prune  d'Inde  Blanche  23.     Supreme   ?i4.     Wentworth  13.     Wentworth  ?8,  10,  n,  12,  16,  17, 
19,   23,  25.     Wentworth   Plumb   ?3_     White  Imperial  9,   n,   15,   16,    19,   23.     White  Imperial   n. 
White  Imperial  Bonum  Magnum  4,  8.     White  Holland  3,  4,  8,  10,  n,  12,  16,  17,  19,  23,  25.     White 
Magnum  Bonum  9,  n,  13,  15,  16,  19,  20,  23,  25.     Weisse  Kaiser  Pflaume  23,  25.     Weisse  Holland- 
ische  Pflaume  23,  25.     White  Bonum  Magnum  3,  u,  20,  23,  25.     White  Egg  Plum  n.     White  Mag- 
num Bonum  10,  12,  17,  18,  22,  23.     White  Mogul  10,  12,  13,  16,  19,  20,  22,  23,  25.     White  Egg  15. 
White  Egg  16,   19,  23,  25.     Weisser  Kaiser  23,  25.     Weisse  Magnum  Bonum  20,  23,  25.     Weisse 
Kaiserin  23  incor.     Yellow  Magnum  Bonum  10,  15,  16,  17,  18,  19,  22,  23,  25.     Yellow  Bonum  Mag- 
num 20,  23,  25.     Young"s  Superior  Egg  ?n.     Yellow  Egg  18,  23,  25. 

The  characters  of  Yellow  Egg  were  given  in  the  discussion  of  the 
group  which  bears  its  name  and  but  little  more  needs  to  be  said  of  the 
variety.  As  the  largest  and  handsomest  of  the  yellow  plums  it  is  worth 
consideration  by  either  the  amateur  or  the  commercial  fruit-grower  in 
New  York.  At  best,  however,  it  is  fit  only  for  cooking  and  is  none  too 
good  for  culinary  purposes.  The  trees  are  very  satisfactory  on  all  but 
very  light  soils.  As  has  been  suggested  before,  this  plum  ought  to  be 
crossed  with  varieties  of  better  quality  with  the  hope  of  getting  as  hand- 
some a  fruit  but  one  which  could  be  used  for  dessert  purposes. 


YELLOW  EGG 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  387 

The  references  and  synonyms  show  that  Yellow  Egg  is  a  plum  with 
an  interesting  history,  but  unfortunately  the  accounts  of  its  origin  and 
subsequent  history  have  been  but  poorly  preserved.  Rea,  in  1676,  de- 
scribed the  Yellow  Egg  as  the  Bonum  Magnum  or  Dutch  Plum;  we  may 
infer  from  this  that  the  English  obtained  the  variety  from  Holland. 
Knoop  of  Holland,  in  1771,  described  the  variety  under  the  name  Prune 
d'Oeuf  Blanche,  indicating  a  French  origin.  Knoop  describes  the  Prune 
De  Monsieur  as  similar  and  this  plum  has  ever  since  been  held  as  doubt- 
fully identical.  Duhamel,  in  Traite  des  Arbres  Fruitiers,  1768,  described 
Yellow  Egg  as  the  Dame  Aubert.  Kraft  in  Pomona  Austriaca,  1796, 
gave  it  as  the  Die  Grosse  Weisse  Glanzende,  oder  Die  Albertus  Damen- 
pflaume.  These  references  show  that  Yellow  Egg  was  well  known  at  an 
early  date.  Because  of  its  close  resemblance  to  many  varieties,  probably 
due  to  the  propagation  of  seedlings  from  it,  much  confusion  exists  in  the 
nomenclature  of  Yellow  Egg.  White  Imperial  was  separated  by  Duhamel 
and  Prince;  but  Miller,  Thompson  and  most  of  the  subsequent  writers 
give  it  as  the  same.  Duhamel  believed  the  Imperial  Blanche  (White 
Imperial)  to  be  the  Grosse  Datte.  So,  too,  the  Wentworth  was  at  first 
separated  but,  later,  was  recorded  as  identical.  Koch  calls  Yellow  Egg 
one  of  the  Datterpflaumen  (Date  Plums)  though  he  states  that  there  is 
another  Date  Plum  known  by  Tragus  more  than  three  hundred  years  ago 
as  Prunidactyla.  De  Candolle  seems  to  hold  to  the  names  Dame  d'Aubert 
and  Aubertina  for  this  plum.  Professor  Budd  in  exploring  southwest 
Russia  and  Poland  found  a  Dame  Aubert  differing  from  our  Yellow  Egg 
only  in  minor  characters  which  he  was  told  came  from  central  Asia. 

The  exact  date  of  the  importation  of  Yellow  Egg  to  this  country  is 
unknown.  Coxe,  in  1817,  described  it  as  the  Mogul  and  later  Prince  gave 
it  the  name  Yellow  Egg.  Owing  to  this  change  in  name,  we  find  America 
now  and  then  given  as  its  place  of  origin  by  both  American  and  English 
writers.  In  1862,  the  American  Pomological  Society  added  it  to  its  fruit 
catalog  list  under  the  name  White  Magnum  Bonum  but  in  1871,  the  name 
was  changed  to  Yellow  Egg.  The  Darwin  Peach,  sent  out  by  Fell,  a  nur- 
seryman in  England,  has  proved  to  be  identical  at  this  Station  and  its 
distributor,  in  a  recent  letter,  states  that  this  plum,  which  has  been  grow- 
ing on  his  place  thirty  years,  "  is  apparently  identical  to  the  White  Magnum 
Bonum  "  which  is  of  course  Yellow  Egg. 

Tree,  large,  vigorous,  round-topped,  open,  hardy,  very  productive;   trunk  roughish; 
branches  numerous,  ash-gray,  nearly  smooth,  with  rather  large  lenticels;    branchlets 


388  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

slender,  short,  with  long  internodes,  greenish-red  changing  to  dull  brownish-red,  dull, 
lightly  pubescent  throughout  the  season,  covered  with  thin  bloom,  with  few,  incon- 
spicuous, small  lenticels;  leaf -buds  above  medium  in  size,  long,  pointed,  free. 

Leaves  flattened  or  somewhat  folded  backward,  oval,  two  and  one-half  inches 
wide,  four  and  one-quarter  inches  long,  leathery;  upper  surface  dark  green,  pubescent, 
slightly  rugose,  with  grooved  midrib;  lower  surface  medium  green,  thickly  pubescent; 
apex  abruptly  pointed  or  acute,  base  acute,  margin  doubly  serrate,  with  few  dark  glands; 
petiole  five-eighths  inch  long,  thick,  reddish-purple,  pubescent,  glandless  or  with  one 
or  two  globose,  yellowish-green  glands  variable  in  position. 

Blooming  season  short;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  one  inch  across,  white, 
with  a  yellowish  tinge  at  the  tip  of  the  petals;  borne  on  lateral  buds  and  spurs,  singly 
or  in  pairs;  pedicels  one-half  inch  long,  covered  with  thick  pubescence,  greenish;  calyx- 
tube  green,  campanulate,  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  broad,  obtuse,  pubescent,  glandular- 
serrate,  reflexed;  petals  roundish-oval,  crenate  or  sometimes  slightly  notched,  tapering 
to  short,  broad  claws;  anthers  yellow;  filaments  three-eighths  inch  long;  pistil  pubescent, 
longer  than  the  stamens;  stigma  oblique. 

Fruit  late,  season  short;  two  inches  by  one  and  five-eighths  inches  in  size,  long- 
oval,  compressed,  halves  nearly  equal;  cavity  of  medium  depth,  narrow,  abrupt;  suture 
shallow,  often  a  line ;  apex  roundish ;  color  golden-yellow,  covered  with  thick  bloom ; 
dots  numerous,  small,  white,  inconspicuous;  stem  slender,  one  and  one-quarter  inches 
long,  pubescent,  adhering  well  to  the  fruit,  surrounded  at  the  cavity  by  a  fleshy  collar; 
skin  thin,  slightly  astringent,  separating  readily;  flesh  golden-yellow,  rather  juicy, 
moderately  coarse,  firm,  of  average  sweetness,  mild;  good;  stone  semi-free  or  free,  one 
.and  one-quarter  inches  by  three-quarters  inch  in  size,  oval,  rather  flat,  acute  at  the 
base  and  apex,  with  roughened  and  pitted  surfaces;  ventral  suture  wide,  heavily 
ridged,  often  distinctly  winged;  dorsal  suture  widely  and  deeply  grooved. 

YELLOW  GAGE 

Prunus  domestica 

I.  Prince  Treat.  Hort.  25.  1828.  2.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:108.  1832.  3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees 
Am.  287,  288  fig.  115.  1845.  4.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  329.  1849.  5.  Cole  Am.  Fr.  Book  208 
fig.  1849.  6.  HorticuUurisl  7:403.  1852.  7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  36,  55.  1852.  8.  Elliott  Fr. 
Book  414.  1854.  9.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  210.  1856.  10.  Bridgeman  Card.  Ass't  3:126.  1857. 
ii.  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.  190,  PI.  XIII.  1865.  12.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:163,  fig.  82.  1873.  13.  Barry 
Fr.  Garden  417.  1883.  14.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  443.  1889.  15.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  126.  1901. 

American  Wheat  10.  American  Yellow  Gage  of  some  3,  4,  8,  n,  14.  American  Yellow  Gage  10. 
Auserlesene  Gelbe  Reine-Claude  14.  Harvest  Gage  6,  8,  n,  14.  Prince's  Gage  i.  Prince's  Gelbe 
Reine-Claude  14.  Prince's  Yellow  Gage  2,  3,  4,  6,  7,  8,  9,  n.  Prince's  Yellow  Gage  5,  12,  13,  14, 
15.  Reine-Claude  Jaune  De  Prince  12.  White  Gage  of  some  3,  8,  n,  14. 

Yellow  Gage  belongs  to  the  Reine  Claude,  or  as  it  is  so  often  called, 
the  Green  Gage  group  of  plums.  There  are  now  a  great  number  of  these 
plums  under  cultivation  in  America,  most  of  which  have  originated  in 
this  country  and  nearly  all  of  which,  as  we  have  said  before,  are  better 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  389 

than  similar  kinds  from  Europe.  It  is  difficult  to  select  from  the  numer- 
ous first-rate  plums  of  this  group  the  best  varieties  to  retain  in  home  or 
commercial  orchards.  Among  these,  however,  Yellow  Gage  should  be 
kept  for  the  home  orchard  at  least.  It  is  a  rather  large  fruit,  with  a  beau- 
tiful color — golden-yellow  often  with  a  faint  blush,  with  a  firm  and  juicy 
yet  tender  flesh  and  a  most  refreshing  admixture  of  sweet  and  sour 
together  with  the  richness  which  characterizes  the  Reine  Claude  plums. 
The  fruits  come,  too,  at  a  time  when  the  market  is  not  overstocked  with 
these  fine  plums  and  the  season  is  particularly  long.  A  review  of  the  tree- 
characters  in  the  description  which  follows  shows  that  in  the  main  they 
are  good  though  some  complain  that  the  variety  is  not  productive.  This 
precariousness  in  bearing,  together  with  the  tender  skin  which  keeps  Yellow 
Gage  from  standing  shipment  well,  probably  precludes  the  variety  from 
a  high  place  in  a  commercial  list  but  does  not  prevent  its  being  a  most 
desirable  plum  for  home  planting. 

This  excellent  old  variety  was  probably  one  of  the  first  plums  to 
originate  in  America.  It  came  from  a  Reine  Claude  pit  planted,  with  many 
others, by  William  Prince1  in  1783  in  the  celebrated  Prince  nurseries  at  Flush- 
ing, Long  Island.  Despite  its  early  origin  and  fine  qualities  it  has  never  had 

'William  Prince,  born  in  1725,  was  the  second  proprietor  of  the  famous  Prince  nursery  at 
Flushing,  Long  Island,  a  nursery  established  by  his  father,  Robert  Prince,  about  1730.  The  first 
of  the  American  Princes  was  one  of  the  Huguenots  who  settled  at  New  Rochelle  and  on  the  north 
shore  of  Long  Island,  bringing  with  them  a  great  number  of  French  fruits  and  the  love  of  the  French 
people  for  horticulture.  The  nursery,  one  of  the  first,  and  certainly  the  most  important  one  in 
America  at  this  time,  grew  rapidly  until  the  Revolutionary  War.  The  establishment  was  of  such 
public  importance  that  during  a  part  of  the  war  the  British  placed  a  guard  over  it  to  protect  it  from 
depredation.  With  the  establishment  of  peace  came  an  increased  trade  and  the  nursery  soon 
attained  even  greater  prominence  than  before  the  war.  An  effort  was  made  by  William  Prince, 
then  in  charge,  to  import  all  of  the  valuable  European  fruits  beside  which  he  grew  many  seedlings, 
selecting  carefully  from  them  new  varieties.  Thus  in  1790  twenty-five  quarts  of  Reine  Claude  plum 
pits  were  planted  from  which  came  Yellow  Gage,  Imperial  Gage  and  probably  the  Washington  plum. 
Prince  died  in  1802,  his  business  having  been  divided  between  two  sons;  Benjamin  Prince  keeping 
the  original  place  under  the  name  The  Old  American  Nursery  and  William  Prince  occupying  a  new 
place  called  the  Linnean  Botanic  Garden  and  Nursery.  William  Prince  seems  not  to  have  had  the 
inclination  to  write  as  did  his  son  and  grandson  but  had,  even  more  than  they,  business  energy. 
His  European  exportations  and  importations  made  his  name  famous  in  horticulture  abroad  as  well 
as  at  home.  To  him  Americans  owe  the  introduction  of  many  varieties  of  foreign  fruits  and  orna- 
mental plants;  his  was  the  first  of  the  great  nurseries  of  the  country,  soon  to  be  followed  by  others, 
to  import  and  exchange  plants  with  foreign  countries;  his  is  the  first  recorded  attempt  to  breed 
fruits  in  America  on  an  extensive  scale  and  the  fact  that  the  three  plums  sent  out  by  him  are  still 
valuable  varieties  indicates  his  judgment  as  to  worth  in  fruits.  The  reputation  made  by  his  son, 
William  Prince,  the  second,  and  by  William  Robert  Prince,  a  grandson,  as  writers  on  horticultural 
subjects,  is  in  large  measure  due  to  the  information  acquired  for  them  and  the  training  given  them 
by  the  William  Prince  of  this  sketch. 


39° 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 


much  recognition  from  pomologists.  Downing  described  it  in  1845 
neither  Manning  nor  Kenrick  in  their  excellent  books  on  fruits  mention 
this  plum.  The  American  Pomological  Society  in  1852  listed  it  with  the 
varieties  of  plums  promising  well  and  in  1856  placed  it  on  the  list  of  those 
worthy  of  general  cultivation. 

Tree  very  large  and  vigorous,  spreading,  dense-topped,  hardy,  productive;  trunk 
roughish;  branches  dark  ash-gray,  smooth  except  for  the  numerous,  raised  lenticels 
of  various  sizes;  branchlets  medium  to  below  in  thickness,  short,  with  internodes  of 
average  length,  greenish-red  changing  to  brownish-red,  dull,  lightly  pubescent,  with  incon- 
spicuous, small  lenticels;  leaf-buds  large,  long,  conical,  free;  leaf-scars  prominent. 

Leaves  long-oval  or  obovate,  two  inches  wide,  four  and  one-quarter  inches  long, 
thick,  somewhat  leathery;  upper  surface  dark  green,  covered  with  fine  hairs,  the  mid- 
rib grooved;  lower  surface  silvery-green,  sparingly  pubescent;  apex  and  base  acute, 
margin  serrate,  with  few  small,  dark  glands;  petiole  five-eighths  inch  long,  pubescent, 
tinged  red,  with  from  one  to  three  smallish,  globose,  greenish-yellow  glands  variable 
in  position. 

Blooming  season  intermediate  in  time  and  length ;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves, 
one  and  one-eighth  inches  wide,  white,  fragrant;  borne  on  lateral  spurs,  singly  or  in 
pairs;  pedicels  seven-eighths  inch  long,  with  short,  thin  pubescence,  greenish;  calyx- 
tube  green,  enlarged  at  the  base,  campanulate,  lightly  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  narrow, 
obtuse,  lightly  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  glandular-serrate,  reflexed;  petals  oval, 
entire,  tapering  to  short,  broad  claws;  anthers  yellow;  filaments  one -quarter  inch 
long;  pistil  glabrous,  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Fruit  mid-season,  ripening  period  of  medium  length;  one  and  one-half  inches 
by  one  and  three-eighths  inches  in  size,  oval,  slightly  compressed,  halves  nearly  equal; 
cavity  shallow,  narrow,  abrupt;  suture  shallow;  apex  roundish  or  depressed;  dull 
yellow,  faintly  splashed  and  streaked  with  green,  sometimes  tinged  on  the  sunny  side 
with  light  red,  overspread  with  thin  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small,  white,  inconspicuous, 
clustered  about  the  base;  stem  three-quarters  inch  long,  thinly  pubescent,  adhering 
well  to  the  fruit;  skin  thin,  rather  sour,  separating  readily;  flesh  golden-yellow,  juicy, 
firm  but  tender,  sweet,  mild,  of  pleasant  flavor;  very  good;  stone  free,  the  cavity  larger 
than  the  pit,  one  inch  by  five-eighths  inch  in  size,  oval,  turgid,  roundish,  abruptly 
contracted  at  the  base,  blunt  at  the  apex;  ventral  suture  broad,  blunt,  faintly  ridged; 
dorsal  suture  widely  and  deeply  grooved. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW   YORK.  391 

CHAPTER  IV 

THE  MINOR  VARIETIES  OF  PLUMS 

Abbaye  d'Arton.     Domestica.     i.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  445.    1906. 

This  variety  came  from  a  chance  seedling  found  in  the  ruins  of  the  Abbaye  d'Arton 
at  Valreas,   France;    it  was  propagated  in  1897  by  M.  Valdy  of  Valreas.     Tree  very 
productive;  fruit  large,  obovate;   suture  obscure;   stem  short;  pale  red,  darker  on  the 
sunny  side;   bloom  thick;    flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sweet;   good;   freestone;   mid-season. 
Abricotee  de  Braunau.     Domestica.     i.   Hogg  Fruit  Man.   349.    1866.     2.  Oberdieck 
Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  429.    1881.     3.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  683.  1884.     4.  Mathieu  Nom. 
Pom.  423.    1889. 

Abricotee  de  Braunau  4.  Braunauer  Aprikosenartige  2.  Braunauer  Aprikosen- 
artige  Pflaume  4.  Braunauer  Aprikosenartige  Damascene  4.  Braunauer  Neue  Kern- 
jrucht  2.  Reine-Claude  Braunau  3,4. 

Dr.  Liegel  of  Braunau,  Germany,  originated  this  variety  about  1810.     Fruit  large, 
roundish;    suture    distinct;    greenish;    bloom   rather    heavy;    dots   distinct,    reddish; 
flesh  yellow,  firm,  juicy,  sweet;    good;    stone  free;    mid-season. 
Abricotee  de  Lange.     Domestica.     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:103,  fig.  52.    1873. 

Lange  s  Aprikosenpftaume  i. 

Dr.  Liegel  of  Braunau,  Germany,  grew  this  variety  and  named  it  after  Lange  of 
Altenburg.     Fruit  of  medium  size,   roundish;   suture  slight;  yellow,  blushed  in  the  sun; 
flesh  yellow,  tender,  sweet,   aromatic;    good;    clingstone;    mid-season. 
Abricotee  de  Trauttenberg.     Domestica.     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:35,  ng-    I^.    1873.     2. 
Mathieu,  Nom.  Pom.  453.    1889. 

Abricotee  de  Trauttenberg  2.  Abricotee  Rouge  de  Trauttenberg  2.  Trauttenbergs 
Aprikosenpftaume  i.  Von  Trauttenberg 's  Aprikosenpflaume  2. 

Liegel  raised  the  Abricotee  de  Trauttenberg  from  a  stone  of  the  Red  Apricot  and 
named  it  after  Baron  Emmanuel  of  Trauttenberg,  Prague.     Fruit  medium  in  size,  oval, 
red;    flesh  yellow,  firm,  aromatic;    good;    freestone;    mid-season. 
Abricot  Princesse.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Knoop  Fructologie  2:54.    1771. 
Admirable.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees  21.    1803. 
Admiral.     Domestica.     i.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  257.    1832.     2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am. 
293.    1845.     3.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.   345.    1849. 

Corse's  Admiral  i,  2,  3. 

Originated  by   Henry  Corse,   Montreal,   Canada.     Inferior  in  quality  but   hardy, 
productive  and  showy;   rarely  grown.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  oval,  sides  unequal,  light 
purple;    dots  yellow;   bloom  thin;   stem  long,  pubescent;   flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy; 
clingstone ;    mid-season. 
Admiral  Schley.     Americana,     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:260.    1890.     2.  Terry  Cat.    1900. 

Originated  by  H.  A.  Terry  of  Crescent,  Iowa.  Fruit  roundish,  yellow,  washed 
with  deep  bronze-red;  dots  small,  numerous,  yellow,  distinct;  bloom  thin;  skin  tough; 


392  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW   YORK. 

flesh  deep  yellow,  juicy,  rich,  sweet;  very  good;  stone  large,  oval,  flattened,  clinging. 

Apparently  an  improvement  over  Hawkeye. 

Advance.     Americana,     i.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  142.     1901.     2.  Kerr  Cat.    1902-3. 

Grown  by  Theodore  Williams,  Benson,  Nebraska,  and  introduced  by  J.  W.  Kerr, 
Denton,  Maryland,  in  1902.  Fruit  large,  oval;  cavity  very  shallow;  suture  a  line; 
apex  slightly  depressed;  dark  red;  dots  many,  conspicuous,  yellow;  good;  clingstone; 
tree  vigorous  and  productive;  said  to  be  resistant  to  rot. 

African.     Angustifolia  varians.     i.  Am.  Pom.   Soc.  Rpt.   160.    1881.     2.  Cornell  Sta. 
Bui.  38:60,  86.    1892.     3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.   192,  193  fig.    1901. 

Originated  with  G.  Onderdonk1  of  Texas  and  introduced  by  him  in  1870;  said  to 
be  one  of  the  best  varieties  of  this  species.  Tree  small,  spreading;  fruit  medium  to 
large,  roundish  to  oblong,  dull,  dark  red;  dots  large  and  small,  white;  skin  thin,  tough; 
flesh  yellow,  soft,  juicy,  subacid;  good;  stone  clinging;  mid-season. 
Alabama.  Triflora  X  ?.  i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  175:154.  1899.  2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
201.  1901.  Normand  No.  5  2 

Sent  out  by  J.  L.  Normand,  Marksville,  Louisiana.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  heart- 
shaped,  light  yellow  with  pink  cheek;  bloom  thin;  mid-season;  fruits  drop  before  ripe 
but  mature  after  falling;  good;  tree  spreading,  twiggy;  branches  smooth,  glossy, 
zigzag. 

Albany  Beauty.     Domestica.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.    Cat.    146.  1831.     2.  Thomas  Am. 
Fruit  Cult.  327.    1849.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  420.    1889. 

Belle  d' Albany  3.     Denniston's  Albany  Beatify  2,  3.     Denniston's  Albany  i. 


1  Gilbert  Onderdonk  was  bom  in  Sharon,  New  York,  September  30,  1829.  As  a  boy  he  showed 
a  taste  for  horticulture  and  while  a  lad  planted  seeds  of  potatoes,  made  selections  and  developed 
several  varieties  more  or  less  widely  grown  in  the  middle  of  the  last  century.  Mr.  Onderdonk  was 
educated  in  the  Cortland  Academy  at  Cortland,  N.  Y.,  and  in  the  State  Normal  College  at  Albany, 
After  having  taught  in  the  district  schools  of  New  York  for  a  few  years,  he  found  it  necessary  to 
go  to  a  warmer  climate  because  of  bronchial  trouble  and  in  :85i  moved  to  Texas,  where  he 
became  a  cowboy,  a  rancher  and  finally  a  fruit-grower.  In  the  region  in  which  he  had  settled 
there  were  wild  grapes  and  wild  plums  in  abundance.  The  luxuriance  of  growth  and  the  number 
of  these  fruits  so  impressed  him  with  the  possibilities  of  fruit  culture  in  southwestern  Texas  that 
he  began  planting  fruit  trees.  Of  necessity  these  came  from  the  north  and  for  most  part  failed. 
Not  to  be  discouraged,  Mr.  Onderdonk  began  the  improvement  of  the  wild  varieties  about  his  home. 
From  1855  to  the  present  time  his  work  has  been  the  testing  for  the  region  in  which  he  lives,  of  every 
variety  of  fruit  to  be  had  in  Europe  and  America,  and  the  improvement  of  the  wild  fruits  growing 
about  him.  The  plum,  in  particular,  has  received  attention  from  Mr.  Onderdonk,  and  his  chief 
work  with  this  fruit  has  been  the  hybridization  of  Triflora  and  Munsoniana  varieties  from  the  crossing 
of  which  he  has  grown  some  valuable  plums.  In  1887,  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture 
employed  Mr.  Onderdonk  to  work  with  plums,  grapes  and  peaches  in  the  southwest,  the  results 
of  which  are  to  be  found  in  the  reports  of  the  Department  immediately  following  the  year  mentioned. 
He  has  also  done  considerable  work  for  the  French  in  sending  resistant  vines  to  France.  Mr. 
Onderdonk  is  one  of  several  workers  in  horticulture  who  have  unremittingly  served  Texas  and  the 
southwest  in  the  production  of  new  varieties  of  fruits  and  in  testing  varieties  from  other  regions. 
The  value  of  the  foundation  these  men  have  laid  for  horticulture  in  the  southwest  cannot  now 
be  estimated. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  393 

Produced  in  the  garden  of  Isaac  Denniston,  Albany,  New  York,  about  1835.     Fruit 
below  medium  in  size,  oval  with  a  slight  neck,  greenish-yellow  with  reddish  spots  on 
the  sunny  side;   flesh  yellow,  juicy,  rich,  sweet;   good;   stone  free,  small,  pointed;  mid- 
season;    tree  hardy;    productive. 
Alberta.     Nigra  ?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  426.    1900. 

A  seedling  raised  at  Indian  Head  Experimental  Farm,  Northwest  Territory,  Canada. 
Fruit  large;    fairly  productive;    early. 
Alexander.     Species  ?     i.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  135.    1903.     2.  Ibid.  424.     1905. 

Alexander's  Late  2. 

Mentioned  as  a  late  native  plum;   productive;   resistant  to  rot;   clingstone. 
Alibuchari.  Domestica.   i.  Mag.  Hort.  9:163.    1843.     2.  Mclntosh  Bk.  Card.  2 1534.    1855. 

An  old  European  prune.     Size  medium,  oval,  purple;    fair  in  quality;   freestone; 
shrivels  on  the  tree;    hardy;   productive. 
Alice.     Americana  mollis.     i.  Terry  Cat.     1900. 

Originated  by  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa,  from  seed  of  Van  Buren.     "Tree  a  fine 
upright  grower,  with  large,  light  red  fruit  of  best  quality." 
Allen.     Species   ?     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:78.    1892.  Allen's  Yellow  i. 

An  obsolete  variety  from  Kansas  of  medium  size,  round,  yellow  and  red;  skin 
thick;  clingstone. 

Allfruit.     Simonii    X    Triflora.     i.    Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  67:5.    1898.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
202.    1901. 

Grown  by  Luther  Burbank;  named  in  1898.  Described  by  Waugh  as  follows: 
"Fruit  oblate,  medium  size;  cavity  deep,  rounded;  stem  short;  suture  rather  shallow; 
color  pale  red  with  many  large  and  small  yellowish  dots  and  a  thin  white  bloom;  skin 
medium  thick;  flesh  medium  firm,  bright  yellow;  flavor  sweet  and  rich,  fragrant;  good 
to  best;  stone  medium  to  large,  slightly  flattened,  semi-cling;  leaf  large,  oval,  pointed, 
rather  finely  double  crenulate  and  minutely  glandular,  rather  thick,  glistens  as  if  var- 
nished; petiole  short,  glandular." 
Allie.  Nigra  ?  i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  426.  1900. 

A  seedling  raised  at  Indian  Head  Experimental  Farm,  Northwest  Territory,  Canada. 
Tree  productive;   fruit  of  medium  size;    skin  red;   flavor  good;   early. 
Aloe.     Domestica.     i.  Montreal  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.   55.    1878. 

Mentioned  as  an  old  Scottish  variety;   is  not  hardy  at  Montreal,  Canada. 
Alois  Reine  Claude.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  420.    1889. 

Alois'  Reine-Claude.     Reine-Claude  d' Alois.     Reine-Claude  Aloise. 
Aloo  Bokhara.     Domestica  ?     i.     Horticulturist  3:144.    1848. 

A  variety  noted  by  Sir  Alexander  Burnes,  while  traveling  in  Bokhara,  as  having  a 
sweet  kernel.     He  states  that  the  stone,  when  ripe,  can  be  seen  through  the  skin. 
Alpha.     Maritima.     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1899.     2.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:254,  255.    1905. 

A  variety  selected  from  wild  trees  by  E.  W.  Winsor  of  New  Jersey  and  sent  to  J.  W. 
Kerr,  Denton,  Maryland,  who  introduced  it  in  1899.  Very  small,  roundish,  purple; 
no  cavity  nor  suture;  flesh  greenish-yellow;  poor;  freestone;  early;  tree  small,  com- 
pact, very  productive. 


394  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Alpha-Americana.     Americana,     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  86.    1900. 

A  seedling  of  De  Soto  pollinated  by  Weaver;  grown  by  N.  K.  Fluke,  Davenport, 
Iowa,  in  1890.     Fruit  large,  oval  with  a  truncate  base,  clear  yellow,  mottled  with  light 
red,  lilac  blush;  suture  distinct;  flesh  yellow,  firm  and  meaty;  fair  in  quality ;  stone  of 
medium  size,  flattened,  free;    mid-season. 
Amaryllis.     Insititia.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:33.    1903. 

Originated  by  August  Dupuis,  Village  des  Aulnaies,  Province  of  Quebec,  in  1890 
from  seed  of  Mirabelle.  Fruit  large,  roundish;  cavity  medium,  abrupt;  suture  distinct; 
apex  rounded;  greenish-yellow;  dots  indistinct;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sweet,  rich;  good; 
clingstone. 

Amber.     Domestica  ?     i.   Parkinson  Par.    Ter.    577,    578.    1629.     2.   Quintinye   Com. 
Card.  68.    1699. 

Described  by  Parkinson  in  1629  as  a  small,  round,  yellow  freestone  plum  of  mediocre 
quality;    classified  by  him  as  "Prunum  Ambarinum." 
Amber  Primordian.  Domestica.  i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  575.  1629.  2.  Rea  Flora  206.  1676. 

Mentioned  by  Parkinson  in  1629  as  an  early,  small,  round,  yellow,  watery,  worthless 
plum. 
Ambre  Tardif.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  421.    1889. 

Ambrge  Tardive. 
Amelie  Blanche.     Domestica.     i.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:54.    1771. 

Tree  productive;   fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish,  yellow;  obsolete. 
Amelie  Noire.     Domestica.     i.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:54.    1771. 

Of  ancient  and  unknown  origin.     Tree  productive ;  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish, 
purplish-black;    flesh  dry;    flavor  fair;    early. 
Amelioree.     Domestica.     i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Bui.   10:20.    1901. 

D'Agen  Ameliore'e  i. 

Ameliore'e  originated  in  eastern  France  and  differs  from  Agen  only  in  being  more 
vigorous;  foliage  and  fruit  larger  and  the  season  earlier. 

American  Golden.     Hortulana.     i.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  182.    1895.     2.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt. 
11:283.    1898. 

James  B.  Wild  of  Sarcoxie,  Missouri,  introduced  this  variety  as  a  seedling  found  in 
his  neighborhood.  Tree  vigorous;  fruit  of  medium  size,  round;  suture  a  line;  cavity 
very  shallow;  stem  medium;  bright  golden-yellow;  dots  numerous,  large,  white; 
bloom  thin;  skin  thick,  tough;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  sweet  but  sprightly;  good;  stone 
of  medium  size,  turgid,  clinging;  late. 
American  Magnum  Bonum.  Domestica.  i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  896.  1869. 

Probably  a  seedling  of  Red  Magnum  Bonum  from  which  it  differs  in  that  the  young 
shoots  are  pubescent,  the  stone  clinging  and  the  fruit  better  in  quality. 
American  Prune.     Domestica.     i.  Wood  Bros.   Cat.     1898.          Probably  a  synonym. 
American  Violet.     Domestica.     i.  Le  Bon  Jard.  1:342.    1882.     2.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui. 
ad  Ser.,  3:49.    1900.  P.  violette  americaine  i. 

Tree  weak  in  growth,  productive;  fruit  large,  roundish-oval,  light  purple;  bloom 
thick;  flesh  yellow,  sweet,  juicy;  quality  good;  mid-season. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  395 

American  Wheat.  Domestica.  i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  289.  1845.  2.  Thomas 
Am.  Fruit  Cult.  346.  1849.  3-  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:129.  1873. 

American  Wheat  3.     Froment  American  3. 

A  very  small,  round,  pale  blue  plum  with  thin  bloom;  flesh  greenish,  melting, 
juicy,  sweet;  poor;  clingstone;  mid-season;  tree  productive;  leaves  small,  light 
colored. 

Ancient  City.  Domestica.  i.  Cultivator  6:270  fig.  1858.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am. 
941.  1869.  3.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  684.  1884. 

Reagles'  Ancient  City  1,2. 

Raised  by  C.  Reagles,  Schenectady,  New  York,  supposedly  from  seed  of  Wash- 
ington.    Fruit  large,  roundish;   suture  deep;   sides  unequal;   yellow,  tinged  with  green, 
mottled  with  crimson  specks  next  to  the  sun;    bloom  thin;    stem  of  medium  length, 
thick;  flesh  yellow  veined  with  white,  firm,  coarse;  good;  freestone. 
Anderson.     Americana,    i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:27.   1897.    2.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  488.  1904. 

Anderson's  Early  Red  i. 

Found  growing  on  the  Turkey  River  near  Sioux  Rapids,  Iowa,  by  Mrs.  Vincent 
Anderson,  about  1865.     Trees  productive;   fruit  of  medium  size;   good;   mid-season. 
Angelina  Burdett.     Domestica.     i.  Card.  Chron.  13:600.    1853.     2.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:37. 
1866-73.     3.  Gaucher  Pom.  Prak.  Obst.  91.    1894. 

Raised  from  seed  by  Henry  Dowling  of  Woolston,  England,  about  1845.      Tree 
vigorous,  hardy  and  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish;  suture  deep,  one  side 
enlarged;    skin  thick;    dark  purple  with  brown  dots  and  heavy  bloom;    flesh  greenish- 
yellow,  rich,  juicy,  sprightly;   stone  small,  obovate,  free;   mid-season. 
Angouleme.    Domestica.    i.  WaughP/ww  Cult.  95.    1901.      Reine-Clauded'Angouleme  i. 

Similar  to  Reine  Claude. 
Anna.     Americana,     i.  Montreal  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  90.    1885. 

A  variety  grown  from  a  wild  plum  root  secured  in  Wisconsin  by  Mr.  Charles  Gibb 
of  Montreal,  Canada. 
Anna  Maria.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am    896.    1869. 

Originated  by  S.  D.  Pardee,  New  Haven,  Connecticut.  Fruit  below  medium  in 
size,  roundish-oval;  suture  lacking;  pale  greenish-yellow  splashed  with  darker  green; 
stem  short;  cavity  small;  flesh  pale  green,  juicy,  melting,  rich,  sugary;  good;  stone 
nearly  free;  tree  moderately  vigorous,  spreading,  productive. 

Anna  Spath.  Domestica.  i.  Lange  Allgem.  Garten.  2:421.  1879.  2.  Oberdieck  Deut. 
Obst.  Sort.  401.  1881.  3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  421.  1889.  4.  Can.  Exp.  Farm 
Bui.,  2d  Ser.  3:49.  1900.  Anna  Spaeth  3. 

Originated  with  M.  Spath  at  Baumschulenweg,  Germany,  about  1870.     Tree  vigor- 
ous;   fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval,  flattened  at  both  ends;    skin  tough,  free; 
brownish-black;    dots  brownish;  bloom  thick;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  very  juicy,  mild; 
good;  freestone;  season  late. 
Annual  Bearer.     Americana,     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  87:11.    1901. 

A  seedling  grown  by  Edson  Gaylord,  Nora  Springs,  Iowa.  Fruit  large,  oblong; 
suture  distinct;  purplish-red  on  a  yellow  ground;  dots  numerous,  small;  bloom  heavy; 


396  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

skin  thick,  tough;    stone  strongly  flattened,  oval,  pointed,  sharp  on  both  sides;    flesh 
rich;  flavor  good;  mid-season. 
Apple.     Americana.     Patten  No.  40. 

A  seedling  of  Hawkeye;  fruit  large,  roundish,  dark  red;   dots  conspicuous;   suture 
aline;  skin  tender;  flesh  juicy,  soft,  fibrous,  sweet ;  fair;  clingstone;  mid-season. 
Apple.     Domestica.      i.  Cole  Am.  Fr.  Book   210.    1849.     2.   Downing  Fr.    Trees  Am. 
373.     1857.  Apple  Plum  i,  2. 

Originated  in  the  garden  of  D.  U.  Pratt,  Chelsea,  Massachusetts.     Fruit    large, 
flattened  like  an  apple ;  sides  unequal ;  suture  distinct;  stem  short;  cavity  broad,  deep ; 
reddish-purple;    bloom    heavy;    dots   yellow;    flesh   greenish-yellow,   tender,   slightly 
coarse,  sweet,  sprightly;   skin  astringent;   semi-clinging;   mid-season. 
Apricot.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1894.     2.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50:32.    1898. 

Tree  bushy;  fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish;  suture  slight;  skin  thick;  red  over 
yellow;  bloom  thin;  flesh  reddish-yellow,  juicy,  sweet;  quality  fair;  stone  large,  flat- 
tened, clinging;  mid-season. 

Aprikosenartige  Mirabelle.     Insititia.     i.   Oberdieck  Deut.    Obst.   Sort.   426.    1881.     2. 
Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  421.    1889.  Mirabelle  Abricotee  2. 

Said  to  be  a  synonym  of  Mirabelle ;   Oberdieck  claims  that  this  variety  has  firmer 
and  sweeter  flesh,  and  that  its  shoots  are  glabrous. 
Arab.     Domestica.     i.  Ind.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  29.    1885.     2.  Mich.  Sta.  Rpt.  in.    1887. 

Noted  in  the  preceding  references  as  imported  from  eastern  Europe. 
Arctic.     Nigra?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  426.    1900. 

A  variety  selected  from  wild  plants  by  Thomas  Frankland,  Stonewall,  Manitoba,  and 
tested  at  the  Experimental  Farm,  Indian  Head,  Northwest  Territory,  Canada.  Fruit 
large,  red;  late. 

Ashes  Seedling.     Species?     Mentioned  in  N.  Y.  Sta.  Rpt.  9:347.    1890. 
Ashridge  Black.     Domestica.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.   143.    1831.     2.  Mclntosh  Bk. 
Card.  2:529.    1855. 

An   English  variety  not  cultivated  in  this  country.     Medium  in  size,  roundish, 
purple,  firm;    quality  fair;    a  good  kitchen  variety;    tree  hardy  and  productive. 
Assiniboia.     Nigra?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  426.    1900. 

A  seedling  raised  at  the  Experimental  Farm,  Indian  Head,  Northwest  Territory, 
Canada;   now  discarded.     Fruit  of  medium  size;   early. 
Aston.     Domestica.     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  143.    1831. 

A  small,  round,  purple,  clingstone  plum  of  mediocre  quality;   obsolete. 
Aston  Green  Gage.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  147.    1831. 
Atkins.     Americana,     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:262.    1900.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  143.    1901. 

Beatty  i,  2. 

Originated  with  James  Beatty  at  Atkins,  Benton  County,  Iowa,  and  introduced 
by  R.  Royce  of  the  same  place  in  1894  under  the  name  Beatty.  It  became  confused 
with  the  Beaty  of  Texas  and  Waugh  renamed  it,  giving  it  the  name  of  the  place  of  its 
origin.  Fruit  large,  oval,  slightly  compressed;  cavity  small;  suture  a  line;  red  on  a 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  397 

yellow  ground;    dots  small,  numerous;    bloom  thin;    flesh  yellow;    good;    clingstone; 

mid-season. 

A-248.     Munsoniana  X  Triflora.    i.  Burbank  Cat.  22.    1893.    2.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  5:67.    1898. 

An  early,  dark  crimson,  heart-shaped  plum  of  medium  size,  yellow  flesh  and 
inferior  quality. 

Aubert.  Domestica.  i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  61.  1887.  2.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  86. 
1890.  3.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  292,  PI.  V  c  and  d.  1893.  4-  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat. 
25.  1897.  5.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  328.  1903. 

Dame  Aubert  Jaune  i,  2.  Dame  Aubert  Jaune  3.  Riga  115  2.  Yellow  Aubert 
?i,  3,  5.  Yellow  Aubert  4. 

Introduced  from  Russia  by  J.  L.  Budd  of  the  Iowa  Experiment  Station  in  1882. 
According  to  the  introducer  this  variety  was  found  in  southwest  Russia  and  Poland; 
said  to  have  come  from  central  Asia.     Evidently  related  to  the  Yellow  Egg,  differing 
in  being  earlier  and  of  better  quality. 
Auburn.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  897.    1869. 

A  variety  said  by  Downing  to  be  a  native  of  western  New  York.     Fruit  medium 
in  size,  oval;   suture  shallow;   skin  light  reddish-purple  with  a  thin  bloom;   stem  short; 
flesh  coarse,  orange-yellow,  not  juicy,  sweet,  pleasant;   good;   freestone;   early. 
Auchtertyre.     Domestica.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  143.    1831. 

A  small,  oval,  purple,  early  plum;    quality  medium;    freestone;    obsolete. 
August.     Nigra.     i.  Bailey  Ann.  Hort.  20.    1889.     2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:27.    1897. 

August  Red  i. 

A  large  purplish-red  variety  introduced  by  J.  W.  Kerr,  Maryland.  Fruit  oblong; 
clingstone;  tree  upright,  vigorous,  unproductive;  foliage  resembling  that  of  an  apricot. 
August  Zwetsche.  Domestica.  Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  421.  1889. 

Liegel's  August  Zwetsche. 

Aunt  Ann.  Domestica.  i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  351.  1866.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees 
Am.  918.  1869.  3.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  275.  1873. 

Guthrie's  Aunt  Ann  i.     Guthrie's  Aunt  Ann  2.     Aunt  Ann  2,  3.     Tante  Anne  3. 

This  variety  was  grown  in  Scotland  by  a  Mr.  Guthrie.     A  large,  round,  greenish- 
yellow  plum;   flesh  rich,  juicy;   freestone;   tree  hardy,  productive. 
Aurora.     Hortulana.     i.  Kerr  Cat.     1900-03.  Moreman's  Cherry  r. 

Originated  by  Theodore  Williams  of  Nebraska  and  introduced  in  1898  by  J.  W. 
Kerr  of  Maryland  under  the  name  "  Moreman's  Cherry;"  in  1900,  Mr.  Kerr  changed 
the  name  to  Aurora.  Fruit  large,  round,  cherry-red  deepening  to  dark  red;  cling- 
stone; season  late;  tree  vigorous,  productive. 

Austrian  Quetsche.  Domestica.  i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  152.  1831.  a.  Prince  Pom. 
Man.  2:78.  1832.  3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  311.  1845. 

Bremen  Prune  2,  3.     Quetsche  de  Breme  3. 

A  strain  of  the  German  Prune  from  which  it  differs  in  being  a  little  later  and  of 
somewhat  better  flavor. 

Autumn  Gage.  Domestica.  i.  Cultivator  10:167.  l843-  2-  Ann.  Pom.  Beige  7:43, 
PI.  1859.  3.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  380.  1866.  4.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:33,  fig.  1866- 
73.  5.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  435.  1889. 


398  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Autumn  Gage  3,  5.  Herbst  Reine  Claude  5.  Prune  Autumn  Gage  2.  Reine- 
Claude  d'Automne  2,  5.  Reine-Claude  d'Automne  4.  Roe's  Autumn  3.  Roe's  Autumn 
Gage  3,  5. 

Raised  by  Wm.  Roe,  Newburgh,  New  York.     Tree  spreading,  hardy,  productive; 
fruit  of  medium  size,  oval;    suture  shallow;    stem  of  medium  length;   pale  yellow  with 
a  thin  bloom;   flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy  and  sweet  with  a  rich  and  excellent  flavor; 
stone  long,  compressed,  pointed  at  both  ends,  free;    season  late. 
Azure.     Domestica.     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:67,  fig.  34.    1873.          Reine-Claude  Azur^e  i. 

Mas  states  that  this  variety  grew  in  his  garden  from  a  sucker.     Tree  vigorous,  me- 
dium in  productiveness;    fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish-oblate;    suture   a  line;   skin 
tender;  purplish-black;  stem  long,  slender  to  medium;  cavity  deep;  flesh  green,  fine, 
tender,  soft,  juicy,  sweet,  aromatic;   freestone;   mid-season. 
Bailey.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1901-1902. 

A  variety  sent  J.  W.  Kerr,  Denton,  Maryland,  by  the  Division  of  Pomology,  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture,  for  testing.     Tree  vigorous,  upright,  productive; 
fruit  above  medium  in  size,  oblong,  very  dark  red;   good;   clingstone;   said  to  be  free 
from  rot. 
Bailey.     Domestica.     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui  62:20.    1894. 

Known  only  from  a  plate  in  the  possession  of  the  Rochester  Lithographing  Com- 
pany, made  some  time  prior  to  1886,  representing  this  plum  and  stating  that  it  "  has 
not  failed  to  bear  for  twenty-five  successive  years." 
Baker.     Insititia.     i.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  177:41,  43.    1899.     2.  Ibid.  187:77,  78.    1901. 

Baker  Damson  i. 

Tree  upright,  vigorous,  unproductive;  fruit  small,  roundish-ovate;  stem  slender, 
inserted  in  a  slight  cavity;  dark  blue  or  black;  flesh  greenish-amber,  juicy;  good} 
stone  small,  roundish,  clinging. 

Baker.     Domestica.     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.   101.    1891.     2.   Cornell  Sta.  Bui.    131: 
182.    1897.     3.  Brown  Bros.  Cat.    1900.  Baker's  German  Prune  i,  3. 

A  seedling  of  the  German  Prune  which  had  its  origin  at  Collingwood,  Canada, 
with  a  Mr.   Baker.     Tree  hardy,  an  annual  bearer,  productive;    fruit  resembles  the 
Italian  Prune  in  color  and  quality  but  is  a  trifle  smaller  and  two  weeks  later. 
Baldwin.     Americana,     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  333.    1888.     2.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:9,  51 
fig.  1905. 

A  wild  variety  found  by  D.  L.  Royer  of  Iowa.     Tree  vigorous  ;  fruit  large,  round; 
apex  flat;    cavity  deep,  narrow;    dark  red,  mottled  with  dull  yellow;    bloom  heavy; 
dots  whitish,     minute,  numerous;    skin  thick,  astringent;    flesh  dark  yellow,  flavor 
pleasant,  acid;  good;  stone  semi-free,  rounded,  thick,  of  medium  size. 
Ballonartige  Gelbe  Zwetsche.   Domestica?  Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  421.    1889. 

Damas-Ballon  Jaune.     Damas-Ballon  Panachee  Variete. 
Ballonartige  Rote  Damascene.     Domestica?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.   421. 

1889.  Damas-Ballon  Rouge. 

Bankalari  Fruh  Damascene.  Domestica?  Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  421.  1889. 

Bankalari's  Rote  Fruh  Damascene  i. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  399 

Banker's  Gage.  Domestica.  i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  147.  1831.  2.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch. 
202.  1835. 

Originated  in  New  York.     Fruit  large;    flavor  good;    adapted  to  drying. 
Bant  Spate  Reine  Claude.    Domestica.   Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  422.     1889. 

Bant's  Late  Green  Gage. 
Baraboo.     Americana,     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:28.    1897.     2.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:262.    1900. 

Found  wild  near  Baraboo,   Wisconsin,   about    1860   and  introduced  by  William 
Toole  of  the  same  place  in  1897.     Tree  vigorous,  spreading,  symmetrical;  fruit  of  medium 
size,  round,  dull  yellow,  overlaid  with  red;   flesh  firm,  mild,  sweet;   quality  fair;   mid- 
season  ;   drops  badly  and  is  a  poor  keeper. 
Barbary.     Domestica.     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576.    1629.     2.  Rea  Flora  207.    1676. 

Bat  berry  2. 

A  large,  egg-shaped,  early,  productive,  black  plum. 
Barkhausen  Violette  Reine    Claude.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom. 

422.    1889. 
Barkley.     Americana?     i.  Letter  from  Kerr.  Teeter  i. 

From  Pennsylvania;  fruit  medium  in  size,  green,  blushed  with  red;  good. 
Barnsback.  Americana,    i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  87:11.    1901.    2.  5.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:9.    1905. 

Barnsbeck  2. 

Originated  at  Vermilion,  South  Dakota.  Fruit  large,  roundish;  suture  a  line; 
yellowish  overspread  with  light  red ;  sparsely  dotted;  heavy  bloom;  skin  medium  thick, 
astringent  until  fully  ripe ;  flesh  pale  yellow  or  reddish,  juicy,  sweet;  good;  stone  nearly 
free;  mid-season. 

Baronne  Helen  Trauttenberg.  Domestica.  i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  422.  1889.  2. 
Guide  Prat.  163,  352.  1895. 

A  variety  said  to  resemble  Italian  Prune. 
Basaricatta.     Domestica.     i.   Gallesio  Pom.   Ital.   2:P1.    1839.  Collo-Torto  i. 

An  Italian  variety  described  by  Gallesio  in  his  Pomona  Italiana.     Fruit  long,  prune- 
shaped,  necked;    skin  golden-yellow;   flesh  yellow,  firm,  sweet  and  agreeable;    a  good 
shipper. 
Bastle.     Species?     i.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.  32:490.     1899. 

Reported  as  very  weak  in  growth  and  as  having  failed  to  produce  fruit. 
Batchelor  Damson.     Insititia.     i.  N.  Y.  Sta.  Rpt.  12:611.    1893. 

Received  for  testing  at  the  New  York  Experiment  Station. 

Bazalicza.  Domestica.  i.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:139.  1866-73.  2.  Oberdieck  Deut.  Obst. 
Sort.  441.  1881.  3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  422.  1889.  4.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt. 
402.  1898.  5.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  26  Ser.,  3:51.  1900. 

Quetsche  de  Bazalicza  i.  Bazalicza  Zwetsche  i.  Bazalicza  Zwetsche  2,  3.  Bazal- 
licza's  Grosse  Blaue  Zwetsche  3.  Quetsche  de  Bazalicza  3.  Bazalicza's  Prune  4.  Bazal- 
icza Damson  5. 

Raised  by  Liegel  of  Braunau,  Germany,  from  seed  of  Red  Magnum  Bonum.  Tree 
vigorous,  productive;  fruit  above  medium  size,  oblong-oval;  suture  shallow,  halves 
usually  unequal;  skin  free;  dark  purple;  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow,  sweet;  excellent; 
clingstone ;  early. 


400  THE   PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Beach  Plum.     Maritima. 

"Beach  Plum"  is  the  common  name  for  Primus  maritima. 
Beals.     Domestica. 

A  seedling  raised  by  George  F.  Beals,  of  Viscalia,  California,  and  sent  to  Nelson 
Smith  of  Geneva,  New  York,  for  testing.     Fruit  large,  egg-shaped,  lop-sided;    suture 
shallow;  skin  thick;  blue,  often  purplish;  dots  yellow;  flesh  firm,  yellow,  juicy,  sweet; 
stone  large,  oval,  rough;  mid-season. 
Bean.    Americana,     i.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  128.    1890.     2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:28.    1897. 

Found  wild  by  H.  Knudson,  Springfield,  Minnesota.     Fruit  below  medium  in  size, 
oblong ;   apex  flattened ;  suture  depressed ;  pale  yellow  tinged  with  crimson ;  dots  faint ; 
skin  astringent  unless  fully  ripe;  flesh  pale  yellow  or  reddish,  juicy,  sweet,  rich;   stone 
large,  oblong,  rough,  pointed,    grooved  on  the  back;    mid-season. 
Beaty.     Angustifolia  varians.     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:36,  60.    1902.     2.  Thomas  Am. 
Fruit  Cult.  489.    1897.     3.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.  32:478.    1899.     4.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
192.    1901. 

Beauty's  Choice  i.  Beaty  Choice  2.  Beauty  3.  Beaty's  Choice  4.  El  Paso  4. 
El  Paso  i. 

Originated  under  cultivation  with  Lee  Beaty,  Luling  County,  Texas,  and  introduced 
by  him  in  1877.     Tree  irregular,  spreading;    fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish;    cavity 
shallow;  light  red;  bloom  thin;  dots  numerous ;  flesh  yellow;  good;  stone  oval,  turgid, 
clinging. 
Bechstein  Spitzpflaume.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.   422.    1889. 

Blaue   Zipper.     Prunus    Oxycarpa.     Rosinen   Pflaume.    Spitz    Pflaume.     Spitzige 
Rote  Pflaume.     Rote  Zwetsche  incor.     Rote  Zipper. 
Bedford.     Nigra?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  426.    1900. 

A  seedling  raised  at  Indian  Head  Experimental  Farm,  Northwest  Territory,  Canada. 
Fruit  of  medium  size. 
Beer  Plum.     Domestica.     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  86.    1890. 

One  of  the  many  Domesticas  imported  from  Europe  by  Professor  J.  L.  Budd. 
This  one  is  small  and  fit  only  for  culinary  purposes. 
Bell.      Species?      i.  Tex.  Dept.  Agr.  Bui.  12:102.     1910.  Bell's  October  i. 

A  variety  said  to  be  of  value  near  Plain  view,  Texas. 

Belle   de   Hardy.     Domestica.     i.   Mathieu   Nom.    Pom.    422.    1889.     2.    Guide   Prat. 
163,  352.    1895. 

Said  to  resemble  Agen. 

Belle  de  Louvain.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.   Trees  Am.  392.    1857.     2.  Ibid.  898. 
1869.     3.  Lucas  Vollst.  Hand.  Obst.  471.    1894.     4.  Guide  Prat.  157,  352.     1895. 

Large  Black  Imperial?  4.  Plum  of  Louvain  i.  Prune  de  Louvain  2.  Schone 
von  Lowen  3.  Schone  von  Lowen  4. 

A  seedling  found  in  the  nursery  of  Van  Mons  at  Louvain,  Belgium,  about  1840.  Tree 
vigorous,  a  biennial  bearer ;  fruit  large,  long-oval ;  suture  distinct ;  deep  purple  with  delicate 
bloom;  flesh  firm,  yellowish,  juicy,  rich;  mid-season;  valuable  for  culinary  purposes. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  40 1 

Belle  de  Paris.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in   Can.   Exp.  Farm  Bui.   zd  Ser.   3:49.    1900. 
Belle  de  Riom.     Domestica.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  144.    1831.     2.  Mas  Pom.  Gen. 
2:83.    1873. 

This  variety  is  thought  to  have  originated  in  the  vicinity  of  the  French  village  of 
Riom,  in  the  early  part  of  the  Nineteenth  Century.  Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit 
medium,  oval ;  suture  indistinct ;  skin  intense  purple ;  dots  white ;  flesh  greenish-yellow, 
melting,  rich,  sweet,  aromatic;  very  good;  stone  oval,  free;  late. 
Belle  de  Schoeneberg.  Domestica.  i.  Mathieu  Nom  Pom.  449.  1889.  2.  Guide  Prat. 
158.  352.  1895. 

Belle  de  Schoneberg  i.  Gloire  de  Schoneberg  i,  2.  Rotgefteckte  Gold  Pflaume  i. 
Rothgefleckte  Goldpftaume  2.  Schone  von  Schoneberg  i.  Schone  von  Schoneberg  2. 

Tree  neither  vigorous  nor  productive;   fruit  large,  roundish,  reddish-violet;    flesh 
yellow,  sweet,  agreeable;    good;    early. 
Belsiana.     Cerasifera.     i.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  471.    1887. 

A  wild  plum  resembling  Myrobalan,  selected  by  the  Arabs  and  introduced  into 
France  in  1878  by  G.  Luizet,  to  whom  it  was  sent  by  Ferdinand  Lombard,  horti- 
culturist at  Mustopha,  Algieria.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  round;  suture  indistinct;  cavity 
shallow ;  skin  papery ;  amber-yellow,  with  a  rose  tint  on  the  sunny  side ;  flesh  amber- 
yellow,  melting,  sweet;  stone  slightly  clinging;  early. 
Belvoir.  Domestica.  i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  680,  686.  1884. 

Fruit  above  medium  in  size,  round;  suture  faint;  skin  thin;  black  with  russet 
markings  and  dots;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  rich;  freestone;  late. 

Bender.     Americana,     i.   Kerr  Cat.    1896-7.     2.   Waugh  Plum   Cult     143.    1901.     3. 
Wis.  Hort.  Soc. Rpt.  121.    1902.     4.S.  Dak.Sta.Bul.  93:10.    1905.      Paul  Wolf  4. 

Reported  to  have  been  grown  near  Chaska,  Minnesota,  by  Paul  Wolf.  Tree  very 
vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  oblong,  conical,  irregular;  suture  indistinct;  dark 
red  with  thick  bloom;  dots  numerous,  small;  skin  thick,  tough;  flesh  light  yellow, 
very  firm,  meaty;  fair  to  good;  stone  long,  pointed,  early. 

Benedetto.      Domestica?     Listed    in    Mathieu    Nom.   Pom.    422.     1889.      Beni-Detto. 
Benedict.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  899.    1869. 

Originated  in  Pennsylvania.     Tree  vigorous;    fruit  small,  oval;    suture  distinct; 
pale  yellow,  dotted  and  splashed  with  red  on  the  sunny  side;   bloom  thin;   flesh  pale 
yellow,  juicy,  pleasant;    good;    clingstone. 
Beni  Botan.     Triflora.     i.  Va.  Sta.  Bui.  129:111.    1901. 

A  variety  imported  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
Benschoten.     Domestica. 

Pits  were  left  in  the  cellar  of  a  Mr.  Benschoten  of  Woodstock,  Ulster  County,  New 
York,  by  a  German  emigrant,  and  from  them  the  above  variety  was  grown.  Fruit 
above  medium  in  size,  oval,  cream  color,  mottled  with  crimson;  flesh  golden-yellow, 
sugary,  aroma  like  that  of  an  apricot;  season  late. 

Benson.     Hortulana.     i.  Kerr  Cat.   14.    1898.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  40.    1899.     3. 
Waugh  Plum  Cult.  177.    1901.     4.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  422.    1905. 

Moreman  Prune  i.     Benson  Market  4. 


402  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Benson  originated  with  Theodore  Williams  of  Benson,  Nebraska;  was  first  called 
Moreman  Prune  but  was  renamed  and  introduced  by  J.  W.  Kerr  in  1898.  Tree 
vigorous;  fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish;  cavity  shallow;  stem  slender;  suture  dis- 
tinct; deep  cherry-red,  with  numerous,  yellowish  dots;  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow; 
quality  fair;  stone  medium  in  size,  oval,  clinging;  season  late. 

Berlepsch.     Domestica.     i.    Mas   Pom.    Gen.    2:175.    I^T3-     2-    Mathieu    Nom.    Pom. 
422.    1889. 

Berlepsch's  Grosse  Griine  Reine-Claude  2.  Berlepchs  Renclode  Grosse  Griine  i. 
Grosse  Reine-Claude  de  Berlepsch  2.  Grosse  Reine-Claude  Verte  De  Berlepsch  i. 

A  seedling  raised  by  Liegel  of  Braunau,  Germany.  Tree  vigorous,  medium  in 
productiveness ;  fruit  of  the  same  flavor  and  quality  as  the  Reine  Claude,  of  which  it  is 
probably  a  strain  to  be  distinguished  by  earlier  maturity,  slightly  more  depressed  form 
and  a  paler-colored  skin. 

Berlet  Fruh  Damascene.     Domestica?     Listed  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  422.    1889. 
Bernsteinzwetsche.     Domestica.     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.   422.    1889.     2.  Guide  Prat. 
163,  351.    1895. 

Ambre  de  Provence  2.     Ambre  de  Provence  i.     Bernsteinzwetsche  2. 

Mentioned  in  the  references  cited  without  description. 
Berryhill.     Americana,     i.  Meneray  Cat. 

Originated  with  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa;   introduced  by  F.  W.  Meneray,  Council 
Bluffs,  Iowa.     Tree  productive;  fruit  large,  red  over  a  yellow  ground;  skin  thin,  tender; 
flesh  firm;  good;   clingstone. 
Berry  Plum.     Species?     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:78.    1892. 

Mentioned  as  a  variety  growing  on  the  grounds  of  the  New  York  State  College  of 
Agriculture. 
Best  Black  Blood.    Triflora.     i.  Rural  N.  Y.  59:655  fig.  245.    1900. 

Originated  by  Burbank  and  described  by  him  as  being  productive  and  vigorous; 
leaves  resembling  Simon;  fruit  large;  flesh  juicy  and  firm. 

Best  of  All.     Hortulana  mineri   X   Triflora.     i.   Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  67:7.    1898.     2.  Rural 
N.   Y.  65:730.    1906.  Bestovall  i. 

This  is  a  seedling  of  Miner  pollinated  by  Abundance  originating  with  T.  V.  Munson, 
Denison,  Texas.     Tree  vigorous,  prolific;   fruit  of  medium  size,  round,  dark  red;   flesh 
firm,  meaty;   good;   late. 
Beta.     Maritima.     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1899-1900. 

Selected  from  wild  plants  by  E.  W.  Winsor  of  New  York.     Fruit  yellow,  small 
and  round;   very  prolific;   early. 
Betterave.     Domestica.     i.  Noisette  Man.  Comp.  Jard.  2:496.    1860. 

Tree  large  and  vigorous;  fruit  large,  round,  pale  yellow,  juicy,  not  pleasant. 
Beztercser  Grosse  Zwetsche.     Domestica.     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  422.    1889.     2.  Guide 
Prat.  163,  352.    1895. 

Mentioned  in  the  preceding  references;   said  to  resemble  Washington. 
Biconical.     Triflora  X    ?     i.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  14:270.    1901. 

A   cross   between  Abundance  and   "a  Chicasaw, "  originating  with  A.  L.   Bruce, 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  403 

Texas.     Leaves  Triflora-like  with  peculiar  double,  crenulate,  glandular  margins.    Fruit 

conical,  of  medium  size;   cavity  shallow;    suture  faint;    skin  thin;   bright  red;   bloom 

moderate;  flesh  soft,  yellow,  subacid;   quality  fair;   stone  medium  in  size,  round-oval, 

clinging. 

Biery.    Triflora.     I.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  45.    1895. 

Received  from  California  by  J.  J.  Biery,  Covington,  Louisiana,  wrongly  labeled 
Long  Fruit.  Fruit  spherical,  medium  in  size;  cavity  deep;  suture  indistinct;  color 
yellow,  blushed  with  red,  patched  with  russet  and  with  minute,  russet  dots,  skin  thin, 
separating  easily  from  the  tender,  juicy,  yellow  flesh;  good;  stone  medium  in  size,  oval, 
clinging ;  early. 
Big  Rose.  Domestica.  i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Div.  Pom.  Bui.  10:21.  1901. 

A  variety  of  English  origin  introduced  into  Oregon  about  1900. 
Bilona.     Triflora  X    ? 

Bilona,  as  yet  unintroduced,  originated  with  H.  A.  Biles,  Roanoke,  Texas,  and  is 
thought  by  F.  T.  Ramsey  of  Austin,  Texas,  to  be  a  seedling  of  Chabot  probably  crossed 
with  some  native  variety.  Tree  resembles  Chabot ;  fruit  red,  coloring  long  before  ripe ; 
quality  said  to  be  very  good. 

Bingham.  Domestica.  i.  Prince  Treat.  Hort.  27.  1828.  2.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:101. 
1832.  3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  272.  1845.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  87.  1854. 
5.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  422.  1889.  Bingham's  Pflaume  5. 

Originated  in  Pennsylvania.     Fruit  large,  oval,  yellow,  occasionally  with  carmine 
dots  on  the  sunny  exposure ;  suture  distinct ;  cavity  narrow  and  deep ;  flesh  yellowish, 
juicy,  pleasant;    good;    clingstone;    early;    at  one  time  highly  esteemed. 
Biondeck.     Domestica.     i.  Koch  Deut.   Obst.   572.    1876.     2.  Lauche  Deut.  Pom.   10, 
PI.  IV.    1882.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  422.    1889. 

Biondeck's  Friihzwetsche  i,  2,  3.  Biondeck' s  roihe  Friihzwetsche  2.  Biondeck' s 
Rote  Fruh  Zwetsche  3.  Precoce  Biondeck  3.  Quetsche  Precoce  de  Biondeck  3. 

Liegel  produced  this  variety  from  a  seed  of  Early  Yellow  and  named  it  after  his 
friend  Biondeck,  of  Baden,  near  Vienna.    Tree  large,  productive;   fruit  oval,  medium, 
light  red ;  flesh  yellowish,  sweet,  highly  flavored ;  freestone ;  early ;  considered  valuable 
for  drying. 
Birchland.     Americana,     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  ad  Ser.  3:49.    1900. 

A  variety  from  Minnesota  reported  as  unsatisfactory  in  British  Columbia. 
Bittern.  Domestica.   i.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  289.    1889.  2.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  25. 
1894.     3.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:182.    1897.  Biltern  3. 

A  seedling  grown  by  Francis  Rivers,  Sawbridgeworth,  England.  Tree  produc- 
tive; fruit  above  medium  or  large,  oval,  purple,  with  a  heavy  bloom;  dots  few,  incon- 
spicuous; skin  thick,  acid;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  firm,  juicy,  brisk  subacid;  good; 
stone  long,  of  medium  size,  oval,  clinging;  early. 

Bixby.  Americana,  i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  436.  1888.  2.  la.  Sta.  Bid.  46:262.  1892. 
3.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:29.  1897. 

Found  on  the  homestead  of  Rev.  N.  W.  Bixby,  Clayton  County,  Iowa,  in  1847  ; 
introduced  by  C.  H.  True,  Edgewood,  Iowa,  in  1880.  Tree  spreading,  vigorous;  fruit 


404  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

large,  roundish-oval;  cavity  narrow,  shallow;  suture  a  line;  apex  rounded;  yellow  more 
or  less  covered  with  bright  red;  dots  numerous,  small,  yellow;  skin  thick,  tender;  flesh 
yellow,  sweet  but  not  rich  in  flavor;  good;  stone  large,  flattened,  clinging;  mid-season. 
Black  Arabka.  Domestica.  i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  61.  1887.  2.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt. 
86.  1890. 

Tchernaya  Arabskaya  i.     Mixed  Arab  2.     Black  Arab  2.     Black  Prune  2. 

One  of  the  foreign  varieties  tested  by  the  Iowa  Agricultural  College. 
Black  Ball.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  144.    1831. 
Black  Damask.     Domestica.     i.  Miller  Card.  Diet.     1754.     2.  Am.  Card.  Cal.  587.    1806. 
3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  374.    1857. 

Small  Damas  i.     Little  Black  Damask  i.     Small  Black  Damask  2. 

Black  Damask  has  been  confused  by  the  old  writers  with  the  common   Damson. 
This  plum  is  a  Domestica  with  a  sweet,  pleasantly  flavored  flesh  suitable  for  dessert 
purposes  and  ripens  much  earlier  than  the  Damson. 
Black  Damask  Hasting.     Insititia.     i.  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  68.    1699. 

Mentioned  by  Quintinye  as  having  a  "sharp  and  sourish  taste." 

Black  Hawk.     Americana,     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  4:95.    1889.     2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:29.    1897. 
3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  37.    1899.     4.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  143.    1901. 

A  wild  variety  found  in  Black  Hawk  County,  Iowa.     Tree  hardy,  vigorous,  and  pro- 
ductive; fruit  large,  flattened,  more  convex  on  the  ventral  side;  suture  distinct;    deep 
red;  skin  thick,  tough;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  rich;  good;  stone  free,  mid-season;  listed 
in  the  fruit  catalog  of  the  American  Porno  logical  Society  in  1899. 
Black  Hill.     Domestica.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  144.    1831. 

Cultivated  in  the  Gardens  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society. 
Black  Pear.     Domestica.     i.  Rea  Flora  208.    1676.     2.  Langley  Pomona  96.    1729. 

A  variety  of  early  European  origin  now  obsolete.     Fruit  pear-shaped;    skin  dark 
red  or  black;   juicy  when  fully  ripe. 

Black  Perdrigon.     Domestica.     i.  Abercrombie  Card.  Ass't  13.    1786.     2.  Willich  Dom. 
Enc.  4:194.    1803. 

Probably  a  strain  of  Blue  Perdrigon. 

Black  Prune.     Domestica.     i.  la.  Agr.  Col.  Bui.   51.    1886.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt. 
61.    1887.     3.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.   86.    1890.     4.  la.  Sta.  Bui.   31:349.    1895. 

Arab  No.  i   (Budd  unpublished).     Black  Prune  No.  i   3.     Black  Prune  No.  i  4. 
Black  Vengerka  2.     Tchernaya  vengerskaya  i,  2. 

Black  Prune  was  imported  by  J.  L.  Budd  of  the  Iowa  Experiment  Station  from 
Dr.  Regel,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  in  1881—2,  under  the  name  "Tchernaya  vengerskaya." 
It  was  received  at  this  Station  for  trial  under  the  name  "Arab  No.  i."    It  is  a  small 
prune  of  fair  quality  when  eaten  out  of  hand,  but  becomes  sour  in  cooking. 
Black  Prunella.     Domestica.    i.  ReaF/ora  207.    1676.   2.  Ray  Hist.  Plant.    1529.   1688. 

An  old  European  plum.     Fruit  small,  black  and  very  sour;  once  valued  in  England 
for  preserves. 
Blaisdon.     Domestica.     i.  Watkins  Cat.  1892?  Blaisdon's  Red  i. 

Fruit  medium  in  size,  red;  mid-season. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  405 

Blaue  Reine  Claude.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  423.    1889. 

Liegel's  Blaue  Reine  Claude.     Reine-Claude  Bleue.     Reine-Claude  Violette.    Schwarze 
Reine-Claude. 
Blaugh.     Americana,     i.  Ont.  Fr.  Exp.  Sta.  Rpt.  6:46.    1899. 

A  vigorous  variety  which  originated  in  the  Allegheny  Mountains.     Fruit  above 
medium  in  size,  light  purple;  bloom  heavy;  flesh  yellow,  juicy;  good;   stone  clinging; 
late;  promising. 
Bleeker  Large  Red.     Domestica.     i.  Cultivator  1:306.    1844. 

Mrs.  Bleeker's  Large  Red  i. 

Grown  by  a  Mrs.  Bleeker  of  New  York  from  stones  received  from  Germany.    Fruit 
large,  bluish-red,  melting  and  rich;    mid-season.     Downing  gave  Bleecker's  Scarlet  as 
a  synonym  of  the  Lombard,  but  he  could  not  have  had  this  plum  in  mind. 
Bleue  de  Perse.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  423.    1889. 
Blood  Plum.     Triflora.     i.  Ga.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  54.    1892.     2.  Ibid.  96.    1895. 

Beni-Smono  No.  3    ?i.     Blood  Plum  No.  3   2. 

Tree  open,  straggling,  early  blooming;    fruit  small;    flesh  deep  red,  juicy,  sweety 
middle  of  July. 
Blubenthal.     Insititia  ?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  401.    1898. 

Blubenthal  Damson  i. 

According  to  the  preceding  reference  the  largest  of  the  Damsons.     Fruit  heart- 
shaped,  deep  purple;   bloom  heavy;   flesh  green,  juicy,  sprightly;   mid-season. 
Blue  Apricot.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2d  Ser.  3:49.    1900. 

Fruit  above  medium  in  size,  roundish,  flattened  at  the  ends;  suture  well  defined; 
skin  bluish-purple;  dots  few;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy,  sweet;  stone  small,  roundish, 
free;  early. 

Blue  Egg.  Domestica.  i.  Lange  Allgem.  Garten.  2:421.  1879.  2.  Oberdieck  Deut. 
Obst.  Sort.  406.  1 88 1.  3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  422.  1889. 

Bamberger  Eier  Pflaume  3.  Blaue  Eierpflaume  2,  3.  Blaue  Kaiser  Pflaume  3. 
Dame-Aubert  Rouge  3.  Eier  Pflaume  3.  Grosse  Blaue  Eier  Pflaume  3.  Violette  Kaiser 
Pflaume  3  incor. 

A  European  variety  similar  to  the  German  Prune.  Tree  large;  fruit  large,  obovate 
to  oval;  skin  reddish-blue;  flesh  yellow,  aromatically  sweet;  freestone;  mid-season. 
Blue  Eye.  Domestica.  i.  Kerr  Cat.  1894. 

Mentioned  as  of  German  origin  by  J.  W.  Kerr,  who  obtained  the  variety  from  Charles 
Luedloff,  Carver,  Minnesota. 

Blue  Matchless.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.   Trees  21.    1803. 
Bluemont.     Angustifolia  watsoni.     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  126.    1889.     2.  Bailey  Ev. 
Nat.  Fruits  222.    1898. 

Introduced  by  E.  Gale  of  Manhattan,  Kansas,  about  1860.  Fruit  of  medium  size, 
round,  flattened,  dull  red  with  heavy  bloom;  flesh  yellow,  coarse;  flavor  fair;  cling- 
stone; early. 

Blue  Moldavka.  Domestica.  i.  Ont.  Fr.  Gr.  Assoc.  1:17,  74.  1894.  2.  la.  Sta.  Bui. 
31:347.  1895.  3.  Kan  Sta.  Bui.  101:119,  120  fig.  1901.  4.  Budd-Hansen  Am. 
Hort.  Man.  2:306.  1903.  5.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:38.  1903. 

Moldavka  1,3.     Voronesh  Blue  5. 


4°6  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Blue  Moldavka  was  received  from  Russia  by  J.  L.  Budd  of  the  Iowa  Experiment 
Station  about  1882  in  a  lot  of  sprouts  labeled  Moldavka.  Tree  hardy  and  productive; 
fruit  large,  oblong;  suture  a  line;  cavity  of  medium  size;  stem  short;  dark  purple; 
bloom  thick;  dots  numerous,  russet;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  firm,  dry;  flavor  not  high; 
quality  fair;  stone  semi-clinging;  mid-season. 

Blue  Plum.     Domestica.     i.  Horticulturist     7:404.    1852.     2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am. 
goo.    1869. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval;    suture  obscure;    skin  dark  blue  with  light 
bloom;    flesh  yellowish-green,  juicy,  sweet  and  refreshing;    clingstone;    early. 
Blue  Primordian.    Domestica.    i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  575.    1629.  2.  ReaF/ora  206.  1676. 

An  old  variety  of  the  same  shape  as  the  Red  Primordian  but  smaller  and  of  a  violet- 
blue  color;  of  good  taste;  ripens  early,  productive. 

Blue  Prolific.     Domestica.     i.Flor.andPom.Sg.    1876.     2.  HoggFruit  Man.  722.    1884. 
3.  Guide  Prat.  156,  356.    1895. 

Blue  Prolific  3.     Fertile  Bleue  3.     Rivers'  Blue  Prolific  2.     Rivers'  No.  4  i. 

Tree  hardy,  productive;    fruit  below  medium  in  size,  oval,  slightly  narrowed  at 
the  stem  end;    cavity  and  suture  shallow;    dark  purple,  with  thin  bloom;    flesh  dull 
greenish-yellow,  juicy;    flavor  brisk  and  agreeable;    a  cooking  plum;    stone  clinging; 
ripens  early. 
Blue  Prune.     Domestica.     i.  Hoffy  Orch.  Comp.  2.    1842. 

Hoffy  published  a  colored  engraving  of  this  variety,  but  did  not  describe  it.     Fruit 
long -oval ;    suture  deep ;    dark  blue. 
Blue  Rock.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  423.     1903. 

A  seedling  from  Thomas  Rivers,  England.  Tree  upright,  productive;  fruit  of 
medium  size,  round;  cavity  small;  suture  distinct;  dark  purple;  dots  small,  gray; 
flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sweet,  rich;  clingstone;  early. 

Blue  Tweens.     Domestica.     i.  Horticulturist  25:204.    1870.     2.  Am.  Pom.   Soc.   Rpt. 
52.    1871. 

A  seedling,  raised  by  G.  P.  Peffer  of  Pewaukee,  Wisconsin,  about  1855.     Tree  hardy, 
slow  in  growth;   fruit  in  pairs,  giving  rise  to  the  name;   flesh  yellowish-green,  adhering 
to  the  stone  on  one  side;   flavor  sprightly  subacid;   late. 
Blue  Violet.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  2:1528.    1688. 
Blum.     Domestica.     i.  Cultivator  3d  Ser.  8:280  fig.    1860.     2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am. 
900.    1869. 

A  seedling  from  North  Carolina  resembling  Nelson's  Victory  in  color  and  shape. 
Size  above  medium,  oval,  dull  orange  with  numerous  small  brown  dots;  flesh  yellowish- 
brown,  juicy;  good;  early. 
Bohemian  Prune.     Domestica.     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1894. 

Introduced  by  J.  W.   Kerr,  who  secured  plants  from  Charles   Luedloff,  Carver, 
Minnesota.     Tree  upright,  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  roundish-oval,  dark  purple; 
good. 
Bomberger.     Americana,     i.  Terry  Cat.   1900.     2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  87:12.    1901. 

A  variety  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry  of  Crescent,  Iowa,  from  seed  of  Harrison;  first 
fruited  in  1897.  Tree  upright,  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  roundish;  suture 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  407 

faint;  yellow  overlaid  with  red;  flesh  tender,  sweet,  rich;  good;   stone  round,  smooth, 

abruptly  pointed;  mid-season. 

Bongoume.     Triflora.     i.  Normand  Cat.  1891. 

Sold  by  J.  L.    Normand,  Marksville,  Louisiana,  as  a  Japanese  plum  resembling 
an  apricot. 
Bonne  Bouche.     Domestica.     i.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  4:156.    1901. 

Of   French   origin.      Fruit   medium,  greenish-yellow;    flesh  golden-yellow,   tender, 
juicy;   flavor  delicious;   mid-season;   valuable  for  dessert. 

Bonne  de  Bry.     Domestica.    i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  id  Ser.  3:50.    1900.     2.  Can.  Exp. 
Farms  Rpt.  480.    1904.     3.  Soc.  Nat.  Hort.  France  Pom.  526  fig.    1904. 

Originated  in  the  valley  of  the  Marne  near  Bry-sur-Marne,  France.     Tree  vigorous; 
fruit  below  medium,  globular;   suture  shallow;   skin  dark  purple;   heavy  bloom;    flesh 
greenish,  juicy,  sweet,  tender;  good  for  canning;  stone  very  small;  very  early. 
Bonnemain  de  la  Digue.     Domestica?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  423.    1889. 

Found  in  the  reference  given  above  and  in  Journal  de  la  Societe  Nationals  et  Centrale 
d' Horticulture  de  France  562.    1875. 

Bonne  Rouge.     Domestica.     Listed  in  Land.  Hort  Soc.  Cat.  144.    1831. 
Bonnet   d'Eveque.     Domestica.     i.    Hogg   Fruit   Man.    353.    1866.     2.    Downing   Fr. 
Trees  Am.  900.    1869.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  422.    1889.   4.  Guide  Prat.      163, 
352-    1895. 

Bischofsmutze  3.     Bonnet  d'Eveque  3.     Die  Bischofsmutze  4. 

Tree  vigorous,  upright;  fruit  medium,  obovate,  dark  purple;  flesh  rich;  freestone; 
good;  late. 
Bossland.  Hortulana  mineri  X  (Domestica?  X  Hortulana).  i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:263.  1900. 

A  cross  between  Miner  and  a  seedling  of  Quackenboss  and  Wayland,  originating 
with  Theodore  Williams,  Benson,  Nebraska,  in  1893.     Tree  vigorous,  spreading;  fruit 
medium,  dark  red;  flesh  coarse,  dry;  stone  semi-clinging;  mid-season. 
Boulouf.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.   Trees  Am.  901.    1869.     2.  Hogg  Fruit  Man. 
688.    1884.     3.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  15:291.    1896.  Bouloff  3. 

Large,  roundish-oval;  suture  a  line;  stem  short  and  thick;  red  covered  with  thick 
bloom;    dots  brownish;    flesh  yellow,  juicy  and  sweet;    good. 
Bouncer.     Americana,     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:29.    1903. 

A  seedling  of  Yosemite  Purple  grown  at  the  Central  Experimental  Farm,  Ottawa, 
about  1900.     Fruit  large,  roundish;    suture  a  line;    uniform  deep  purplish- red ;    dots 
numerous,  yellow,  distinct;  moderate  bloom;  flesh  deep  yellow,  juicy,  sweet  and  rich; 
good;   clingstone;  mid-season. 
Bower.     Domestica.     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  122.    1860.     2.  Card.  Man.  3:314.    1861. 

Bower's  Gage  1,2. 

A  seedling  raised  by  a  Mr.  Bower  of  Philadelphia  about  1850.     Tree  lacking  in 
vigor;  fruit  oblong,  yellow,  like  Lawrence;  probably  of  Reine  Claude  parentage ;  good. 
Bowie.     Domestica.     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576.    1629.     2.  Rea  Flora  207.    1676. 

Bole  2. 

Described  by  Rea  as  of  "middle  size,  black,  flat  on  one  side  and  well  tasted." 


408  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.        r 

Brackett.     Americana,     i.  Terry  Cat.    1900. 

One  of  H.  A.  Terry's  varieties  coming  from  a  seed  of  Harrison.  Tree  strong,  up- 
right and  productive;  fruit  large,  pale  yellow  overspread  with  dark  red;  flesh  yellow, 
firm;  good;  stone  semi-clinging. 

Brahy.  Domestica.  i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  353.  1866.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  901. 
1869.  3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  445.  1889. 

Brahy's  Green  Gage  i,  2.  Brahy's  Green  Gage  3.  Reine-Claude  de  Brahy  i,  2,  3. 
Reine-Claude  von  Brahy  3. 

Supposed  to  have  been  raised  by  M.  Brahay  Eckenholm,  at  Herstal,  near  Liege, 
Belgium.  Fruit  very  large,  round;  suture  distinct;  skin  yellowish-green,  with  fine 
bloom;  flesh  rich  yellow,  tender,  juicy,  very  rich  flavor;  mid-season;  a  trifle  later 
than  Reine  Claude,  which  it  otherwise  resembles. 

Brainerd.  Americana,  i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:36.  1892.  2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
144.  1901.  Brainerd' s  Best  2. 

A  wild  variety  found  in  Ramsay  County,  Minnesota,  prior  to  1884.  Fruit  small; 
poor ;  worthless. 

Brandon  Ruby.     Nigra.     Mentioned  in  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:39.    1903. 
Brandy   Gage.     Domestica.      i.    Hogg   Fruit   Man.    371.     1866.      2.  Fell   Cat.    1893. 
3.  Guide  Prat.   163,352.    1895.     4.  Garden  62:433.    1902. 

Imperiak  de  Mann  3.     Mann's  Imperial  1,3.     Mann's  Brandy  Gage  1,3. 

A  variety  of  European  origin  resembling  a  small  Golden  Drop.     Fruit  small,  yellow, 
with  heavy  bloom ;  flesh  melting  and  sweet ;  good ;  early. 
Brant  of  Naples.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Hort.  Soc.  An.  Rpt.  19:253.    1896. 

Mentioned  as  hardy.     This  variety  may  be  the  same  as  Beauty  of  Naples. 
Brauman.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  547.    1901. 

An  unproductive  German  variety.     Fruit  medium  in  size,  globular;    stem  short; 
suture  a  line;    skin  greenish-yellow;    flesh  green,  coarse,  dry,   sweet,  pleasant;    stone 
clinging ;    early. 
Braunauer  Damascenenartige  Pflaume.     Species?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom. 

423.    1889. 
Breck.     Triflora  X    ?     i.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  67:7.    1898.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.   204.     1901. 

First  offered  for  sale  in  1899  by  F.  T.  Ramsey  of  Austin,  Texas.  Fruit  oblong  or 
slightly  conical,  medium  in  size;  stem  short;  suture  lacking;  bright  red,  indistinctly 
striped;  dots  many,  small,  white,  inconspicuous;  bloom  light;  flesh  red,  fibrous;  cling- 
stone; much  like  Wild  Goose,  but  somewhat  firmer. 

Brevoort  Purple.  Domestica.  i.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  203.  1835.  2  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Cat.  222,  244.  1858.  3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  901.  1869.  4.  Mathieu  Nom. 
Pom.  448.  1889. 

Brevoort' s  Purple  4.  Brevoort 's  Purple  Bolmar  i.  Brevoort' s  Purple  Washington 
1,3,4.  Brevorts  2.  Brevort's  Purple  3.  Brevort's  Purple  4.  Brevorts'  Purple  Bolmar 
4.  Brevorts  Purple  Bolmar  3.  New  York  Purple  3,  4.  Rote  Washington  4.  Rouge 
de  Brevoort  4.  Washington  4.  Washington  Purple  3,  4. 

A  seedling  grown  by  Henry  Brevoort  of  New  York  from  a  stone  of  Washington 
planted  in  1819.  Fruit  large,  oval;  suture  distinct  at  the  base;  skin  reddish-purple; 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  409 

flesh  yellow,  soft,  juicy,  vinous;    clingstone;    mid-season;    rejected  by  the  American 
Pomological  Society. 

Briancon.     Domestica?     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.   144.    1831.     2.  Prince  Pom.   Man. 
2:105.    J832.     3.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc,  i.     1846. 

De  Brian9on  i,  3.     Prune  de  Briancon  3.     Prune  de  Brigantiaca  2,  3. 

A  variety  indigenous  to  the  Alps  in  southeastern  France.     Trees  grow  to  the  height 

of  eight  or  ten  feet;    fruit  small,  nearly  round,  smooth,  yellow,  with  reddish  tinge; 

flesh  yellow;   freestone.     The  stone  contains  a  bitter  kernel,  from  which  is  extracted 

a  valuable  oil.     Prince  considered  the  tree  a  hybrid  between  the  plum  and  the  apricot. 

Brignole.     Domestica.     i.   Miller  Card.   Diet.    3.    1754.     2.    Knoop    Fructologie   2:55. 

1771.     3.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  151.    1831.     4.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:67.    1832. 

5.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  295,  383.    1846. 

Prune  de  Brignole  i.  Brignole  Plum  i.  Brignole  Jaune  2.  Perdrigon  de  Brignole 
Gros  3.  Perdrigon  de  Brignole  ?4.  Brignole  Jaune  5.  Prune  de  Brignole  5. 

The  Brignole  plum  is  named  from  Brignoles,  a  town  in  France  where  it  is  used  with 
the  White  Perdrigon  for  the  famous  Brignoles  Prunes.  Duhamel  and  several  others 
have  confused  the  two  varieties  but  they  seem  to  be  distinct.  The  Brignole  is  larger, 
its  skin  less  tough,  flesh  more  yellow  and  the  season  later  than  White  Perdrigon. 
Brignole  Violette.  Domestica.  i.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:55.  1771.  2.  Quintinye  Com. 
Card.  68,  69.  1699.  3.  Cal.  State  Bd.  Hort.  Rpt.  107.  1891. 

Brugnole  2.     Brignole  2.     Brignole  3. 

This  seems  to  be  a  purple  strain  of  the  Brignole  which  has  found  its  way  into  Cali- 
fornia. Fruit  oval,  medium  in  size,  violet;  dots  light  yellow,  yellow  spots  on  the  sunny 
side;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  tender,  juicy,  sweet;  freestone;  best  adapted  to  a  warm 
climate. 

Brill.     Cerasifera.     i.  Card.  Man.  17:305.    1875.     2.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  13:368.    1900. 
3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  230.    1901.     4.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  67:272.    1904. 

This  plum  is  thought  to  have  originated  in  Mississippi  and  was  introduced  by  J.  T. 
Whitaker,  Tyler,  Texas.  Tree  vigorous,  with  an  upright-spreading  habit;  fruit  small, 
round ;  cavity  broad,  shallow ;  stem  long,  slender ;'  suture  a  line ;  bright  red  with  yellow 
dots;  bloom  thin;  skin  thin;  flesh  yellow,  soft,  juicy;  quality  fair;  stone  small,  cling- 
ing; early;  listed  in  the  American  Pomological  Society  catalog  of  fruits  for  1875  but 
removed  in  1883. 
Bristol.  Domestica.  i.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  212.  1904. 

Bristol,  as  tested  in  Illinois,  is  very  similar  to,  if  not  identical  with  the  Lombard. 
Briton  Seedling.  Domestica.  i.  Montreal  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  92.  1885. 

An  unproductive  seedling  of  Canadian  origin.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  very  dark 
blue;  bloom  heavy;  flesh  greenish,  firm,  juicy,  sweet  and  pleasant;  late. 
Brittlewood.     Americana,     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:30.    1897.     2.   U.  S.  D.  A.   Yearbook 
477,  478,  PL  LXII.    1902.  Brittlewood  No.  i  2. 

Theodore  Williams  of  Benson,  Nebraska,  grew  this  variety  from  seed  of  Quaker 
pollinated  by  Harrison.  Tree  large,  vigorous,  spreading;  fruit  large,  nearly  round, 


410  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

symmetrical;    cavity  small,  shallow;    stem  medium;    suture  shallow;    dark  red  when 
fully  ripe;    dots  numerous,  small;   bloom  thick;   skin  thick,  tenacious;    flesh  yellowish, 
meaty,  juicy,  mild  subacid,  rich;   good;    stone  oval,  large,  clinging;   mid-season. 
Brittlewood  No.  3.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.  5.    1898. 

From  the  same  source  as  Brittlewood  but  from  the  reciprocal  cross.  The  two 
varieties  are  similar  in  all  respects  except  that  Brittlewood  No.  3  is  about  a  week  earlier. 
Britzer  Egg.  Domestica.  i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  548.  1901. 

Originated  in  Germany.     Tree  productive;    fruit  below  medium  size,  egg-shaped; 
stem  short;    suture  wide,   shallow;    yellow;    bloom   thin;    flesh  yellow,   juicy,   sweet, 
pleasant;    stone  large,  semi-clinging;    mid-season. 
Brock.     Species?     i.  Can.  Hort.  18:350.    1895.  General  Brock  i. 

A  seedling  grown  by  J.  K.  Gordon  of  Whitby,  Ontario.      Said  to  be  early  and 
attractive. 
Brodie.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:33.    1903. 

A  seedling  tree  known  in  the  family  of  R.  Brodie,  Montreal,  Quebec,  for  three 
generations.     Fruit  below  medium,  almost  round,  dark  purple;    dots  obscure;    suture 
a  line;    flesh  greenish-yellow,  sweet,  rich;    good;    mid-season. 
Brompton.     Domestica.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  144.    1831. 

An  old  variety  formerly  much  used  as  a  stock. 
Brooklyn.     Americana,     i.  Terry  Cat.    1900. 

A  seedling  of  Harrison  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa.     Tree  vigorous, 
spreading,  productive;   fruit  large,  oblong,  dark  red  over  a  yellow  ground;   flesh  firm, 
yellow;   good;    stone  semi-clinging. 
Brunner  Zwetsche.     Domestica.     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  424.    1889. 

Undescribed  by  Mathieu  who  took  the  name  from  Wiener  Garten-Zeitung  286.    1884. 
Brunswick.     Munsoniana.     i.    Lovett    Cat.    44.    1893.     2.    Budd-Hansen    Am.    Hort. 
Man.  294.    1903.     3.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:245,  254,  255.    1905. 

According  to  the  Lovett  Nursery  Company,  this  plum  originated  in  Missouri  and 
was  introduced  by  them.     Fruit  above  medium,  roundish-oval;  stem  of  medium  length, 
slender;   bright  red  on  a  yellowish  ground;    flesh  yellow,  meaty,  sweet;   good;   early. 
Brussels.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Land  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.     144.    1831. 
Bryan.     Americana,     i.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.   144.    1901. 

W.  J.  Bryan  i.     Colonel  Bryan  i. 

One  of  H.  A.  Terry's  numerous  seedlings  which  fruited  first  in  1896.  Fruit  large, 
oblong,  rich,  dark  red;  flesh  firm;  good. 

Buchanan.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  144.    1831. 
Buchner    Konigspflaume.      Domestica.      Listed  in   Mathieu    Nom.    Pom.    424.     1889, 

Braunauer  Konigs  Pftaume.  Braunauer  Violetter  Perdrigon.  Royale  de  Braunau. 
Budd.  Americana,  i.  Terry  Cat.  1900.  Prof.  Budd  i. 

Originated  with  H.  A.  Terry  of  Iowa  and  first  fruited  in  1897.  Tree  upright, 
productive;  fruit  large,  bright  red,  with  numerous  white  dots;  flesh  firm;  good;  mid- 
season. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  411 

Buel.     Domestica.     i.   Downing  Fr.    Trees  Am.  272.    1845.     2.   Ann.  Pom.  Beige    8:59, 
PI.    1860.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  424.    1889. 

Duel's  Favorite  i.  Duel's  Liebling's  Zwetsche  3.  Buel's  Favorite  3.  Favorite  de 
Buel  3.  Prune  Duel's  Favorite  2. 

Raised  about  1840  by  Isaac  Denniston  of  Albany  and  named  after  the  distinguished 
agriculturist,  Judge  Duel.  Fruit  large,  ovate,  broadest  toward  the  stem;  stalk  long 
and  thick;  pale  green,  thickly  sprinkled  with  lighter  dots  and  speckled  red  near  the 
stalk;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  firm,  juicy  and  rich;  good;  stone  nearly  free;  mid-season. 
Buffalo  Bill.  Species?  i.  Letter  from  F.  T.  Ramsey. 

Selected  from  the  wild  plums  of  Texas. 
Buhl-Eltershofen.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  424.    1889. 

Buhl-Eltersliofen  Zwetsche. 
Buhler.     Domestica.     i.  Lucas  Vollst.  Hand.  Obst.  473.    1894. 

Duhler's  Early  Prune  i. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  egg-shaped,  beautiful  blue;  table  and  market  plum:  early. 
Bulah  No.  4.  Hortulana  mineri.  i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:263.  1900. 

A  seedling  from  a  Miner  tree  pollinated  by  wild  plums,  from  J.  F.  Wagner,  Dennett, 
Cedar  County,  Iowa,  in  1894.     Fruit  medium  to  large,  dark  red;   late. 
Bullman.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  464.    1900. 

A  vigorous  variety  from    Germany.     Fruit  above  medium,  oval;    suture   deep; 
sides  unequal;    yellow  with  red  dots;    flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy,   sweet,  pleasant; 
freestone ;   early. 
Bulgaria.     Domestica?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  424.    1889. 

Mathieu  refers  this  variety  to  Pomologische  Monatshetfe  323.    1887. 
Bulgarian.     Domestica.     i.  Col.  Sta.  Bd.  Hort.  292.    1885-6.     2.  Ibid.  107  fig.    1891. 
3.  Wickson  Cat.  Fruits  357.    1891.     4.  N.  Mex.  Sta.  Bui.  27:126.    1898. 

Delgarian  Prune  i. 

A  variety  grown  chiefly  in  the  vicinity  of  Haywards,  Alameda  County,  California, 
for  drying.  Tree  vigorous,  bears  early  and  regularly,  productive;  fruit  above  medium, 
roundish-obovate,  having  a  short  neck;  suture  shallow;  apex  slightly  compressed; 
stem  slender,  one  inch  long;  cavity  narrow  and  shallow;  dark  purple;  flesh  greenish- 
yellow,  sweet  and  rich  with  a  pleasant  flavor;  good;  stone  semi-clinging;  season  early. 
Bullock.  Domestica.  i.  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  69.  1699.  Dullock's  Heart  i. 

Described  as  an  "extream  large  plum." 
Bull  Plum.     Domestica.     i.  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  68.    1699. 

Mentioned  by  Quintinye  as  a  "dry  plum." 

Bunker  Hill.     Domestica.     i.  Dailey  Ann.  Hort.  196.    1891.     2.  Me.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12: 
64.    1896.     3.    Vt.  Sta.  Bui.   134:41.    1902. 

Plattman's  Bunker  Hill  i. 

Orignated  at  the  Yates  County  Nurseries  near  Seneca  Lake,  New  York,  by  J.  H. 
Plattman,  from  a  seed  of  a  plum  which  grew  near  a  Washington  and  a  Reine  Claude. 
Tree  upright,  vigorous  and  productive;  fruit  medium  to  large,  blue;  good;  mid-season. 
Bunte  Fruh  Pflaume.  Domestica.  Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  424.  1889. 


412  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Bunter   Perdrigon.     Domestica.     i.   Lange   Allgem.   Garten.   2:419.    1879.     2.   Lauche 
Deut.  Pom.  18,  PI.  4.    1882.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  424.    1889. 

Der  Bunter  Perdrigon  2.     Perdrigon  Bariole  3. 

A  European  variety  called  Bunter  because  of  its  variegated  colored  fruit.     Tree 
large;  fruit  medium,  violet-blue  on  the  sunny  side,  red  and  green  on  the  shaded  side; 
flesh  greenish,  juicy,  sprightly;    quality  fair;    freestone;    recommended  for  table  and 
drying  purposes  in  Germany. 
Burbank  First.     Triflora.     i.  Rural  N.  Y.  65:730.    1906. 

Burbank's  First  i. 

Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  small,  red  and  yellow;  early;  inferior. 
Burbank  No.  i.     Triflora.     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  62:22.    1894. 

One  of  Burbank's  seedlings  said  to  resemble  Berckmans. 

Burbank  No.  7.     Triflora  X  Domestica.     i.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  118:52.    1895.     2.  Ibid.  i6g: 
249.    1899. 

Tree    vigorous,    round-topped,     branches   upright;    fruit    roundish-ovate;     cavity 
narrow,  deep,   suture  broad,  shallow;   greenish-yellow;   flesh  pale  yellow,  sweet,  juicy, 
sprightly,  highly  flavored;    stone  turgid,  roundish-oval,  semi-clinging;    mid-season. 
Burbank  No.  n.     Triflora  X  Domestica?     i.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  129:32,  34.    1896. 

Both  tree  and  fruit  give  indications  of  an  admixture  of  Domestica.     Tree  not  pro- 
ductive;  fruit  large;   flavor  good. 
Burbank  X  Redick.     Triflora  X  Americana,     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  228.    1909. 

A  hybrid  from  Theodore  Williams,  Benson,  Nebraska,  published  in  the  preceding 
reference  under  the  name  of  its  parents.     It  resembles  the  Burbank  very  closely  and 
is  said  to  be  somewhat  more  hardy  than  that  variety  but  inferior  in  quality. 
Burchardt  Gelbe  Fruh  Zwetsche.     Domestica.     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  424.    1889. 

Listed  by  Mathieu  from  Wiener  Garten-Zeitung  286.    1884. 

Burettes.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.   Trees  Am.  374.    1857.      2.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige 
5:47,  PI.    1857.     3.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:115.    1866-73. 

Burrettes  i.     Des  Burettes  3.     Prune  Des  Burettes  2. 

Originated  by  M.  Gregoire  of  Burrettes,  Belgium,  and  first  reported  in  1849.     Tree 
vigorous,  hardy  ;  fruit  large,  irregularly  oval;    suture  faint;    dull  greenish-yellow  with 
rose -purple  on  the  sunny  exposure;   flesh  green,  fine,  melting;   juice  abundant,  sweet, 
agreeably  aromatic;  good;  freestone. 
Burford.     Triflora  X  Munsoniana.    i.  Munson  Cat.  1906-7. 

A  seedling  of  Burbank  crossed  with  Clifford  from  T.  V.  Munson,  Denison,  Texas. 
Tree  weeping;  branches  more  slender  than  those  of  Burbank;  fruit  large,  round,  light, 
bright  red;  stone  small. 

Burgundy  Prune.     Domestica.     i.   Downing  Fr.    Trees  Am.  374.    1857.     2.   Mathieu 
Nom.  Pom.  424.    1889.     3.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  357.    1891. 

Burgunder  Zwetsche  2.  Prune  de  Bourgoyne  i,  2.  Burgundy  Prune  2.  Susina 
Torla  d'  Nova  di  Borgogna  2  incor. 

Fruit  medium,  egg-shaped  with  a  neck;  suture  indistinct;  reddish-black;  dots 
minute,  numerous;  flesh  juicy,  sugary,  pleasant;  freestone;  mid-season. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  413 

Burlington  Gage.     Domestica.     i.  Goodrich  N.  Fr.  Cult.  83.    1849.     2-  Downing  Fr. 
Trees  Am.  902.    1869. 

Raised  from  seed  of  some  unknown  "  Blue  Gage,"  brought  from  Connecticut  about 
1800,  and  planted  by  Mrs.  Ozias  Buel  of  Burlington,  Vermont.  Tree  hardy,  vigorous, 
productive;  fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish-oval,  dark  purplish-blue,  with  abundant 
bloom;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy, rich;  freestone;  early;  formerly  considered  valuable. 
Burnet.  Domestica.  x.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  144.  1831.  2.  Mag.  Hort.  9:163.  1843. 

Fruit  small,  roundish,  purple;    freestone;    mid-season;    similar  to  Wine  Sour. 
Bursoto.     Triflora  X  Americana,     i.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  10:106.     1897.     2.  Waugh  Plum 
Cult.  144.    1901. 

A  hybrid  of   Burbank  with   De  Soto,  grown  and  named   by  Theodore  Williams 
of  Benson,  Nebraska,  about  1890.     Tree  of  the  Americana  type;   fruit  large,  oblique, 
oval;  cavity  lacking;   stem  short,  thick;   light  red  and  yellow;   dots  small,  white;   skin 
thick;    flesh  yellow,  juicy;    good;    stone  semi-clinging;    early. 
Byefield.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  272.    1845. 

Fruit  small,  round;  suture  a  line;  light  yellow,  with  red  spots  around  the  stem;  flesh 

yellow;  clingstone;  good;  early;  rejected  by  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1888. 

Caddo   Chief.     Angustifolia  varians.     i.   Am.   Pom.   Soc.   Rpt.    162.  1881.     2.    Cornell 

Sta.  Bui.  38:60,  86.    1892.     3.   Tex.  Sta.  Bui.  32:479.    1894.     4.  N.  Mex.  Sta. 

Bui.  27:124.    1898.     5.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  193.    1901. 

Found  wild  in  Caddo  Parish,  Louisiana,  and  introduced  by  G.  W.  Stones,  Shreve- 
port,  Louisiana.  It  is  favorably  reported  from  the  South  but  not  generally  recom- 
mended, although  the  American  Pomological  Society  included  it  in  their  catalog  of 
fruits  in  1897.  Tree  low-branching,  hardy  and  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size, 
roundish-oblong ;  suture  shallow ;  cavity  medium  deep ;  skin  thick,  tough ;  bright 
red;  flesh  reddish-yellow,  firm,  sweet  and  juicy;  poor;  stone  large,  round,  clinging; 
season  early. 
Caldwell  Golden  Drop.  Domestica.  i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  902.  1869. 

Caldwell's  Golden  Drop  i. 

Possibly  an  American  strain  of  the  Golden  Drop.  Fruit  large,  oval,  sides  often 
unequal ;  suture  distinct ;  yellow  marbled  with  crimson  in  the  sun,  with  thin  bloom ; 
stem  slender;  cavity  small;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sugary,  rich;  good;  clingstone;  early. 
Caldwell  White  Gage.  Domestica.  i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  903.  1869. 

Caldwell's  White  Gage  i. 

A  productive  variety  of  American  origin.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  oval,  narrowing 
slightly  at  the  apex ;  suture  shallow;  apex  pointed;  greenish- yellow,  dotted  with  purple 
in  the  sun;  bloom  thick;  stem  long;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  coarse,  juicy,  sugary;  good; 
clingstone ;    mid-season. 
California.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1894.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  145.    1901. 

California  Seedling  2.     Cal.  Seedling  i. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  slightly  oblate;  cavity  medium  deep,  flaring;  stem  long; 
suture  a  line;  bright  red;  dots  many,  minute;  skin  thick,  tough;  flesh  yellow;  good; 
stone  roundish,  flattened,  clinging;  mid-season. 


414  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Cambell.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  903.    1869. 

Cambell's  Seedling  i.     McCauley's  Seedling  i. 

Fruit  large,  oval;    suture  shallow;    pale  yellow,  splashed  with  green,  dotted  and 
marbled  with  crimson  in  the  sun;  bloom  light;  cavity  small;  flesh  pale  yellow,  coarse, 
juicy,  sweet;    good;    semi-clinging;    mid-season. 
Campbell.     Species?     i.  Card.  Man.  25:49,  83.    1883. 

A  seedling  found  growing  on  a  Mr.  Campbell's  farm  near  Abingdon,  Virginia.     Very 
late  and  a  long  keeper. 
Canada  Blue.     Domestica.     i.  Lutts  Cat.    1890? 

Mentioned  as  a  "  small,  round,  early,  blue  plum,  very  productive  and  excellent 
for  preserving." 

Canada   Orleans.     Domestica.     i.   Downing  Fr.    Trees  Am.   3rd  App.    180.    1881.     2. 
Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  466.    1883.     3.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:183.    1897. 

Canada  Egg  ?i.     Canada  Egg  2. 

Probably  originated  in  the  vicinity  of  Hamilton,  Ontario,  where  it  is  chiefly  grown. 
Fruit  medium  to  large,  reddish-purple,  with  heavy  bloom;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  melting, 
sweet,  rich;    early. 
Canadian  Apricot.     Nigra. 

The  common  wild  plum  of  Canada. 
Candelaria.     Domestica.     i.  Clarke  Prune  Industry  41.    1893.          Candelaria  Prune  i. 

About  1881  W.  B.  Simpson  discovered  that  a  supposed  Golden  Drop  tree  on  the 
farm  of  S.  A.  Clarke,  Salem,  Oregon,  was  not  true  to  name.     It  seemed  of  value  and  was 
named  Candelaria  from  the  name  of  the  farm.     Fruit  large,  yellow;    flesh  solid,  sub- 
acid;    very  good;    has  not  been  extensively  propagated. 
Caper.     Triflora   X  Cerasifera?     i.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:221.    1899. 

Grown  between  1890  and  1895  by  J.  S.  Breece,  of  North  Carolina.  Waugh 
states  that  the  fruit  and  foliage  suggest  the  species  mentioned  above.  Fruit  of  medium 
size,  oval;  cavity  shallow;  dark  red;  dots  many,  minute;  skin  thick,  tough;  flesh 
firm,  red,  sprightly,  subacid;  fair  in  quality;  stone  large,  turgid,  clinging. 
Capitaine  Kirchhof.  Domestica.  i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  424,  434.  1889.  2.  Guide 
Prat.  161,  353.  1895. 

Capitaine  Kirckhof  i.  Capitaine  Kirckkof  2.  Hauptmann  Kirchhoj's  Pflaume  i, 
2.  Kirchhoj's  Pflaume  i,  2.  Prune  de  Kirchhof  i. 

Found  by  M.  Oberdieck  of  Schaferhof  on  the  estate  of  a  Captain  Kirchhof  near 
Nienburg    (Hanover).     Tree  productive;    fruit  of  medium  size,  round,  purplish-brown; 
bloom  thick;   flesh  yellow,  fine,  juicy;    sweet,  aromatic;   good;   late. 
Captain.     Hortulana?     i.  Kerr  Cat.  1894.     2.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  11:283.    1898. 

Columbia  i.     Columbia  2. 

Introduced  about  1892  by  A.  M.  Ramsey  and  Son  of  Austin,  Texas,  under  the  name 
Columbia  but  changed  by  Waugh  in  1898  to  Captain  to  avoid  confusion  with  an  older 
Columbia.  Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  medium  in  size,  spherical,  bright  golden- 
yellow;  dots  many,  conspicuous,  whitish;  suture  a  line;  skin  thin,  tough;  flesh  firm, 
yellow;  good;  stone  small,  clinging;  late. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  415 

Capt.  Bacon.     Americana,     i.  Meneray  Cat. 

A  seedling  of  Weaver  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry.     Tree  vigorous;  fruit  large,  red  over 
yellow;    flesh  yellow,  coarse,  rich;    freestone;    a  culinary  variety. 
Capt.  Watrous.     Americana,     i.  Terry  Cat.    1900. 

A  seedling  of  Harrison  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry  who  plucked  the  first  fruit  in  1897. 
Tree  vigorous  and  productive;    fruit  large,  roundish,  yellow  overspread  with  bright 
red;   good. 
Caro.     Americana  mollis.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:29,  38.    1903. 

A  seedling  of  Wolf  which  originated  at  the  Central  Experimental  Farm,  Ottawa, 
Canada,  in  1895.  Fruit  large,  roundish;  suture  distinct;  bright  red,  showing  yellow 
in  patches;  dots  numerous,  yellow,  distinct;  bloom  light;  skin  thick;  flesh  deep  yel- 
low, juicy,  sweet,  rich;  good;  mid-season. 

Caroline.     Americana?     i.  Minn.   Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.   412.    1899.     2.  S.   Dak.   Sta.   Bui. 
93:11.    1905. 

A  seedling  grown  by  C.  W.  H.  Heideman,  New  Ulm,  Minnesota.     Fruit  of  medium 
size,  yellowish-red;    good;    season  of  Forest  Garden;    subject  to  plum-pocket  and  un- 
productive. 
Carpenter.     Species?     i.  5.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:11.    1905. 

A  seedling  from  Vermilion,  South  Dakota. 
Carson.     Domestica. 

According  to  a  letter  from  G.  B.  Brackett  of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture,  Carson  is  a  strain  of  Lombard. 
Carstesen.     Nigra.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:29.    1903. 

A  seedling  grown  by  H.   P.   Carstesen,   Billings  Bridge,  Ontario.     Tree  vigorous, 
productive;    fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish;    cavity  narrow;    suture  obscure;    apex 
rounded;   yellow,  nearly  covered  with  deep  red;    dots  obscure;    bloomless-;    skin  thin, 
tender;    flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sweet;    good;    stone  flat,  roundish,  nearly  free;    early. 
Carver.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.  1896-1900.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  145.    1901. 

Introduced  by  Charles  Luedloff,  Cologne,  Minnesota.     Fruit  small,  roundish-oval; 
cavity   shallow;    stem  slender;    suture   a  line;    red,   sometimes  mottled;    dots  many, 
small ;    skin  tough ;   flesh  yellow ;   quality  fair ;   clingstone ;   late ;   unpromising. 
Catalano.     Domestica.     i.  Gallesio  Pom   Hal.    2:  PL    1839. 

Susino  Catalano  i.     Prunus  Catalanica  i.     Catalana-Susina  i.     Catelane  i. 

This  Italian  variety  is  much  larger  than  the  Early  Yellow,  known  also  as  the  Cata- 
lonia.    They  may  be  related,  however,  for  Gallesio  says  that  there  are  many  varieties 
from  Catalonia  which  are  similar  in  shape  and  taste.     Fruit  large,  oblong,  slightly 
necked;  skin  greenish  and  greasy;  pulp  green,  soft,  tender,  juicy  and  pleasant. 
Catalana  Propria.     Domestica.     i.  Gallesio  Pom.  Ital.  2:  PI.    1839. 

Catalana  Toscana  i. 

A  good  strain  of  Catalano  grown  in  Italy. 
Catelano  Giallo.     Domestica.     i.  Gallesio  Pom.  Ital.  2:  PI.    1839. 

Buon-Boccone  i.     Buon-Bocconi  i. 

This  variety  is  figured  under  the  name  Buon-Boccone  and  described  under  Catelano 


416  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Giallo.     As  early  as  1839  it  was  well  known  in  parts  of  Italy  and  was  then  ranked  next 
to  the  Reine  Claude  in  quality.     Fruit  large,  oval,  dull  yellow,  tinged  with  red;   pulp 
yellow,  tender,  sweet  and  highly  flavored. 
Catelano  Violaceo.     Domestica.     i.  Gallesio  Pom.  Ital.  2:  PL    1839. 

Catelana  Morella?  i.     Susina  Vecchietti  i.     Susino  Vecchietti  i. 

Gallesio  described  this  plum  as  a  strain  of  the  Catelano  and  adds  that  it  is  grown 
in  abundance  at  Florence.     Tree  medium  in  size;    fruit  large,  oval;    suture  distinct; 
violet;    pulp  yellowish,  tender,  juicy,  sweet  and  highly  flavored. 
Catherine.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  ad  Ser.  3:50.    1900. 

Tree  strong,  moderately  productive;  fruit  above  medium  size,  egg-shaped;   suture 
a  line;    cavity  small;    reddish-purple;    bloom  thin;    flesh  greenish-yellow,  firm,  juicy, 
sweet;    pleasant;    good;    stone  large,  clinging;    mid-season. 
Cel.     Cerasifera  X   (Triflora  X  Simonii).     i.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  67:8.    1898. 

Originated  and  named  by  Luther  Burbank,  who  states  that  it  is  a  cross  between 
Myrobalan  and  Wickson.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  egg-shaped;   cavity  rounded;    suture 
indistinct;  apex  pointed;  bright,  transparent  yellow;  flavor  resembling  the  Americanas ; 
good;   stone  of  medium  size,  clinging. 
Centennial.     Species?     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  308.    1884. 

Originated  in  1877  by  George  U.  Oberholtzer,  Sioux  City,  Iowa.  Fruit  of  medium 
size;  skin  firm;  good;  ten  days  later  than  Miner. 

Centralia.     Domestica.     I.  Wild  Bros.  Cat.    1892?     2.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2d  Ser. 
3:50.    1900. 

A  vigorous  variety  from  J.  B.  Webster  of  Centralia,  Illinois. 

Cerney    Perdrigon.     Domestica.     i.    Quintinye    Com.    Card.    69.    1699.     2.    Langley 
Pomona  93,  97.     1729.  Cernay  Perdrigon  2. 

A  variety  long  since  obsolete.     Fruit  roundish,  slightly  flattened,  red;   good. 
Ceur  de  Beuf.     Domestica.     i.  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  69.    1699. 

Mentioned  by  Quintinye  in  1699  as  a  violet-red  plum.     Its  relationship  to  Coeur 
de  Boeuf  is  unknown. 
Chabot  Blood.     Triflora  X  Simonii.     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  106:49.    1896. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  dull  red  or  cinnabar;  flesh  firm,  brick  red,  very  juicy,  sweet, 
aromatic;  late. 

Champion.     Americana,     i.    U.  S.  D.   A.   Rpt.   392.    1891.     2.   Terry  Cat.    1900.     3. 
Waugh  Plum  Cult.  145  fig.    1901. 

A  seedling  of  Hawkeye  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry;  first  fruited  in  1891.  Fruit  large, 
roundish;  suture  a  line;  red  over  yellow;  dots  many,  conspicuous;  skin  firm;  flesh 
yellow,  firm;  flavor  not  high;  quality  fair;  stone  large,  oval,  flattened,  clinging;  late. 
Chancellor  Gage.  Domestica.  i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  147.  1831. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  round,  yellow;  quality  fair;  a  table  plum. 
Chapin.     Domestica.     I.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  903.    1869. 

Grown  by  Aaron  Chapin,  Hartford,  Connecticut.  Tree  vigorous;  fruit  of  medium 
size,  oval;  suture  shallow;  stem  long,  slender;  cavity  deep;  light  reddish-purple; 
flesh  yellow,  juicy,  vinous;  good;  semi-clinging;  late. 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  417 

Chariot.     Species?     i.  Harrison  Cat.  1897. 

Probably  misnamed. 
Charity  Clark.     Munsoniana  X  Prunus  persica.     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:77.    1892. 

Blackman  i. 

For  a  history  of  this  variety  see  Blackman. 

Charlotte.     Domestica.     i.  Prince  Treat.  Hort.  25.    1828.     2.  Prince  Pom.  Man.   2:59. 
1832.  Tomlinson's  Charlotte  i,  2.     Charlotte  2. 

Prince  says  this  is  "a  seedling  of  Yellow  Egg  raised  by  Judge  Tomlinson."     Tree 
very  vigorous;  fruit  shaped  like  its  parent,  yellow;  flesh  sweet  with  an  agreeable  flavor; 
early. 
Charmer.     Nigra?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  426     1900. 

A  seedling  raised  at  Indian  Head  Experimental  Farm,  Northwest  Territory,  Canada. 
Fruit  large,  red,  bitter;  early. 
Chautauqua.     Nigra?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:38.    1903. 

A  variety  grown  on  the  Experimental  Farm  at  Ottawa,  Canada. 
Chauviere.     Domestica.     i.  Rev.  Hort.  535.    1891. 

Reine-Claude  Chauviere  i.     Belle  de  Doue  i  incor. 

Grown  by  M.  Chauviere,  a  Frenchman,  who  had  purchased  it  under  the  false  name 
of  Belle  de  Doue.  Trees  variable  in  productiveness;  fruit  roundish-oblate;  suture 
shallow;  skin  changes  from  marbled  greenish-yellow  to  dark  red,  dotted  and 
stained  with  cinnabar-red ;  flesh  yellowish-green,  soft,  juicy,  honey-like,  very  agreeable ; 
clingstone. 
Cheresoto.  Prunus  besseyi  X  Americana.  Cir.  S.  Dak.  Exp.  Sta.  1910. 

Cheresoto  originated  with  N.  E.  Hansen  of  the  South  Dakota  Experiment  Station 
as  a  result  of  a  cross  of  Prunus  besseyi  with  De  Soto.  After  fruiting  for  one  year  it  was 
introduced  in  1910.  Fruit  small,  oval;  apex  pointed;  black;  bloom  heavy;  flesh 
yellowish-green,  sprightly;  clingstone. 

Cherokee.     Americana,     i.    Cornell   Sta.    Bui.    38:78.    1892.     2.    Waugh   Plum   Cult. 
145.    1901. 

Said  to  have  been  found  wild  in  Kansas.     Fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish-oblong; 
skin  blotched  red,  thick;  clingstone. 
Cherry.     Nigra.     i.  N.  J.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  186.    1885.     2.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:264.    1900. 

Found  wild  near  Chaseburg,  Vernon  County,  Wisconsin,  in   1870  by  E.   Markle 
of  LaCrosse,  Wisconsin;    introduced  by  the  discoverer.     Tree  hardy,  productive,  an 
early  bearer ;  fruit  resembles  that  of  De  Soto  except  that  it  is  larger  and  about  twenty 
days  earlier  in  ripening. 
Chester.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  547.    1901. 

An  unimportant  seedling  from  the  British  Columbia  Experiment  Station  not  to 
be  confused  with  the  Chester  of  Forsyth.  Tree  vigorous,  unproductive ;  fruit  medium 
in  size,  obovate;  cavity  narrow,  deep;  suture  shallow;  reddish-pink  with  numerous 
golden  dots;  flesh  firm,  juicy,  sprightly,  slightly  coarse;  stone  large,  clinging;  mid-season. 
Chester.  Domestica.  i.  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees  20.  1803. 

Mentioned  by  Forsyth  as  very  productive;    fruit  rich;    season  late. 


41 8  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW   YORK. 

Chester  County  Prune.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  903.    1869. 

From  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania.     Tree  vigorous;    branches  slender;    fruit  of 
medium  size,  oval;    suture  faint;    cavity  small;    stem  long,  slender;    black  with  thick 
bloom;    flesh  greenish,  sweet;    good;    freestone;    mid-season. 
Chestnut.     Domestica.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  144.    1831. 

Fruit  purple,  oblong;    size  and  quality  medium;    clingstone;    a  table  plum. 
Chicrigland.     Species?     i.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  67:9.    1898.     2.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  14:270.     1901. 

Grown  by  T.  V.  Munson,  from  seed  of  a  plum  grown  by  F.  T.  Ramsey,  Lampasas 
County,  Texas.  Tree  vigorous;  branches  zigzag,  drooping;  fruit  oval,  small;  cavity 
of  medium  depth,  rounded;  suture  faint;  dull  red  over  yellow;  surface  a  trifle  fuzzy; 
dots  many;  bloom  heavy;  skin  thin,  tender,  not  astringent;  flesh  soft,  yellow,  mild 
acid,  aromatic;  quality  fair;  stone  clinging. 
Chinook.  Nigra?  i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  426.  1900. 

A  seedling  raised  at  the  Experimental  Farm,  Indian  Head,  Northwest  Territory, 
Canada.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  red;  early. 

Chippewa.  Americana,  i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  85.  1890.  2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:37. 
1892.  3.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  31:346.  1895.  Chippeway  2. 

A  dwarf  variety  from  Chippewa  Falls,  Wisconsin,  often  bearing  when  only  two 
feet  in  height.  Fruit  small,  deep  red;  skin  medium  thick;  flesh  firm,  sweet;  stone 
free,  small,  pointed,  rough;  worthless. 

Choptank.  Munsoniana.  i.  Bailey  Ann.  Hort.  133.  1893.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat. 
40.  1899.  3.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  113:154.  1899.  4.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  184.  1901. 

A  seedling  of  Wild  Goose  grown  by  J.  W.  Kerr,  Denton,  Maryland;  introduced  in 
1893;  listed  in  the  American  Pomological  Society  catalog  of  fruits  in  1899.  Tree  vigor- 
ous, prolific  and  hardy;  foliage  large,  ornamental;  fruit  above  medium  to  large,  variable 
in  shape,  roundish-oblong  to  oval ;  cavity  shallow;  stem  long;  suture  distinct ;  skin  thin, 
tough;  bright  red;  dots  numerous,  light  colored;  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  rather 
acid  but  of  good  quality;  stone  medium  in  size,  oval,  flattened,  clinging;  medium  early. 
Christian.  Domestica.  i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576.  1629.  2.  Rea  Flora  209.  1676. 

Nutmeg  i,  2. 

Shrubby  in  growth;    fruit  small,  dark  red;    late;    obsolete. 
Christie.     Americana,     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:264.    1900.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  145.    1901. 

Taken  from  the  woods  by  W.  Christie,  Villisca,  Iowa,  in  1887.     Fruit  round,  trun- 
cate, medium  in  size;    apex  flattened;    cavity  wide;    suture  lacking;  yellow,  covered 
with  red;    bloom  light;  skin  thick;  flesh  yellow,  melting,  flavor   sweet,    luscious;   very 
good;    stone  circular,  thick,  semi-clinging. 
Churchill.     Domestica.     i.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:611.    1893. 

A  seedling  found  by  G.  W.  Churchill  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Cayuga.  Fruit  large, 
blue;  quality  poor;  not  valuable. 

Chvpre.  Domestica.  i.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:82.  1768.  2.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust. 
2:37,  Tab.  187  fig.  2.  1796.  3.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:96.  1832.  4.  Hogg  Fruit 
Man.  690.  1884. 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  419 

Cyprian  3.  Die  Pflaume  aus  Cypern  2.  De  Chypre  3.  De  Chypre  4.  Prune  de 
Chypre  i.  Prune  de  Chypre  2,  3. 

Chypre  is  an  old  variety  of  unknown  origin.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  round;    suture 
shallow;    cavity  large:    purple;    bloom  thick;    flesh  firm,  greenish,  sweet  when  fully 
ripe;    quality  fair;    stone  clinging;    early. 
Cinnamon.     Domestica.     i.  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  2.    1688. 

An  old  and  unimportant  variety  now  obsolete. 
Cistena.     Primus  besseyi  X  Cerasifera.     Cir.  S.  Dak.  Exp.  Sta.    1910. 

Introduced  in  1909  by  the  originator,  N.  E.  Hansen  of  South  Dakota  Experiment 
Station.  It  shows  the  glossy,  purple  foliage  of  the  Pissardi  plum,  one  of  its  parents, 
and  may  be  of  some  value  as  an  ornamental. 

City.     Americana,     i.  Minn.   Hort.   Soc.   Rpt.    128.    1890.     2.    Wis.   Sta.  Bui.   63:32. 
1897.     3.  Ont.  Fr.  Gr.  Assoc.  Rpt.  144.    1901.     4.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  146.    1901. 

This  variety  came  from  the  seed  of  a  wild  plum  growing  one-half  mile  from  Spring- 
field, Minnesota;  introduced  by  H.  Knudson  in  1890.  Tree  upright  when  young  but 
with  a  weeping  tendency  when  older,  vigorous,  hardy  and  productive ;  fruit  large,  nearly 
round;  cavity  of  medium  width,  deep ;  suture  a  distinct  line ;  dark  dull  red  over  yellow ; 
dots  numerous,  small,  yellow,  distinct;  bloom  heavy;  skin  thick,  tough,  slightly  astrin- 
gent; flesh  yellow,  firm,  juicy,  sweet;  good;  stone  of  medium  size,  oval,  flattened,  semi- 
clinging;  medium  to  late. 
Clara.  Munsoniana.  i.  Am.  Card.  14:51.  1893.  2.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.  32:482.  1894. 

A  large  and  attractive  seedling  of  Wild  Goose  grown  and  introduced  by  G.  Onder- 
donk,  Texas. 
Clarendon.     Angustifolia  watsoni.     i.  Bailey  Ev.  Nat.  Fruits  223.    1898. 

One  of  several  seedlings  secured  from  northern  Texas  by  F.  T.  Ramsey. 
Clark.     Species?     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:48.    1892.     2.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man. 
294.     1903. 

A  wild  seedling  found  in  Anne  Arundel  County,  Maryland.  Tree  moderately 
vigorous,  not  hardy  in  the  North;  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish,  bright  red;  dots 
numerous;  stem  short;  cavity  broad,  deep;  skin  tough;  flesh  yellow,  firm;  inferior. 
Cleavinger.  Domestica.  i.  U.  S.Pat.  Off. Rpt.  274.  1854.  2.  Hoffy  N.  Am.  Pom.  1860. 

Originated  about  1845  with  r-  Mn  Fernsler  of  Philadelphia  from  the  stone  of  an 
unnamed  seedling;  introduced  by  Wm.  S.  Cleavinger  of  West  Philadelphia.  Tree 
vigorous;  fruit  large,  oval;  suture  distinct;  dark  purple;  stem  short,  thick,  surrounded 
by  a  fleshy  ring;  flesh  deep  yellow,  coarse,  juicy,  vinous,  slightly  subacid;  good;  mid- 
season. 

Cleveland.     Munsoniana.     i-   Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:49.    1897.     2.  Can.   Exp.  Farm  Bui. 
2d  Ser.  3:50.     1900.     3.  Terry  Cat.    1900.  Mrs.  Cleveland  i,  3. 

A  seedling  of  Wild  Goose  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa,  in  1883.  Tree 
vigorous,  spreading  and  productive;  fruit  large,  oblong,  slightly  pointed  at  the  ends, 
light  mottled  red;  good;  clingstone;  very  early. 

Clifford.     Munsoniana.      I.   Cornell  Sta.   Bui.   38:80.      1892.      2.   Kerr  Cat.     1894.     3. 
Waugh  Plum  Cult.  184.    1901.  Mrs.  Clifford  i,  3.     Mrs.  Clifford  2. 


420  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

A  seedling  of  Wild  Goose  grown  by  Mrs.  Clifford  of  Denison,  Texas,  and  introduced 
by  T.  V.  Munson  and  Son  of  the  same  place.  Tree  hardy,  vigorous,  spreading,  pro- 
ductive; fruit  large,  pear-shaped,  sometimes  with  a  very  distinct  neck;  suture  shallow; 
bright  scarlet  with  very  small  yellow  dots;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  sweet,  aromatic;  good; 
clingstone;  a  little  later  than  Wild  Goose. 
Climax's  Brother.  Triflora  X  Simonii.  i.  Rural  N.  Y.  59:655.  1900. 

One  of   Burbank's  numerous  crosses,  having  the  same  parents  as   Climax.     The 
tree  is  an  upright  grower  like  Simon  and  the  fruit  resembles  this  parent  in  form  and 
size;  not  as  highly  colored  as  Climax;    unknown  as  yet  by  plum-growers. 
Clinton.     Hortulana  mineri.     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  162.    1881.     2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui. 
38:55,   86.    1892.     3.  Am.   Pom.   Soc.   Cat.    26.    1897.     4.   Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
172.    1901. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish;    cavity  shallow;    stem  slender;    suture  a  line; 
dull  red;    dots  numerous;    bloom  thin;    flesh  yellow;    quality  fair;    clingstone;    late. 
Mentioned  in  the  American  Pomological  Society's  Catalog  from  1897  to  1899. 
Cluck.     Angustifolia  varians.     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1895.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  38.    1899. 
3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  194.    1901.     4.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  67:273.    1904. 

Originated  with  George  Cluck,  Austin,  Texas;  introduced  in  1896  by  F.  T.  Ramsey. 
Tree  vigorous,  productive;    blooms  very  late;   fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oblong; 
cavity  shallow;    bright  red  with  many  small,  yellow  dots;    skin  tough;    flesh  yellow, 
soft;   quality  fair;   stone  medium,  oval,  turgid,  clinging;   mid-season. 
Cluster.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  2:1528.    1688. 
Cochet.     Domestica.     i.  Lucas  Vollst.  Hand.   Obst.   471.    1894.     2.  Can.   Exp.  Farm 
Bui.  2d  Ser.  3:50.    1900. 

Cochets  Pflaume  i.     Cochet  Pere  i. 

Tree  vigorous  and  productive;   fruit  large,  oval,  yellow  with  reddish  dots;    suture 
medium;   flesh  yellowish,  rich,  sweet,  pleasant;   early. 
Coeur  de  Boeuf.     Domestica.     i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Div.  of  Pom.  Bui.  10:19.    1901. 

Beef's  Heart  i.     Prunier  de  Carcassone. 

Coeur  de  Boeuf  originated  in  1879  at  Carcassonne,  France,  as  a  seedling  of  a  variety 
introduced  from  the  province  of  Lerida,  Spain,  in  1854.  The  following  description  was 
•  made  from  a  tree  under  test  on  the  grounds  of  this  Station:  Tree  vigorous,  hardy;  fruit 
of  medium  size,  roundish;  cavity  medium  in  size  and  depth;  stem  slender;  suture 
medium;  dark  brownish-red,  covered  with  minute  russet  dots;  bloom  heavy;  skin 
medium  thick;  flesh  yellowish,  meaty,  juicy,  sweet,  rich;  good  to  very  good;  stone 
small,  oval,  semi-clinging;  mid-season. 

Coe  Violet.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  905.    1869.     2.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom. 
France  341.    1887.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  425.    1889. 

Coe  a  Fruit  Violet  3.  Coe's  Golden  Drop  Violette  1,3.  Coe's  Violet  1,3.  Coe's 
Violette  2.  Coe  Violette  3.  Goutte  d'Or  Violette  3. 

A  variation  from  Golden  Drop.  Tree  vigorous;  fruit  large,  oval;  suture  distinct; 
cavity  small ;  stem  long,  thick ;  light  reddish ;  dots  brown,  numerous ;  flesh  yellowish, 
sweet,  juicy;  good;  clingstone. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  421 

Coferer.     Domestica.     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  578.    1629.  Coferers  i. 

Parkinson  describes  this  plum  as,  "  Flat  like  a  Peare  Plum,  early  ripe  and  black, 
of  a  very  good  relish." 
Coinage.     Americana,     i.  Terry  Cat.    1900. 

Said  by  its  originator,  H.  A.  Terry,  to  be  a  seedling  of  Gold  Coin.  Fruit 
large,  slightly  oblong,  pale  yellow  ground,  nearly  covered  with  dark  red;  flesh  firm; 
clingstone. 

Coletta.     Angustifolia    varians.     i.    Cornell   Sta.    Bui.    38:60,    86.    1892.     2.    Waugh 
Plum  Cult.  194.    1901.     3.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  67:273.    1904. 

This  plum  was  grown  by  G.  Onderdonk  of  Texas;  introduced  in  1874.  Tree  slow 
in  growth,  hardy,  somewhat  open  and  thorny;  leaves  small,  foliage  sparse;  fruit  medium 
in  size,  round,  bright  red;  skin  tough;  flesh  yellow,  soft;  poor;  clingstone;  very  early. 
Coleus.  Triflora  X  Cerasifera?  i.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  67:10.  1898. 

Originated  with  J.  S.  Breece,  North  Carolina.     Tree  ornamental,  vigorous;   leaves 
large,   reddish,  conspicuously  veined;    fruit  small,  globular;    suture  faint;    dull   deep 
red;    dots  faint;    skin  thick  and  tough;    flesh  medium  firm,  red;    flavor  flat;    quality 
very  poor;   stone  small,  flattened,  clinging. 
Colman.     Americana,     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:264.    1900.     2.  Terry  Cat.    1900. 

Collman  i. 

H.  A.  Terry  first  fruited  this  variety  in  1895.     Tree  upright,  healthy,  fairly  pro- 
ductive;  fruit  large,  round,  brilliant  red;    good;    clingstone;    mid-season. 
Colorado  Queen.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1894.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  146.    1901. 
3.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:254,  255.    1905.  Colorado  2. 

Introduced  by  J.  W.  Kerr,  Denton,  Maryland.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish; 
cavity  lacking;    suture  a  line;   dull  red  with  a  light  bloom;   flesh  light  yellow;    quality 
fair;    stone  of  medium  size;    clinging;   early. 
Combination.     Triflora  X   ?     i.  Burbank  Cat.    1901. 

Grown  by  Luther  Burbank.  Tree  uniform  in  growth ;  fruit  large,  roundish ;  cavity 
deep;  suture  distinct;  stem  short;  light  crimson;  flesh  straw  color,  sweet  with  slight 
pineapple  flavor;  early. 

Comfort.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1894.     2.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:265.    1900.     3.  Can. 
Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:29.    1903.  , 

Introduced  by  J.  Wragg  &  Sons,  Waukon,  Iowa,  in  1879.     Fruit  small,  roundish; 
cavity  narrow,  shallow;    suture  a  line;    apex  rounded;    red;    dots  numerous;    bloom 
thin;   skin  thick,  tough;   flesh  dark  yellow,  firm,  juicy,  sweet;   good;   stone  semi-cling- 
ing ;  mid-season ;  mentioned  in  the  Catalog  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  for  1899. 
Communia.     Domestica.     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  87.    1890.     2.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:265. 
1900.     3.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.  101:117,  118,  PI.  Ill  fig.  119.    1901.     4.  Budd-Hansen 
Am.  Hort.  Man.  309.    1903. 

Introduced  from  Denmark  by  a  German  colony  located  at  Communia,  Clayton 
County,  Iowa.  It  resembles  the  Lombard  so  closely  that  they  are  often  confused. 
The  tree  is  said  to  be  hardier  and  a  slower  grower  than  the  Lombard,  and  its  fruit  of 
deeper  blue  and  of  higher  quality.  Subject  to  rot. 


422  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Compass.     Prunus   besseyi  X  Hortulana   mineri.     i.    Vt.   Sta.    Bui.    67:10.    1898.     2. 
Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  294.    1903.     3.  5.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:13.    1905. 

Compass  Cherry  i. 

A  hybrid  widely  known  in  the  West  which  originated  in  1891  under  cultivation 
with  H.  Knudson  of  Springfield,  Minnesota  from  a  seed  of  Prunus  besseyi  pollinated 
by  Miner;  introduced  by  C.  W.  Sampson,  Eureka,  Minnesota,  in  1897.  Tree  vigorous, 
branches  slender;  fruit  small,  roundish-oval,  slightly  flattened;  cavity  distinct;  suture 
a  line;  brownish-red,  with  light  bloom;  skin  tough;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy,  tender, 
acid;  quality  fair;  clingstone. 
Comptine.  Americana,  i.  Kerr  Cat.  1894.  2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  146.  1901. 

Originated  at  Knoxville,  Iowa.  Tree  low,  spreading;  fruit  very  small,  round, 
light  red;  dots  many,  minute;  flesh  yellow;  very  poor;  stone  small,  oval,  clinging. 
One  authority  states  that  the  color  is  yellow. 

Comte    Gustave    d'Egger.     Domestica.     i.    Downing    Fr.    Trees   Am.    905.    1869.     2. 
Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  432.    1889. 

Comte  Gustave  d'Egger  2.     Egger'sche  Eier  Zwetsche  2.     Graf  Gustav  von  Egger  2. 

An  Austrian  variety  grown  by  M.  Liegel  of  Braunau  from  seed  of  Abricote'e.    Tree 
moderately    vigorous;     fruit    small,    oblong-oval;    suture    broad,    deep,   distinct;    skin 
pale  yellow,  bronzed  in  the  sun  and  tinged  with  violet;    flesh  yellowish,  fine,  sweet, 
juicy,  delicious;   freestone. 
Consul.     Americana  mollis.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:30.    1903. 

A   seedling  of   Wolf   grown   at  the   Central   Experimental   Farm,    Ottawa.     Fruit 
roundish,  large ;  cavity  narrow,  medium  in  depth ;  suture  a  line ;  deep  red ;  dots  moderately 
numerous,  yellow,  distinct;    bloom  light;    skin  thick,  tough;    flesh  deep  yellow,  juicy, 
sweet;  good;   stone  semi-clinging;   late. 
Cooch.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Hort.  21:406.    1898. 

A  seedling  grown  by  a  Mr.  Cooch  of  Ottawa,  Canada,  in  1889.     Fruit  large;   halves 
unequal;    suture  distinct;    cavity  shallow;    dark  red;    flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy,  soft, 
sweet;  good;  late. 
Cook.     Cerasifera.     I.  Kerr  Cat.    1900.  Cook's  Early  i. 

Fruit  medium,  roundish  to  oblong,  red;    clingstone;    early. 

Cook  Choice.     Americana,     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:78.    1892.     2.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt. 
276.    1893.     3.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  129:34.    1896. 

Cook  3.     Cook's  Choice  i.     Cook's  Favorite  3.     The  Cook's  Choice  2 

This  is  an  accidental  seedling  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry  of  Iowa  in  1885.     Tree  vigorous; 
fruit  medium,  round,  red;   skin  thin;   flesh  yellow;   good;    stone  clinging;    mid-season; 
a  good  culinary  variety. 
Cooper.     Hortulana  mineri   X  Munsoniana.     i.  Kerr  Cat.  10.    1900. 

A  cross  between  Forest  Garden  and  Pottawattamie.     It  is  reported  by  J.  W.  Kerr 
as  being  "a  large,  slightly  oblong,  red,  clingstone  variety,  ripening  mid-season." 
Cooper.     Domestica.     i.  McMahon  Am.  Card.  Cal.  587.    1806.     2.  Coxe  Cult.  Fr.  Trees 
236.    1817.     3.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:97.    1832.     4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  291. 
1845.     5.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  288,  302,  383     1846.     6.  Mag.  Hort. 
14:152.    1848.     7.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  417.    1854.     8.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  691.    1884. 
9.  Guide  Prat.  160,  357.    1895. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  423 

Cooper's  6.  Cooper's  Grosse  Pflaume  9.  Cooper's  Grosse  Rothe  Zwetsche  9.  Cooper's 
Large  i,  4,  5,  8.  Cooper's  Large  3,  6,  9.  Cooper's  Large  American  3,  4,  5,  7,  8,  9.  Coop- 
er's Large  Red  3.  Cooper's  Large  Red  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9.  Cooper's  Large  Red  American  9. 
Coopers  Plum  2.  Cooper's  Plum  3,  5.  Cooper's  Red  7.  Grosse  De  Cooper  9.  Grosse 
rouge  de  Cooper  9.  La  Delicieuse  5.  La  Delicieuse  ?4,  8,  9.  Lady  Lucy  8.  Jfoi  Mag- 
num Bonum  6  incor.  Smith's  Orleans  6.  Violet  Perdrigon  6  incor. 

Cooper  is  said  to  have  originated  at  the  beginning  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  from 
a  seed  of  Orleans  planted  by  Joseph  Cooper  of  Gloucester  County,  New  Jersey.  The 
variety  was  imported  into  England  about  1820  and  became  known  in  Europe  under 
the  name  La  Delicieuse  which  was  corrupted  into  Lady  Lucy.  This  variety  is  so 
similar  to  the  Smith  Orleans  that  it  is  impossible  to  separate  them.  They  may  be 
identical,  or  they  may  have  come  true  to  seed  from  the  same  parent. 
Cope.  Domestica.  i.  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.  274.  1854.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am, 
906.  1869.  Cope's  Seedling  i. 

A  seedling  raised  by  John  Cope  of  Southwark,  Philadelphia,  some  time  prior  to 
1850.     Fruit  large,  long-oval,  dark  purple;    stem  long,  slender;    flesh  dry,  somewhat 
acid;  good  for  cooking;  freestone. 
Cornemuse.     Domestica.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  145.    1831. 

Fruit  medium  in  size,  purple,  obovate;    quality  fair;    freestone. 
Corymbus.     Species?    i.  Vt.Sta.An.  Rpt.  12:222.    1899.   2.  ~Waugh  Plum  Cult.  207.    1901. 

The  Beauty  i. 

A  variety  first  called  "The  Beauty"  by  the  originator,  A.  L.  Bruce  of  Texas,  who  gives 
the  parentage  as  Smelt  Cherry  X  Abundance.  Fruit  small,  heart-shaped;  cavity  shallow; 
suture  shallow;  apex  pointed;  dark  wine-red;  skin  strong;  flesh  soft,  yellow,  rich, 
sweet;  good;  stone  small,  round,  smooth,  clinging. 

Cottrell.     Americana,     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:37.    1892.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  37. 
1899.     3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  146.    1901.     4.  Can.  Exp.    Farm  Bui.  43:30.    1903. 

Cottrell  was  raised  as  a  seedling  by  R.  T.  Cottrell,  Dover,  Olmstead  County,  Minne- 
sota, and  was  introduced  by  O.  M.  Lord  of  the  same  state  in  1888.  Fruit  large,  roundish; 
suture  a  line;  cavity  narrow;  apex  rounded;  skin  thin,  not  adherent;  mottled  red 
over  yellow;  bloom  medium;  dots  numerous,  small;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sweet;  good; 
stone  flattened,  strongly  and  sharply  margined,  clinging;  mid-season. 
Couler.  Americana?  i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  235.  1882. 

A  variety  from  William  Couler,  Chickasaw  County,  Iowa;    "  a  large  plum  of  fair 
quality,  but  cracking  badly  before  ripening;    season  just  before  Miner." 
Coulommiers.     Domestica.     i.  Rev.  Hort.  91.    1861.     2.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  426.    1889. 

Coulommiers  Pflaume  2.     Prime  de  Coulommiers  2. 

Mentioned  without  a  description. 
Coulon  Reine  Claude.     Domestica.     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  426.    1889. 

Coulon's  Reine  Claude  r.     Reine  Claude  Coulon  i. 

Tree  vigorous,  productive;   fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish;    cavity  small;   suture 
distinct;    yellow;    bloom  thin;    flesh  yellowish,  firm,  sweet;    good;    early. 
Coul  Orleans.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  150.    1831. 


424  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Court  Royal.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  145.    1831. 
Cowperthwait  Green  Gage.     Domestica.    Mentioned  in  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  148.    1831. 
Cox.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  906.    1869.  Cox's  Seedling  i. 

A  seedling  from  a  Mrs.  Cox,   York,   Pennsylvania.     Tree  vigorous  and  upright; 
fruit  very  large,  roundish-oval,  slightly  compressed;    suture  broad,  shallow;    yellow, 
sometimes  splashed  with   green;    cavity  narrow,  deep;    flesh  greenish-yellow,  coarse, 
juicy,  sweet;   good;  freestone;   early. 
Crable.     Americana?     i.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  232.    1901. 

A  variety  from  Iowa.  Fruit  medium  in  size;  obovate;  cavity  shallow ;  stem  long, 
slender;  suture  a  line;  apex  pointed;  orange  with  crimson  blush;  dots  many,  minute, 
white;  skin  tough;  flesh  yellow;  good;  stone  large,  elliptical,  slightly  winged,  clinging. 
Craig.  Americana,  i.  Terry  Cat.  1900.  Prof.  Craig  i. 

A  seedling  of  Harrison,    grown  by  H.   A.  Terry,    Crescent,    Iowa.     Fruit  large, 
bright  yellow  tinged  with  red ;  flesh  yellow,  rich;  quality  good;  semi-clinging. 
Crescent.     Hortulana  mineri.     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  287.    1887.     2.  Terry  Cat.  1900. 
3.  Waugh  Plum  Ciilt.  172.    1901.  Crescent  City  i. 

Originated  with  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa,  from  seed  of  Miner   about    1880; 
first  fruited  in  1885.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  oval;   cavity  shallow;   suture  a  line;   dull 
red;    dots  many;    bloom  thin;    flesh  yellow;    quality  fair;    stone  large,  oval,  clinging; 
mid-season. 
Crimson.     Nigra.     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:266.    1900. 

Introduced  by  H.  Knudson,  Springfield,  Minnesota.     Fruit  above  medium,  light 
red;    skin  thin;   good;   stone  long,  large,  flattish;   very  early. 
Crimson  Beauty.     Hortulana.     i.  Kerr  Cat.  1897.     2.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  11:283.    1898. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  oblong,  cherry  red;   clingstone;   earlier  and  more  vigorous 
than  Golden  Beauty. 
Crimson  Drop.     Domestica.    i.Am.  Card.  22:765.    1901.    2. Rural N.  Y.  61:354.     1902. 

Brown's  Crimson  Drop  i,  2. 

This  variety  is  said  to  be  a  sport  from  Golden  Drop,  which  it  resembles  closely 
except  in  color,  which  is  a  deep  rich  red. 
Croft  Early.     Domestica.     i.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  425.    1854.  Croft's  Early  i. 

Fruit  small,  reddish-blue;  flesh  yellow,  dry;  poor.  Reported  by  Elliott  as  un- 
worthy of  further  culture. 

Cruger  Scarlet.     Domestica.     i.  Mag.  Hort.  1:365.    1835.     2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am. 
293.    1845.     3.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  417.    1855.     4.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  426.    1889. 

Cruger' s  2,3.  Cruger' s  Fruh  Pflaume  4.  Cruger' 's  Plum  4.  Cruger's  Rote  Pflaume 
4.  Cruger's  Scarlet  2,  3.  Cruger's  Scarlet  4.  Cruger's  Scarlet  Gage  2,  3,  4.  Cruger's 
Seedling  2,  3.  Cruger's  Seedling  i,  4.  Kruger's  Seedling. 

Raised  by  Henry  Cruger,  West  Point,  New  York,  from  a  seed  of  Washington.  Fruit 
of  medium  size,  roundish-oval,  compressed;  suture  obscure;  red  in  the  sun,  lilac  on 
the  shaded  side;  bloom  light;  dots  numerous,  yellow;  cavity  shallow;  stem  short, 
stout;  flesh  deep  orange,  dry,  mild,  agreeable ;  good;  nearly  free;  mid-season.  Mentioned 
in  the  American  Pomological  Society  Catalog  from  1875  to  1897. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  425 

Csaszar  Sziloa.     Domestica.     i.  Mich.   Sta.  Bui.    152:209.    1898.     2.  Mich.  Sta.   Sp. 
Bui.  30:18.    1905. 

Imported  from  Hungary.     Fruit  large,  roundish-ovate,  compressed,  dark  purple; 
flesh  tender,  juicy,  greenish-yellow,  mild,  vinous;    quality  fair;    clingstone. 
Culberson.     Hortulana    mineri  X  Hortulana.     i.    Vt.    Sta.    An.    Rpt.     12:223.    1899. 
2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  208.    1901.  Mammoth  July  i,  2. 

A  cross  between  Miner  and  Crimson  Beauty  grown  by  A.  L.  Bruce,  Basin 
Springs,  Texas,  and  called  Mammoth  July,  but  renamed  by  Waugh  in  1899.  Fruit 
above  medium,  spherical  or  slightly  pointed,  dark  red;  dots  numerous,  yellow;  skin 
thick,  tough;  flesh  yellow;  very  good;  stone  small,  round,  flattened,  clinging. 
Cumberland.  Hortulana.  i.  Ga.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  50.  1885.  2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38: 
48,86,  1892.  3.  Am.  Pom. Soc.  Cat.  26.  1897.  4.WaughP/wm  Cult.  178.  1901. 

Cumberland  originated  with  Philip  Schley,  who  in  1864  collected  pits  from  trees 
growing  on  the  Cumberland  Mountains  in  Tennessee  and  from  them  grew  this  plum. 
Tree  vigorous  and  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  oblong,  bright  yellow;  dots  con- 
spicuous; skin  thick;  flesh  firm,  meaty;  good;  clingstone;  season  late;  this  variety 
is  similar  to  Golden  Beauty. 
Curlew.  Domestica.  i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:183.  1897.  2.  Rivers  Cat.  35.  1898. 

Originated  by  Thomas  Rivers  at  Sawbridgeworth,  England.  Tree  very  produc- 
tive, not  hardy  in  this  vicinity;  fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish-oval,  purple;  flesh 
greenish-yellow,  juicy,  sweet;  firm;  early. 

Curry.     Munsoniana.     i.   la.   Sta.   Bui.   46:266.    1900.     2.    Budd-Hansen   Am.   Hort. 
Man.  295.    1903. 

A  seedling  grown  by  S.  L.  Curry,  Welden,  Iowa.     Fruit  large,  oval,  compressed; 
cavity  deep;    dark  purplish-red;   surface  rough,  dull;    dots  small,  gray;   bloom  heavy; 
skin  thick,  not  astringent;    flesh  yellow,  firm,  slightly  astringent;    good;    stone  large, 
flat,  winged;    early. 
Cyca  Mono.     Triflora.     i.  Va.  Sta.  Bui.  129:112.    1901. 

Imported  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Cyclone.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1899.     2.  Terry  Cat.    1900. 

Grown  from  seed  of  Harrison  by  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa;  first  fruited  in  1897. 
Tree  vigorous,  spreading,  fairly  productive;   fruit  large,  dark  red;    good;   mid-season. 
Cydemarine.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  145.    1831. 
Daisy.     Munsoniana  X  Triflora.     i.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:223.    1899.     2.  Waugh  Plum 
Cult.  208.    1901. 

A  variety  grown  by  J.  S.  Breece,  North  Carolina.  Fruit  large,  heart-shaped;  suture 
indistinct;  bright  red,  with  many  minute  yellow  dots ;  flesh  firm,  yellow,  sprightly;  good. 
Dahlgreen.  Americana.  i.Wis.Sta.Bul.  63:35.  1897.  2.  Wa.ugh  Plum  Cult.  147.  1901. 

A  variety  introduced  by  Chas.  Luedloff,  Cologne,  Minnesota.     Fruit  medium  in 
size,  oblong,  mottled  red;   mid-season. 
Dakota.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1900. 

Fruit  medium  in  size,  round,  mottled  with  dull  purplish-red;  clingstone;  fruit 
cracks  and  is  much  injured  by  rot. 


426  THK    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Dalrymple.  Insititia.  i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  695.  1884.  2.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  426. 
1889.  3.  Am.  Card.  14:146,  148  fig.  1892.  Dalrymple  Damson  2. 

Dalrymple  closely  resembles  the  Shropshire  Damson  but  is  hardier  and  the  tree 
is  smaller. 

Damas  Ambre.     Domestica?     Mentioned  in  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  145.    1831. 
Damaschino  Estivo.     Domestica.     i.  Gallesio  Pom.  Ital.  2:,  PI.    1839. 

Damaschino  d'Estate  i.     Zuccherino  i. 

According  to  Gallesio  this  is  a  strain  of  the  Damaschino  Settembrino  and  is  common 
in  parts  of  Italy.  Flowers  small  and  white,  unfolding  in  clusters;  fruit  obovate  like 
the  Settembrino,  but  slightly  larger  and  its  skin,  which  is  yellow,  is  more  easily  removed. 
Damaschino  Settembrino.  Domestica.  i.  Gallesio  Pom.  Ital.  2:,  PI.  1839. 

Susino  Damaschino  Settembrino  i. 

An  old  Italian  variety.  Of  the  two  plums  which  bear  the  name  Damaschino  this 
is  the  smaller  and  the  more  savory.  Fruit  small,  obovate,  golden-yellow;  pulp  fleshy 
and  sugary. 

Damas  de  Diffenbach.  Domestica.  i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:165.  I^73-  2.  Mathieu 
Nom.  Pom.  427.  1889. 

Damas  de  Dieffenbach  2.  Damas  Noir  de  Dieffenbach  2.  Dieffenbachs  Damascene 
2.  Siefjenbachs  Schwarze  Damascene  2.  Diffenbachs  Damascene  i. 

Liegel  obtained  this  variety  from  a  seed  of  the  Saint  Jean  and  dedicated  it  to  Dif- 
fenbach, head  gardener  of  the  Botanical  Garden  in  Vienna,  Austria.  Tree  of  medium 
vigor,  small;  fruit  small,  roundish-ovate;  halves  often  unequal;  suture  shallow;  pur- 
plish-black with  a  thick  bloom;  stem  short;  cavity  shallow;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  juicy, 
sweet  and  slightly  aromatic;  freestone;  mid-season. 

Damas  de  Provence.  Domestica.  i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:86.  1832.  2.  Kenrick 
Am.Orch.  258.  1832.  3.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  1:1846.  4.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  357. 
1866.  5.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  939.  1869.  6.  Math'ieu  Nom.  Pom.  443.  1889. 

Damas  de  Provence  5,  6.  Damas  de  Provence  hdtif  i,  4,  5,  6.  Damask  of  Provence 
2.  Early  Damask  of  Provence  i,  5,  6.  Provence  Damask  i,  6.  Provence  Damask  5. 
Provencer  Konigspflaume  6.  Prune  Damas  de  Provence  3.  Prunus  provincialis  3. 

Damas  de  Provence  is  an  old  European  variety;    fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish; 
suture  deep ;   cavity  small ;   reddish-purple ;   bloom  thick ;   flesh  greenish,  sweet ;  quality 
poor;   freestone;    very  early. 
Damas  d'Ete.     Domestica.     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:113.    l873-     2-  Guide  Prat.  353.    1895. 

Summer  Damson  i,  2. 

Mas  thought  this  variety  was  of  English  or  American  origin  but  there  seems  to  be 
no  reason  for  this  conclusion.     Tree  small,  very  productive;  fruit  small,  oval,  purplish- 
black;    flesh  greenish,  fine,  juicy,  sweet,  highly  flavored;    clingstone;  early. 
Damas  Dronet.     Domestica.     i.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:75.    1768.     2.  Kraft  Pom. 
Aust.  2:40,  Tab.  191  fig.  2.    1796.     3.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:86.    1832.     4.  Down- 
ing Fr.  Trees  Am.  910.    1869.     5.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  693.    1884. 

Damas  Dronet  2,  4.  Damson  Dronet  i.  Die  kleine  langlichte  Damaskuspflaume  i 
Dronet  Damask  3. 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  427 

Damas  Dronet  is  an  old  French  variety.     Fruit  small,  oval;    suture  a  line;   stem 
slender;   cavity  narrow,  deep;   greenish-yellow;   bloom  thin;    skin  not  adherent;   flesh 
greenish,  firm,  sweet;   good;    stone  small,  free;   mid-season. 
Damas  Dronet  de  Merlet.     Domestica.     i.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:75.    i?68. 

Duhamel  states  that  this  is  distinct  from  the  Damas  Dronet  described  by  him  on 
the  same  page. 
Damas  Jaime  Musque.     Domestica.     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:57.    1873. 

Muskirte  Gelbe  Damascene  i. 

A  foreign  variety  first  mentioned  by  Christ,  a  German  writer.     Tree  vigorous, 
productive;   fruit  medium  in  size,  usually  ovoid;    suture  shallow  or  a  mere  line;    skin 
tender,  not  adherent,  yellow,  with  a  thin  bloom;    stem  long,  slender;  cavity  shallow; 
flesh  yellow,  tender,  firm,  juicy,  sweet,  of  musky  flavor;  freestone;  very  early. 
Damas  Noir  de  Tours.     Domestica.     i.  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees  21.    1803. 

Mentioned  by  Forsyth  in  the  preceding  reference.     It  may  be  the  same  as  Pre"coce 
de  Tours,  but  we  have  no  proof. 
Damas  Rouge  de  Biondeck.     Domestica.     I.  Baltet  Cult.  Fr.  490.    1908. 

Mentioned  by  a  French  writer  as  early  and  good. 

Damas  Rouge  Hatif.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.   448.    1889.     2.  Guide  Prat. 
163,  354.    1895. 

Damas  Rouge  Hatif  i.  Haferkrieche  1,2.  Rote  Friih  Damascene  i.  Rothe  Frith 
Damasceiie  2. 

A  variety  of  little  merit. 

Damatie  Rouge.     Domestica.     Listed  in  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  145.    1831. 
Damson  Royal.     Insititia.     i.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  282.      1846. 

Described  in  the  preceding  reference  as  similar  to  "  Prune  Damson,"  but  larger. 
Damas  Violet.     Domestica.     i.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:70.    1768.     2.  Kraft  Pom. 
Aust.   2:44,  Tab.    199  fig.    i.    1796.     3.    Quintinye  Com.  Card.   68.    1699. 
4.  Willich  Dom.  Enc.  180.    1803.     5.  Mag.  Hort.  9:163.    1843.     6.  Poiteau  Pom. 
Franc.  1:1846.     7.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  729.    1884. 

Damas  Violet  2,  4,  7.  Damas  Violet  Tardif  ?$.  Die  veilchenfarbige  Damascener- 
pflaume  2.  Ladies'  Plum  4.  Long  Violet  Damask  3.  Prune  Gros-Damas  Violet  6. 
Violet  Damask  7. 

An  old  variety  of  unknown  origin  concerning  which  there  has  been  much  confusion. 
Parkinson,  in  1629,  and  a  few  later  writers  have  made  it  synonymous  to  Queen  Mother, 
but  it  differs  from  this  variety  in  that  Damas  Violet  has  pubescent  shoots  and  oval 
fruit,  while  the  Queen  Mother  has  glabrous  shoots  and  round  fruit.  Tree  vigorous,  pro- 
ductive ;  fruit  medium,  purple ;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  sweet  and  briskly  flavored,  separates 
from  the  stone;  season  early. 
Damson  Riley.  Insititia.  i.  Stark  Cat.  29.  1910. 

A  variety  from  Ohio  said  to  have  been  grown  for  about  twenty  years.  Introduced 
by  Stark  Brothers,  Louisiana,  Missouri,  in  1910. 

Dana  Yellow  Gage.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  275.    1845.     2.  Cole  Am. 
Fr.  Book.  215.    1849.     3.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:109.    1873. 


428  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Dana's  Gage  2.     Dana's  Yellow  Gage  3.     Reine-Claude  Jaune  De  Dana  3. 

Dana  Yellow  Gage  was  raised  by  a  Rev.  Mr.  Dana  of  Ipswich,  Massachusetts. 
Fruit  of  medium  size,  oval,  pale  yellow;    bloom  thin;    flesh  sweet,  juicy,  clingstone; 
mid-season. 
Daniel  Weeping.     Species?     i.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  67:10.    1898. 

A  hybrid  which  originated  with  a  Dr.  Daniel  in  Louisiana;  introduced  by  J.  L. 
Normand.  Tree  bushy,  spreading  and  drooping ;  leaves  thick  and  tough,  ovate,  acutely 
pointed,  glandular. 

Danish  Damson.  Insititia.  i.  Kerr  Cat.  25.  1897.  2.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:266.  1900. 
3.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  310.  1903.  4.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:15  1905. 

Kreger  i.     Kreger  2.     Krueger  3. 

H.  Knudson,  Springfield,  Minnesota,  imported  this  variety  in  the  spring  of  1884 
and  introduced  it  a  few  years  later.     It  seems  to  be  grown  only  in  Iowa,  Minnesota, 
South  Dakota  and  adjoining  states,  being  practically  unknown  in  the  East.     Fruit 
small,  roundish,  dark  blue;    good;    freestone;    mid-season. 
Darst.     Domestica.     i.  Mag.  Hort.  11:112.    1845. 

A  seedling  originated  at  Dayton,  Ohio,  in  the  garden  of  a  Mr.  Darst.  Fruit  medium 
in  size,  of  excellent  quality. 

Date.  Domestica.  i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  575,  576.  1629.  2.  Rea  Flora  208.  1676. 
3.  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  68,  69.  1699.  4.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:113.  1768. 
5.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  908.  1869.  6.  Koch  Deut.  Obst.  560.  1876. 

Date  Plum  5.  Dattelpflaumen  6.  Dattelzwetsclw  5.  D'Autriche  5.  Great  Date  3. 
lenua  i.  Prune  Datte  4.  Prune  Datte  5.  Prune  d'Autriche  5.  Quetsche  Datte  5. 
Quetsche  de  Hongrie  5.  White  Date  2.  White  Date  Plum  i.  Yellow  Date  2. 

During  the  four  centuries  in  which  this  variety  has  been  cultivated  in  Europe 
numerous  strains  have  arisen  which  have  been  designated  by  the  general  term  Dattel- 
pflaumen. The  group  is  characterized  by  roundish  or  oval  fruits,  yellow  or  greenish 
in  color,  sometimes  manced  with  red  on  the  sunny  side;  flesh  yellow,  soft;  poor  in 
quality;  clingstone;  mid-season  or  later.  The  original  variety  is  probably  obsolete. 
Datilles.  Domestica.  i.  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  68,  70.  1699. 

Little  Date  i.     Little  Date  i. 

A  long-shaped  red  plum,  mentioned  by  Quintinye,  which  has  either  disappeared 
or  is  now  grown  under  a  different  name. 

Datte  Hongroise  Jaune.  Domestica.  i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  427.  1889.  2.  Guide 
Prat.  159,  354.  1895. 

This  variety  was  sent  into  France  by  M.  Bereczki  Mate,  of  Hungary.     The  tree  is 
vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  long,  greenish-yellow  dotted  with  red;   flesh  greenish- 
yellow,  juicy;   good;   mid-season. 
Dauphine.     Domestica.     i.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc    1:1846.          Prune  Dauphine  i. 

Poiteau  says,  "  Duhamel  regarded  as  synonyms  the  names  Reine  Claude  and 
Dauphine.  Since  then  a  new  plum  has  been  shown,  and  I  know  not  who  named  it 
Dauphine;  but  it  is  under  this  name  that  it  has  been  introduced  and  cultivated  in  the 
nursery  of  the  Jardin  des  Plantes  and  of  Luxembourg." 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  429 

Davenport.     Americana,     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:268.    1900.     2.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort. 
Man.  295.    1903. 

A  seedling  grown  by  N.  K.  Fluke,  Davenport,  Iowa,  from  seed  of  De  Soto.     Fruit 
medium  in  size,  oval,  sometimes  conical;  suture  a  line;   skin  smooth,  clear  yellow  with 
pink  blush  on  the  sunny  side;   flesh  yellow,  firm,  sugary;   very  good;   freestone. 
Davies  Seedling.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.   146.    1831. 

Davies'  Seedling. 
Davis.     Munsoniana.     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:35.    1897.     2.  Terry  Cat.    1900. 

A  variety  grown  from   seed  of  Wild  Goose   in    1885  by  H.  A.  Terry,   Crescent, 
Iowa.     Tree  low,  spreading,  vigorous  and  productive;    fruit  large,  bright  red;   quality 
fair. 
Dawson.     Species?     i.  Card.  Man.  17:144.    1875. 

At  one  time  a  profitable  variety  grown  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio. 
Dawson  City.     Nigra?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  426.    1900. 

A  seedling  raised  at  Indian  Head  Experimental  Farm,  Northwest  Territory,  Canada. 
Fruit  of  medium  size. 
Dean.     Domestica.     i.  Mclntosh  Bk.  Card.  2:530.    1855. 

Dean's  Jedburgh  Seedling  i. 

A    seedling    grown    at  Dean's    nursery,    Jedburgh,    England.      Fruit    of    medium 
size,  round,  purple;    freestone;    adapted  for  dessert  or  kitchen;    mid-season. 
Deaton.     Domestica.     i.    la.   Sta.   Bui.   46:268.    1900.     2.    Budd-Hansen    Am.    Hort. 
Man.  310.    1903.  Tobe's  Gage  2. 

Grown  from  a  sprout  of  Reine  Claude  planted  near  Des  Moines;    introduced  by 
J.  Wragg  &  Sons,  Waukee,  Iowa.     Fruit  medium  in  size,  oval,  truncate;    suture  broad 
and  shallow;    skin  greenish-yellow;    dots  small,  numerous;   bloom  thin;    flesh  greenish, 
firm,  juicy;    good;    clingstone. 
Deck.     Insititia.     i.  Wild  Bros.  Cat.    1908-09.  Decks  Damson  i. 

An  improved  strain  of  Damson  introduced  by  Wild  Brothers,  Sarcoxie,  Missouri. 
Decker.     Hortulana  mineri.     i.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  401.    1896.     2.  Waugh  Plum 
Cult.  172.    1 90 1 . 

Decker's  Late  Seedling  i.     Decker's  Seedling  2. 

A  seedling  raised  about  1885  by  H.  C.  Decker  of  Dresbach,  Minnesota,  from  pits 
of  a  variety  substituted  for  German  Prune;  introduced  by  W.  S.  Widmoyer  of  the 
same  place  about  1897.  Fruit  medium  to  large,  conical;  suture  distinct;  red;  dots 
many,  yellowish;  flesh  yellow;  flavor  rich;  nearly  free;  mid-season. 
Deep  Creek.  Americana,  i.  Mich.  Board  Agr.  Rpt.  m.  1887.  2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui. 
38:37,  86.  1892.  3.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:254,  255.  1905.  Deepcreek  3. 

Found  growing  wild  in  Kansas;  introduced  by  Abner  Allen.  Tree  slow  and  irreg- 
ular in  growth;  branches  thorny;  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval,  compressed; 
suture  distinct;  cavity  small;  stem  short;  dull  red;  skin  thick;  flesh  yellow,  firm, 
sweet;  good;  stone  rough,  pointed,  free;  mid-season;  of  little  value. 
De  Delice.  Domestica.  i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  360.  1857.  2.  Can.  Exp.  Farm 
Bui.  2d  Ser.  3:55.  1900.  Prune  de  Delices  2. 


430  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Tree  vigorous  and  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval;  suture  small; 
green,  marbled  and  shaded  with  violet;  bloom  thin;  flesh  orange  yellow,  juicy,  sugary, 
luscious;  slightly  clinging;  late. 

Defresne.  Domestica.  i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  427.  1889.  2.  Guide  Prat.  158,  354. 
1895. 

A  Belgian  variety  both  vigorous  and  productive;  fruit  large,  long,  purplish;   flesh 
greenish ;    good ;    mid-season. 
De  Gondin.     Domestica.     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:91.    1873. 

Grown  by  M.  Vaubernier  of  Laval,  Mayenne,  and  introduced  in  1862  by  M.  M. 
Bruant  &  Company,  nurserymen  at  Poiters,  France.     Tree  vigorous,  productive;   fruit 
very  large,  roundish;    suture   disappearing  at  maturity;    dark  purple;    bloom  thin; 
flesh  yellow,  tender,  juicy;   freestone. 
De  la  Toussaint.     Species?     i.  Guide  Prat.  162,  354.    1895. 

A  very  late  and  long  keeping  variety. 

Delaware.  Triflora.  i.  Burbank  Cat.  18.  1893.  2.  Rural  N.  Y.  59:642.  1900. 
3.  Ibid.  60:694.  1901.  4.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  134.  1901. 

Burbank  produced  this  variety  by  crossing  Satsuma  with  Kelsey;  first  offered 
for  sale  in  1893;  disseminated  in  the  East  by  J.  L.  Childs,  Floral  Park,  New  York, 
Tree  semi-dwarf,  productive  but  comes  into  bearing  late;  fruit  of  medium  size, 
roundish-conical,  dark  purple,  with  thick  bloom;  flesh  red,  juicy,  sweet  and  rich;  good; 
stone  clinging;  mid-season. 
De  1'Inde.  Domestica.  i.  Horticulturist  6:561.  1851. 

Described  by  Baptiste  Desportes  of  Angers,  France,  in  1851.  Tree  vigorous; 
branches  long,  upright;  fruit  large,  obovate,  violet-reddish;  dots  gray  and  blue;  flesh 
reddish-yellow,  firm,  juicy,  melting;  quality  fair. 

De  Montfort.  Domestica.  i.  Mag.  Hort.  12:341.  1846.  2.  Pom.  France  2:  No.  3. 
1871.  3.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  713.  1884.  4.  Lucas  Vollst.  Hand.  Obst.  470.  1894. 

Montfort  Pflaume  4.     Prune  de  Montfort  2. 

Originated  in  the  nurseries  of  Madame  Ebert,  Montfortin,  France;  named  and 
introduced  by  M.  Prevost,  Rouen,  France.  Tree  vigorous,  spreading,  productive; 
fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval;  suture  distinct;  cavity  shallow;  dark  purple, 
with  russet  dots;  flesh  green,  juicy,  sweet,  rich;  good;  freestone;  mid-season.  Men- 
tioned in  the  American  Pomological  Society's  Catalog  from  1877-1897. 
De  Montmirail.  Domestica?  i.  Guide  Prat.  158,  354.  1895. 

Tree  of  moderate  vigor,  productive ;  fruit  medium  in  size,  long-oval ;  yellow  lightly 
blushed  with  red;  flesh  yellow;  good;  early. 

Denbigh.  Domestica.  i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  147.  1831.  2.  Hogg  Fruit  Man. 
357.  1866.  3.  Gaucher  Pom.  Prak.  Obst.  No.  92.  1894.  4.  Bartrum  Pears 
and  Plums.  65,  71.  1903. 

Cox's  Emperor  2,  3.     Cox's  Emperor  4.     Denbigh  3.     Denbigh-Pflaume  3.     Den- 
bigh Seedling  4.     Emperor  i.     Jemmy  Moore  4. 

Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  roundish-oval,  bright  red  to  reddish-brown; 
flesh  golden-yellow,  sweet,  melting,  pleasant  flavor;  freestone;  mid-season. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  431 

Dennis.  Americana,  i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:79.  1892.  2.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  276. 
1893.  3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  147.  1901. 

Dr.  Dennis  i,  2.     Dr.  Dennis  3. 

Originated  with   H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa,  supposedly  from  seed  of  Hawk- 
eye;     first    fruited    in     1891.     Fruit     round    to    slightly    oblong,     medium     in     size; 
suture  a  line;  bright  red;    dots  many,  minute,  white;   flesh  yellow;    good;  clingstone; 
early. 
Dennis  Seedling  No.  13.     Hortulana  mineri. 

Grown  at  the  Iowa  Experiment  Station.  The  fruit  is  of  medium  size,  roundish, 
dark  red;  dots  conspicuous;  suture  a  line;  skin  thick,  tough;  flesh  firm,  juicy,  tender, 
sweetish;  good;  clingstone;  mid-season. 

Denniston  Red.  Domestica.  i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  296.  1845.  2.  Mag.  Hort. 
13:532.  1847.  3.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  337.  1849.  4.  Ma?  Le  Verger  6: 
133.  1866-73.  5-  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  427.  1889. 

Denniston's  Red  i.  Denniston's  Red  5.  Dennison's  Red  5.  Denniston's  Rote 
Pflaume  5.  Rouge  de  Denniston  4,  5. 

Grown  by  Isaac  Denniston  of  Albany,  New  York.     The  parentage  is  not  known 
but  Thomas  thinks  it  is  a  seedling  of  Lombard.     Fruit  large,  roundish-oval;    suture 
distinct;    cavity  small;    light  red  with  yellow  dots;    bloom  thin;    flesh  amber,  juicy, 
rich,  sprightly;   good;   stone  small,  oval,  compressed,  free;   mid-season. 
Denniston  Superb.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.    Trees  Am.   275.    1845.     2.  Mas  Le 
Verger  6:121.    1866-73.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  427.    1889.     4.  Bartrum  Pears 
and  Plums  63.    1903. 

Dennison's  Superb  3.  Denniston's  Superb  2.  Denniston's  Superb  Gage  4.  Mad- 
ison 3.  Superbe  de  Denniston  2,  3. 

Grown  by  Isaac  Denniston,  Albany,  New  York,  about  1835  or  1840.  Fruit  round, 
larger  than  Reine  Claude  of  which  it  is  probably  a  seedling,  slightly  flattened;  suture 
distinct;  cavity  shallow;  stem  of  medium  length;  pale  yellow,  blotched  with  red; 
bloom  thin;  flesh  thick,  meaty,  moderately  juicy,  with  a  rich,  vinous  flavor;  very 
good;  stone  small,  roundish,  thick,  free;  mid-season;  catalogued  by  the  American 
Pomological  Society  from  1877  to  1899. 
D'Eate  Imperiale.  Domestica.  i.  Guide  Prat.  160,  355.  1895. 

A  variety  closely  resembling  the  Agen  except  that  it  is  more  vigorous  in  tree  growth. 
Denton.  Angustifolia  varians.  i.  Card.  Man.  13:279.  1871. 

A  variety  introduced  many  years  ago  by  J.  W.  Kerr;  it  closely  resembles  Yellow 
Transparent,  but  is  a  much  smaller  tree. 

Derbyshire  Green  Gage.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Land.  Hort.   Soc.  Cat.  148.    1831. 
Deron.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  146.    1831. 

Deron's. 
De  Seigneur.     Species?     i.  Guide  Prat.  161,  355.    1895.     De  Prince  (en  Lorraine)  i. 

Tree  productive;    fruit  small,  roundish,  bluish;    bloom  heavy;    flesh  green,  fine- 
grained, juicy,  sweet;    good;    late. 
Des  Moines.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.      1894.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.   147.    1901. 


432  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Originated  in  Iowa.  Fruit  small,  round-oval;  suture  a  line;  dull  red  over  yellow; 
dots  many,  minute;  flesh  yellow;  quality  poor;  stone  small,  semi-free;  mid-season 
Dewey.  Americana,  i.  Terry  Cat.  1900.  2.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  136.  1903. 

Admiral  Dewey  i,  2. 

A  seedling  of  De  Soto  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry  of  Crescent,  Iowa.  Fruit  large,  round, 
dark  red  on  an  orange  ground;  clingstone;  tree  productive. 

Diademe  Imperial-Isabelle.     Domestica?    Mentioned  in  Mathieu   Nom.  Pom.  427.     1889. 
Diamond.     Americana,     i.  Neb.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  121.    1890. 

A  seedling  grown  by  John  A.  Hogg,  Shelton,  Nebraska,  about  1880  from  pits  of 
a  wild  plum  found  in  Buffalo  County,  Nebraska.     According  to  Mr.  Hogg,  the  variety 
"grows  fully  as  large  as  most  of  the  tame  varieties;   ripens  the  last  of  September  and 
when  fully  ripe  gets  bright  red  on  one  side." 
Diana.     Americana,     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:35.    1897.     2.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:268.    1900. 

A  plum  of  the  Van  Buren  type  grown  from  a  seed  of  Hawkeye  by  H.  A.Terry,  Cres- 
cent, Iowa;  first  fruited  in  1893.  Tree  large,  vigorous,  upright-spreading;  fruit  trun- 
cate, conical  or  oval;  suture  distinct;  cavity  small,  shallow;  stem  short,  stout;  yellow, 
washed  and  spotted  with  purple-red;  dots  indistinct;  bloom  thin;  skin  thick  and 
tough;  flesh  yellow,  meaty,  sweet  and  rich;  good;  stone  large,  flat,  oval,  clinging; 
mid-season. 

Diapree  Blanche.  Domestica.  i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  578.  1629.  2.  Langley  Pomona 
95,  PI.  XXIV  fig.  IV.  1729.  3.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:104,  PL  XX  fig.  n. 
1768.  4.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  2:44,  Tab.  198  fig.  2.  1796.  5.  Noisette  Man.  Comp. 
Jard.  2:500.  1860.  6.  Oberdieck  Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  405.  1881. 

Diaper'd  Plumb  2.  Diapree  Blanche  4.  Diapree  Weisse  6.  Die  Weisse  Bunt- 
farbige  Pflaume  4.  Prune  Diapree  Blanche  5.  White  Diapred  i.  Yellow  Diapree  2. 

This  plum  has  been  mentioned  by  European  writers  for  three  centuries.     Fruit 
of  medium  size,  roundish;    suture  a  line;    cavity  nearly  lacking;    skin  tough;    yellow; 
bloom  thin;   flesh  firm,  yellow,  sweet,  rich;    quality  good;    mid-season. 
Diapree  Nouvelle  De  Kook.     Domestica.     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:155.    1873.     2.  Mathieu 
Nom.  Pom.  438.    1889. 

Kook's  Gelbe  Diapree  2.     Kooks  Neue  Diapre  i.     Kook's  Neue  Diapree  2. 

This  plum  originated  as  a  second  generation  seedling  with  a  Mr.  Kook  of  New 
Brauenfels,  Texas,  and  was  named  by  Liegel  to  whom  he  submitted  the  variety.  The 
fruit  is  small,  oval;  cavity  small;  skin  clear  yellow;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  aromatic; 
quality  good;  stone  free;  season  early. 

Dictator.  Domestica.  i.  Mag.  Hort.  6:92.  1840.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  403. 
1857.  3.  Montreal  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  55.  1878.  Corse's  Dictator  3. 

A  seedling  raised  by  Henry  Corse  of  Montreal  about  1834.     Tree  hardy,  vigorous; 
fruit  large,  brownish-purple;    flesh  juicy,  rich;   good;    stone  small. 
Diel  Grosse  Weisse  Damascene.     Insititia?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  427.     1889. 

Ak  Erik  i.  Al  Erik  i.  Dschau  Erik  i.  Fruhe  Weisse  Aprikosenpftaume  i.  Gros- 
Damas  Blanc. 

Mentioned  without  description  in  the  preceding  reference. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  433 

Dine.     Domestica.     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576.    1629. 

Fruit  large,  white;    dots  numerous;    late. 
Dittisham.     Domestica.     i.  Loud.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.   146.    1831. 

Mentioned  as  cultivated  in  the  London  Horticultural  Society  Gardens. 
Dixie.     Triflora.     I.   Horticultural  Gleaner    1899. 

Grown  about  1894  in  the  vicinity  of  Whitesville,  Georgia,  from  seed  of  Burbank, 
open  to  cross  pollination.     Fruit  the  size  of  Burbank,  bright  red;    flesh  juicy;    good; 
late. 
Dixie.     Triflora.     I.  Hood  Cat.    1906. 

An  early  Triflora  variety. 

Dochnahl    Damascene.     Domestica.     i.    Oberdieck   Deut.    Obst.    Sort.    444.    1881.     2. 
Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  427.    1889.  Dochnahl's  Konigs  Pftaume  2. 

As  tested  in  Germany,  very  unproductive. 
Dojene.     Domestica.     i.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:57.    1771. 

Origin  unknown.     Tree  productive;  fruit  large,  oval;   yellow;  flesh  watery;   poor; 
stone  clinging. 

Dollaner.     Domestica.     i.  Oberdieck  Deut.   Obst.  Sort.  445.    1881.     2.  Mathieu  Nom. 
Pom.  427.    1889. 

Dollaner  Zwetsche  2.     Quetsche  de  Dollan  2. 

A  variety  imported  from  France  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Reported  by  Oberdieck  as  "a  prune  which  has  borne  little  fruit  since  1856." 
Domina.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  427.    1889.  Domino  i. 

Reference  found  by  Mathieu  in  Monatsschrift  fur  Pomologie  7.    1858. 
Domine  Dull.     Domestica.     I.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  146.    1831.     2.  Downing  Fr.   Trees 
Am.  296.    1845.     3.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  302,  383.    1846. 

Domine  Dull's  i.     Domine  Dull's  Plum  3.     Dutch  Prune  2.     Dutch  Quetszen  2,  3. 
German  Prune  2,  3. 

Mr.  Dull,  a  Dutch  domine,  brought  a  prune  seed  from  Holland  and  planted  it  in 
Kingston,  New  York.  From  this  seed  sprang  the  Domine  Dull,  a  variety  often  con- 
fused with  the  German  Prune.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  long-oval;  suture  slight;  stem 
long;  cavity  small;  dark  purple;  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  rich,  sweet;  good; 
clingstone;  late.  Mentioned  in  the  Catalog  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  in 
1867. 
Don.  Americana  mollis.  i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:30.  1903. 

A  seedling  of   Wolf  raised  at  the  Central   Experimental   Farm,    Ottawa.     Fruit 
large,  roundish;   suture  a  line;   uniformly  bright  red;    dots  numerous,   small,    distinct; 
bloom  moderate;   flesh  deep  yellow,  juicy;    sweet,  rich;   good;    stone  of  medium  size, 
oval,  clinging;   late. 
Don  Alteza.     Domestica.     i.  Parkinson  Par.   Ter.  576.    1629. 

According  to  Parkinson  "a  very  good  sort." 
Don  Carlos.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.   Trees.  21.    1803. 

Don  Carlos'. 
Dora.     Triflora  X  Munsoniana.     i.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  14:270.    1901. 


434  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

A  seedling  from  A.  L.  Bruce,  Texas,  said  to  be  a  cross  between  Abundance  and  Wild 
Goose.  Fruit  medium  to  large,  cordate;  suture  faint;  skin  tender,  bright  red;  dots 
minute;  bloom  heavy;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  sweet,  rich;  good;  stone  small,  oval,  clinging. 
Doree.  Domestica.  i.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:145.  1866-73.  D'Agen  Dore'e  i. 

Found  by  Le"o  d'Ounous  in  an  orchard  planted  by  his  father  in  Arie"ge,  France; 
published  for  the  first  time  by  Mas  in  Le  Verger.  Tree  vigorous;  fruit  medium, 
ovoid;  suture  shallow;  skin  tender,  not  adherent,  golden-yellow  tinged  with  rose-violet ; 
stem  slender,  rather  short;  cavity  shallow;  flesh  yellow,  fine,  juicy,  very  agreeably 
aromatic. 

Dorell.  Domestica.  i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  393.  1857.  2.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige 
8:35,  PI-  1860.  3.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  374.  1866.  4.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:27. 
1873.  5.  Oberdieck  Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  409.  1881.  6.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  427. 
1889.  7.  Lucas  Vollst.  Hand.  Obst.  473.  1894. 

Dorrel  2.  Dorells  Grosse  Zwetsche  4.  Dorelle's  Neue  Grosse  Zwetsche  3,  6.  Dorell's 
Neue  Purpurzwetsche  5.  Dorelle's  New  Purple  Prune  6.  Dorells  Neue  Grosse  Zwetsche 
4,  6.  Dorells  grosse  neue  Zwetsche  7.  Grosse  Quetsche  De  Dorell  4.  Grosse  Quetsche 
Nouvelle  6.  Nouvelle  de  Dorelle  3.  Nouvelle  De  Dorrel  6.  Nouveau  De  Dorrelle  6. 
Prune  Grosse  Quetsche  Nouvelle  2.  Prune  nouvelle  de  Dorrel  2.  Quetsche  De  Dorelle 
6.  Quetsche  De  Dorelle  Nouvelle  Grand  i.  Quetsche  Grosse  Nouvelle  De  Dorrel  6. 
Quetsche  De  Dorelle  Nouvelle  Grande  6. 

A  seedling  raised  by  Dr.  Dorell,  of  Kuttenberg,  Bohemia.     Tree   vigorous,   pro- 
ductive;    fruit    large,    oval;     suture    wide    but    shallow;  cavity  small;   stem  smooth, 
reddish;  skin  reddish-violet,  marked  with  numerous  russet  dots;    flesh  yellowish,  juicy, 
sweet,  aromatic,   agreeable;    good  for  drying;    late  mid-season. 
Dorell  Aprikosenpflaume.     Species  ?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  427.     1889. 

Abricotee  Nouvelle  de  Dorell.  Dorell's  Neue  Aprikosen  Pflaume.  Mirabelle  de 
Doerell. 

Doris.  Species?  i.  Watkins  &  Bros.  Cat.  20.  1897-8.  2.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  14:271. 
1901.  3.  Mass.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  17:161.  1905. 

A  variety  of  doubtful  parentage  from  Burbank;    introduced  by  Stark  Brothers 
in  1895.     Fruit  small,  roundish-oblate;   suture  faint;   light  red;   dots  numerous;    flesh 
yellow,  watery;    quality  poor. 
Dorr.     Domestica.     i.  Cultivator  8:346.    1851.     2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  909.    1869. 

Dorr's  Favorite  i,  2. 

A  Reine  Claude  seedling  grown  by  either  Isaac  Denniston  or  Elisha  Dorr,  both 
of  Albany,  New  York.  Fruit  large,  oval;  suture  broad;  cavity  small;  apex  sunken; 
yellow  with  red  dots;  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow,  coarse,  juicy;  good;  clingstone;  late. 
Dorr  Seedling.  Domestica.  i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  428.  1889.  Semis  de  Dorr  i. 

This  may  be  identical  with  Dorr. 
Dorsett.     Munsoniana.     i.  Meneray  Cat. 

A  chance  seedling  from  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa;  introduced  by  F.  W.  Meneray 
of  Council  Bluffs,  Iowa.  Fruit  large,  yellow  blotched  with  red;  skin  thin;  good; 
clingstone ;  early. 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  435 

Dosch.  Domestica.  i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  150.  1895.  2.  Oregon  Sta.  Bui.  40:73. 
1896.  3.  Ibid.  45:30.  1897.  4.  Washington  Cat.  22.  1906.  5.  Chico  Nur. 
Co.  Cat.  25.  1909.  6.  Oregon  Cat.  35.  1906.  The  Dosch  2. 

The  Dosch  prune  grew  on  the  farm  of  Henry  E.  Dosch,  Hillsdale,  Oregon,  from 
a  sprout  below  the  union  on  a  Washington  plum  tree  grafted  on  plum  roots.  Tree 
vigorous,  round-topped,  prolific,  similar  to  Italian;  fruit  large,  roundish-oval;  apex 
flattened,  base  acute;  suture  shallow;  stem  medium;  skin  firm;  dark  purple;  flesh 
greenish,  firm,  sweet;  good;  freestone. 
Double.  Domestica.  i.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:60.  1771.  Prune  de  Double  i. 

Double  differs  from  Paisin  Blanche  in  that  it  is  a  little  larger,  less  yellow  in  color, 
and  poorer  in  flavor. 
Double  Plum.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Hort.  16:193  fig.  541.    1893. 

A  novelty  growing  in  the  gardens  of  Chernigow,  Russia,  in  which  the  fruit  consists 
of  two  plums  joined  together,  but  easily  separated  at  maturity;  fruit  bluish-red,  some- 
times yellow;  flesh  orange  colored,  sweet,  juicy;  quality  fair;  two  stones,  clinging. 
Dougall  Best.  Domestica.  i.  Rural  N.  Y.  43:779.  1884.  Dougall's  Best  i. 

A  chance  seedling  raised  by  James  Dougall  of  Windsor,  Canada.     Tree  productive; 
fruit  oblong,  tapering  to  the  stalk;   suture  distinct;   clear  yellow,  touched  with  carmine 
toward  the  sun;    good;    stone  partially  free. 
Douglass.     Americana.     I.  Meneray  Cat. 

Grown   by  H.  A.  Terry,   Crescent,   Iowa,  from  seed  of   Harrison;   introduced  by 
F.  W.  Meneray,  Council  Bluffs,  Iowa.     Fruit  large,  oblong,  yellow  blushed  with  red; 
flesh  yellow,  sweet,  rich,  firm;    semi-clinging. 
Dove  Bank.     Domestica.     i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  358.    1866.     2.  Garden  53:265.    1898. 

Caledonian  2  incor. 

Hogg  could  see  no  difference  between  this  variety  and  the  Goliath,  but  H.  A.  Pear- 
son in  the  Journal  of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society,  for  1897,  says  that  they  are  distinct. 
Pearson  adds,  further;  "The  true  variety  was  grown  and  distributed  by  Spencer,  of 
Ilkeston,  *  *  *  and  is  said  to  have  been  found  growing  on  the  banks  of  the  Derby- 
shire Dove ;  it  differs  from  Caledonian  (Goliath)  in  growth,  and  whereas  the  leaf  glands 
of  that  variety  are  well  developed  and  red  in  color,  Dove  Bank  has  small  ill-developed 
glands  of  a  pale  color;  with  regard  to  the  fruit  there  is  no  comparison  between  the  two. 
Caledonian  is  a  somewhat  coarse  cooking  plum.  Dove  Bank  is  a  splendid  cooking 
plum,  and  good  enough  for  dessert." 
Downing  Early.  Domestica.  i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  910.  1869. 

Downing's  Early  i. 

Originated  at  Newburgh,  New  York.  Tree  moderately  vigorous;  branches  short- 
jointed;  fruit  medium,  oval,  yellow  with  slight  blush,  and  crimson  dots;  flesh  yellow, 
sweet,  slightly  adherent  to  the  stone;  good;  mid-season. 

Downton  Imperatrice.  Domestica.  i.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  259.  1832.  2.  Downing 
Fr.  Trees  Am.  274.  1845.  3-  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  358.  1866.  4.  Mathieu  Nom. 
Pom.  428.  1889. 

Downton  Imperatrice  4.     Downton's  Kaiserin  4.     Downtoner  Kaiserin  4. 


436  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Grown  by  the  famous  horticulturist,    Thomas  A.  Knight,  from  pits  produced  by 
pollinating  Yellow  Egg  with  Blue  Imperatrice.     Fruit  medium,    oval;    suture  slightly 
marked;    skin  thin,   tender,  pale  yellow;    flesh  yellow,  juicy,  melting,  agreeably  sub- 
acid;    good  for  preserving;   stone  clinging;   late. 
Drake  Seedling.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Hort.  24:406.    1901.         Drake's  Seedling  i. 

A  seedling  raised  in  the  orchard  of  George  Drake,  Clarksburg,  Ontario.     Skin  yel- 
low, dull  red  on  the  sunny  side;   flesh  yellow;    a  good  cooking  plum. 
Drouth  King.     Munsoniana.     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1894.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  194.    1901. 

Of  unknown  origin.  Fruit  small,  oval,  bright  red;  dots  many,  conspicuous;  flesh 
yellow;  good;  stone  of  medium  size,  oval,  clinging;  mid-season. 

Dr.  Uff.     Domestica.     i.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.   118:51.    1895.     2.  Mich.  Sta.  Sp.  Bui.  27: 
14.    1904. 

Imported  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  from  Hungary.     Fruit 
medium  to  large,  roundish-ovate,  dark  purple;   bloom  light;   flesh  medium  firm,  juicy, 
yellow;    good;    clingstone;    early. 
Dr.  Uff  Szilvaja.     Domestica.     i.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  152:209.    1898. 

Imported  from  Hungary  as  Dr.  Uff  but  it  differs  markedly  from  this  variety. 

Fruit  small  to  medium,  roundish-oblong;    skin  greenish-yellow  with  a  faint  red  tinge; 

stem  one-half  inch  long ;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  rich;  good;  freestone. 

Dry  Seedling.     Domestica.     i.  Card.  Chron.  29:898.    1869.     2.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  698. 

1884.     3.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.   2d  Ser.  3:51.    1900.     4.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom. 

428.    1889.  Dry's  Seedling  i,  2.     Semis  de  Dry  2. 

A  seedling  raised  by  a  Mr.  Dry,  at  Hayes,  Middlesex,  England;    awarded  a  first 
class  certificate  by  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society  in  1869.     Fruit  large,   roundish- 
oval;    suture  slight;    reddish-purple;    bloom  thin;    flesh  dull  greenish-yellow,  firm  yet 
juicy ;   freestone ;   early. 
Duke.     Munsoniana  X  ?     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1900.     2.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  14:271.    1901. 

A  supposed  cross  between  Pottawattamie  and  the  Duke  Cherry,  originating  with 
Theodore  Williams,  Nebraska.  Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  larger  than  Wild 
Goose,  of  nearly  the  same  form;  cavity  narrow,  deep;  suture  a  line;  bright  red;  flesh 
yellow,  firm,  mild  subacid;  clingstone;  mid-season.  Waugh  states  that  this  variety 
resembles  a  Wild  Goose  crossed  with  an  Americana  and  that  he  is  unable  to  detect  any 
cherry  characters. 

Duke  of  Devonshire.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.   146.    1831. 
Duke   of   Edinburgh.     Domestica.     i.   Jour.    Hort.    21:216.    1869.     2.    Flor.    &   Pom. 
7:193.    1871.    3.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  698.    1884.    4.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  428.  1889. 

Due  d'Edinbourg  4. 

A  variety  raised  by  a  Mr.  Dry,  Hayes,  Middlesex,  England.     Fruit  large,  roundish- 
obovate;    suture  shallow;    skin  thin,  light  purple;    flesh  reddish-yellow,  juicy,  richly 
flavored;   freestone;    good  culinary  plum. 
Dumberline.     Domestica.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  146.    1831. 

A  variety  under  test  in  the  London  Horticultural  Society  Gardens  in  1831. 
Dummer.     Domestica.     i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  698.    1884. 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  437 

Raised  in   1837   by  a  Mr.   Dummer  at    Canterbury,   England.      Fruit  large,  red; 
like  Red  Magnum  Bonum. 
Dumiron.     Domestica.     i.  Cal.  Nurs.  Co.  Cat.  n.    1897. 

Imported  from  Transon  Bros.,  Orleans,  France,  by  the  late  John  Rock  of  Cali- 
fornia;   not  introduced. 
Dunkelblaue  Kaiserin.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  428.    1889. 

Violette  Kaiserin  incor. 

Dunlap.     Hortulana.     i.   Cornell  Sta.   Bui.    38:79.    1892.     2.    Wis.   Sta.   Bui.   63:36. 
1897.     3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  185.    1901. 

Dunlap  No.  2    3.     Dunlap's  No.  2    2. 

Originated  and  introduced  by  J.  P.  Dunlap  of  Nebraska.  Fruit  large,  oval ;  cavity 
shallow;  suture  a  line;  surface  smooth,  glossy,  bright  red;  dots  many;  bloom  thin; 
flesh  yellow,  soft,  juicy,  sweet,  rich;  good;  clingstone;  mid-season;  reported  in  the 
catalog  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  for  1899. 

Dunlap  No.    i.     Americana,     i.   Wis.  Sta.  Bui.   63:36.    1897.     2.  Ibid.   87:13.    1900. 
3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  148.    1901. 

Dunlap  2.     Dunlap  (No.  i)  3.     Dunlap's  No.  i    i. 

Another  variety  produced  by  J.  P.  Dunlap  of  Nebraska.     Fruit  medium  in  size, 
oblong;    suture  a  line;    greenish-yellow  covered  with  dull  purplish-red;    bloom  heavy; 
flesh  tender,  juicy,  rich,  sweet;   freestone. 
Dunlop  Nut.     Americana,     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  305.    1893. 

A  hardy  variety  tested  at  the  Experimental  Farm  at  Ottawa. 

Dunmore.     Domestica.     i.    Mag.    Hort.    9:163.    1843.     2.    Downing    Fr.    Trees    Am. 
380.    1857.     3.  Hogg  Fr.  Man.  359.    1866.     4.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  428.    1889. 

Dunmore  4. 

Fruit  medium  in  size,  oval;    skin  thick,  greenish-yellow  becoming  golden;    stem 
half  an  inch  long;'  flesh  yellow,  tender,  juicy,  sweet;    good;    freestone;    late. 
Durazen  Zwetsche.     Domestica?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  428.    1889. 

Reference  taken  by  Mathieu  from  the  Pomologische  Monatshefte  2.    1882. 
Eagle.    Angustifolia  varians.   i.  Ken-  Cat.   1902-3.  2.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.   162:254,255.1905. 

Originated  in  Texas;    tree  low,  spreading;    fruit  of  medium  size,  round;    suture 
slight;    skin  light  red;    flesh  yellow;    good;    stone  clinging;    early. 
Early.     Domestica.     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  61.    1887.         Skorospielka  i. 

From  Russia. 

Early  Amber.     Domestica.     i.  Forsyth   Treat.  Fr.    Trees  21.    1803.     2.  Floy-Lindley 
Guide  Orch.  Card.  297.    1846. 

Fruit  small,  roundish-oblong,  pale  greenish-yellow  with  crimson  specks;  flesh 
greenish-yellow,  juicy;  stone  clinging;  early. 

Early  Apricot.     Domestica.     i.   Prince  Pom.   Man.   2:70.    1832.     2.   Mas  Pom.   Gen. 
2:21.    1873.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  430.    1889. 

Abricotee  Hdtive  i,  3.  Abricote"e  Hative  2.  Abricote  Hatif  i.  Abricotee  Precoce 
3.  Early  Apricot  Plum  i.  Fruhe  Aprikosenp}laume  2.  Friihe  Aprikosenpflaume  3. 
Oberdiecks  Fruhe  Aprikosenpflaume  2,  3. 


438  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

The  fruit  ot  Early  Apricot  is  small,  roundish;  suture  shallow;  cavity  distinct; 
pale  red,  darker  in  the  sun;  dots  small,  numerous;  flesh  yellowish-green,  slightly  juicy, 
firm;  quality  fair;  clingstone;  season  early. 

Early  Blue.  Domestica.  i.  Ont.  Fr.  Growers  Assoc.  87.  1896.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Rpt.  52.  1897. 

A  Domestica  of  American  origin.     Fruit  the  size  of  Lombard;  very  early. 
Early  Blue.     Domestica.     i.  Miller  Card.  Diet.  2.   1807.     2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am. 
899.    1869.     3.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:13.    1873.     4.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  698.    1884. 

Azure  Hative  3.  Azure  Hdlive  2,  4.  Black  Perdrigon  2,  4.  Blue  Gage  3,  4.  Blue 
Gage  i,  2.  Cooper's  Blue  Gage  2,  4.  Early  Blue  3.  Little  Blue  Gage  2. 

An  old  European  variety;   rejected  by  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1858. 
Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish,  dark  purple;   flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy;   flavor  brisk 
and  rich;   freestone;   early. 
Early  Cherry.     Cerasifera  X  ?     i.  Kerr  Cat.  21.    1897. 

From  California;   fruit  small,  round,  red;   clingstone;   early. 
Early   Cluster.     Species?     i.    Mathieu   Nom.   Pom.    428.    1889.     2.   Guide  Prat.    163, 

355-    l89S- 
Mentioned  in  the  preceding  references. 

Early  Cross.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  380.    1857. 

Originated  with  a  Mr.  Cross,  Salem,  Massachusetts.  Tree  vigorous,  productive; 
fruit  below  medium,  roundish,  reddish-purple;  bloom  thick;  flesh  greenish-yellow, 
juicy,  sweet;  clingstone;  early. 

Early  Favorite.  Domestica.  i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  314.  1845.  2.  Elliott  Fr. 
Book  419.  1854.  3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  395.  1857.  4.  Mas  Le  Verger 
6:11.  1866-73.  5.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  447.  1889.  6.  Guide  Prat.  152,  356. 
1895.  7.  Rev.  Hort.  548,  PI.  1909. 

Early  Favorite  4,  5,6.  Early  Favourite  6.  Early  Favourite  4.  Favorite  Hative 
7.  Favorite  Precoce  4,  5,  7.  Favorite  Pre'coce  6.  Favorite  Precoce  de  Rivers  5,  6. 
Precoce  de  Rivers  5.  Prune  Early  Favorite  7.  Rivers  Early  5,  6.  Rivers  Early  Favorite 
5.  River's  Early  Favourite  5,  6.  River's  Early  Favourite  3.  River's  Early  No.i  i. 
River's  Early  No.  i  2.  Rivers  Friih  Pflaume  5.  Rivers  Fruhpflaume  6.  River's 
No.  i  3,  5. 

A  seedling  of  Pre'coce  de  Tours  raised  by  Thomas  Rivers,  Sawbridgeworth,  Eng- 
land, about  1834.  Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  small,  roundish-oval;  suture  shal- 
low; bluish-black;  dots  russet;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy,  sweet;  good;  freestone; 
very  early.  Mentioned  in  the  catalog  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  from 
1852  to  1891. 
Early  Genesee.  Domestica.  i.  Gen.  Farmer  9:232.  1848. 

Originated  in  Brighton,  Monroe  County,  New  York.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  long- 
ovate,  golden-yellow;  very  early. 

Early  Golden  Drop.  Domestica.  i.  Wickson  Cat.  Fruits  352.  1891.  2.  Cal.  Nur.  Cat. 
1898.  Early  Golden  2. 

"Small,  bright  yellow,  sugary  and  rich;   pit  free;   ripens  early." 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  439 

Early  Honey.     Angustifolia  varians.     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.   38:79.      1892.     2.  Waugh 

Plum  Cult.  195.    1901. 
From  Grayson  County,  Texas. 

Early  Mirabelle.  Insititia.  i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  360,  376.  1866.  2.  Mas  Le  Verger 
6:1.  1866-73.  3-  Oberdieck  Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  410.  1881.  4.  Guide  Prat.  152, 
360.  1895. 

Friihe  von  Bergthold  3.  Mirabelle  Precoce  i.  Mirabelle  Pre'coce  4,  5.  Pre'coce 
de  Bergthold  1,2.  Mirabelle  de  Berthold  4.  Precoce  de  Bergthold  4. 

Thought  to  be  of  English  origin;  first  noted  by  Hogg.  Resembles  the  Mirabelle 
very  closely,  with  which  it  is  confused.  Tree  medium  in  vigor,  very  productive ;  shoots 
downy;  fruit  small,  nearly  round;  suture  indistinct;  skin  pale  yellow,  specked  with  red 
on  the  sunny  side;  flesh  yellowish,  sweet,  juicy,  agreeably  aromatic;  freestone;  early. 
Early  Minnesota.  Americana,  i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:36.  1897.  2.  5.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui. 

93:17.    1905. 

Found  wild  by  Joseph  Wood  of  Windom,  Minnesota.  Tree  low,  spreading,  hardy, 
very  productive;  fruit  small,  round,  yellowish-red;  flesh  sweet,  juicy;  stone  free; 
very  early 

Early  Normandy.    Domestica.    i.  Horticulturist  30:256.  1875.  2.  Le  Bon  Jard.  340.  1882. 
Normande  precoce  2. 

Noted  in  the  Horticulturist  as  originating  in  France.     Tree  vigorous;  fruit  as  large 
as  a  Reine  Claude,  purple  on  the  sunny  side,  light  flesh-colored  on  the  shady  side;  bloom 
light;   flesh  greenish,  fine  and  melting,  juicy,  sweet;   good;   early. 
Early  Pale.     Species?     Letter  from  Burbank. 

Originated  with  Luther  Burbank  and  sold  to  Judge  S.  F.  Lieb  in  1897. 
Early  Pear.     Domestica.   i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  577  fig.   1629.   2.  Rea  Flora  209.  1676. 
Prunum  Pyrinum  praecox  i. 
An  early  strain  of  White  Pear. 

Early  Perdrigon.     Domestica.     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.   151.    1831.     2.  Prince  Pom. 
Maw.  2:65.    1832.     3.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc,  i.    1846.    4.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  375. 
1866.     5.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  936.    1869.     6.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:147.    1866-73. 
7.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  431.    1889.     8.  Guide  Prat.  153,  361.    1895. 
Friiher  Perdrigon  7.     Friiher  Violetter  Perdrigon  7.     Moyeu  de  Bourgogne   ?7,  8. 
Perdrigon    hatif    i.     Perdrigon   hdtif   2,    7,    8.     Perdrigon   hative   2.     Perdrigon   Violet 
Hatif  4,  5,  6,  7,  8.     Prune  Perdrigon  hatif  3.     Prunus  Calvellana  3. 

There  are  two  plums  known  under  this  name.  Both  are  small,  oval,  purplish 
and  are  covered  with  a  thick  bloom.  One,  however,  which  seems  to  have  been  earliest 
known,  is  sweet,  rich  and  of  very  good  quality,  ripening  about  the  middle  of  August. 
The  second  variety  was  named  by  Calvel.  It  is  vastly  inferior  in  quality  to  the  first 
and  ripens  in  July.  Neither  variety  is  well  known  in  America. 

Early  Red.  Angustifolia  varians.  i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  160,  162.  1881.  2.  Cornell 
Sta  Bui.  80:62.  1892.  3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  195.  1901. 

Grown  by  G.  Onderdonk  of  Mission  Valley,  Victoria  County,  Texas;    introduced 
by    the    originator    in    1879.     Fruit    small,   roundish;    cavity    large;    suture  lacking; 


440  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW   YORK. 

red;  dots   few,  white;    skin   thin;    flesh    soft,    yellow,    sprightly;    quality  fair;   cling- 
stone; early. 

Early  Red.  Domestica.  i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  61.  1887.  2.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  86. 
1890.  3.  Can.  Exp.  Farm.  Bui.  43:33.  1903.  4.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man. 
310.  1903. 

Early  Red  Russian  3.  Early  Red  Russian  No.  j  3.  Krasnaya  Skorospielkaya  i. 
Mixed  Arab  2,  3.  No.  j  2. 

Early  Red  was  imported  by  J.  L.  Budd  from  Dr.  Regel,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia, 
in  the  winter  of  1881-82.  The  following  season  it  was  disseminated  with  a  mixed  lot 
of  varieties,  all  of  which  became  badly  confused.  Fruit  large,  oval ;  cavity  small ; 
suture  shallow;  dark  red;  bloom  thick;  dots  white;  flesh  firm,  meaty;  quality  fair; 
clingstone ;  early. 

Early  Royal  of  Nikita.  Domestica.  i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  380.  1857.  2.  Mas 
Pom.  Gen.  2:25  fig.  13.  1873.  3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  429,  430,  441,  449.  1889. 

Early  Royal  o]  Nikita  3.  Fruhe  Konigspflaume  Pftaume  von  Nikita  3.  Fruhe 
Nikitaer  Konigspflaume  3.  Nikitaner  Fruhe  Konigspflaume  2.  Nikitaer  Fruhe  Konigs- 
pflaume 3.  Nikita' s  Frilhe  Konigs  Pftaume  3.  Royale  Hdtive  de  Nikita  3.  Royal  Hdtive 
de  Nikita  3.  Royale  Hative  de  Nikita  2. 

According  to  Mas  this  variety  originated  in  Nikita,  Crimea.     Fruit  small,  roundish, 
reddish-purple;  bloom  thick;  flesh  yellow,  sweet,  juicy;  good;  semi-clinging;  early. 
Early  St.  John.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  912.    1869. 

Prune  de  St.  Jean  i.     St.  Jean  i.     St.  John  i. 

Tree  vigorous;  fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish-oblong,  reddish-purple;  flesh  green, 
sweet,  sprightly;  freestone;  mid-season. 

Early  Transparent  Gage.  Domestica.  i.  Jour.  Hort.  N.  S.  17:286.  1869.  2.  Hogg 
Fruit  Man.  722.  1884.  3.  Guide  Prat.  153,  364.  1895.  4.  Rivers  Cat.  34. 
1898.  5.  Bartrum  Pears  and  Plums  63.  1902. 

Early  Apricot  3.  Early  Transparent  4.  Early  Transparent  Gage  2,  3.  New 
Transparent  Gage  i.  Reine-Claude  Diaphane  Hdtive  3.  Rivers'  Early  Apricot  2. 
Rivers'  Early  Transparent  Gage  5. 

This  seedling  of  Transparent  Gage  was  raised  by  Thomas  Rivers,  Sawbridgeworth, 
England,  in  1866.  Tree  hardy,  productive,  compact;  branchlets  pubescent;  fruit 
medium  in  size,  roundish-oblate;  suture  shallow;  stem  slender;  yellowish-green, 
mottled  with  crimson ;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  firm,  juicy;  quality  high;  freestone;  early. 
Early  Yellow  Gage.  Domestica.  i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  App.  2:156.  1876. 

Originated  with  Asahel  Foote,  Williamstown,  Massachusetts.  Tree  vigorous,  up- 
right, productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval;  suture  shallow;  cavity  small; 
stem  slender;  pale  yellow;  bloom  thin;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  rather  coarse,  juicy, 
sweet ;  semi-clinging ;  early. 

Early  Yellow  Prune.  Domestica.  I.  Horticulturist  8:536.  1853.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Rpt.  86.  1854. 

Originated  in  Bedford  County,  Pennsylvania.  Tree  vigorous,  prolific ;  fruit  medium, 
oval;  skin  yellow;  very  good;  stone  free. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  44! 

Eason.     Domestica.     i.   Parkinson  Par.    Ter.   578.    1629. 

Described  by  Parkinson  as  "small,  red  and  well  tasted." 
Eberly.     Domestica.     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  135.    1905          Eberly's  Plum  i. 

A  seedling  brought  to  notice  by  W.  V.  Eberly  of  the  California  Nursery  Company. 
Fruit  large,  oval;  cavity  small;  yellow,  occasionally  slightly  russeted;  dots  numerous, 
silvery;  flesh  yellowish,  translucent;  sweet,  rich;  good;  stone  long,  flat,  free;  late. 
Ebon.  Cerasifera  X  ?  i.  Kerr  Cat.  16.  1899. 

Described    by  Kerr  in  1899.     Tree  upright,  with  distinct  foliage.     Fruit  medium 
in  size,  round  to  round-oblong,  very  dark  red;   flesh  red;   clingstone. 
Ecully.     Domestica.     i.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  364.    1887.     2.  Guide  Prat.  153,  364. 
1895.     3.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  433.    1905.          Reine-Claude  d'Ecully  i,  2,  3. 

A  chance  seedling  grown  by  M.  Luizet,  at  Ecully-les-Lyon,  France;  first  fruited 
in  1866.  Tree  vigorous,  very  productive;  fruit  large,  roundish;  suture  deep;  halves 
unequal;  cavity  deep  and  rather  wide;  stem  medium  in  length;  skin  yellow,  slightly 
tinged  with  red;  flesh  yellowish,  fine,  rather  firm,  juicy,  sweet,  Reine  Claude  aroma; 
good;  stone  nearly  free;  mid-season. 
Eddie.  Species?  Letter  from  J.  W.  Kerr. 

Originated  by  Theodore  Williams  of  Benson,  Nebraska. 
Edith.     Americana,     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:269.    1900. 

A  seedling  of  Iowa  Beauty  grown  by  E.  L.  Hayden,  Oakville,  Iowa,  about  1895. 
Tree  upright,  vigorous;    fruit  medium  in  size,  globular;    suture  indistinct;    dark  red; 
dots  numerous;    bloom  thick;    good;    stone  of  medium  size;    mid-season. 
Edle  Early.     Domestica.     i.  Oberdieck  Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  411.    1881.     2.  Mathieu  Nom. 
Pom.  428.    1889. 

Edle  Fruhpflaume  i,  2.     Noble  Pr6coce  2. 

Found  in  a  garden  in  Brunswick,  Germany.     Tree  large,  productive;    fruit  small, 
oval;   suture  a  line;   brownish-red,  with  gold-colored  dots;   flesh  golden-yellow,  tender, 
juicy,  sweet;    freestone;    early. 
Edouard  Seneclauze.     Domestica.     i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  361.    1866. 

Fruit  very  small,  obovate,  golden-yellow;   flesh  sweet,  richly  flavored;   freestone; 
early. 
Eggles.     Triflora  X  Hortulana.     i.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  14:271.    1901. 

Sent  out  by  A.  L.  Bruce,  Texas.      Fruit  large,  round;     suture  indistinct;    bright 
red;   dots  many,  minute,  yellow;   flesh  yellow;   stone  oval,  compressed,  clinging;   poor. 
Eldora.     Americana,     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  333.    1894.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.   148. 
1901. 

A  seedling  raised  by  Judge  Samuel  Miller  of  Missouri.  Tree  rapid  in  growth; 
fruit  medium  to  large. 

Eldorado.     Americana,     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:269.    1900.     2.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.   135. 
1903.     3.  Ibid.  426.    1905. 

A  seedling  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry  of  Crescent,  Iowa,  who  introduced  it  in  1899. 
Fruit  small,  round;  suture  lacking;  yellow  overlaid  with  red;  dots  small,  grayish; 
bloom  thin;  skin  thick;  flesh  firm,  yellow,  subacid;  clingstone;  late. 


442  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Eldridge.     Americana.     I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  42.    1883. 

A  variety  from  Wisconsin  listed  for  eight  years  by  the  American  Pomological  Society. 
Elfrey.     Domestica.     i.  Coxe  Cult.  Fr.   Trees  234.    1817.     2.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:98. 
1832.     3.  Horticulturist  7:403.    1852.     4.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  429.    1889. 

Elfrey's  Prune  2.     Elfreth's  Prune  2.     Elfry's  Plum  4. 

Of  unknown  origin;    quite  widely  disseminated  and  highly  recommended  in  the 
South  about  fifty  years  ago.     Tree  vigorous;   fruit  medium  in  size,  oval,  blue;    flesh 
greenish,  firm,  rich,  slightly  dry;   mid-season. 
Elisabeth  Pflaume.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  429.    1889. 

Elisabeth  d'Elsner.     Eisner's  Elisabeth  Pflaume. 
Ella.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2d  Ser.  3:52.    1900. 

A  seedling  of  the  Peach  plum  grown  at  the  British  Columbia  Experimental  Sta- 
tion; not  introduced;  closely  resembles  the  parent. 

Ellis.  Munsoniana  X  Hortulana.  i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:79.  1892.  2.  Waugh  Plum 
Cult.  231.  1901. 

Ellis  is  said  to  be  a  cross  between  Wild  Goose  and  Golden  Beauty,  and  to  have 
originated  in  northern  Texas;  introduced  by  T.  L.  Ellis.  Fruit  large,  round;  skin 
very  thin,  red;  good;  semi-clinging. 

Ellwood.  Domestica.  i.  Col.,  0.,  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  31.  1892.  2.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162: 
254,  255.  1905.  Elwood  i. 

Introduced  by  Augustine   and  Company,  Normal,   Illinois;  very  similar  to  Lom- 
bard if  not  identical  with  it. 
Elmore.     Domestica.     i.  Card.  &  For.  7:243.    1894. 

An  early  variety  from  Shasta,  Sacramento  County,  California. 
Eisner  Grune  Zwetsche.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  429.    1889. 

Eisner's  Von  Gronow  Grune  Zwetsche.     Prune  Celeste. 
Elton.     Domestica.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  147.    1831. 

Grown  on  the  grounds  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society. 

Emerald.  Domestica.  i.  Can.  Hort.  12:265.  1889.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  101. 
1891.  3.  Smith  Cat.  35.  1898.  4.  Can.  Hort.  22:340.  1899. 

Early  Green  i,  2,  4. 

Originated  with  Warren  Holton,  Hamilton,  Ontario;  supposedly  a  seedling  of 
Reine  Claude.  It  was  first  called  Early  Green  but  was  introduced  by  E.  D.  Smith 
of  Winona,  Ontario,  under  the  name  Emerald.  Tree  hardy  and  productive;  fruit 
large,  roundish;  stem  slender;  suture  medium  deep;  yellowish-green;  very  good; 
stone  free,  smooth;  very  early. 

Emerald.  Triflora  X  Americana,  i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:270.  1900.  2.  Waugh  Plum 
Cult.  209.  1901.  3.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  296.  1903.  4.  la.  Sta. 
Bui.  114:133.  1910.  Bunvood  4. 

Emerald  came  from  a  cross  between  Brittlewood  and  Burbank  made  by  Theodore 
Williams,  Benson,  Nebraska,  in  1895.  Tree  resembles  an  Early  Richmond  cherry, 
hardy,  productive;  buds  conspicuous;  fruit  large,  roundish,  yellow  marbled  with 
coppery-red;  flesh  yellowish,  tender,  fibrous,  juicy,  mild  subacid;  good. 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  443 

Emerald   Drop.     Domestica.     i.   Downing   Fr.    Trees  Am.    275.    1845.     2.  Ibid.   913. 
1869.     3.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:125.    1866-73.         Goutte  Emeraude  3. 

Emerald  Drop  is  a  seedling  of  Washington  grown  sometime  previous  to  1845  by 
A.  J.  Downing,  Newburgh,  New  York.  Tree  moderately  vigorous,  productive;  fruit 
of  medium  size,  oval;  cavity  small;  suture  distinct,  sides  unequal;  yellowish-green; 
flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy;  good;  clingstone;  mid-season. 

Emerson.     Angustifolia  varians.     i.  Kan.   Sta.   Bui.    101:131.    1901.     2.  Cornell  Sta. 
Bui.  38:63.    1892.     3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  195.    1901.         Emerson's  Early  3. 

Found  wild  in  northern  Texas;  introduced  by  A.  L.  Bruce.  Fruit  small,  round  to 
oval,  bright  red,  with  many  white  dots;  flesh  yellow,  soft;  stone  rough,  clinging;  early. 
Emerson.  Americana,  i.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  127.  1890. 

Originated  near  Dubuque,   Iowa.     Tree   productive;    fruit  large,   roundish,    red, 
thickly  dotted  with  small  gray  spots;    flesh  firm;    valuable  for  preserving. 
Emerson    Yellow.     Angustifolia   varians.     i.    Kerr   Cat.    20.    1897.     2.    Waugh   Plum 
Cult.  195.    1901. 

A  seedling  of  the  Emerson  from  Texas.    Fruit  of  medium  size,  round,  yellow ;  inferior. 
Emigrant.     Domestica.     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.   126.    1889.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat. 
25.    1897. 

A  seedling  of  Lombard.     Fruit  large,  oval,  purple;   quality  fair;   mid-season. 
Emily  May.     Domestica.     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:269.    1900. 

A  large  attractive  plum  of  the  Pond  type  grown  by  Lillian  A.  Trotter,  Owen  Sound, 
Ontario,  Canada.     Fruit  large,  oval;    suture  well  marked;    clear  light  yellow;    bloom 
thin;    flesh  firm,  juicy,  delicate;    good;    stone  small,  rough,  free. 
Emma.     Americana,     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:269.    1900.     2.  Terry  Cat.    1900. 

Grown'by  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa,  in  1896.  Fruit  medium  in  size,  almost 
round;  skin  thin,  reddish  color;  good;  stone  large,  clinging. 

Engle.     Domestica.     i.  Mich  Sta.  Bui.  129:32,  33.    1896.     2.  Ibid.  187:77,  78.    1901. 
3.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  311.    1903. 

Fruit  below  medium  size,  roundish-oval;   suture  obscure;   skin  yellow;   flesh  firm, 
yellow,  flavor  rich;   very  good;   very  early. 
Empereur.  Domestica.  i.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:63.  1866-73.  2.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  429.  1889. 

Empereur  de  Mas  2. 

Grown  by  M.  Mas,  France,  from  a  seed  of  Golden  Drop  sown  in  1850;    reported 
in   1 86 1   under  the  name   Empereur.     Fruit  large,  obovate;    suture  indistinct;    skin 
tender,  purple,  streaked  with  deeper  purple;    flesh  clear  yellow,  melting,  juicy,  sweet; 
stone  small,  clinging;   early. 
Emperor  of  Japan.     Domestica.     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  429.    1889. 

Empereur  du  Japan  i .     Emperor  of  Japan  i .     Kaiser  Von  Japan  i . 

Mathieu  found  reference  to  it  in  Pomologische  Monatshefte  134.    1882  and  Obst- 
Garten  322.    1882. 
Esjum  Erik.     Domestica.     i.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Pom.  Bui.  10:21.    1901. 

Esjum  Erik  is  an  Old  World  variety  imported  by  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture  in  1900.  As  tested  at  this  Station  it  appears  to  be  of  little  value  for  New 


444  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

York  growers.  Tree  vigorous,  unproductive;  fruit  small,  obovate,  necked;  cavity 
nearly  lacking;  suture  a  line;  purplish-black;  bloom  thick;  dots  inconspicuous;  flesh 
greenish-yellow,  juicy,  firm,  sweetish,  mild;  quality  not  high;  stone  small,  oval,  dark 
colored,  clinging;  mid-season. 

Essex  Bullace.     Insititia.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  144.    1831.     2.  Hogg  Fruit  Man. 
689.    1884.     3.  Rivers  Cat.  37.    1909. 

New  Large  Bullace  1,3.     New  Large  Bullace  2. 

Tree  vigorous,  very  productive;   fruit  large,  roundish,  greenish-yellow;   flesh  juicy; 
late. 

Esslinger  Fiuhzwetsche.      Domestica.      i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  429.    1889.     2.   Lucas 
Vollst.  Hand.  Obst.  473.     1894.         Quetsche  Precoce  d'  Esslingen  i. 

Tree  vigorous;   an  early  and  abundant  bearer;   fruit  of  medium  size,  bluish-black; 
bloom  light;  valuable  for  dessert  and  drying. 

Esther.     Hortulana  mineri.     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.   287.    1887.     2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui. 
38:79.    1892.     3.  Terry  Cat.   1900.     4.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.   173.    1901. 

A  seedling  of  Miner,  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa;    first  fruited  in  1885. 
Fruit  medium  in  size,  round-oval;    suture  a  line;    dark  red;    dots  numerous;    bloom 
thin;    flesh  yellow;   good;    stone  oval,  clinging;    late. 
Etopa.     Prunus  besseyi  X  Triflora.     Cir.  S.  Dak.  Exp.  Sta.    1910. 

Introduced  in  1908  by  the  originator,  N.  E.  Hansen  of  the  South  Dakota  Experi- 
ment Station.     It  is  a  cross  of  Occident  with  Prunus  besseyi  in  which  the  dark  purplish 
flesh  of  the  male  parent  is  conspicuous. 
Etta.     Americana,   i.  Kerr  Cat.  1900.  2.  Terry  Cat.   1900.  3.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  83:13.   1901. 

A  seedling  first  fruited  in  1895  by  H.  A.  Terry,  Iowa.     Fruit  large,  nearly  round; 
suture  distinct;    skin  yellow,  striped  and  splashed  with  red;   flesh  sweet,  'rich;    good; 
stone  oval,  free;   mid-season. 
Eureka.     Nigra.     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:270.    1900. 

Grown  in  1896  by  Theodore  Williams,  Benson,   Nebraska,  from  seed  of  Cheney. 
Tree  upright,  vigorous,  unproductive;    fruit  large;    roundish,  yellowish-red  to  purple; 
flesh  firm,  juicy;    good;    clingstone;    very  early. 
Eureka.     Munsoniana.     i.  Am.  Jour.  Hort.  5:148.    1869. 

Similar  to  Wild  Goose. 
Eva.     Nigra.     I.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  426.    1900. 

From  Manitoba;   tested  at  the  Indian  Head  Experimental  Farm,  Northwest  Terri- 
tory, Canada.     Fruit  small,  red;    excellent;    mid-season. 
Evelyn.     Domestica.     i.  Ont.  Fr.  Gr.  Assoc.  Rpt.  73.    1894.     2.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt. 

137-    l894- 

A  seedling  grown  in  the  neighborhood  of  Owen's  Sound,  Canada;  of  local  reputation. 
Excelsior  Damson.     Insititia.     i.  Green  River  Cat.    1899. 

A  freestone  introduced  in  1892  by  the  Green  River  Nursery  Company  and  described 
in  their  catalog  as  being  a  particularly  fine  strain  of  the  Damson. 
Fairchild.    Americana,     i.  la.   Sta.   Bui.  46:271.   1900.    2.  Waugh   Plum    Cult.    148. 

1901. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  445 

A  seedling  of  De  Soto  supposed  to  have  been  fertilized  by  a  wild  plum ;  grown  by 
J.  H.  Fairchild,  Iowa,  in  1894  and  offered  for  sale  in  1899  by  Snyder  and  Son,  Center 
Point,   Iowa.      Fruit  above  medium,  roundish-oval,  yellowish-red  with  whitish  dots; 
flesh  yellow,  firm,  juicy;    quality  fair;    mid-season. 
Fancy.     Munsoniana.     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:271.    1900. 

From  a  sprout  of  Wild  Goose,  originating  with  John  Brown,  Oakville,   Louisa 
County,  Iowa,  in  1885.     Tree  vigorous,  very  prolific;   fruit  large,  oblong,  yellow  with 
shading  of  red;    bloom  thin;    flesh  sweet,  juicy;    good;    stone  small,  clinging;    mid- 
season. 
Fanning.     Munsoniana.     i.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.   185.    1901. 

A  chance  seedling  found  in  the  yard  of  a  Mr.  Fanning,  Rockdale,  Texas.     Fruit 
medium  in  size,  round-oval,  bright  red;    dots  numerous;    flesh  yellow;    quality  fair; 
stone  oval,  clinging;   mid-season. 
Fawn.     Munsoniana.     i.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  231.    1901. 

A  variety  first  grown  by  David  Miller  of  Camp  Hill,  Cumberland  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish;    suture  a  line;    bright  red;    dots  numerous, 
large,  yellow,  giving  a  dappled  or  fawn  color;   bloom  very  thin;   flesh  yellow;    quality 
fair;    stone  oval,  clinging. 
Femmonzi.     Species?     i.  Coates  Cat.  1910—11. 

A  variety  first  grown  by  Frank  Femmons  of  Ahwahnee,  California,  and  introduced 
by  the  Leonard  Coates  Nursery  Company,  Morganhill,  California,  in  the  fall  of  1910. 
Said  to  be  large  and  handsome. 

Field  Marshall.     Domestica.     i.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  257.    1832.     2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees 
Am.  293.    1845.     3.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  426.    1854. 

Corse's  Field  Marshall  i,  2.     Corse's  Field  Marshal  3. 

A  seedling  raised  by  Henry  Corse  of  Montreal,  Canada.     Fruit  large,  oval,  bright 
purplish-red;  cavity  shallow;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy,  subacid;  stone  long,  pointed, 
clinging. 
Figue  Grosse  Rouge.     Domestica.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  147.    1831. 

Wilmots  Early  i. 

Fruit  large,  obovate;  purple;  freestone;   quality  medium;   mid-season. 
Fin  de  Siecle.     Nigra.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  426.     1900. 

A  seedling  raised  at  Indian  Head  Experimental  Farm,  Northwest  Territory,  Canada. 
Tree  productive ;  fruit  large;  red;  flavor  fair;  early. 

Fine  Bonte.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.   Trees  Am.  913.    1869.     2.  Mas  Le  Verger 
6:35.    1866-73.     3-  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  429.    1889. 

Feine  und  Gute  3.     Fine  Bonte  3. 

Originated  in  the  nurseries  of  Simon  Louis,  Moselle,  France.  Fruit  small,  irregularly 
ovate;  suture  indistinct;  purple;  bloom  thin;  stem  very  short,  thick;  flesh  greenish 
yellow;  very  good;  stone  small,  free;  very  early. 

Fine  Early  Plum.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Forsyth  Treat  Fr.  Trees  21.    1803. 
Firba  Konigspflaume.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  429.      1889. 


446  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Firbas  Fruhe  Schuttenhoferin.      Domestica.     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  429.    1889. 

Mathieu  found  mention  of  it  in  Wiener  Garten-Zeitung  287.    1884. 
First.     Species?     i.  Burbank  Cat.   1899.     2.  Ibid.    1901.     3.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  68:36.    1905. 

No.  31,288    i. 

According  to  the  originator,  Luther  Burbank,  this  variety  is  one  of  the  second  gen- 
eration of  a  combination  cross  of  Hawkeye,  Hammer,  Milton,  Wyant,  Wayland  and 
Burbank.  It  was  introduced  in  1899  under  the  breeding  number  31,288,  but  grafting 
wood  was  not  offered  for  sale  until  1900.  This  is  probably  one  of  the  earliest  plums, 
ripening  in  California  about  three  weeks  before  Red  June.  Fruit  medium  in  size, 
roundish;  stem  short,  slender;  yellow  with  faint  blush;  flesh  yellow,  sweet,  juicy; 
earliest. 
First  Best.  Species?  i.  Childs  Cat.  136.  1910. 

First  Best  was  grown  by  R.  D.  Hoyt  of  Clearwater,  Florida,  in  1894  from  seed 
marked  "Hill  Plum"  received  from  W.  Gollen  of  Saharanfur,  India.     The  tree  first 
fruited  in  1904  and  was  introduced  in  the  spring  of  1910  by  John  Lewis  Childs,  Floral 
Park,  New  York,  who  states  that  it  is  an  unusually  early,  yellow  variety. 
First  Sweet.     Nigra?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  426.    1900. 

A  seedling  raised  at  the  Experimental  Farm,  Northwest  Territory,  Canada.     Tree 
productive;   fruit  of  medium  size;   skin  red,  thin;   flavor  excellent;   early. 
Fitzroy.     Americana,     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  119.    1904. 

A  seedling  of  Rollingstone  grown  at  the  Central  Experimental  Farm,  Canada.   Fruit 
above  medium,  roundish,  slightly  heart-shaped;    suture  a  line;    skin  yellow  washed 
with  red;    dots  many;   bloom  moderate;   flesh  pale  yellow,  juicy,  sweet;   good;    stone 
nearly  free;    cracks  when  ripe. 
Flora  Plena.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1894-97. 

J.  W.  Kerr,  the  introducer,  found  this  plum  in  the  yard  of  a  friend  in  York  County, 
Pennsylvania,   it   having  been  brought  from   Iowa.     Tree   dwarf;    blooms   profusely 
with  beautiful  pure  white,  very  double  flowers;    no  fruit. 
Flushing  Bulleis.     Domestica.     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576.    1629. 

Noted  by  Parkinson  as  a  variety  producing  fruit  in  clusters  like  a  bunch  of  grapes. 
Foote.     Insititia.     i.  Mich.  Sta.  Sp.  Bui.  35:21.    1906. 

Fruit  small,  roundish-oblong;   skin  black;   flesh  rather  dry,  greenish-yellow;   stone 
small,  oval,  clinging;   mid-season. 

Foote.     Domestica.     i.  Horticulturist  20:324.    1865.     2.  Downing  Fr.   Threes  Am.  913. 
1869.     3.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:77.    1873. 

Foote' s  Early  Orleans  3.    Foote's  Early  Orleans  i,  2,  3.    Monsieur  Hatif  de  Foote  3. 

A  seedling  of  Wilmot's  Early  Orleans  raised  in  1852  by  Asahel  Foote  of  Williams- 
town,  Massachusetts.     Tree  large  and  vigorous;   fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval; 
suture  absent;  very  black;  flesh  greenish,  juicy;  good;   stone  oval,  flattened,  clinging; 
very  early. 
Foote  Golden  Gage.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  914.    1869. 

Raised    by    Asahel    Foote,    Williamstown,    Massachusetts.     Tree    very    vigorous; 
shoots  slightly  downy;  fruit  large,  nearly  round;  suture  shallow;  stalk  slender;  cavity 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  447 

small;  skin  golden-yellow,  obscurely  splashed  with  green  and  tinged  with  red;  flesh 
yellow,  juicy,  sweet,  slightly  vinous;  very  good;  stone  slightly  adherent;  mid-season. 
Forest  Rose  Improved.  Hortulana  mineri.  i.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  113:154.  1899. 

An  improved  strain  of  Forest  Rose  somewhat  larger  than  the  original. 
Forewattamie.     Hortulana    mineri  X  Munsoniana.     i.     Vt.    Sta.     Bui.     67:11.    1898. 
2.  Kerr  Cat.    1900. 

A  cross  between  Forest  Garden  and  Pottawattamie  grown  by  Theodore  Williams, 
Benson,  Nebraska.  J.  W.  Kerr,  after  testing  it,  states  that  it  disclosed  no  special 
merits;  fruit  below  medium,  oval,  dull  red;  flesh  watery;  poor. 

Formosa.     Triflora  X  ?     I.   Fancher   Creek   Nur.   Cat.    7.    1907-8.     2.   Fancher  Creek 
Nur.  Cat.,  Burbank's  Late  Introductions,     fig.    1909. 

Wickson  Challenge  i. 

Grown  by  Luther  Burbank,  who  states  that  it  is  of  mixed  parentage,  including 
probably  from  fifteen  to  eighteen  varieties.  Tree  very  vigorous  and  productive;  fruit 
large,  oval  to  slightly  cordate;  suture  very  prominent;  cavity  medium;  rich  yellow 
with  light  bloom  turning  to  clear  red  at  maturity;  flesh  pale  yellow,  firm,  sweet,  rich, 
apricot  flavor;  good;  stone  semi-clinging;  mid-season. 

Forward  Damask.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  70.    1699. 
Frankfort    Peach.     Domestica.     i.    Koch    Deut.    Obst.    572.    1876.     2.    Downing    Fr. 
Trees  Am.  3rd  App.  180.    1881.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  430.    1889. 

Francfort  Peach  3.  Frankfurter  Pfirschen  Zwetsche  3.  Kuchen  Pflaume  3. 
Quetsche  de  Francfort  3.  Quetsche-Peche  de  Francfort  3. 

Tree  spreading,  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  oval,  compressed;  suture  shallow; 
cavity  small;  black;  bloom  thick;  flesh  yellow,  coarse,  juicy,  sweet,  good;   stone  oval, 
thin,  free;    mid-season. 
Franklin.     Triflora  X  ?     i.   Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.   12:223.    1899.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 

210,    211    fig.       1901. 

Originated  with  A.   L.    Bruce,   Texas,  from  Abundance  crossed  with  an  unknown 
variety.      Fruit  of  medium  size,  oblate;    suture  a  line;    bright   crimson   over  yellow; 
dots  numerous;    bloom  thin;    flesh  yellow;    good;    clingstone. 
Fraser.     Domestica.     i.  Am.  Card.  22:606.    1901.     2.  Card.  Chron.  30:120.    1901. 
Fraser's  Early  Yellow  i. 

Raised  in  the   nursery  of  John   Fraser,   Woodford,   England,   about    1895.     Tree 
small;   fruit  vary  small,  oval;    skin  bright  yellow;    flesh  soft;    flavor  poor;    freestone; 
valuable  because  of  its  earliness. 
Freeman.    Munsoniana.    i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  276.    1893.    2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  87:13.   1901. 

Freeman's  Favorite  i. 

Originated  in  1885  with  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa,  from  seed  of  Wild  Goose. 
Tree  vigorous,  fairly  productive;  fruit  above  medium,  roundish-oblong;   suture  distinct; 
bright  crimson,  numerous  dots  on  the  lower  half;   flesh  very  tender,  sprightly;   good; 
clingstone ;    early. 
Freestone.     Species?     i.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  424.    1905. 

An  inferior  native  variety;    fruit  small;    clingstone;    mid-season. 


448  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Freestone.     Americana,     i.  Terry  Cat.    1900. 

A  seedling  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry  from  seed  of  Harrison.     Fruit  large,  pale  yellow 
becoming  light  red  at  full  maturity;    good;    stone  semi-clinging. 
Freestone  Goose.     Munsoniana.     i.  Stark  Cat.  29.    1910. 

Originated  by  Theodore   Williams,   Benson,   Nebraska,  and  introduced  by   Stark 
Brothers,  Louisiana,  Missouri,  in  1910.     The  fruit  is  said  to  be  larger  and  darker  colored 
than  the  Wild  Goose. 
Freestone  Quetsche.     Domestica.     i.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  152:209.    1898. 

Imported  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture  and  noted  as  vigorous. 
Friedheim  Damascene.     Species?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  430.    1889. 

Friedheim' s  Rote  Fruh  Damascene.     Damas  Rouge  de  Friedheim. 
Fritze  Herrnpflaume.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  430.    1889. 
Frostproof.     Cerasifera.     i.   Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.   13:369.    1900.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
231.    1901. 

Grown  and  introduced  by  J.  H.  G.  Jenkins,  Spring  Garden,  Missouri,  about  1896. 
Fruit  small,   spherical;   suture   a  fine  line;    dark  crimson;    dots  minute;   bloom  thin; 
flesh  yellow;   good;   clingstone;   very  early;   blossoms  resistant  to  frosts. 
Fruhe  Englische  Zwetsche.     Domestica.     Listed  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  430.     1889. 
Fruhe  Gelbe  Reine  Claude.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  430.     1889. 

Fruhe  Gelbe  Kaiser  Pflaume. 

Fruhe  Grune  Zwetsche.  Domestica.  i.  Oberdieck  Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  445.  1881.  2. 
Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  430.  1889.  Bischtin  Erik  2.  Herr  Pflaume  2. 

A  German  variety  said  to  be  suitable  for  moist  soils. 
Fruhe  Leipziger  Damascene.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom    430.    1889. 

Damas  de  Leipsick  i.     Fondante  Noire  i. 

Mathieu  suggests  that  this  may  possibly  be  identical  with  Prdcoce  de  Tours. 
Fuller.     Species?     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:37.    1897.         Fuller's  Egg  i. 

Reported  by  B.  A.  Matthews,  Knoxville,  Iowa,  as  a  large,  oval  plum. 
Fulton.     Domestica.      i.   Downing  Fr.    Trees  Am.    382.    1857.     2.   Cultivator  5:373. 

1857- 

A  variety  of  uncertain  origin  found  at  Johnstown,  Fulton  County,  New  York. 
Tree  vigorous  and  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  oval;  suture  distinct;  bright 
yellow;  juicy;  good;  late  and  hangs  to  the  tree  well. 

Funk.    Triflora  X  ?    i.  Munson  Cat.  8.    1902.     2.  Text.  Dept.  Agr.Rpt.^   12:102.    1910. 
Funk's  Early  2. 

An  accidental  cross  of  Abundance  raised  by  J.  M.  Funk,  Grayson  County,  Texas. 
Tree  vigorous,  upright,  prolific;  fruit  medium,  heart-shaped,  bright  red;  clingstone; 
very  early. 

Furst  Damson.  Insititia.  i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  361.  1866.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees 
Am.  913.  1869.  3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  127,  129.  1901.  4.  Can.  Exp.  Farm 
Bui.  2d  Ser.  3:51.  1900. 

Eugene  Furst  i,  2.  Eugen  Furst  3.  Furst's  Damson  4.  Quetsche  Precoce  de 
Furst  2.  Sweet  Damson  i,  2. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  449 

This  plum  is  frequently  confused  with  the  Furst.  The  origin  of  the  name  and 
variety  is  unknown.  According  to  Waugh,  it  is  a  German  variety  introduced  in  America 
about  sixty  years  ago.  Foliage  Damson-like;  fruit  small,  pear-shaped,  with  a  neck; 
cavity  shallow,  abrupt;  stem  slender;  suture  obsolete;  apex  slightly  pointed;  skin 
tough,  purplish-black;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy,  slightly  acid;  quality  fair  to  good; 
stone  nearly  free. 
Gabriel  Combes.  Domestica.  i.  Rev.  Hart.  332,  PL  1895. 

Prune  Reine-Claude  Gabriel  Combes  i. 

Of  French  origin,  probably  a  seedling  of  the  Reine  Claude;  first  mentioned  in 
1895.  Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  spheroidal-ovoid,  large,  purple;  cavity  very 
small;  suture  slight;  apex  pointed;  flesh  amber-yellow,  fine,  juicy,  sweet,  aromatic, 
excellent;  stone  small,  free;  ripens  after  Reine  Claude. 

Galbraith.     Domestica.     i.    Horticulturist   8:536.    1853.     2.    Downing  Fr.    Trees   Am. 
382.    1857. 

Said  to  have  originated  with  a  Mr.  Galbraith  near  Boalsburg,  Pennsylvania.    Tree 
straggling;  fruit  of  medium  size,  oval,  purple;  flesh  tender,  juicy;  good;  clingstone;  early. 
Gale.     Americana,     i.    Kerr    Cat.    1897-1900.     2.    Wis.    Sta.    Bui.    63:37.    1897.     3. 
Waugh  Plum  Cult.  149.    1901. 

Gale  Seedling  2.     Gale  Seedling  3.     Gale's  No. j  i. 

Introduced  about  1890  by  I.  Gale  &  Son,  Waukesha,  Wisconsin.     Tree  overbears; 
fruit  below  medium,  roundish,  compressed;    suture  distinct;    apex  slightly  truncate; 
dull  red;   skin  thin;   flesh  yellow,  soft;   quality  fair;   stone  thick,  rounded,  nearly  free; 
very  early. 
Galena.     Americana,     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:37.  1897.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  149.  1901. 

Introduced  by  Charles  Luedloff,  Cologne,  Minnesota.     Fruit  large,  oval;    yellow 
ground  covered  with  red. 
Galopin.     Domestica.     i.  Guide  Prat.  160,  367.    1895.   2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  102.  1901. 

Violette  de  Galopin  2.     Violette  Galopin  i. 

A  European  variety.     Tree  poor;   fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish;   cavity  shallow; 
stem  short,  thick;  suture  shallow;  blue;  many  conspicuous  dots;  flesh  yellow;  quality 
medium;    stone  of  medium  size,  oval,  slightly  necked,  nearly  free. 
Garden   King.     Americana,     i.   la.   Sta.   Bui.   46:273.    1900.     2.   Waugh    Plum   Cult. 
149.    1901. 

Found  wild  in  1853;  in  1861  it  was  put  under  cultivation  by  Judge  Elias  Topliff 
of  De  Soto,  Wisconsin,  and  subsequently  turned  over  to  A.  R.  Prescott,  Postville,  Iowa, 
who  introduced  it  in  1896.  Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  medium,  oval,  scarlet; 
flesh  sweet,  juicy;  freestone. 

Garfield.     Hortulana.     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.   38:48,  86.    1892.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
179.    1901.     3.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:254,  255.    1905. 

Reported  to  have  been  found  wild  in  Ohio ;  introduced  by  Leo  Welz,  Wilmington, 
Ohio,  in  1887.  Tree  unproductive,  lacking  in  hardiness;  fruit  small,  oval;  stem  slender; 
cavity  shallow;  suture  a  line;  bright  red;  bloomless;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  acid;  quality 
fair;  stone  small,  long-oval,  pointed,  clinging;  late. 


450  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Garlick.     Domestica.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  147.    1831.     2.  Mag.  Hort.  9:164.    1843. 

Garlick's  Early  i,  2. 

Fruit  small,  obovate,  purple;   good;   freestone;   obsolete. 

Garnet.     Triflora  X  Cerasifera.     i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  Pom.  45.    1895.     2.  Waugh  Plum 
Cult.  211.    1901. 

Found  by  J.  L.  Breece,  Fayetteville,  North  Carolina,  under  a  Kelsey  tree  which 
was  probably  pollinated  from  a  Pissardi  growing  near,  the  foliage  showing  the  reddish 
color  of  the  Pissardi;  first  fruited  in  1892.  Fruit  large,  roundish-oval,  dark  garnet- 
red  with  minute  russet  dots;  cavity  small;  suture  indistinct;  skin  thin  and  bitter; 
flesh  yellow  with  a  tinge  of  red;  flavor  mild;  stone  medium,  oval,  clinging;  more  valu- 
able as  an  ornamental  than  for  its  fruit. 
Gates.  Americana,  i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:38.  1897. 

Originated   at   Owatonna,   Minnesota.     Fruit  medium  in  size,   flattened;    suture 
distinct;    very  dull  red;    dots  numerous,  yellow;    skin  thick;    flesh  yellow;    quality 
fair;    stone  distinctly  margined;    late. 
Gaunt.   Domestica.     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576,  577  fig.  1629.     2.  Rea  Flora  208.  1676. 

Described  in  1629  by  Parkinson  as  "  large,  reddish,  waterish,  late." 
Gaviota.     Triflora  X  Americana,     i.  Fancher  Creek  Nur.  Cat.    1907.     2.  Fancher  Creek 
Nur.  Cat.,  Burbank's  Late  Introductions,  fig.    1909.         Rice  Seed  i. 

Originated  with  Luther  Burbank  about  1900;  probably  contains  admixtures  of 
other  species  than  the  ones  mentioned  above.  Tree  vigorous,  productive,  late  bloom- 
ing; fruit  very  large,  oval;  suture  shallow;  cavity  medium;  dark  red  over  yellow 
ground;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  sweet,  aromatic;  good;  stone  extremely  small ;  mid-season. 
Gaylord.  Americana,  i.  U  .5.  D.  A.  Rpt.  441.  1889.  2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:24,  38 
fig.  1897.  3.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:273.  1900. 

Found  growing  wild  by  David  Hardman,  Nora  Springs,  Iowa,  in  1854;  introduced 
by  Edson  Gaylord  of  the  same  place  about  1890.  Tree  vigorous  with  a  tendency  tc 
overbear;  fruit  of  medium  size,  oval;  cavity  small;  stem  short;  suture  aline;  apex 
slightly  pointed;  dull  red  over  yellow;  bloom  thin;  dots  numerous,  minute;  skin 
thick,  bitter;  flesh  yellow,  melting;  good;  stone  large,  oval,  flat,  semi-clinging;  mid- 
season. 
Gaylord  Gold.  Americana,  i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:273.  1900. 

Found  wild  in  Rock  Grove,  Iowa,  about  1870  by  John  Henry,  Nora  Springs,  Iowa 
cions  subsequently  distributed  by  Edson  Gaylord.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  golden  yel- 
low;  good;   stone  small,  free;   mid-season. 
Gelbe  Damascener  Pflaume.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  431.    1889. 

Reference  taken  by  Mathieu  from  Obst-Garten  315.    1883. 
Gelbe  Jerusalempflaume.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  431.    1889. 

Jaune  de  Jerusalem  i.         Prune  de  Jerusalem  i. 

A  variety  of  doubtful  merit  and  different  from  Yellow  Jerusalem. 
Gelbe  Kirschpflaume.     Cerasifera.     Mentioned  in    Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  432.    1889. 

Cerisette  Blanche.  Myrobalan  Jaune.   Prunus  Cerasifera  Zanthocarpa.   Serdali  Irek. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  451 

Gelbe  Spatzwetsche.     Species?     Listed  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  432.    1889. 

Reitzensteiner  Gelbe  Zwetsche  incor.     Quetsche  Jaune  Tardive. 
Gem.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.   Trees  Am.  915.     1869. 

Originated  near  Albany,  New  York.     Fruit  small,  round;    suture  and  cavity  shal- 
low;   mottled  with  purple;    flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sweet;    clingstone. 
Gem.     Americana,     i.  Meneray  Cat.         The  Gem  i. 

A  seedling  of  Lottie  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry;  introduced  by  F.  W.  Meneray,  Council 
Bluffs,   Iowa.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  oblong,  red  and  yellow,  with  whitish  bloom; 
good ;    freestone. 
Gemeiner  Gelbe  Spilling.     Species?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  432.    1889. 

Bauern  Pflaume.   Gelber  Bidling.   Krieke.   Prunus  Lutea.   Spelge.   Spilge.   Spindel 
Pftaume. 
Gentleman.     Domestica.     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:41.    1873. 

Probably  of  American  origin  as  it  was  sent  by  Downing  to  M.  Mas,  but  was  not 
described  by  the  American  author.     Tree  vigorous,  productive;    fruit  medium,  oval; 
suture  indistinct;    skin  thick,  intense  purple;    bloom    abundant;    stem    short;    flesh 
yellowish,  juicy,  vinous;    good;   freestone;    early. 
Georgia.  Triflora  X  ?   i.  Cornell Sta. Bui.  175:153.  1899.  2.WaughPlumCult.  212.  1901. 

Normand  No.  20    1,2. 

One  of  the  several  seedlings  sent  out  by  J.  L.  Normand,  Marksville,  Louisiana. 
Named  by  L.  H.  Bailey  in  1899.  Fruit  small,  oval,  greenish-yellow  covered  with  bright 
red;  flesh  yellow,  watery,  fibrous,  sweet;  stone  large,  strongly  clinging;  fruit  drops 
while  green;  worthless. 

Gerishes  Seedling.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in    Johnson  Cat.         Early  Bradshaw. 
Gersepflaume.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.   431.    1889. 

Reference  taken  by  Mathieu  from  Wiener  Garten-Zeitung  287.    1884. 
Ghiston.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  276.    1845.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat. 
222,  244.    1858.         Ghiston's  Early  i,  2. 

Fruit  large,  oval,  yellow;    bloom  thin;    flesh  yellow;    quality  poor;    freestone; 
season  early;    rejected  by  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1858. 
Gibson.     Domestica.     i.  Horticulturist  25:319.    1870.         Gibson's  Seedling. 

A  seedling  from  W.  L.  Gibson  of  Elmira,  New  York.     Tree  vigorous,  productive; 
fruit  of  medium  size,  deep  amber  color;    bloom  slight;    skin  thick,  very  astringent; 
flesh  sweet,  juicy,  mild;    good. 
Gill.     Domestica.     i.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  94:58.    1909. 

Introduced  by  S.  R.  Gill,  Port  Clinton,  Ohio,  who  received  it  in  1882  from  a  nursery 
with  Golden  Drop  trees.  Tree  vigorous,  spreading  and  productive;  fruit  medium  in 
size,  round,  reddish-purple;  bloom  light;  flesh  firm,  sweet,  rich;  good;  mid-season; 
excellent  for  canning. 

Gisborne.     Domestica.     I.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.    147.    1831.     2.  Horticulturist   10:16. 
1855.     3.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:49.    ^73-     4-  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  432.    1889. 

De  Gisborne  3.  Gisborne's  i.  Gisborne' s 3.  Gisborne's Early  2.  Gisborne' s  Early  2,  4. 
Gisborne' 's Zwetsche  3.  Gisbomes Zwetsche  4.  Ovalrunde  Spreckel  Pflaume  4.  Paterson'si,^. 


452  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Tree  vigorous,  productive;    fruit  of  medium  size,  oval;    suture  indistinct;    skin 
golden-yellow,  dotted  with  cherry-red  on  the  sunny  side,  with  pale  bloom;   flesh  bright 
yellow,  juicy,  sweet;    stone  large,  oval,  free;    mid-season. 
Glaister.     Domestica.     i.  Wickson  Cat.  Fruits  358.    1891. 

A  variety  from  California  introduced  by  Leonard  Coates  of  Napa,  California.     Fruit 
very  similar  to  Yellow  Egg,  but  two  weeks  earlier. 
Gloire  d'Epinay.     Domestica.     i.  Rev.  Hort.  444.    1898     2.  Ibid.  86.    1899. 

A  sucker  from  a  chance  seedling  found  about  1850  by  M.  Donon  of  Epinay,  France ; 
named  and  presented  to  the  National  Society  of  Horticulture  in  1898  by  M.  Gorion. 
Fruit  above  medium  size,  roundish-oval;    suture  shallow;    deep  blue;    similar  to  Mon- 
sieur, but  is  later  and  ripens  over  a  period  of  nearly  two  months. 
Gloire  de  Louveciennes.     Insititia.     i.  Rev.  Hort.  650.    1900.      2.  Ibid.  476,  fig.     1901. 

Mirabelle  Gloire  de  Louveciennes  1,2. 

Noted  in  the  Revue  Horticole  as  a  Mirabelle  introduced  in  1900  by  M.  Lecointe. 
Fruit  similar  to  Mirabelle  de  Nancy  in  shape  and  form,  but  larger;    skin  citron-yellow, 
dotted  and  shaded  with  red  on  the  sunny  side;   flesh  firm,  very  sweet,  like  the  Apricot 
in  flavor. 
Gloria.     Americana  mollis.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  119.    1904. 

A  seedling  of  Wolf;   fruit  large,  oval;   cavity  narrow;   suture  a  line;   bright  red  or 
yellow  mottled  with  red ;   dots  few ;  bloom  light ;   skin  thick,  tough ;   flesh  yellow,  juicy, 
sweet;    good;    stone  large,  nearly  free;   variety  promising. 
Gloucestershire  Violet.     Domestica.     i.  Jour.  Hort.   17:285.    1888 

Minsterworth  i.     Prince  i. 

A  very  old  variety  first  known  as  Prince;   it  is  grown  largely  on  the  banks  of  the 
Severn,  England,  where  it  is  propagated  from  seed  or  from  root-suckers.     Fruit  small, 
oval,  with  slight  tendency  to  a  neck;    suture  distinct;    dark  mahogany;    bloom  thin; 
flesh  greenish,  tender,  sweet,  pleasant;   stone  small;   free. 
Glow.     Maritima  X  Subcordata  X  Americana  X  Nigra.     i.  Burbank  Cat.  14.  1911. 

From  crosses  of  the  species  named  Burbank  grew  this  variety.     Tree  of  medium 
size;  branches  slender  and  drooping.     Fruit  large,  round,  crimson,  dotted  with  yellow; 
flesh  orange  color,  rich;  good;  freestone;  late. 
G.  No.  4  Domestica.  i.  N.  Y.  Sta.  Rpt.  9:347.  1890.  2.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  177:42,  43.  1899. 

G.  No.  44  Jones  (unpublished). 

In  1890,  Herbert  A.  Jones,  Himrods,  New  York,  sent  this  variety  to  a  few  ex- 
periment stations  for  testing.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish;  suture  very  shallow; 
cavity  medium  deep ;  stem  slender ;  skin  thin ;  dark  purple ;  bloom  thick ;  dots  numerous, 
sometimes  irregular,  russet;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy,  firm,  so'urish;  poor;  clingstone; 
mid-season;  variety  not  worth  propagating. 
Goff.  Americana,  i.  Meneray  Cat.  Prof.  Goff  i. 

A  seedling  of  Hawkeye  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry;    introduced  by  F.  W.  Meneray, 
Council  Bluffs,  Iowa.     Fruit  large,  red  over  yellow;  good;  clingstone 
Gold.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.  1894.  2.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:273.  1900.  3.  Terry  Cat.  1900. 

Golden  3. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  453 

A  variety  from  H.  A.  Terry  not  to  be  confused  with  the  Golden  of  Burbank  (Gold 
of  Stark  Brothers).     Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish;    cavity  shallow,  small;    orange- 
yellow  and  red;   bloom  thin;   skin  rather  thick,  astringent;   flesh  yellow,  firm,  meaty, 
subacid;   good;   clingstone. 
Gold  Coin.     Americana,     i.  Terry  Cat.     1900. 

An  unknown  variety  mentioned  by  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa,  as  the  parent 
of  Coinage. 

Gold  Colored.     Americana,     i.    Wis.   Sta.  Bui.   63:39.    1897.      2.   Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
150.    1901. 

From  Edson  Gaylord,  Gaylord,  Iowa.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  bright  yellow;   stone 
small,  free. 
Golden  Cluster.     Domestica.     i.  Montreal  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  93.    1885. 

A  seedling  from  Henry  Corse  of  Montreal.     Tree  slow  in  growth,  with  long  inter- 
nodes;  fruit  of  medium  size,  egg-shaped;   hanging  in  dense  clusters  by  firmly  adherent 
stems;   gold,  tinged  with  brown;   flesh  firm,  pleasant;   ripening  season  long. 
Golden  Gage.     Domestica.     N.   Y.  Sta.  Rpt.  12:611.    1893. 

Golden  Gage  is  a  seedling  of  Golden  Drop  grown  by  J.  T.  Macomber,  Grand  Isle, 
Vermont.  Fruit  small,  oval;  cavity  shallow;  suture  a  line;  apex  round;  skin  thin; 
pale  yellow  with  red  specks;  bloom  thin;  dots  small;  flesh  yellow,  very  sweet;  good; 
stone  oval,  slightly  necked;  free;  mid-season;  of  little  commercial  importance  because 
of  inferior  size  and  color. 
Golden  Gem.  Species? 

A  variety  originating  from  seed  with  P.  P.  Dawson,  Payette,  Idaho. 
Golden  Prolific.     Species?     i.  Ont.  Fr.  Exp.  Sta.  Rpt.  5:116.    1898. 

Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  medium,  yellow;  very  good;  clingstone;  poor 
shipper. 

Golden  Prune.     Domestica.     i.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  360.    1891.     2.  Cal.  Sta.  Bd.  Hort. 
112.    1891.     3.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  291.    1893.     4.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  105.    1901. 

Golden  2. 

Grown  by  Seth  Lewelling,  Milwaukee,  Oregon,  from  a  seed  of  the  Italian  Prune; 
mentioned  in  the  last  two  catalogs  of  the  American  Pomological  Society.  Fruit  large, 
oval;  cavity  small,  round,  shallow,  abrupt;  stem  short;  suture  shallow;  apex  depressed, 
sometimes  cracking ;  light  yellow;  bloom  thin;  dots  numerous,  yellow;  skin  thin;  flesh 
yellow,  firm,  tender,  juicy;  good;  stone  of  medium  size,  long-oval,  nearly  free;  mid- 
season. 
Golden  Queen.  Americana,  i.  Terry  Cat.  1900.  2.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  426.  1905. 

Originated  with  H.  A.  Terry;  first  fruited  in  1897.  Tree  characterized  by  its 
luxuriant  foliage ;  fruit  large,  roundish-oblong,  golden-yellow;  good;  said  to  be  valuable 
for  dessert. 

Golden  Transparent.     Domestica.     i.  Card.  World  10:448.    1893.     2.  Rivers  Cat.   34. 
1898.     3.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  157.    1901. 

From  Thomas  Rivers,  Sawbridgeworth,  England;  closely  allied  to  the  Transparent 
Gage,  but  is  distinctly  later  and  more  golden  in  color;  an  excellent  dessert  plum. 


454  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Goldsmith.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  147.    1831. 

Goldsmith's  Vienna. 
Gondin.     Domestica?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  432.    1889. 

Pflaume  Von  Gondin.     Prune  de  Gondin. 

Gonne.     Domestica.     i.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige  6:15,  PI.    1858.      2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am. 
917.     1869.     3.  Oberdieck  Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  409.     1881. 

Gonne's  Rothe  Pflaume  3.     Prune  Gonne  i.     Prune  Gonne  2. 

Originated  by  Dr.  Gonne  of  Fleurus,  Belgium.  Oberdieck  gives  the  Gonne's  Rothe 
Pflaume,  which  is  evidently  the  same  variety,  as  a  seedling  of  the  Red  Egg.  Tree 
vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  obovate,  sometimes  spherical;  suture  shallow  to  deep; 
carmine-red,  dotted  with  russet;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  melting,  sweet;  the  pit  lies  in  a 
large  cavity,  nearly  free;  mid-season. 
Goose-Dye.  Species?  i.  Kerr  Cat.  n.  1900. 

A  supposed  hybrid  between  the  Wild  Goose  plum  and  Dyehouse  cherry  grown  by 
Theodore  Williams.     Tree  vigorous,  productive;    fruit  larger  than  Wild  Goose,  oval, 
cherry-red;   clingstone;   mid-season;   said  to  be  free  from  rot. 
Goose-O.     Munsoniana  X  Triflora.     i.  Kerr  Cat.  n.    1900. 

A  cross  between  Wild  Goose  and  Ogon  made  byTheodore  Williams,  Benson,  Nebraska. 
Tree  suckers  badly;  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish,  red  on  a  yellow  ground;  clingstone; 
mid-season. 
Gordon.     Domestica.     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  46.    1897.     Gordon  No.j    i. 

A  seedling  of  Imperial  Gage.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish;  yellow  overspread 
with  coppery-red;  bloom  profuse;  skin  acid;  flesh  rich,  yellow,  meaty,  juicy,  subacid; 
good ;  freestone ;   mid-season. 
Gordon  Castle.     Domestica.     i.  Card.  Chron.  26:364.    1866.     2.  Garden  54:318.    1898. 

A  plum  of  the  Reine  Claude  type  which  originated  at  Gordon  Castle,  England. 
Fruit  large,  obovate;  greenish-yellow  overspread  with  a  reddish  blush;  flesh  firm,  sweet; 
good ;  midseason. 

Gorman.     Species?     Mentioned  in  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  169.    1909. 

Govalle.     Triflora    X    ?     i.   Vt.   Sta.  Bui.   67:14.    1898.     2.   Waugh  Plum   Cult.    215. 
1901. 

Grown  by  Joseph  Breck,  Texas,  supposedly  from  the  Kelsey.     Introduced  by  F.  T. 
Ramsey  in  1898.     Fruit  medium,  oval;   cavity  shallow;  bright  red;  flesh  slightly  soft, 
fibrous,  sprightly;  good;  clingstone;  early. 
Grace.     Americana,     i.  U.    S.    D.    A.    Rpt.   263.    1892.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.   74. 

1895- 

Originated  with  W.  R.  Grace,  Garden  City,  Kansas.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  oblong, 
yellow  striped  with  red,  mottled  and  washed  with  dull  purple;    flesh  yellow,  melting, 
juicy;    flavor  rich,  sweet;   good;    clingstone;   mid-season. 
Grand  Precoce.     Domestica?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  432.    1889.     2.  Guide  Prat.  163, 

357-    1895. 
Mentioned  in  the  preceding  references. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  455 

Graiigrune  Frtihpflaume.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  432.    1889. 

Mathieu  found  the  variety  referred  to  in  Wiener  Garten-Zeitung  287.    1884. 
Gray  Damask.     Insititia.     i.  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  68,  70.    1699. 

Mentioned  by  Quintinye  as  "a  round  plum  of  a  gray  color." 
Grayson.  Munsoniana  X  Americana,   i.  Sherman  Cat.  1897.   2.  Vt.Sta.Rpt.  12:225.    1899. 

A  seedling  of  Wild  Goose  crossed  with  some  Americana;   from  A.  L.  Bruce,  Basin 
Springs,  Texas,  about  1893.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish;   suture  a  line;   clear  red; 
dots  many,  conspicuous,  yellow;    bloom  heavy;    flesh  yellow,  soft;    good;    clingstone; 
season  follows  Wild  Goose. 
Great  Bearer.     Domestica.     i.  Montreal  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  56.    1878. 

Corse's  Great  Bearer  i. 

Undoubtedly  originated  with  Henry  Corse  of  Montreal,  Canada.  Fruit  small, 
light  blue;  flavor  fair;  very  prolific. 

Greely.     Domestica.     i.  Me.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  130.    1888.     2.  Ibid.  144.    1889.     3.  Rural 
N.  Y.  55:512.    1896.         Greeley  r,  3. 

Captain  Eliphalet  Greely  of  Portland,  Maine,  secured  the  original  tree  from  Montreal ; 
introduced  by  O.  K.  Gerrish  of  Portland.     A  large,  purple  plum  so  closely  resembling 
Bradshaw  that  some  growers  believe  them  to  be  identical ;  its  season  seems  to  be  earlier 
than  Bradshaw. 
Greenfield.     Domestica.     i.  Montreal  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  51.    1878. 

A  seedling  of  Red  Magnum  Bonum  raised  by  Mr.  Greenfield  of  Canada.     Tree 
hardy,  productive;  fruit  large,  red. 
Green  Indian.     Domestica.     i.  Willich  Dom.  Enc.  195.    1903.         White  Indian  i. 

Reported  in  1803  as  a  very  desirable  variety. 
Green  Italian.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  3d  App.  181.    1869. 

From  Germany;   tree  moderately  vigorous,  fairly  productive;  fruit  medium,  oval; 
suture  a  line;    greenish-yellow  splashed  with  green;    bloom  thin;    cavity  small;    flesh 
green,  coarse,  juicy,  sweet,  rich;   good;   semi-clinging;   mid-season. 
Green   Oysterly.     Domestica.     i.   Parkinson  Par.    Ter.    577   fig.,    578.    1629.     2.   Rea 
Flora  207.    1676. 

Described    as    roundish,    of    medium    size,    greenish,    juicy,    flavor    "  reasonably 
good." 
Green  Perdrigon.     Domestica.     i.  Rea  Flora  208.    1676. 

Described  by  Rea  nearly  two  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago  as  "a  round  plum,  of 
medium  size,  green;    flavor  good." 
Green  Pescod.     Domestica.     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576.    1629. 

Parkinson  states  that  "this  plum  is  of  medium  size,  pointed;    mid-season." 
Grelck.     Cerasifera.     I.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  358.    1891. 

Supposedly  a  seedling  grown  by  John  Grelck  of  Los  Angeles,  California,  who  gave 
it  to  O.  S.  Chapin  of  San  Diego  County  about  1883.  Fruit  small,  round,  light  yellow 
with  reddish  shade,  sprightly;  good;  season  before  Myrobalan;  decidedly  superior 
to  Myrobalan. 


456  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Gros  Damas  de  Tours.  Domestica.  i.  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  70.  1699.  2.  Duhamel 
Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:69.  1768.  3.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:56.  1771.  4.  Forsyth 
Treat.  Fr.  Trees  19.  1803.  5.  Willich  Dom.  Enc.  4:300.  1803.  6.  Miller 
Card.  Diet.  3.  1807.  7.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  145,  147,  1831.  8.  Prince  Pom. 
Man.  2:86.  1832.  9.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  917.  1869.  10.  Mathieu  Nom. 
Pom.  433.  1889. 

Damas  de  Tours  10.  Damas  de  Tours  Gros  7.  Damas  de  Tours  Gros  8,  9,  10. 
Damas  gros  de  Tours  3.  Damas  Violet  of  Tours  4.  Great  Violet  Damask  de  Tours  5. 
Great  Damask  Violet  of  Tours  6,  10.  Great  Damask  Violet  of  Tours  9.  Great  Plum 
of  Tours  7.  Great  Violet  Tours  Damask  i.  Gros  Damas  6.  Grosse  Damascene  von 
Tours  10.  Gros  Damas  de  Tours  8,  9,  10.  Gros  Damas  Violet  de  Tours  6.  Largest 
Damask  of  Tours  8.  Largest  Damask  of  Tours  9,  10. 

For  historical  notes  and  description  see  Pre'coce  de  Tours. 
Gros  Damas  Noir.     Domestica?     i.  Noisette  Man.  Comp.  Jard.  2:500.    1860. 

A  small  mediocre  plum  mentioned  by  Noisette  as  ripening  the  last  of  July. 
Grosse  Hative  de  Rodt.     Domestica?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  433.    1889. 
Grosse   Marange.     Domestica.     i.    Mathieu   Nom.   Pom.    433.    1889.     2.   Guide   Prat. 
X56,  357-    1895.         Hative  d'Augny  i,  2 

This  variety  was  grown  by  M.  Chabardin  of  Augny  near  Metz,  France,  where  it 
is  considered  very  promising  because  of  its  high  quality  and  earliness.     Fruit  medium 
in  size,  roundish;  purplish;    flesh  yellowish-green,  sweet;    quality  best  of  its  season; 
very  early. 
Grosse  Rosspauke.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  434.    1889. 

Mathieu  found  it  noted  in  Wiener  Garten-Zeitung  287.    1884. 

Grosse  Surpasse.  Domestica.  i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  26.  Ser.  3:52.  1900.  2.  Can. 
Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  432.  1905. 

A  small  round  plum  tested  at  British  Columbia  Experimental  Farm;  yellow;  flesh 
yellow,  tender,  sweet,  pleasant;   stone  small,  clinging;   mid-season. 
Grosse  Violette  de  Grugliasco.    Species?    Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  434.   1889. 
Griine   Dattel  Zwetsche.     Domestica.     i.  Oberdieck  Deut.    Obst.  Sort.   444.    1881.     2. 
Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  434.    1889. 

Berliner  Pflaume  2.  Datte  Verte  2.  Griine  Dattelzwetsche  i.  Grime  Insel  Pflaume 
2  incor.  Susina  Verdachia  Longa  2.  Weisse  Indische  Pflaume  2. 

Mentioned  in  the  preceding  references.     Griinliche   Dattelpflaume  von   Besangon 
is  given  by  Guide  Pratique,  1895,  as  a  synonym  of  the  Yellow  Egg. 
Griine  Herzformige.     Domestica.     I.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  2:30,  Tab.  176  fig.  i.    1796. 

Die  grune  herzformige  Pflaume  i.     Prune  coeur  de  pigeon  verd  i. 

An  old  European  variety.  Flowers  small;  fruit  heart-shaped,  greenish-yellow; 
flesh  yellow,  firm;  stone  uncommonly  rough  and  uneven. 

Grune  Zwetsche  Von  Monrepos.     Species?     Listed  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  434.    1889. 
Guilford  No.  2.     Hortulana  mineri.   i.  III.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  135.   1903    2.  Ibid.  422.  1905. 

A  seedling  of  Miner  from  Illinois.  Tree  moderately  vigorous,  productive;  fruit 
yellow,  with  a  pink  cheek;  good;  freestone;  mid-season. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  457 

Guimaraen.     Domestica.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  148.    1831. 

Fruit  medium  in  size,  oval,  yellow;   good;    clingstone;    mid-season. 
Guinea  Egg.     Americana,     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:263.    1900. 

Found  wild  about  1857  by  Frederick  Albright,  near  Bangor,  Marshall  County. 
Iowa;  not  introduced.  Tree  vigorous,  hardy;  fruit  large,  dark  red;  skin  thin;  flesh 
firm;  good;  stone  small. 

Gundaker.  Domestica.  i.  Horticulturist  6:524.  1851.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am. 
383-  1857. 

A  large,  heart-shaped,  purple  plum  grown  from  seed  by  Samuel  E.  Gundaker, 
Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  about  1820;  of  good  quality. 

Gundaker  Prune.  Domestica.  i.  Horticulturist  6:524.  1851.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees 
Am.  382.  1857.  Groundacre  i,  2. 

A  seedling  grown  by  Samuel  E.  Gundaker,  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  about  1820; 
sent  out  by  Samuel  Carpenter  of  Lancaster,  Ohio,  as  Groundacre.  Tree  productive; 
fruit  large,  oval,  light  yellow;  good. 

Guthrie  Apricot.  Domestica.  i.  Mag.  Hort.  12:341.  1846.  2.  U.  5.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt. 
2:449.  1849-  3-  Mclntosh  Bk.  Card.  2:531.  1855  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am. 
918.  1869.  5.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  434.  1889. 

Abricot  de  Guthrie  5.  Guthrie's  Apricot  Plum  2.  Guthrie's  Apricot  5.  Guthrie's 
Golden  4.  Guthrie's  Golden  5.  Guthrie's  New  Apricot  3. 

A  seedling  raised  by  Charles  Guthrie  of  Taybank,  Dundee,  Scotland.  Fruit  of 
medium  size,  roundish;  suture  slight;  cavity  small;  yellow;  bloom  thin;  dots  red! 
flesh  yellow,  coarse,  juicy  sweet;  good;  clingstone;  mid-season. 

Guthrie  Russet.  Domestica.  i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  919.  1869.  2.  Mas  Pom. 
Gen.  2:167.  1873. 

Rousse  De  Guthrie  2.     Guthrie's  Russet  2. 

A  seedling  of  Reine  Claude  grown  by  Charles  Guthrie,  Taybank,  Dundee,  Scot- 
land. Fruit  large,  oval;  suture  distinct;  cavity  small;  stem  slender;  yellow,  some- 
times marbled  with  red;  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sweet;  good;  clingstone; 
mid-season. 

Guthrie  Topaz.  Domestica.  i.  Mag.  Hort.  12:341.  1846.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees 
Am.  919.  1869.  3.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  728.  1884.  4.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  434. 
1889. 

Guthrie's  Topaz  4.     Guthrie's  Topaz  3,  4.     Topaz  3.     Topaze  de  Guthrie  4. 

Grown  by  Charles  Guthrie,  Taybank,  Dundee,  Scotland,  probably  from  seed  of 
Reine  Claude.  Tree  hardy,  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  oval,  necked,  suture 
distinct;  cavity  small;  stem  slender;  yellow,  with  thin  bloom;  flesh  yellow,  juicy, 
sweet;  flavor  not  high  but  pleasant;  good;  clingstone;  mid-season. 
Gwalsh.  Domestica.  i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  148.  1831.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees 
Am.  301.  1845.  3.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  343.  1849. 

From  Thomas  Hancock,  Burlington,  New  York.  Fruit  large,  obovate;  suture 
indistinct;  dark  purple;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sprightly;  quality  fair;  clingstone;  mid- 
season. 


458  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Haag.     Americana,     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:24,  39.    1897.     2.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:274.    1900. 
3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  150.    1901. 

Purchased  from  a  nurseryman  of  Minneapolis  and  introduced  as  Haag  by  J.  S. 
Haag,  Hosper,  Sioux  County,  Iowa.     Tree  moderately  vigorous,  spreading;  fruit  above 
medium  size,  roundish;    suture  distinct;    flesh  greenish-yellow,  tender,  sweet;    good; 
stone  oval,  clinging;   mid-season. 
Hackl  Grosse  Zwetsche.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  434.    1889. 

Reference  to  this  variety  found  by  Mathieu  in  Wiener  Garten-Zeitung  287.  1884. 
Haferpflaume.  Insititia?  Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  434.  1889. 

Blaue  Krieche     Echte  Hafer  Pflaume.  Echte  Hafer  Zwetsche. 

Haffner  Herbstpflaume.     Domestica?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  434.    1889. 
Haffner  Konigspflaume.     Domestica?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  434.    1889. 

Royale  de  Haffner. 
Haku  Botan.     Triflora.     i.  Va.  Sta.  Bui.  129:113.    1901. 

Imported  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Hallenbeck.  Domestica.  i.  Cultivator  8:309.  1860.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  920.  1869. 

Originated  with  Henry  Hallenbeck,  East  Greenbush,  Rensselaer  County,  New 
York.  Fruit  large,  roundish-oval,  one  side  often  enlarged,  reddish-purple;  numerous 
minute  dots;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  very  juicy,  sugary,  brisk  flavor;  good;  clingstone; 
mid-season. 

Halcyon.     Triflora  X  Munsoniana?     I.    Vt.   Sta.   An.   Rpt.    12:225.    1899.     2.   Waugh 
Plum  Cult.  215.    1901. 

Grown  by  J.  S.  Breece,  North  Carolina.     Fruit  heart-shaped;   suture  faint;  bright 
red;    dots  few;    flesh  yellow;    quality  fair;    stone  large,  oval,  clinging. 
Hanford.     Domestica.     i.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.   71.    1868.         Hanford's  Orleans  i. 

Mentioned  in  1868  by  Lucius  C.  Frances  in  the  report  of  the  Illinois  Horticultural 
Society. 
Hanska.     Americana  X  Simonii.     i.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  108:  PI.  5.    1908. 

Originated  by  N.  E.  Hansen  of  the  South  Dakota  Experiment  Station;   first  fruited 
in  1906  on  two-year-old  trees.      Tree  very  vigorous,  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish- 
oblate,  halves  unequal;  suture  shallow;  bright  red;  bloom  heavy;  flesh  firm,  reddish; 
stone  very  small;   semi-free. 
Hanson.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1894.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  151.    1901. 

Said  to  be  of  value  in  the  South.     Fruit  of  medium  size ;  nearly  spherical ;  suture 
shallow ;  skin  very  thick ;  bright  red  over  yellow ;  dots  numerous ;  flesh  yellow ;  sweet ; 
goodj    stone  round,  slightly  flattened,  clinging;    early. 
Happiness.     Triflora  X   ?     i.  Griffing  Bros.  Cat.  1906-1909. 

A  chance  seedling  found  by  Joseph  Breck  about  1899;  introduced  by  F.  T.  Ramsey, 
Austin,  Texas;  fruit  large,  bright  red;  good. 

Harlow.     Domestica.     i.    U.   S.   D.   A.   Rpt.    263.  1892.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  74 
1895. 

Supposed  to  be  a  seedling  of  Bradshaw;  raised  by  S.  C.  Harlow,  Bangor,  Maine. 
Tree  vigorous,  hardy,  productive;  fruit  large,  oblong-oval;  skin  smooth,  reddish- 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  459 

purple;     dots   numerous,   fawn-colored;    bloom   light;     flesh   greenish-amber,    melting, 

mildly  subacid;    mid-season. 

Harney.     Domestica.     i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  45.    1895. 

Specimens  of  this  plum  from  H.  C.  Cook,  White  Salmon,  Washington,  were  described 
by  the  Division  of  Pomology,  Department  of  Agriculture.  Fruit  large,  roundish; 
cavity  large,  regular,  deep,  abrupt;  suture  shallow;  purplish-red;  dots  large  and  small, 
russet;  bloom  thin;  skin  thin,  tough;  flesh  pale  yellow,  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  rich; 
very  good;  stone  medium,  roundish,  nearly  free;  mid-season. 
Harper.  Munsoniana?  i.  Ga.  Hart.  Soc.  Rpt.  28.  1876.  2.  Ibid.  24.  1881. 

Harper's  i. 

Originated  about  1870.     Fruit  red;  clingstone;  mid-season. 
Harriet.     Domestica.     i.  Card.  Chron.  18:441.    1882.     2.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  705.    1884. 

Grown  by  Thomas  Rivers,  Sawbridgeworth,  England,  about  1870.  Fruit  of  the 
Reine  Claude  type,  medium  in  size;  roundish-oblate;  cavity  deep;  suture  slight;  skin 
thin  but  rather  tough;  golden  yellow  sometimes  specked  with  red;  bloom  thin;  flesh 
yellow,  juicy,  firm,  very  good;  stone  of  medium  size,  oval,  turgid,  clinging;  mid- 
season. 
Harris.  Hortulana  mineri.  i.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  225.  1877. 

Tree  and  fruit  much  resemble  Miner,  but  the  ripening  season  is  four  weeks  earlier; 
freestone. 

Harrison.     Americana,     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  123.    1875.     2-  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:38, 
86.    1892.     3.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:39,  40.    1897.     4.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  170.    1901. 

Harrison's  Peach  i,  2,  3.     Harrison's  Peach  4. 

Found  growing  wild  in  Minnesota.  Tree  unproductive;  fruit  of  medium  size, 
oval;  suture  a  line;  cavity  shallow;  dots  small;  dull  red;  bloom  thick;  flesh  yellow, 
tender,  juicy,  sweet;  quality  fair;  stone  oval,  pointed,  flattened,  semi-clinging;  mid- 
season.  Harrison  is  the  parent  of  a  great  number  of  varieties. 

Hart.     Americana,     i.   Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:40.    1897.     2.  la.  Sta.  Bui.   46:274.     1900. 
3.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:19.    1905. 

Hart's  De  Soto  i.     Hart's  De  Soto  2,  3. 

A  sprout  taken  from  a  tree  bought  for  De  Soto  by  H.  Hart,  Sioux  County,  Iowa, 
about  1890;  widely  distributed  by  the  Iowa  Agricultural  College.     The  fruit  resembles 
De  Soto  in  color  and  shape,  but  ripens  from  ten  days  to  two  weeks  earlier;   somewhat 
larger  in  size  but  inferior  in  quality. 
Hartwick.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.  1894.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  151.    1901. 

Noted  as  of  little  value. 

Hartwiss.  Domestica.    i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  383.    1857.  2.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:  123. 
1873.     3.  Lauche  Deut.  Pom.  No.  3.  PL   1882.   4.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  453.    1889. 

Hartwiss  Gelbe  Zwetsche  2,  3.  Hartwiss  Yellow  Prune  i.  Quetsche  Jaune  de 
Hartwiss  2.  Quetsche  Jaune  de  Hartwiss  4.  Von  Hartwiss'  Gelbe  Zwetsche  4. 

Obtained  by  Liegel  from  a  pit  of  Quetsche  Jaune  Pre"coce  and  dedicated  by  him 
to  the  Director  of  the  Imperial  Gardens  at  Nikita,  Crimea.  Tree  large,  productive; 
fruit  medium  in  size,  irregularly  oval;  suture  broad  and  shallow;  halves  unequal; 


460  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

skin  canary-yellow,  rather  adherent;    bloom  thin;    flesh  yellow,   tender,    sweet;    free- 
stone ;    mid-season. 
Harvest.     Americana,     i.  Minn.   Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.    127.    1890. 

Brought  in  from  the  wild  by  H.  Knudson,  Springfield,  Minnesota.     Fruit  large, 
roundish-ovate;   skin  thin,  red;   quality  fair;   early. 

Hattie.     Cerasifera.     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  67.    1875.     2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:75,  86. 
1892.     3.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  13:369.    1900. 

Cultivated  in  the  South.  Tree  dwarfish;  branches  stiff  and  rough;  leaves  small, 
folded  upward,  finely  serrate;  petioles  glandless;  flowers  small  and  clustered;  fruit 
small,  roundish;  suture  a  line;  cavity  small;  stem  slender;  dull  red;  bloom  thin; 
dots  many,  conspicuous;  skin  thin,  tough;  flesh  yellow,  soft,  watery;  quality  fair; 
clingstone ;  early. 
Hayo-Simoni.  Triflora.  i.  N.  Mex.  Sta.  Bui.  27:124.  1898. 

An  upright,  vasiform  tree;  fruit  above  medium,  roundish-oblate;   suture  distinct; 
dark  red;    dots  minute,  yellow;   bloom  abundant;    flesh  dull  yellow,  firm,  juicy,  sub- 
acid;  good;  clingstone;  early. 
Hazard.     Domestica.     i.  John  Watkins  Cat. 

Mentioned  by  John  Watkins,  nurseryman,  Withington,  England. 
Heaton.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.  1894. 

Received  by  J.  W.  Kerr  about  1894  from  H.  A.  Terry,  Iowa.   Fruit  medium  to  large, 
oblong-oval,  dark  purplish-red;   freestone;   early. 
Hector.     Domestica. 

A  chance  seedling  found  about  1890  by  Edward  Smith  on  his  farm  at  Hector, 
New  York;  introduced  by  E.  Smith  and  Sons,  Geneva,  New  York.  Tree  vigorous, 
hardy  and  productive;  fruit  one  and  three-quarters  inches  in  diameter,  roundish; 
cavity  deep;  suture  shallow;  stem  short,  thick;  skin  tender;  dark  reddish-purple; 
bloom  thick;  dots  inconspicuous;  flesh  light  yellow,  juicy,  tender,  sweet,  mild;  quality 
good;  stone  semi-clinging,  oval,  turgid,  slightly  winged  and  necked;  mid-season. 
Heep.  Angustifolia  varians.  i.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  195.  1901. 

F.  T.  Ramsey,  Austin,  Texas,  offered  this  sort  in  his  1897  catalog  as  an  old  variety 
found  in  the  orchard  of  a  Mr.  Heep.     Tree  very  vigorous  and  productive;  fruit  above 
medium  size,  red;    quality  fair. 
Heikes.     Triflora.     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  62:23.    1894.     2.  Ibid.  139:38,  42.    1897. 

Burbank  No. 4     i. 

Imported  by  Luther  Burbank,  Santa  Rosa,  California,  in  1885,  and  named  for 
W.   F.   Heikes  of  the  Huntsville  Nurseries,  Huntsville,  Alabama.     As  tested  at  the 
Cornell  Experiment  Station  similar  to  Satsuma  if  not  identical  with  it. 
Heine  Superbe.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  434.    1889. 
Helen.     Species?     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  36.    1875.         Helen's  Seedling  i. 

Listed  in  American  Pomological  Society  catalog  for  eight  years. 
Hendrick.     Munsoniana?     i.  Ala.  Sta.  Bui.  N.  S.  11:12.     1890.         Hendrick's  i. 

Tree  vigorous;    fruit  of  medium  size,  spherical,  yellow,  blushed  with  red;    flesh 
tender;   good;   early. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  461 

Henrietta   Gage.     Domestica.     i.  Gen.   Farmer  9:232.    1848.     2.   Downing  Fr.    Trees 
Am.  920.    1869.     3.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:169.    1873. 

Early  Genesee  2.     Henrietta  ^age  3.     Reine-Claude  D'Henrietta  3. 

Originated  about  1840  on  the  farm  of  a  Mr.  Brown,  Henrietta,  Monroe  County, 
New  York.     Similar  to  Reine  Claude  but  much  earlier. 
Henry  Clay.     Domestica.     i.  Cultivator  3:20.    1855.     2.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:95.    1873. 

A  seedling  of  Howard  raised  by  Elisha  Dorr,  Albany,  New  York;  named  by  Dr. 
Warder  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio;  first  fruited  in  1852.  Fruit  large,  oval;  suture  broad 
and  shallow;  stem  long,  rather  thick;  skin  clear  yellow,  often  washed  and  dotted 
with  red  on  the  sunny  exposure;  flesh  clear  yellow,  sweet,  vinous;  good;  stone  small, 
clinging;  mid-season. 
Herbst  Kriecke.  Insititia?  i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  435.  1889. 

Mention  of  the  variety  found  by  Mathieu  in  Wiener  Garten-Zeitung  288.    1884. 
Herbstpflaume.     Domestica.     i.  Oberdieck  Dent.  Obst.  Sort.  445.    1881. 

A  German  variety;   unproductive  in  dry  soils. 
Hereford  Damson.     Insititia.     i.  Watkins  Cat.  48.    1892? 

Mentioned  in  the  preceding  reference  as  a  favorite  and  very  productive. 
Herefordshire  Prune.     Domestica.     i.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  4:160.    1901. 

Fruit  large,  obovate;    flesh  firm,  yellowish-green. 

Heron.     Domestica.     i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  26.    1894.     2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  131:  187. 
1897.     3.  Rivers  Cat.  35.    1898. 

Originated  and  introduced  by  Thomas  Rivers,  Sawbridgeworth,  England.     Popular 
in  England  but  on  account  of  its  poor  foliage  it  is  of  little  value  in  this  country.  Fruit 
large,  roundish,  dark  purplish-red;    dots  small;    skin  sour;    flesh  greenish-yellow,  firm, 
meaty,  moderately  juicy,  subacid;   good;   stone  large,  oval,  semi-free;   early. 
Heroy.     Species?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  435.    1889. 
Herren.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  26.  Ser.  3:52.    1900. 

A  vigorous  variety  of  the  Reine  Claude  type  grown  in  Germany.  Fruit  of  medium 
size,  roundish,  slightly  flattened  at  both  ends;  suture  distinct;  sides  often  unequal; 
dull  yellow;  flesh  yellowish,  firm,  coarse,  sweet,  juicy,  pleasant;  freestone;  mid-season. 
Herzformige  Pflaume.  Species?  Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  435.  1889. 

Prune  Cordiforme. 
Heupflaume.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  435.    1889. 

Reference  obtained  by  Mathieu  in  Wiener  Garten-Zeitung  288.    1884. 
Hiawatha.     Americana,     i.    Kerr    Cat.    1894.     2.    Wis.    Sta.    Bui.    63:41.    1897.     3- 
Waugh  Plum  Cult.  152.    1901. 

Introduced  by  C.  W.  H.  Heideman,  New  Ulm,  Minnesota,  as  an  example  of  a 
staminate-flowered  plum;   rarely  productive.     Fruit  very  large,  roundish-oblong,  pur- 
plish-red ;    clingstone ;    early. 
Highland.     Domestica.     i.  Cal.  State  Bd.  Hort.  Rpt.  8:47.    1897. 

A  seedling  of  Agen,  grown  by  Luther  Burbank,  Santa  Rosa,  California.  Tree 
vigorous  and  productive;  fruit  large,  long-oval,  purplish-crimson;  flesh  yellow,  firm, 
sweet;  flavor  excellent;  stone  nearly  free. 


462  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Highlander.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  384.    1857. 

Fruit  large,   irregularly  ovate,   deep   blue;    bloom  thin;    dots  brown,   numerous; 
yellow,  juicy,  vinous;    semi-clinging;    late. 
Hilda  No.  5.     Hortulana  mineri  X  ?     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:274.    1900. 

Originated  under  cultivation  with  J.  F.  Wagner,  Bennett,  Iowa,  in  1894,  from  seed 
of  Miner  pollinated  by  a  wild  plum;    not  introduced.     Fruit  above  medium  size,  dark 
red;   used  for  jellies. 
Hillside.     Americana,     i.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  128.    1890. 

Selected  from  wild  plants  by  H.  Knudson,  Springfield,  Minnesota.  Fruit  of 
medium  size;  skin  thick,  deep  red,  astringent. 

Hilltop.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1894.     2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:42.    1897.     3.  Waugh 
Plum  Cult.  152.    1901. 

Fruit  small,  round-oval;    suture  a  line;    skin  deep  red;    dots  very  minute;    thick 
bloom;    flesh  yellow;    quality  fair;    stone  large,  half -free. 
Hilman.     Americana,     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  87:13.    1901. 

Fruit  small,  oblong;    skin  yellow,  two-thirds  covered  with  purple;    dots  conspic- 
uous;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  sweet;    stone  small,  oval;   mid-season. 
Hinkley.     Americana,     i.  Meneray  Cat. 

A  seedling  of  Harrison  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry  and  introduced  by  F.  W.  Meneray, 
Council  Bluffs,  Iowa.     Fruit  large,  yellow  with  a  red  cheek;    flesh  yellow,  rich,  sweet, 
semi-clinging ;    good. 
Hlubeck   Aprikosenpflaume.      Domestica.      Mentioned    in    Mathieu    Nom.  Pom.    435. 

1889. 
Hoag's  Seedling.     Domestica.     i.  N.  Y.  Sta.  Rpt.  8:356.    1889. 

Received  for  testing  at  the  New  York  Experiment  Station  in  1889. 
Hoffman.     Munsoniana?     i.   Cornell  Sta.   Bui.   38:63.    1892.     2.   Thomas   Am.   Fruit 
Cult.  492.    1897. 

A   wild   variety   from   southwestern   Missouri.     Fruit   of   medium   size,   roundish, 
purplish-red ;    mid-season. 
Hofinger  Mirabelle.     Insititia.     Listed  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  435.    1889. 

Hofinger's  Rote  Mirabelle.    Roter  Spilling  incor. 
Hog. 

A  common  name  variously  applied  to  P.  americana,  P.  umbellata,  P.  hortulana 
and  P.  gracilis. 

Holland.     Domestica.     i.   Coxe   Cult.   Fr.    Trees   239.    1817.     2.    Prince   Pom.    Man. 
2:78.    1832.     3.  Downing  Fr.   Trees  Am.  301.    1845.     4.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom. 

435-    i885- 
Blue  Holland  2,  3,  4.   Holland  Plum  i,  3.    Holland  Prune  4.   Kensington  Prune  2. 

Large  Holland  2,  3. 

An  old  variety  supposed  to  have  been  brought  into  this  country  from  Holland 
by  the  early  Dutch  settlers.  Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  roundish,  slightly  com- 
pressed, blue;  stem  very  adherent;  flesh  juicy,  melting,  sweet,  rich;  freestone;  mid- 
season. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  463 

Holland.     Triflora  X  Angustifolia   varians.     i.    Vt.    Sta.    Bui.    67:14.    1898.     2.    Kerr 
Cat.    i  goo.     3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  215.    1901. 

A  cross  between  Lone  Star  and  Kelsey,  grown  by  D.  H.  Watson,  Brenham,  Texas; 
introduced  by  W.  A.  Yates  in  1897.  Fruit  resembles  Abundance  in  shape  and  size; 
yellowish-green  splashed  with  red;  flesh  firm,  juicy,  vinous;  semi-clinging;  mid- 
season. 

Holister.      Munsoniana.     i.   la.   Hort.   Soc.   Rpt.    275.    1893.     2.   Waugh  Plum   Cult. 
185.    1901.         Holister  i. 

A  variety  said  to  have  originated  with  a  Mr.  Holister  of  Cedar  County,  Iowa.     Tree 
productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oblong;   cavity  shallow;   suture  faint;    clear 
bright  red;    flesh  soft,  yellow,  sweet;    good;    clingstone;    mid-season. 
Holman  Prune.     Domestica.     i.  Sarcoxie  Nur.  Cat.    1892.     2.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui. 
2d  Ser.  3:52.    1900. 

A  seedling  grown  by  D.   S.  Holman,  Springfield,  Maine.     Fruit  of  medium  size, 
oblong,  pointed;  greenish-yellow;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  sweet,  juicy ;  stone  small,  pointed, 
free;   mid-season. 
Holme.     Domestica.     i.  Peachland  Nur.  Cat.         Holmes  Early  Blue  i. 

Introduced  by  J.  Van  Lindley,  Pomona,  North  Carolina.  Tree  hardy,  productive; 
fruit  large,  dark  blue;  good;  early. 

Holt.     Americana,     i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  392.    1891.     2.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50:37.    1898. 
3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  152.    1901. 

Originated  with  B.  J.  Holt  of  Rutland,  Ohio.  Tree  vigorous,  spreading;  fruit  large, 
roundish,  yellow  shaded  with  red;  flesh  yellow,  melting,  juicy,  mild  subacid;  good; 
clingstone ;  mid-season. 

Homestead.     Americana.     I.  Minn.   Hort.   Soc.   Rpt.    128.    1890.     2.    Wis.   Sta.   Bui. 
63:42.    1897. 

Originated  with  H.  Knudson,  Springfield,  Minnesota.  Fruit  small,  round,  deep 
red;  skin  not  at  all  adherent;  flavor  rich,  somewhat  resembling  a  peach;  stone  small, 
free. 

Honey.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.  1894.     2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  87:13.    1901.     3.  Waugh 
Plum  Cult.  153.    1901. 

Tree  unproductive;  fruit  small,  oblate;    cavity  shallow;    suture  a  line;    yellow 
washed  and  shaded  with  red;    flesh  sweet;    quality  fair;    clingstone;    early. 
Honey  Julian.     Domestica.     Listed  in     Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  148.    1831. 
Hoo  Green  Gage.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in    Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  148.    1831. 
Hoosier.     Hortulana.     i.  Sarcoxie  Nur.  Cat.    1900. 

From   Greene   County,    Missouri;    introduced  by  Wild   Brothers  Nursery.     Tree 
vigorous,  spreading;    fruit  above  medium  size,  roundish;    suture  a  line;    dark  cherry- 
red;   bloom  thin;   dots  distinct;  flesh  yellow;  good;  clingstone;  late. 
Horemoritzer  Reine  Claude.     Domestica.     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  435.    1889. 

Reference  found  by  Mathieu  in  Pomologische  Monatshefte  33.     1889. 
Horrigan.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm.  Bui.  43:38.    1903. 

Mentioned  as  being  tested. 


464  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Horse.  Species?  i.  Knoop  Fructologie  62.  1771.  2.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  148.  1831. 
3.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:87.  1832.  4.  KenrickAm.  Orch.  263.  1832.  5.  Downing 
Fr.  Trees  Am.  301.  1845.  6.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  303.  1846.  7.  Vt. 
Sta.  An.  Rpt.  13:335.  1899. 

Early  Damson  3.  Horse  Plum  3,  4.  7mA  Horse  Plum  2.  Large  Early  Damson  3. 
Large  Early  Damson  5.  Large  Sweet  Damson  4.  Prune  de  Cheval  i.  Ros-pruim 
Double  i.  Sweet  Damson  3,  5. 

Plums  from  at  least  two  and  possibly  three  species  are  known  as  the  "Horse  Plum." 
In  New  York  the  Horse  Plum  used  by  nurserymen  as  a  stock  is  undoubtedly  Primus 
cerasifera.  The  plum  referred  to  by  Waugh,  in  the  preceding  reference,  is  a  variety 
of  Prunus  domestica.  It  is  difficult  to  determine  the  species  referred  to  by  the  older 
writers,  but  from  the  frequency  with  which  the  word  Damson  appears  as  a  synonym, 
it  would  seem  that  some  at  least  had  in  mind  Prunus  insititia. 

The  Horse  plum  brought  into  this  country  by  the  early  Dutch  or  French  settlers, 
propagated  by  seedlings  or  suckers  was  probably  an  Insititia.  During  the  first  half  of  the 
last  century,  this  plum  was  extensively  raised  in  this  State  and  large  quantities  were 
sold  in  the  New  York  market.  It  is  described  as  follows: — 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  oval  ;  suture  distinct;   reddish-purple;   flesh  greenish,  firm, 
sweet,  dry;    poor;    usually  freestone;    mid-season. 
Horse  Jag.     Domestica.     i.  Land.  Hort  Soc.  Cat.  148.   1831.  2.  Mag.  Hort.  9:164.   1843. 

Horse  Gage  i,  2. 

Fruit  small,  round  or  slightly  oval,  red;   stone  clinging;   mid-season. 
Hoskins.     Americana,     i.   Wis.  Sta.  Bui.   63:42.    1897.     2.  la.  Hort.   Soc.   Rpt.    no. 
1899.     3.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:275.     1900. 

Originated  by  a  Mr.  Hoskins  of  Pleasant  Plain,  Jefferson  County,  Iowa ;   and  intro- 
duced by  J.  Wragg  and  Sons,  Waukee,  Iowa,  in  1899.     Tree  productive;  fruit  of  medium 
size,  yellow;   skin  thin,  tough;  freestone;  mid-season. 
Houston  County.     Species?     Mentioned  in    Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:79.    1892. 
How  Amber.     Domestica.     i.  Mag.  Hort.   12:398,  399  fig.   1846.     2.  Elliott  Fr.  Book 
419.    1854.     3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  384.    1857. 

How's  Amber  i,  2,  3. 

A  seedling  selected  from  several  hundred  brought  from  New  Hampshire  and  grown 
by  Hall  J.  How  of  South  Boston  in  1838.  Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  of  medium 
size  ,  round ;  suture  shallow ;  amber,  spotted  and  mottled  with  rose ;  flesh  coarsely 
veined,  yellow,  melting,  juicy,  rich;  good;  clingstone;  mid-season. 
Howard.  Domestica.  i.  Cultivator  1:316.  1853.  2.  Ibid.  3:20.  1855.  3.  Mas  Pom. 
Gen.  2:185.  1873. 

Howard's  Favorite  1,2.     Howard's  Favorite  3.     Favorite  d' Howard  3. 

A  seedling  of  unknown  parentage  produced  by  Elisha  Dorr,  Albany,  New  York. 
Fruit  large,  necked,  yellow,  dotted  and  shaded  with  carmine;  stem  very  adherent; 
skin  thick;  flesh  coarse,  sweet,  rich;  clingstone;  mid-season. 

Howe.     Triflora  X   ?     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  248.    1903.     2.  Griffing  Bros.  Cat.  1906. 
3.  Ibid.  1909.         Stumpe  3.     Stumpy  i. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW   YORK.  465 

A  seedling  of  Kelsey  grown  in  the  yard  of  a  Mrs.  Stumpe,  Putnam  County,  Florida; 
introduced  by  Griffing  Brothers  in  1906.  Fruit  large,  roundish,  red;  bloom  delicate; 
suture  a  line;  skin  thin,  leathery;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  juicy;  good;  stone  small,  oval, 
clinging;  early. 

Howell.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  302.    1845.     2.  Horticulturist  7:402. 
1852.     3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  921.    1869. 

Chapin's  Early  3.     Early  Purple  2,  3.     Howell's  Early  i.     Sea  2.     Sea  3. 

This  variety  derives  its  name  from  B.  Howell  of  Newburgh,  New  York,  who  brought 
the  original  tree  from  Virginia  as  a  sucker.  It  was  supposed  to  have  been  introduced 
into  the  Southern  States  by  cions  from  Germany.  Tree  of  slow  growth;  fruit  below 
medium,  oval;  suture  indistinct;  red;  flesh  juicy,  rich,  sweet;  good;  freestone;  very 
early. 
Hoyo  Smomo.  Triflora.  i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  62:23.  1894. 

A  name  used  by  J.  L.  Normand,  Marksville,  Louisiana;  probably  a  synonym. 
H.  T.  S.  84,761.     Species?  i.  Rural  N.  Y.  61:674.    1902. 

One  of  Burbank's  plums.    Fruit  large,  yellow  with  crimson  blush;  flesh  yellow,  firm, 
sweet,  vinous,  juicy;   clingstone;   a  good  shipper. 
Huankume.     Triflora.     i.  TV.  Mex.  Sta.  Bui.  39:122.    1901. 

Reported  from  New  Mexico  as  weak  in  growth;    fruit  small,  roundish,   downy; 
yellowish-red;  slightly  acid;  clingstone;  resembles  the  apricot  in  flavor  and  appearance. 
Hudson  Gage.     Domestica.      i.  Downing  Fr.   Trees  Am.   277.    1845.     2.  Hogg  Fruit 
Man.  365.    1866.     3.  Guide  Prat.  163,  364.    1895. 

Hudson  2.  Hudson  3.  Hudson  Gage  2,  3.  Hudson's  gelbe  Fruhpftaume  3.  Reine- 
Claude  d' Hudson  3. 

Hudson  Gage  is  one  of  several  good  varieties  originated  by  L.  V.  Lawrence  of  Hudson 
New  York.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  oval;  suture  slight;  yellow,  obscurely  streaked 
with  green;  bloom  thin;  flesh  greenish,  juicy,  melting,  sprightly;  good;  freestone; 
early;  placed  in  the  catalog  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1877. 
Hughes.  Munsoniana.  i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  166.  1885.  2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
195-6.  1901.  3.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  67:275.  1904. 

Originated  in  northeastern  Mississippi  where  it  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  best  of  its 
species.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish;  stem  long,  slender;  cavity  shallow;  suture 
a  line;  bright  red,  striped  with  yellow;  dots  large,  white;  skin  thin;  flesh  yellow, 
fibrous,  watery,  sprightly,  subacid  quality  fair;  stone  of  medium  size,  turgid,  cling- 
ing; late. 

Hungarian  Musk  Prune.     Domestica.     i.  Guide  Prat.  158,  363.    1895.     2.  Can.  Exp. 
Farms  Rpt.  432.    1905. 

Basilic  i.  Musquee  de  Besztercze  i.  Proune  bissioque  (Roumanie)  i.  Quetsche 
musque'e  de  Hongrie  i. 

Hungarian  Musk  Prune  is  very  similar  to  the  German  Prune;    fruit  of  medium 
size,  necked;    cavity  small;    suture  shallow;    deep  purple;    bloom  thick;    flesh  yellow, 
juicy,  sweet,  musky,  aromatic;    stone  small,  free;    mid-season. 
Hungarian  No.  i.     Domestica.     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  31:349.    1895. 


466  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

J.  L.  Budd  of  the  Iowa  Experiment  Station  received  this  plum  from  Europe  with 
sprouts  of  his  Ungarish.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  prune-shape,  bright  yellow;  freestone. 
Hungarian  No.  2.  Domestica.  i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  86.  1890. 

Imported  by  J.  L.  Budd  from  Russia;   of  little  value. 
Hunn.     Triflora.     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  139:43.    1897.     2.  Ibid.  175:147.    1899. 

Burbank  No.i    i,  2. 

A  small,  round  plum  named  for  C.  E.  Hunn  of  the  New  York  State  College  of  Agri- 
culture; apex  pointed;  suture  shallow;  deep  red;  dots  many,  yellow;  flesh  soft,  yel- 
low, aromatic;  quality  fair;  clingstone;  mid-season. 

Hunt.     Munsoniana  X  Americana,     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  78.    1897.     2.  la.  Sta.  Bui. 
46:275.    1900.     3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  153.    1901. 

Originated  about  1880  by  Henry  Hunt,  De  Soto,  Dallas  County,  Iowa,  from  seed 
of  Wild  Goose  probably  pollinated  by  the  De  Soto,  trees  of  which  stood  near.  It  was 
supposed  at  one  time  that  Lombard  was  the  male  parent  but  no  traces  of  Domestica 
blood  can  be  detected  in  either  tree  or  fruit;  introduced  in  1897  by  M.  J.  Graham, 
Odel,  Iowa.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval;  cavity  shallow;  suture  a  line;  dark 
red;  bloom  heavy;  dots  large,  conspicuous;  skin  thin,  not  astringent;  flesh  yellow, 
firm,  mild;  quality  fair;  stone  large,  ovate,  winged. 
Hunt  De  Soto.  Americana,  i.  5.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:20.  1905.  Hunt's  De  Soto  i. 

Introduced  by  J.  L.  Budd  of  the  Iowa  Experiment  Station;    closely  resembles 
De  Soto,  differing  from  it  in  being  a  little  larger,  darker  red  and  a  better  keeper. 
Ida.     Americana,     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:38.    1892.     2.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50:37.    1898. 
3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  153.    1901. 

Originated  with  D.  B.  Wier  of  Illinois.     Tree  very  thorny,  of  slow,  irregular  growth; 
fruit  medium,  roundish-oblong;    cavity  shallow;    stem  medium,  stout,  dull;    red  over 
yellow;    bloom  thick;    skin  thick;    flesh  pale  yellow;    quality  fair;    stone  roundish, 
rather  flat,  clinging;   mid-season. 
Ida  Green  Gage.     Domestica.     i.  Cole  Am.  Fr.  Book  212.    1849. 

A  seedling  of  Reine  Claude  originating  near  Mount  Ida,  New  York.  It  very 
closely  resembles  its  parent  except  that  it  is  more  strongly  blushed  and  is  a  few  days 
later;  obsolete. 

Idall.     Munsoniana  X  Hortulana  mineri.     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:56.    1892.     2.  Am. 
Card.  19:234.    1898.     3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  173.    1901. 

Idal  2.     Idol  i.     Idol  i,  2. 

According  to  the  originator,  D.  B.  Wier,  of  Illinois,  the  Idall  is  a  cross  between 
Wild  Goose  and  Miner.     Fruit  large,  roundish-oval;    cavity  shallow;    suture  a  line; 
red;   dots  many;    skin  tough;   flesh  yellow;   good;   stone  of  medium  size,  oval,  cling- 
ing;  late. 
Imperial.     Americana.     I.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:276.    1900. 

A  small  plum  of  the  De  Soto  type  brought  to  notice  by  C.  B.  Ginrich,  Laporte, 
Iowa.     Fruit  round,  conical ;  cavity  broad,  deep ;  suture  a  line ;  yellow  with  red  mark- 
ings;  bloom  thin;   flesh  clear  yellow,  firm,  brisk,  acid;   good;   clingstone. 
Impe'riale  Alexandrina.     Species?     Mentioned  in    Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  436.    1889. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  467 

Imperiale  de  Milan.     Domestica.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  149.    1831.     2.  Hogg  Fruit 
Man.  365.    1866.     3.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:67.    1866-73. 

Mailandische  Kaiserpflaume  3.     Prune  de  Milan  2,  3. 

Originated  near  the  city  of  Milan,  Italy.     Tree  large,  vigorous,  spreading;    fruit 
medium, oval;  suture  distinct;  stem  short,  rather  thick;  skin  tough,  dark  purple;  bloom 
heavy;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy,  firm,  sweet;    good;   usually  freestone;    mid-season. 
Imperial   Ottoman.     Domestica.     i.   Land.   Hort.   Soc.   Cat.    149.    1831.     2.    Horticul- 
turist i:n  fig.    1846.     3.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  413.    1854.     4.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:137. 
1873.     5.  Mathieu  Nont.  Pom.  442.    1889. 

Impe'riale  de  Turquie  4.  Imperiale  Ottomans  5.  Imperial  Ottoman  3,  4,  5.  Otto- 
man 3.  Ottomanische  Kaiserpflaume  5.  Ottomanische  Kaiserpflaume  4.  Turkische 
Gelbe  Pflaume  5. 

Supposed  to  have  been  brought  into  this  country  from  Turkey  by  William  Prince. 
Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  medium,  roundish-oval;  suture  indistinct;  stem  of 
medium  length,  slender;  greenish-yellow,  clouded  and  mottled  with  darker  shades; 
bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  pleasant;  good;  clingstone;  very  early. 
Imperial  Purple.  Domestica.  i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  923.  1869.  2.  Mas  Pom. 
Gen.  2:45.  I^73-  Imperial  Purple  2.  Pourpre'e  Imperial  2. 

Raised  by  William  Prince,   Flushing,   Long  Island.     Tree  vigorous,  productive, 
fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish-oval;   suture  barely  indicated;   stem  of  medium  length, 
slender;   intense  purple;   flesh  yellowish,  juicy,  sweet;   clingstone;   mid-season. 
Imperial  Violet.     Domestica.     i.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:99.    1768.     2.  Kraft  Pom. 
Aust.  2:33,  Tab.  181  fig.  i.    1796.     3.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:60.    1832.     4.  Noi- 
sette Man.  Comp.  Jard.  2:497.    1860. 

Die  violete  Kaiserpflaume  mit  scheckichten  Blattern  2.  Impe'riale  a  Petit  Fruit 
Violet  4.  Impe'riale  Violette  a  feuilles  panachees  i.  Imperiale  .violette  a  feuittes 
panachees  2,  3. 

A  variety  with  variegated  leaves  and  fruit,  cultivated  as  an  ornamental. 
Imperial  Washington.     Domestica.     i.  Horticulturist  25:204.    1870. 

A  seedling  of  Lombard  grown  by  G.  P.  Peffer  of  Pewaukee,  Wisconsin.     Tree 
vigorous  and  productive;   fruit  large,  roundish,  slightly  oblate;    suture  faint;    cavity 
lacking  or  small;   brownish-red;   dots  yellow;   skin  thin,  tender;  flesh  greenish-yellow, 
firm,  juicy,  rich;   late. 
Improved  French  Prune.     Domestica.     I.  Coates  Cat.    1908.         Miller  i. 

A  seedling  of  Agen  grown  by  Luther  Burbank  and  sold  in  1898  under  the  name 

Miller  to  Leonard  Coates,  Morganhill,  California,  who  introduced  it  under  the  name 

given  above  about  1908.     Very  similar  to  its  parent  but  larger  and  more  uniform  in  size. 

Incomparable.     Domestica.     I.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  924.     1869.     2.  Mathieu  Nom. 

Pom.  451.     1889. 

Incomparable  2.     Incomparable  Prune  i.     Nonpareil  i,  2.     Unvergleichliche  2. 

Probably  a  seedling  of  the  German  Prune.  Tree  vigorous;  fruit  of  medium  size, 
long-oval;  suture  shallow;  cavity  small;  deep  purplish-black;  bloom  heavy;  flesh 
yellow,  sweet;  good;  clingstone:  late. 


468  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Indian.     Domestica.     i.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  2:36,  Tab.  186  fig.  i.    1796. 

Die  grosse  indianische  braunrothe  Pflaume  i.     Grosse  prune  d'Inde  rouge  i. 

Fruit  large,  obovate,  brownish-red;  suture  distinct;  flesh  yellow,  firm;  good; 
obsolete. 

Indiana.     Hortulana  mineri.     i.  Mich.  Sta.  Rpt.  in.   1887.     2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:56, 
86.    1892.     3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.   173.    1901. 

Indiana  Red  3.     Indiana  Red  1,2. 

Supposed  to  have  been  found  wild  in  Indiana;  introduced  by  Dr.  I.  Cramer.  Tree 
tender  in  severe  climates;  fruit  medium  in  size,  oval;  cavity  shallow;  stem  slender; 
suture  a  line;  red;  bloom  thin;  dots  minute,  small;  flesh  yellow,  firm;  quality  fair; 
stone  large;  oval,  clinging;  season  late. 

Indian  Chief.     Munsoniana.     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.   36.    1875.     2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui. 
38:49,  86.    1892.     3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.   186.    1901. 

A  southern  variety  of  which  the  place  of  origin  is  not  certainly  known;  Munson 
says  southern  Texas,  Onderdonk  thinks  Georgia,  others  consider  Arkansas  as  its  birth- 
place. Tree  vasiform,  open;  leaves  short,  broad,  finely  serrate;  petiole  short,  glandular; 
fruit  of  medium  size,  oval;  stem  short,  slender;  cavity  shallow;  suture  a  line;  dots 
numerous,  white;  bright  red;  skin  thick;  flesh  yellow,  melting,  insipid;  poor;  stone 
long-oval,  flattened,  clinging;  early. 
Inkpa.  Americana  X  Simonii.  Cir.  S.  Dak.  Exp.  Sta.  1910. 

Inkpa  is  a  cross  between  Prunus  simonii  and  Prunus  americana  made  by  N.  E. 
Hansen  of  the  South  Dakota  Experiment  Station,  who  introduced  the  variety  in  1910. 
lola.  Species?  i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:79.  1892. 

Originated  by  D.  B.  Wier,  Illinois.  Fruit  large,  oblong,  yellow  covered  with  red; 
flesh  firm;  freestone;  late. 

lona.     Hortulana  mineri.     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:39.    1892.     2.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit 
Cult.  490.    1897.     3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.   153.    1901. 

Originated  with  D.  B.  Wier,  from  seed  taken  from  a  wild  bush  in  southwestern 
Wisconsin.  Tree  vigorous,  upright;  fruit  of  medium  size,  oval;  cavity  shallow;  suture 
aline;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  sweet ;  quality  fair;  freestone;  late. 

Iowa.     Americana,     i.   Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:43.    1897.     2.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.   411. 
1899.     3.  5.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:20.    1905. 

From  Allamakee  County,  Iowa,  Fruit  medium,  oval ;  red  over  yellow ;  skin  astrin- 
gent; early. 

Iowa  Beauty.     Americana,     i.   Kerr  Cat.     1898.     2.  la.  Hort.  Soe.  Rpt.    in.    1899. 
3.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:276.    1900. 

Taken  from  the  woods  about  1860  by  Hugo  Beyer,  New  London,  Iowa.     Fruit  of 
medium  size,  oval,  mottled  yellow;    flesh  melting,  juicy,  sweet;    good;    early. 
Irby.     Hortulana.     i.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  11:284.    1898.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  181.   1901. 
3.  Tex.  Nur.  Cat.    1907. 

Erby  September  1,2.     Irby  September  3. 

Found  by  Dan  Irby  of  Texas  growing  on  the  grounds  of  an  old  Indian  settlement. 
Fruit  of  medium  size,  bright  red;  late;  similar  to  Wayland. 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  469 

Ireland.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Hart.  21:391.    1898.         Ireland's  Seedling  i. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  dark  blue;    stem  slender;    cavity  deep;    suture  distinct; 
flesh  green,  tender,  juicy;   good;   early. 
Ireland  Golden.     Domestica.     i.  Ont.  Fr.  Exp.  Sta.  Rpt.  3:120.    1896 

Ireland's  Golden  Gage  i. 

Tree  vigorous,  hardy,  productive;   good;   early. 

Irene.  Hortulana  mineri.  i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:79.  1892.  2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
154.  1901. 

Originated  by  D.  B.  Wier,  Illinois.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  oval;  bright  red;  skin 
thick;  flesh  yellow,  firm;  clingstone;  late. 

Iris.  Hortulana  mineri.  i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:56.  1892.  2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
173.  1901. 

Originated  and  introduced  by  D.  B.  Wier  of  Illinois.     Fruit  medium  in  size,  oval; 
cavity  shallow;    suture  a  line;    red;   bloom  thin;   flesh  yellow;   poor;    clingstone;    late. 
Ironclad.     Americana,     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:38.   1892.     2.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:275.    1900. 
3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  154.    1901. 

Illinois  Ironclad  i,  2.     Illinois  Ironclad  3. 

A  wild  variety  from  Illinois  introduced  by  Stark  Brothers  in  1890.  Tree  dwarf; 
fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval;  stem  slender;  cavity  of  medium  depth,  flaring; 
suture  shallow;  dots  many,  small,  yellow;  dark  red;  bloom  thick;  skin  thick;  flesh 
yellow,  firm,  meaty,  sweet;  quality  fair;  stone  oval,  smooth,  flattened,  clinging;  mid- 
season. 
Iroquois.  Hortulana  mineri?  i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:39.  1903. 

From    Charles    Luedloff,    Cologne,    Minnesota.     Fruit   of   medium    size,    roundish- 
heart-shaped;   cavity  narrow;   suture  a  line;   dark  red;   dots  numerous,  small,  yellow; 
bloom  thin;    skin  thick,  tough;    flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sweet;    quality  fair;    stone  oval, 
slightly  flattened,  clinging. 
Isaac.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1897.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  154.    1901. 

Brought  to  notice  by  M.  S.  Hubbell  from  a  wild  tree  near  Lincoln,  Nebraska.  Fruit 
small,  roundish,  red  over  a  green  ground;  clingstone. 

Isabella.  Domestica.  i.  Pom.  Mag.  3:150.  1830.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  305. 
1845.  3.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige  6:93,  PI.  1858.  4.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  366.  1866. 
5  Mathieu  Nom  Pom.  436.  1889. 

Die  Isabelle  5.     Prune  Isabelle  3. 

An  English  variety  popular  sixty-five  years  ago ;  said  to  produce  three  crops  a  year. 
Tree  vigorous;  fruit  large,  oval;  suture  distinct;  deep,  dull  red,  paler  in  the  shade; 
dots  many,  dark  colored;  flesh  yellow,  rich,  juicy,  brisk;  good;  clingstone;  mid-season. 
Isabella.  Americana.  I.  Kerr  Cat.  1900.  2.  Terry  Cat.  1900 

Originated  with  H.  A.  Terry,  Iowa,  in  1893.     Tree  low,  spreading,  productive;  fruit 

of  medium  size,  roundish;  dark  red  on  a  yellow  ground ;  good;  clingstone;   mid-season. 

Isle-Verte.     Domestica.     i.   Quintinye  Com    Card    68,  70.    1699.     2.  Duhamel    Trait. 

Arb.  Fr.  2:107.    1768.     3.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:94.    1832.     4.  Mas  Pom.  Gen. 

2:39.    1873. 


470  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Grosse  Grune  Pflaume  4.  Grune  Inselpflaume  4.  Ilevert  2,  4.  Ik  Vert  3.  lie 
verte  3.  Hie  verte  3.  Illvert  i.  Inselpflaume  Grune  4.  Isle  Vert  3.  Isle  Verte  2. 
Prune  de  Savoye  3.  Prune  Ileverte  4.  Savoy  3. 

Tree  very  prolific ;  fruit  of  medium  size,  oval ;  suture  a  line ;  stem  of  medium  length ; 
skin  yellowish-green,  reddish  on  the  sunny  side;  flesh  clear  yellow,  juicy,  sweet;  cling- 
stone ;  used  tor  preserves  and  pickles. 

Italian  Damask.  Domestica.  i.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:75.  1768.  2.  Kraft 
Pom.  Aust.  2:42,  Tab.  195  fig.  i.  1796.  3.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:83.  1832. 
4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  302.  1845.  5.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  1846.  6.  Hogg 
Fruit  Man.  366.  1866.  7.  Guide  Prat.  157,  353.  1895. 

Damas  d'ltalie  i,  7.  Damas  d'ltalie  2,  3,  4,  6.  Die  walsche  Damascenerpflaume  2. 
Prune  Damas  d'ltalie  5.  Prunus  italica  5. 

Supposed  to  have  originated  in  Italy.     Tree  productive,  doing  especially  well  in 
the  South;  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish;  cavity  small;  suture  distinct;   dark  purple; 
bloom  heavy;   dots  small,  light;   flesh  yellowish-green,  juicy,  firm,  sweet;  good;    stone 
thick,  free;   mid-season. 
Itahenische  Damascene  (Diel's).     Species?     Listed  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.   436.    1889. 

Damas  d'ltalie. 

Itahenische  Damascene  (Liegel's).  Species?  Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom. 
436-  1889. 

Damas  d'ltalie. 

Itasca.  Nigra.  i.  Mich.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  in.  1887.  2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:39.  1892. 
3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  171.  1901.  Itaska  1,2. 

An  inferior  variety  from  Minnesota;  introduced  by  P.  M.  Gideon,  Excelsior,  Minne- 
sota, and  W.  F.  Heikes,  Huntsville,  Alabama.     Tree  dense  and  stocky;   fruit  of  medium 
size,  oblong,  dull  purple-red;    skin  thick;    flesh  firm;    quality  fair;    clingstone;    mid- 
season. 
Ithaca.     Species?     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:79.    1892. 

Supposed  to  have  originated  with  Peter  M.  Gideon,  Minnesota. 
Ivason.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1897. 

From  Iowa.  Tree  vigorous;  fruit  large,  roundish,  purplish-red;  semi-clinging; 
mid-season. 

Ives.  Domestica.  I.  Mag.  Hort.  15:118.  1849.  2.  Cole  Am.  Fr.  Book  211.  1849. 
3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  214.  1856.  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  924.  1869. 

Ive's  Seedling  i,  4.  Ive's  Washington  4.  Ives'  Washington  Seedling  3.  Wash- 
ington Seedling  2. 

A  seedling  of  Washington  raised  by  J.  M.  Ives  of  Salem,  Massachusetts;  named 
by  C.  M.  Hovey;  first  fruited  in  1845.  Tree  very  vigorous;  fruit  large,  roundish- 
oblong;  distinct  suture;  skin  yellow,  mottled  and  dotted  with  red;  bloom  thin;  stem 
short  and  slender;  flesh  amber,  melting,  rich;  excellent;  stone  medium,  ovate,  free. 
Ives.  Insititia.  i.  Am.  Card.  14:148.  1893.  Ives  Damson  i. 

Grown  locally  in  southern  Connecticut.  Tree  productive;  fruit  purple,  sour; 
clingstone;  unusually  late. 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  471 

J.  H.  Rue.     Species?     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:43.    1897. 

First  noted  by  J.  L.  Budd  of  Iowa.     Tree  productive;  fruit  the  size  of  Stoddard; 
flesh  firm. 
J.  Parks.     Species?     i.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  420.    1905. 

Fruit  small,  light  red;  flesh  meaty,  firm;  good;  freestone;   not  troubled  with  rot. 
Jacinthe.     Domestica.     i.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:100,  PI.  XVI.    1768.     2.  Kraft 
Pom.  Aust.  2:28,  Tab.   173  fig.  2.    1796.     3.  Coxe  Cult.  Fr.   Trees  238.    1817. 
4.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:94.    1832.     5.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:123.    1866-73. 

Die  Hyacinthenpflaume  2.  Hyacinth  4.  Hyacinthe  Pflaume  5.  Jacinthe  2. 
Prune  Jacinthe  5. 

An  old  variety  imported  from  England  by  William  Coxe.     Fruit  large,  elongated; 
suture  indistinct;    clear  purple;    flesh  yellow,  firm,  juicy;    good;    stone  oval,  semi- 
clinging;   mid-season. 
Jacob.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  925.    1869. 

Described  only  by  Downing.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  oval,  necked,  sides  unequal; 
suture  large;   violet;   flesh  greenish,  juicy,  sweet;   good;   freestone;   mid-season. 
Jap  No.  4.     Americana  X  Triflora.     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:276.    1900.     2.  Ibid.  114:138. 
1910.         Japan  Hybrid  No. 4    2. 

A  seedling  from  De  Soto  pollinated  with  some  Japanese  variety;   sent  out  by  the 
Iowa  Experiment  Station  about  1895.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  long-oval;    suture  dis- 
tinct;  mottled  red  over  a  yellow  ground;    dots  none;   skin  thin,  tender;   flesh  yellow, 
sweet;    good;   freestone. 
Japan  No.  i.     Americana  X  Triflora.     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1899. 

A  hybrid  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa. 
Japan  No.  3.     Americana  X  Triflora.     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1899. 

Another  of  Mr.  Terry's  hybrids. 
Japan  Hybrid  No.  2  (a).     Americana  X  Triflora.     I.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  114:137.    1910. 

One  of  a  number  of  hybrids  produced  by  the  late  J.  L.  Budd  of  the  Iowa  Experi- 
ment Station.    This  one  is  of  the  Americana  type;  fruit  medium  in  size,  oval,  dark  red 
over  yellow;   flesh  yellow,  tender,  sweet;   good;   freestone;   mid-season. 
Japan  Hybrid  No.  2  (b).     Americana  X  Triflora.     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  114:138.    1910. 

From  the  same  lot  of  hybrids  as  Japan  Hybrid  No.  2  (a).    Fruit  resembles  Prunus 
americana;   large,  oval,  red  over  yellow;   skin  thick,  tough,  bitter;    flesh  juicy,  coarse, 
pulpy,  sweet;   fair  in  quality;    mid-season. 
Japanese  Plum  Seedling.     Triflora.     i.  Am.  Card.  14:515.    1893. 

A  seedling  from  Luther  Burbank  produced  by  pollinating  Kelsey  with  Satsuma.  Out- 
wardly resembles  Kelsey;  flesh  red,  pleasant,  juicy,  meaty;  vinous;  stone  small,  clinging. 
Jaspisartige  Pflaume.  Species?  Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  436.  1889. 

Lieflandische  Grune  Zwetsche      Weisse  Violen  Pflaume. 
Jaune  d'Este.     Domestica.     i.  Flor.  &  Pom.  186.    1872.         Jean  d'Este  i. 

An  old  variety  deserving  of  notice  because  of  its  earliness. 

Jaune  Tardive.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2d.  Ser  3:53.    1900.      2.  Baltet 
Cult.  Fr.  491.    1908. 

Tree  vigorous;  fruit  of  medium  size,  oval,  amber-yellow;   flesh  sweet;  good. 


472 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 


Jaune  Tres  Hative  Baboud.     Domestica.      i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  ad  Ser.  3:52.    1900. 

Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  below  medium,  oval;   suture  shallow ;  cavity  small; 
clear  yellow;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  pleasant;  good;  freestone;  very  early. 
Jean  Morceau.     Domestica.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  149.    1831. 

A  variety  grown  at  one  time  in  the  London  Horticultural  Society  gardens. 
Jennie   Lucas.     Angustifolia   varians.     i.   Am.   Pom.    Soc.   Rpt.    160,    162.    1881.     2. 
Waugh  Plum  Cult.  196.    1901.     3.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:256,  257.    1905. 

Jennie  Lucas  is  a  seedling  grown  by  G.  Onderdonk,  Mission  Valley  Nurseries,  Vic- 
toria County,  Texas;  introduced  by  the  originator  in  1875.  Fruit  of  medium  size, 
roundish;  cavity  shallow;  suture  a  line;  dots  numerous,  large,  white;  light  yellow; 
skin  thin;  flesh  yellow,  soft,  sweetish;  quality  fair;  stone  large,  round,  flattened, 
clinging;  mid-season. 

Jerusalem.  Domestica.  i.  Prince  Treat.  Hort.  27.  1828.  2.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:95. 
1832.  3.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc.  1.1846.  4.  Noisette  Man.  Comp.  Jard.  2:497 
1860.  5.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  926.  1869.  6.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  433. 
1889.  7.  Lucas  Vollst.  Hand.  Obst.  471.  1894.  8.  Guide  Prat.  163,  367. 
1895. 

Blaue  Eierpflaume  6,  8.  De  Bordeaux  i,  2,  5.  De  Jerusalem  4.  Jerusalem  6. 
Oeil  de  Boeuf  i,  2,  4,  5.  Oeuil-de-Boeuf  6.  Prune  de  Bordeaux  6.  Prune  de  Jerusalem  3. 
Prune  Violet  de  Jerusalem  5.  Prunier  de  Jerusalem  2,  5,  6.  Violette  de  Jerusalem  6. 
Violette  Jerusalem  5.  Violette  Jerusalems  pflaume  6.  Violette  Jerusalemspflaume  7. 
Wahre  blaue  Eierpflaume  6,  8. 

The  tree  and  fruit  of  this  variety  resemble  the  German  Prune  of  which  it  is  prob- 
ably  an  offspring.     Fruit  large,  oval;    suture   a  line;     dark  purple;    flesh  yellowish, 
prune-like,  firm,  sweet;    good;    stone  long,  flat,  free;    mid-season. 
Jessie.     Americana,     i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  263.    1892.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  154.    1901. 

A  seedling  introduced  from  the  wild  by  the  Martin  Nursery  Company,  Winfield, 
Kansas,  about  1892.  Tree  productive,  vigorous,  suckers  badly;  fruit  of  medium  size, 
oval;  cavity  shallow;  suture  a  line;  wine-red;  flesh  yellow,  melting,  fibrous,  slightly 
subacid;  good;  clingstone;  early. 

Jewell.  Munsoniana.  i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:79.  1892.  2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  87:14.  1901. 
3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  186.  1901. 

A  seedling  of  Wild  Goose  from  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa;  first  fruited  in  1885. 
Fruit  of  medium  size,  round;  cavity  shallow ;  suture  indistinct ;  red  over  a  yellow  ground ; 
bloom  light;  dots  numerous;  skin  thin,  not  adherent  to  the  pulp;  flesh  yellow,  tender; 
quality  fair;  clingstone;  mid-season. 

Jodoigne  Domestica.  i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  367.  1866.  2.  Ibid.  708.  1884.  3.  Lucas 
Vollst.  Hand.  Obst.  472.  1894. 

Boulouf  ?i.  Jodoigne  Green  Gage  i,  2.  Reine-Claude  de  Jodoigne  i,  2.  Reinc- 
Claude  von  Jodoigne  3.  Royal  de  Vilvorde  i,  2. 

Probably  a  Reine  Claude  seedling ;  tree  large,  vigorous;  shoots  smooth;  fruit  large, 
round,  inclining  to  oblate,  greenish-yellow,  with  brownish-red  cheek;  suture  shallow; 
flesh  whitish-yellow,  firm,  juicy,  tender,  sweet,  rich;  mid-season. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  473 

Joe  Hooker.  Americana.  i.  Kerr  Cat.  1894.  2.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50:38.  1898. 
3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  154.  1901. 

Tree  dwarfish;   fruit  of  medium,  size,  roundish-oval;   cavity  shallow;    suture  faint; 
red  on  a  yellow  ground;    skin  thick;    flesh  yellow;    clingstone;    late. 
John  A.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.   137.    1894.     2.  Ont.  Fr.Gr.  Assoc.  Rpt. 
72.     1894.     3.  la.  Sta.  Bid.  46:276.     1900. 

A  cross  between  Evelyn  and  Italian  Prune ;  originated  with  Richard  Trotter,  Owen 
Sound,  Ontario.  Tree  vigorous;  fruit  large,  oval  or  egg-shape;  cavity  narrow ;  bronze-red; 
bloom  heavy;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  firm,  juicy,  subacid;  stone  large;  clinging;  hangs  well. 
Johnny  Roe.  Domestica.  I.  Garden  53:263.  1898. 

An  English  variety  propagated  from  suckers  in  Nottinghamshire. 
Jones.     Americana?     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.   38:79.    1892.     2.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.   334. 
1894.     3.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:277.      1900. 

Originated  in  1880  with  Mrs.  Owen  Jones,  Crescent,  Iowa,  who  planted  the  pits 
from  a  quart  of  "California  plums"  she  had  purchased;  introduced  by  H.  A.  Terry 
about  1895.  Tree  upright,  spreading,  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  oval;  suture 
indistinct;  dark  red;  bloom  light;  skin  thick,  tender;  flesh  firm,  meaty;  quality  fair; 
stone  smooth,  not  margined;  clinging;  mid-season. 
Jones  Late.  Americana,  i.  Kerr  Cat.  1894.  2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:43.  1897. 

Introduced  by  H.  A.  Terry.     Tree  productive;    fruit  large,  oval,  red  ;  flesh  firm; 
clingstone. 
Jordan  Seedling.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Hort.  14:329.    1891. 

Supposed  to  be  a  seedling  of  Yellow  Egg;  originated  with  F.  Jordan  of  Goderich, 
Ontario.  The  variety  resembles  Hulings  so  closely  as  to  be  almost  indistinguishable. 
Judson.  Domestica.  i.  Thomas  Am.  Fr.  Cult.  342.  1849.  2.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  427.  1854. 

Originated  in  Lansingburgh,  New  York,  some  time  in  the  early  "forties."     Fruit 
small,  roundish;    suture  indistinct;    cavity  small;    attractive  pink;    flesh  juicy,  rich, 
vinous;    quality  high;    freestone;    season  just  before  Reine  Claude. 
Julia.     Americana,     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:277.     1900.     2.  Terry  Cat.    1900. 

Edith  of  Terry  i. 

A  seedling  from  H.  A.  Terry  in  1896.     Tree  productive;  fruit  large,  round,  yellow 
striped  with  light  red;    flesh  firm;    clingstone;    mid-season. 
Julian.     Triflora.     Noted  in  Sweet  Cat.    1907. 
Julien   Gros  a  Feuilles  Panachees.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat. 

149.    1831. 
July  Fourth.     Domestica?  X  Triflora  X  Americana,     i.  Rural  N.  Y.  59:655  fig.    1900. 

A  second  generation  seedling  from  Luther  Burbank;  said  to  rank  very  high  in 
quality. 

July  Green  Gage.  Domestica.  i.  Jour.  Hort.  9:128.  1865.  2.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  360, 
367.  1866.  3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  926.  1869.  4.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:99. 
1873.  5.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  437.  1889.  6.  Guide  Prat.  152,  363.  1895. 


474  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Bavay's  Early  Gage?  i.  Bavay's  Fruhe  Reine-Claude  4,  6.  Early  Bavay  3,  '5. 
Early  Green  Gage?  2.  Fruhe  Reine-Claude  6.  Juli  Reine-Claude  5.  Julius  Reine- 
Claude  5.  July  Green  Gage  4,  5.  Reine-Claude  Davion  4,  6.  Reine-Claude  de  Bavay 
Hdtive  2,  3,  4,  6.  Reine-Claude  de  Juillet  6.  Reine-Claude  Hdtive  5,  of  some  6.  Reine- 
Claude  Hdtive  d' Avion  6.  Reine-Claude  Native  de  Bavay  6.  Reine-Claude  Bavay 
native?  5. 

July  Green  Gage  was  introduced  into  France  from  Normandy  about  the  middle 
of  the  last  century  by  a  M.  Davion.  Tree  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish; 
suture  slight;  stem  short;  cavity  narrow,  deep;  yellowish-green  sometimes  spotted 
with  red;  bloom  thin;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy,  aromatic,  sweet;  very  good;  free- 
stone ;  very  early. 
Jumelles.  Domestica.  i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  432.  1905. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish;  suture  distinct;  greenish  streaked  with  yellow; 
flesh  juicy,  sweet,  rich;  stone  small,  semi-clinging;  early. 

Jumelles  de  Liegel.     Domestica.     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  439.    1889.     2.  Guide  Prat. 
160,  358.    1895. 

Jumelles  de  Liegel  i.     Liegel's  Zwillingspflaume  i.     Liegel' s  Zunllingspftaume  2. 

Tree  productive;    fruit  large,  roundish,  red;    flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sweet,  vinous; 
good;  late. 
Kaga.     Americana  X  Simonii.     i.  Circ.  S.  Dak.  Exp.  Sta.    1910. 

Introduced  in  1910  by  the  originator,  N.  E.  Hansen,  of  the  South  Dakota  Experi- 
ment Station.     It  is  a  cross  between  Prunus  simonii  and  some  Americana. 
Kaiser  Wilhelm.     Domestica.     i.   Oberdieck  Deut.    Obst.   Sort.   407.    1881.     2.   Card. 
Chron.  26:717.    1886.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  428.    1889. 

Bamberger  Eier  Pftaume  3  incor.  Blaue  Eier  3  incor.  Dark  Blue  Egg  2.  Dunkel- 
blaue  Eierpftaume  i.  Dunkleblaue  Eierpflaume  3.  Liegel's  Marokko?  3.  Rodt's 
Grosse  Fruh  Pftaumen-Zwetsche  3.  Ungarische  Blaue  Eier  3. 

A  plum  very  well  known  in  Germany.     Tree  large,  productive;   fruit  large,  oval; 
skin  thick,  not  adherent,  tough,  somewhat  sour,  bluish-black;    flesh  yellowish,  juicy, 
slightly  sweet;    clingstone. 
Kampeska.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1894.     2.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50:38.    1898. 

Tree  productive,  slow  and  stocky  in  growth;  fruit  small  to  medium,  round;  stem 
of  medium  length,  thick;  skin  thick,  purplish-red;  bloom  heavy;  of  medium  quality; 
clingstone. 

Kanawha.     Hortulana.     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.   136.    1875.     2.  Ga.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt. 
24.    1881.     3.  Rev.  Hort.   535.    1893.      4.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.   180,    181.    1901. 

Canawa  i.     Peach-leaved  2.     Prune  Kanawa  3.     Rains  i. 

Introduced  by  P.  J.  Berckmans  who  had  received  it  from  J.  S.  Downer  of  Kentucky 
in  1871.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  oval;  suture  a  line;  dots  many,  white;  bright  red 
with  a  thin  bloom;  skin  firm;  flesh  firm,  meaty,  sprightly;  good;  clingstone;  season 
late;  mentioned  in  the  catalogs  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  from  1875  to  1899. 
Kazan.  Domestica.  i.  Mich.  Sta.  Rpt.  in.  1887. 

A  foreign  plum  listed  by  the  Michigan  Experiment  Station. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  475 

Keindt.     Domestica.     i.  Oberdieck  Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  444.     1881. 

Keindt's  Friihdamascene   i. 

A  German  variety  noted  as  unproductive  on  dry  soil. 

Keith.     Americana,     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  436.    1888.     2    la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:277.     1900. 
3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.   155.    1901.         Kieth  3. 

Of  the   De   Soto  type,  from   Delaware   County,   Iowa,   previous    to    1888.      Fruit 
large,  roundish-oblong;    cavity  shallow;    stem  short,  thick;    skin  thin;    orange  over- 
laid with  red;    bloom  thin;    flesh  yellow,  firm,  sweet,  not  juicy;    good  to  best;    stone 
large,  flattened,  clinging ;  mid-season ;    does  not  thrive  in  the  South. 
Kelbalan.     Triflora  X  Cerasifera.     I.  Kerr  Cat.    1899.         Kelsey  No.  3. 

Grown  by  Theodore  Williams  of  Benson,  Nebraska,  from  a  seed  of  Kelsey  pollinated 
with     Early    Cherry.     Tree    somewhat    like    Myrobalan;     fruit    large,    roundish-conic, 
yellow  shaded  with  red;   clingstone;   good. 
Kelley.     Species?     i.  Van  Lindley  Cat.    1899. 

Originated  in  South  Carolina;   introduced  by  R.  Bates  of  Jackson,  South  Carolina. 
Tree  prolific;    fruit  medium  in  size,  yellow;    good;    early. 
Kelmyro.     Triflora   X   Cerasifera.     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1899.         Kelsey  No.  i. 

From  Theodore  Williams  of  Benson,  Nebraska;    from  seed  of  Kelsey,  pollinated 
with  Early  Cherry.     Very  productive;    fruit  medium,  round,  pointed,  dark  red  on  a 
yellow  ground;   stone  small,  clinging;   mid-season. 
Kelroba.     Triflora  X  Cerasifera.     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1899.         Kelsey  No.  2. 

The  same  origin  as   Kelmyro.     Tree  vigorous,  upright,   productive;    fruit  above 
medium,  round,  pointed,  yellow  overlaid  with  light  red;    high  flavor;    stone  small, 
clinging. 
Kelsaw.     Triflora  X  Munsoniana.     i.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  R,pt.  14:271.    1901. 

An  accidental  cross  between  Kelsey  and  a  "Chicasaw;"  from  A.  M.  Augustine, 
West  Point,  Mississippi.     Tree  a  rapid  and  thrifty  grower.     Fruit  the  size  of  Abundance, 
round-oval;    stem  an  inch  long;    suture  shallow;    apex  rounded;    brilliant  transparent 
red;   dots  minute;   bloom  thin;   skin  thin  and  tough;   flesh  yellow  with  pink  markings, 
firm,  sweet  and  rich;    good  to  very  good;    clingstone;    early. 
Kelsey  Prune.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Wild  Bros.  Cat.    1892. 
Kelso.     Domestica?     I.  Vandevoort  Cat. 

Kelso  is  a  yellow  plum  found  about  1870  on  the  farm  of  Philip  Cline  of  Sabina, 
Ohio.     Peter  Kelso,  who  afterwards  purchased  the  Cline  farm,  brought  the  plum  to 
J.  M.  Vandevoort,  who  introduced  it  about  twenty-five  years  ago. 
Kenellan.     Domestica.     Listed  in  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  149.    1831. 
Kennedy  Red.     Species?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2d  Ser.  3:53.    1900. 

A  weak-growing  and  unproductive  variety  tested  in  British  Columbia.  Fruit 
small ,  long-oval ;  suture  distinct ;  cavity  small ;  dull  red  with  a  thin  white  bloom  and 
golden  dots;  flesh  yellow,  sweet,  coarse,  moderately  juicy;  pleasant;  clingstone; 
of  no  value. 

Kent.     Domestica.     i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  689.    1884.  2.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  424.    1889 
3.  Garden  56:355.    1899.     4.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2d  Ser.  3:50.    1900. 


476  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Bush  i.  Bush  2.  Bush  Plum  of  Kent  4.  Kentish  Bush  3.  Waterloo  i,  2.  Water- 
loo of  Kent  2. 

Found  in  a  hedge  at  Boben,  England  in  1836.     Tree  hardy,  strong,  very  productive, 
fruit  large,  round;   skin  dark  maroon;   flesh  firm;   flavor  fair;  fruit  keeps  three  weeks 
after  being  gathered;    valuable  for  market. 
Kenyon.     Species?     i.  Mich.  Sta.  Rpt.  m.    1887. 

Listed  as  a  native  plum  being  tested  at  the  Michigan  Experiment  Station. 
Kester  Green  Gage.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  926.    1869. 

Kester's  Green  Gage  i. 

Originated  with  a  Mr.  Weaver  of  Mt.  Pleasant,  Pennsylvania.     Fruit  small,  nearly 
round,  one  side  enlarged;    suture   large;    pale  yellowish-green,   splashed  with  deeper 
green;   bloom  thin;   stem  medium  in  length;   cavity  large;   flesh  greenish,  juicy,  sweet, 
rich;    very  good;    semi-clinging. 
Kester  Yellow  Gage.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  926.    1869. 

Kester's  Yellow  Gage  i. 

Of  the  same  origin  as  Kester  Green  Gage.     Tree  vigorous,  upright  with  smooth 
branches;  fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish-oval;   suture  broad  and  shallow;   light  yellow 
•overspread  with  thick  bloom;    stem  medium;    cavity   small;    flesh  greenish-yellow, 
juicy,  sweet,  rich;   very  good;    semi-clinging. 
Kicab.     Species?  i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  45.    1895.   2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  46.    1897. 

A  seedling  grown  by  Benjamin  Buckman,  Farmingdale,  Illinois.  Fruit  medium, 
roundish-oval ;  skin  thick,  crimson  with  dark  purplish  stripes,  covered  with  thick  bloom ; 
dots  numerous,  variable;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  melting,  juicy,  mild  subacid;  good  to 
very  good;  stone  large,  oval,  clinging;  early. 

Kickapoo.     Americana,     i.  Penn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  52.    1892.     2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:39, 
86.    1892.     3.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:256,  257.    1905. 

Tree  an  open,  straggling  grower,  very  productive;    fruit  of  medium  size,  oblong 
to  oval;  cavity  medium;  stem  short  to  medium,  stout;  suture  faint;   dull  red  mottled 
with  deeper  shades;    bloom  heavy;    flesh  yellow,  firm;    good;    stone  of  medium  size, 
clinging;    mid-season;    recommended  for  market. 
King.     Munsoniana.     i.  Am.  Jour.  Hort.  5:148.    1869.         King  of  Plums  i. 

A  seedling  of  the  Wild  Goose  which  it  closely  resembles. 

Kingston.     Domestica.     i.    Ellwanger    &    Barry    Cat.     1888-1894.     2.     Waugh   Plum- 
Cult.   112.    1901.         Smith's  Prune  i. 

Kingston  closely  resembles  Diamond;    its  origin  in  Ontario,  Canada,  is  about  all 
that  distinguishes  it. 
Kleine  Blaue  Fnihzwetsche.      Domestica?     Mentioned  in   Mathieu  Nom.   Pom.   437. 

1889. 

Kleine  Gelbe  Eierpflaume.     Domestica.     Listed  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  437.    1889. 
Kleine  Kirschpflaume.     Cerasifera.     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  437.    1889. 

Prunus  Cerasifera  Fructu  Minor e. 
Kleine  Rosspauke.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom..  437.    1889. 

Mathieu  records  this  variety  as  mentioned  in  Wiener  Garten-Zeitung  288.    1884. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  477 

Klondike.     Americana,     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:44.    1897.     2.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.   242. 
1898.     3.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:277.    1900.         Klondyke  2,  3. 

Grown  by  John  Wragg  &  Sons,  Waukee,  Iowa,  from  seed  of  De  Soto ;  introduced 
in  1897  by  W.  F.  Heikes,  Huntsville,  Alabama.  Tree  productive;  fruit  medium  to 
small,  roundish-oval;  cavity  narrow,  deep;  suture  a  broad  line;  skin  thin,  bright 
yellow  shading  into  red;  bloom  thin;  dots  numerous,  small;  flesh  yellowish,  sweetish, 
watery;  quality  fair;  stone  small,  clinging;  early. 

Knudson.     Americana,     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.   162.    1891.     2.  TV.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  2: 
18.    1891.     3.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:44.    1897. 

Kniedsen's  Peach  i.     Knudson's  Peach  3.     Peach  2. 

Grown  by  H.  Knudson,  Springfield,  Minnesota.     Tree  unproductive;    fruit  drops 
before  ripe;    of  medium  size,   roundish,  purplish-red;    flesh  sweet;    clingstone;    mid- 
season.     Subject  to  plum-pocket. 
Koa.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in    Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees  21.    1803. 

Koa's  Imperial. 
Kober.     Americana,     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  228.    1909. 

Kober  originated  with  N.  K.  Fluke,  Davenport,  Iowa.     Fruit  large,  mottled  and 
blushed  with  red ;  bloom  rather  thick ;  flesh  moderately  firm,  sweetish;  fair  in  quality; 
clingstone ;    mid-season. 
Koch  Kanigspflaume.     Species?     Mentioned  in    Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  437.    1889. 

Karl  Koch's  Konigs  Pflaume      Royale  de  Koch      Royale  du  Dr.  Koch. 
Koch  Spate  Damascene.     Domestica.     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:161.    1873.     2.  Oberdieck 
Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  403.    1881.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  437.    1889. 

Damas  Jaune  Tardif  de  Koch  3.  Damas  Tardif  de  Kock  i.  Koch's  Gelbe  Spat 
Damascene  3.  Koch's  Spate  Aprikosen  3.  Koch's  Spate  Damascene  2.  Koch's  Spate 
Damascene  3. 

Liegel  grew  this  variety  from  seed  of  Bricette  and  dedicated  it  to  Koch,  secretary 
of  a  horticultural  society  at  Gotha.  Tree  medium,  round-topped;  fruit  below  medium, 
roundish-oval;  suture  a  line;  cavity  shallow;  stem  short,  slender,  glabrous;  skin  free, 
yellow  spotted  with  red  on  the  sunny  side;  flesh  yellow,  fine,  firm,  juicy,  sweet,  rich; 
freestone ;  late. 
Koepher.  Species?  i.  Card.  Mon.  10:18.  1868. 

Noted  as  productive  and  free  from  curculio. 

Kohlenkamp.     Domestica.     i.  Card.  Mon.  2:313.    1860.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.   122. 
1860.         Kohlen  Kamp  r. 

A  seedling  raised  by  W.  Kohlenkamp,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania.  Tree  vigorous, 
very  productive ;  fruit  borne  in  clusters,  large,  oval;  stem  short;  cavity  deep;  reddish; 
bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  dry;  good;  freestone;  late. 

Kopp.     Americana,     i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  441.    1889.     2.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50:39.     1898. 
3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  155.    1901. 

Introduced  by  O.  M.  Lord,  Minnesota  City,  Minnesota.  Tree  vigorous,  produc- 
tive; fruit  large,  round;  skin  thick;  purplish-red;  flesh  firm,  sweet;  clingstone;  mid- 
season. 


478  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Korai.  Domcstica.  i.  U.  5.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rft.  36.  1894.  a.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  176.    1895. 

Quetsche  i,  a. 

Received  from  Hungary  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  in  1893. 
Tree  vigorous;   fruit  below  medium,  oblong-ovate;    sides  unequal;    skin  thick,  tou^h; 
purple  with  numerous  small,  brown  dots;   flesh  yellowish-green,  coarse,  melting;    sub- 
acid;   good;   stone  of  medium  size,  narrow,  pointed,  clinging;   mid-season. 
Kroos-Pruim.     Species?     i.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:58.    1761. 

Originated  in  Holland.     Fruit  of  varying  colors  and  sizes,  round;   insipid,  watery. 
l'n>p. i:\ilr.l   l>v   pit;;.       I'srlul   only   as  ,i   stork. 
Kuine.     Triflora.     I.  Am.  Card.  12:449.    1891. 

An  early  variety. 
Lachine.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:38.    1903. 

Similar  to  Yellow  Egg;   hardy;   productive;   good;   clingstone. 
Lady.     Insititia.     i.  Cultivator  3:30.    1855.        Lady  Plum  i. 

A  seedling  of  Mirabelle  from  Isaac  Denniston,  Albany,  New  York.     Tree  slend< T, 
vigorous,  productive;  fruit  small,  oval;  stem  short,  stout;  light  yellow,  with  red  spots; 
stone  small,  free;   mid-season. 
Lakeside  No.  i  and  No.  2.     Hortulana.     Letter  from  Kerr. 

Two  seedlings  from  Theodore  Williams,  Benson,  Nebraska. 

Lallinger  Kc-nigspflaume.     Domestica.     Listed  in    Mathicu  Nom.  Pom.  438.    1889. 
Lambert.  Americana,     i.  Kcrr  Cat.   1897.     2.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  yd  Ser.  3:53.   1900. 

Labert  i.    Labert's  Red  i.    Lambert's  Red  a. 

A  seedling  from  Ontario,  Canada.  Tree  weak;  foliage  poor;  fruit  small,  heart- 
shaped;  stem  short;  cavity  lacking ;  suture  a  line;  reddish;  bloom  thin;  flesh  reddish- 
orange,  juicy;  poor;  stone  large,  clinging;  mid-season. 

Lammas.     Domestica.     i.  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  2:1339.    1688.     2.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat. 
149.    1831. 

Mentioned  by  Ray  as  being  one  of  the  best  sorts  of  his  time. 
Lancaster.     Munsoniana  X  Hortulana  mineri?     i.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  186.    1901. 

Grown  by  Charles  B.  Camp  of  Cheney,  Nebraska,  from  a  seed  of  Wild  Goose  sup- 
posed to  have  been  crossed  with  Miner. 
Lang.     Americana,     i.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:31.    1905.         Rang  i. 

Sent  to  the  South  Dakota  Station  by  C.  W.  H.  Heideman  of  Minnesota.  Tree 
vigorous,  straggling  in  growth;  fruit  large,  yellowish;  skin  thin;  flesh  sweet,  juicy; 
good;  stone  small;  keeps  well;  mid-season. 

Langdon.     Domestica.     I.  Mag.  Hort.   19:461   fig.  36.    1853.     2.   Downing  /•>.    Trees 
Am.  386.    1837.     3.  Ibid.  937.    1869. 

Langdon's  Seedling  a.     Langdon's  Seedling  3. 

Originated  with  Reuben  Langdon  of  Hartford,  Connecticut ;  believed  to  be  a  seed- 
ling of  Washington.  Tree  vigorous,  spreading;  shoots  strong,  smooth;  leaves  large; 
fruit  large,  roundish-oval;  suture  a  line;  purplish-red  to  light  green  in  the  shade  with 
some  mottling;  bloom  thick;  dots  small;  stem  of  medium  length,  stout,  hairy;  cavity 
deep;  flesh  yellow,  melting,  juicy,  sweet,  acid  next  to  the  skin;  semi-clinging;  early. 


THB    I'UJMS    OP    NEW    YORK.  479 

Lange  Violette  Damascene.     Species?     Mcnt,ionc<l   in    MiiMiim   Norn.  Pom.   438.     1889. 

Blaue  Damascenerin.  Damas  Violetl.  Damns  Violet  Allonge.  Damns  Violet 
Longuet.  Das  Blaue  Auge.  Langliche  Blaue  Damascene!.  The  Great  Damask 
Plum. 

Langsdon.  Hortulana  mincri.  i.  Am.  Jour.  Hurt.  5:144.  1869.  2.  Barry  Fr.  Garden 
418.  1883.  3.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:56.  1893. 

Illinois  Plum  i.     Langdon  3. 

Grown  in  Illinois  previous  to  1869.  Tree  medium  in  vigor;  leave!  obovatc  or 
clliptic-obov;i(,c,  pointed,  with  small  glands;  fruit  small,  roundish-oblong,  light  red; 
bloom  thin;  skin  thick;  flesh  firm;  quality  fair;  stone  clinging,  small,  nearly  smooth, 
turbid,  short,  pointed;  mid-season  or  later. 

Lannix.  Triflora  X  Munsoniana.  i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  45.  1895.  2.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui. 
67:15.  1898. 

Supposed  to  have  been  produced  from  Abundance  crossed  with  Wild  '  ',<>•>•:••      \ 
large,  oval,  pointed,  leathery;    petiole  short,  stout,  usually  glandless;    fruit  oval,  of 
in-  dium  size,  coppery-red;  bloom  light;  skin  thin,  tough,  bitter;  flesh  yellowish,  trans- 
lucent, tender,  juicy,  slightly  fibrous,  mild  subacid,  rich,  slightly  bitter  at  the  center; 
good;    stone  large,  oval,  clinging. 
La  Prairie.  Americana,    i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:44.  1897.    2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  155.    1901. 

Taken  from  the  woods  about  1844  at  Shopiere,  Wisconsin;    brought  to  notice  by 
B.  H.  Smith.     Tree  productive;   fruit  large,  golden,  slightly  astringent. 
Large  English    Damson.     Insititia.     Mentioned   in   Can.    Exp.    Farm   Bui.    ad    Ser. 

3:51.    1900. 

Large  Golden  Prolific.  Domestica.  i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  ad  Ser.  3:53.  1900. 
2.  Albertson  &  Hobbs  Cat.  1904.  3.  Stone  &  Wellington  Cat.  1907. 

V ail's  Seedling  3. 

Originated  in  Canada;  a  seedling  of  Yellow  Egg.  Tree  vigorous,  spreading;  fruit 
above  medium  size,  oblong,  golden-yellow;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sweet,  pleasant; 
early. 

Large  Green  Drying.  Domestica.  i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  149.  1831.  2.  Mag.  Hart. 
6:94.  1840.  3.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  518.  1859.  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am. 
927.  1869.  5.  Mas.  Pom.  Gen.  2:191.  1873.  6.  Guide  Prat.  163,  366.  1895. 

Grosse  a  sScher  de  Knight  6.  Knight's  Green  Drying  5,  6.  Knight's  Large  Drying  4,  6. 
Knight's  Large  Green  Drying  3.  Large  Green  Drying  6.  Vcrte  a  Scchcr  dc  Knight  5,  6. 

Raised  by  Thomas  Knight;  first  fruited  in  1838.  Fruit  large,  round;  suture 
shallow;  greenish-yellow;  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellowish,  firm,  medium  juicy,  sweet  and 
well  flavored;  excellent  for  dessert;  clingstone;  mid-season. 

Large  Queen.  Domestica.  i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  26.  1894.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  176. 
1895. 

Imported  from  Hungary  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  in  1893 
and  fruited  by  E.  C.  Hoskins  of  Springbrook,  Oregon.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish- 
oblate,  dark  wine  color;  bloom  light ;  dots  many,  conspicuous;  skin  thick ;  flesh  greenish- 
yellow,  coarse,  mild  subacid;  good;  clingstone;  mid-season. 


480  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Large  Sugar  Prune.  Domestica.  i.  Koch  Dent.  Obst.  572.  1876.  2.  Lange  Allgcm. 
Garten.  2:421.  1879.  3.  Oberdieck  Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  440.  1881.  4.  Mathieu 
Nom.  Pom.  434.  1889. 

Ananas  Zwetsche  4  incor.  Bely  Zwetsche  4.  Blaue  Eier  Pflaume  4.  Dorell's 
Grosse  Ungarische  Pflaume  4.  Grosse  Zuckerzwetsche  3,  4.  Herrenhauser  Blaue  Eisr 
Pflaume  4.  Jacobi  Zwetsche  4.  Kladrauer  Pflaume  4.  Quetsche  Sucree  4. 

An  early  German  prune  used  for  table,  market  and  drying.       Tree  large,  broad- 
headed,  productive;    shoots  pubescent,  straight,  dark  brown;    fruit  large,  oval,  some- 
times ovate;   suture  shallow;  sides  unequal;  stem  long,  glabrous;  skin  free,  sour,  bluish- 
black;    bloom  thick;    flesh  yellow,  firm,  juicy,  rich,  sweet;    freestone. 
Large  White  Damson.     Insititia.     i.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:72,  PL  3  fig.  2.    1768. 
2.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:88.     1832.     3.  Downing  Fr.   Trees  Am.  952.     1869.     4. 
Hogg  Fruit  Man.  709.    1884.     5.  Guide  Prat.  161,  357.    1895. 

Damas  Blanc  3,  4.  Damas  Blanc  Gros  2,  3.  Damas  Blanc  Hatij  Gros  3,  4.  Damas 
Blanc  Tres  Hdtif  4.  Damas  Gros  Blanc  5.  Gros  Damas  Blanc  2,  4.  Gros  Damas 
Blanc  1,5.  Large  White  Damask  4.  Large  White  Damask  2.  White  Damask  3. 

Probably  of  French  origin;  resembles  the  Small  White  Damson  closely  but  is  larger 
and  longer.    Branches  smooth ;  fruit  below  medium,  roundish-oval,  greenish-yellow ;  bloom 
thin;   flesh  medium  in  sweetness  and  flavor;   adapted  for  cooking;   freestone;  late. 
Late   Black   Damson.     Insititia.      i.    Quintinye   Com.   Card.    70.    1699.     2.    Duhamel 

Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:73.    1768.     3.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:89.    1832.     4.  Noisette  Man. 
Comp.  Jard.  2:495.     1860. 

Black  Damson  3.     Damas  Noir  3.     Damas  Noir  Tardif  2,  4.    Damas  Noir  Tardif  3. 
Late  Damask?    i. 

Fruit  small,  elongated,  purplish-black;   cavity  shallow;   suture  a  line;   flesh  yellow- 
ish-green, acid  until  thoroughly  ripe;    nearly  freestone. 
Late  Blood.     Triflora.     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  62:23.    1894.     2.  Ibid.   106:56.    1896. 

Burbank  No.j     i,  2.     Hale  2.     Hale  i. 

Luther  Burbank  imported  this  variety  in  1885;  Bailey  named  it  Hale  in  1894  but 
changed  it  to  Late  Blood  two  years  later.  Similar  to  Satsuma;  later,  blooms  earlier, 
is  less  pointed  and  differs  in  leaf-characters. 

Late  Bolmer.  Domestica.  i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  404.  1857.  2.  Mathieu  Nom. 
Pom.  439.  1889.  Winter  Bolmar  2. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish,  yellow,  mottled  with  red  in  the  sun;  flesh  yellow, 
firm,  sweet  but  not  rich;  freestone;  mid-season. 

Late  Chalons.  Domestica.  i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:99.  1832.  2.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom. 
450.  1889. 

Tardif  de  Chalons  i.      Tardive  de  Chalons  1,2.     Spate  von  Chalons  2. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  oval,  light  yellow  with  red  blush,  deepening  to  violet;   flesh 
yellowish,  melting,  juicy,  sweet;    stone  rough,  clinging;    very  late. 
Late  Conical.     Triflora  X  Simonii.     i.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  67:16  fig.  1898. 

Originated  by  Burbank;  named  in  1898.  Tree  of  rapid  growth;  leaves  medium 
to  large,  broadly  oval,  abruptly  pointed,  tapering  at  the  base,  rather  stiff,  margins 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  481 

coarsely  double-crenulate ;  petiole  large,  set  with  glands;  fruit  strongly  conical,  large; 
cavity  shallow,  abrupt;  stern  short;  suture  shallow;  yellow  overlaid  with  purple  and 
red;  dots  numerous,  large;  bloom  heavy;  skin  medium  in  thickness;  flesh  yellow, 
firm,  sweet  and  agreeable;  very  good;  stone  of  medium  size,  flattened,  pointed,  free. 
Late  Goose.  Munsoniana.  i.  Stark  Bros.  Cat.  1909. 

From  Theodore  Williams  of  Nebraska.     Fruit  very  large;   handsome. 
Late   Orange.     Domestica.     i.  Card.   Chron.    12:593.    1892.     2.  Garden  64:262.    1903. 
3.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  423.     1903. 

Late  Orange  originated  with  Thomas  Rivers,  Sawbridgeworth,  England,  first 
fruiting  in  1888;  introduced  by  the  originator  in  1897.  Tree  vigorous;  fruit  similar 
to  Reine  Claude  in  size  and  appearance;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sweet;  very  good;  season 
very  late. 

Late  Prolific.  Domestica.  i.  Fish  Hardy  Fr.  Bk.  2:56.  1882.  2.  Rivers  Cat.  35.  1898-99. 
3.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  423.  1903.  River's  Late  Prolific  i. 

A   seedling  of   Early   Prolific.     Tree   vigorous;    fruit  below  medium   size,   round; 
suture  shallow;    stem  of  medium  size;    cavity  lacking;    dark  purple;    bloom  heavy; 
flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy;    flavor  pleasant;    stone  small;    early  to  mid-season. 
Late  Red  Damask.     Domestica.     i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:85.    1832.     2.  Kenrick  Am. 
Orch.  261.     1832.     3.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc,  i.     1846. 

Damas  rouge  tardif  i.  Gros  Damas  rouge  tardif  i.  Gros  Damas  Rouge  Tardif  2,3. 
Large  Late  Red  Damask  2.  Late  Red  Damson  i. 

According  to  Kenrick  and  Prince  this  variety  was  described  in  the  1825  edition  of 
Duhamel's  Traite  des  Arbres  Fruitiers.  Its  description  resembles  that  of  Orleans  very 
closely  but  its  season  is  evidently  later.  Tree  vigorous,  productive ;  fruit  large,  oval ;  skin 
thick,  adherent  to  the  flesh,  light  purple;  flesh  yellow,  melting,  slightly  coarse,  juicy, 
sweet ;  good ;  late. 

Late  Reine  Claude.  Domestica.  i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  148.  1831.  2.  Horticul- 
turist 2:47 9-  l847-  3-  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  395.  1857.  4.  Ibid.  935.  1869. 
5.  Guide  Prat.  162,  364.  1895. 

Late  Gage  4.  Late  Green  Gage  i.  Late  Green  Gage  4.  October  Green  Gage  ?2. 
October  Green  Gage  4.  Reine-Claude  d' Octobre  ?2,  4.  Reine-Claude  d'October  3. 
Reine-Claude  Tardive  4.  Reine-Claude  Tardive  2,  4. 

First  mentioned  in  the  London  Horticultural  Society  catalog  in  1831.  Origin 
unknown.  Tree  vigorous;  shoots  smooth,  stout,  short-jointed;  fruit  small,  roundish; 
apex  dimpled;  skin  greenish-yellow,  mottled  with  red  on  the  sunny  side;  bloom  thin; 
flesh  green,  juicy,  rich,  sugary;  good;  freestone;  late. 

Late  Rivers.  Domestica.  i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  369.  1866.  2.  Nicholson  Diet.  Card. 
3:166.  3.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  4:158.  1901.  4.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  439. 
1889.  Tardive  de  Rivers  4. 

A  seedling  from  Thomas  Rivers  of  Sawbridgeworth,  England;  first  fruited  in  1865. 
Branches  smooth;  fruit  of  medium  size,  round;  suture  shallow;  stem  long,  slender; 
dark  purple;  flesh  yellow,  rich,  sweet,  sugary;  flavor  pleasant;  clingstone;  very  late. 


482  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Late  Rollingstone.  Americana,  i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:39,  42.  1892.  2.  Colo.  Sta. 
Bui.  50:39.  1898.  3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  155.  1901. 

A  seedling  of  Rollingstone,  grown  by  O.  M.  Lord  of  Minnesota.  Tree  medium 
in  vigor,  with  a  round,  compact  head;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  short-acuminate,  irreg- 
ularly crenate ;  shoots  red,  smooth,  glossy;  petioles  glandular,  pubescent ;  fruit  medium 
in  size,  roundish-oblate;  cavity  shallow ;  suture  faint;  yellow  background  overlaid  with 
red;  stem  of  medium  length;  dots  numerous,  yellow;  bloom  thick;  skin  thick;  flesh 
yellow,  firm;  fair  to  good;  stone  of  medium  size,  broad-oval,  smooth,  flattened;  late. 
Late  Transparent.  Domestica.  i.  Nicholson  Diet.  Card.  3:167.  2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui. 
131:188.  1897.  3.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  4:158.  1901. 

Late  Transparent  Gage  i. 

A  seedling  of  Transparent  from  Thomas  Rivers  of  Sawbridge worth,  England. 
Tree  dwarf,  hardy,  productive;  fruit  large,  round,  greenish-yellow,  with  purplish  blush 
in  the  sun;  flesh  yellowish,  firm,  tender,  juicy,  sweet;  high  quality;  stone  very  small; 
season  ten  days  later  than  its  parent. 

Laubinger  Sugar  Prune.  Domestica.  i.  Oberdieck  Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  441.  1881.  2. 
Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  439.  1889. 

Laubinger' s  Catharinen  Pflaume  2.     Laubinger's  Zuckerzwetsche  i,  2. 

From  Germany.  A  true  prune  of  value  for  table,  compotes  and  drying.  Tree 
vigorous,  productive;  shoots  glabrous,  violet-brown;  fruit  large,  long-oval;  suture 
shallow  or  lacking,  divides  the  plum  equally ;  stem  not  hairy ;  skin  free,  sourish;  violet- 
brown  to  bluish-black;  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  rather  juicy,  slightly  tart; 
mid-season. 
Laura.  Species?  i.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  14:271.  1901. 

From  Theodore  Williams,   Nebraska;    said  to  be  a  cross  between   Quackenboss 
and  Red  Glass.     Tree  apparently  a  pure  Americana  according  to  Mr.  Williams. 
Lawrence  Early.     Domestica.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.   149.    1831.     2.  Downing  Fr. 
Trees  Am.  928.    1869.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  439.    1889. 

Lawrence  i.  Lawrence's  Early  i.  Lawrence's  Early  2,  3.  Lawrence's  Fruh 
Rote  Pflaume  3. 

This  plum  differs  from  the  well-known  American  variety,  Lawrence,  in  that  it  is 
smaller,  of  poorer  quality,  purple  and  earlier. 

Lawson.  Domestica.  i.  Mclntosh  Bk.  Card.  2:531.  1855.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees 
Am.  928.  1869.  3.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:141.  1866-73.  4.  Lange  Allgem.  Garten. 
421.  1879.  5.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  710.  1884. 

Anna  Lawson  3.  Anna  Lawson  4.  Damas  Lawson  2,  5.  Doree  de  Lawson  3. 
Golden  Gage  Lawson  2.  Lawson's  Golden  1,5.  Lawson' s  Golden  3.  Lawson's  Golden 
Gage  i. 

A  seedling  of  Reine  Claude  pollinated  with  Golden  Drop,  grown  in  1842  by  Archibald 
Gorrie  of  Annat  Gardens,  Errol,  Perthshire,  Scotland;  named  in  honor  of  Charles  Lawson 
a  nurseryman  of  Edinburgh.  Tree  hardier  than  either  parent;  fruit  of  medium  size, 
oval;  suture  a  line;  cavity  small;  yellow  with  dull  reddish  blush;  bloom  thin;  flesh 
yellow,  sweet,  juicy;  good;  clingstone;  mid-season. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  483 

Le  Due.     Americana,     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  134.    1887.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  156. 
1901.     3.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:256,  257.    1905.         La  Due  i. 

Le  Due  was  found   growing  wild  at   Hasting,  Minnesota;    introduced  by  W.  G. 
Le   Due.     Fruit  of  medium   size,  roundish;    suture  faint;    cavity  small;    bright  red; 
bloom   thin;    flesh  yellow,   sweet,   pleasant;    quality  fair;    stone  large,   semi-clinging; 
mid-season. 
Legal  Tender.     Americana,     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:277.    1900. 

Originated  under  cultivation  with   H.   A.   Terry,    Crescent,   Iowa  in    1896;    first 
fruited  in  1899;    parentage  unknown.     Tree  vigorous,  productive;    fruit  large,  round, 
golden-yellow  blotched  with  dark  red;    skin  thin;    fine  quality;    semi-clinging;    mid- 
season. 
Leib  Sour.     Simonii  X  Triflora.     i.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  14:272.    1901. 

One  of  Burbank's  hybrids;  of  the  type  of  Wickson.  Fruit  large,  round  or  slightly 
oblate;  stem  strong;  cavity  wide;  suture  shallow;  apex  slightly  depressed;  light  red 
with  thin  bloom;  dots  many,  prominent;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  meaty;  flavor  peculiar, 
aromatic,  subacid;  good  to  very  good;  stone  medium,  oval,  flattened,  clinging. 
Leonard.  Americana,  i.  Montreal  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  90.  1885.  2.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50: 
40.  1898.  3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  156.  1901. 

Originated  with  Charles  Gibb,  Montreal,  Canada,  in  1873  from  a  wild  plum  root 
obtained  from  Wisconsin.     Fruit  medium,  round;    cavity  shallow;    stem  slender;    dull 
dark  red,  mottled;   dots  small;   flesh  yellow,  not  firm,  acid;   quality  fair;   stone  small, 
round-oval,  smooth,  semi-clinging;    mid-season. 
Leopard.     Triflora  X  ?     i.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  14:272.    1901. 

From  Theodore  Williams,  of  Nebraska,  from  a  "  Botan  pit  pollinated  with  Red 
Glass."     Fruit  large,   round-oval;    stem  medium  long,  set  in  a  shallow  cavity;    skin 
thick;  light  rich  red;    flesh  yellow,  firm;    flavor  Miner-like,  rich  and  sweet;    good  to 
very  good. 
Lepine.  Insititia.    I.  Koch  Deut.  Obst.  570.    1876.    2.  Lange  Allgem.  Garten.  2:420.   1879. 

A  variety  of  the  Damson  type  raised  by  Lepine  in  Belgium;  probably  not  known 
in  this  country;  very  similar  to  Norbet  and  by  some  said  to  be  the  same.  Tree  large, 
productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  round,  somewhat  compressed;  suture  shallow;  skin 
removable,  not  sourish;  dark  blue;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  firm,  sweet,  wine-like;  stone 
free ;  late. 

Leptune.     Hortulana.     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:56,  86.    1892.     2.  Bailey  Ev.  Nat.  Fr. 
203,  206,  208.    1898.     3.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  11:284.    1898. 

Introduced  by  J.  D.  Morrow  &  Sons  of  Arkansas.     Leaves  elliptic-ovate  to  elliptic- 
obovate,  very  long-pointed  and  coarsely  serrate;    stalks  either  glandless  or  glandular; 
fruit  of  medium  size,  round;    skin  thick,  dark  red;    dots  yellow;   flesh  yellow,  meaty; 
stone  medium,  nearly  smooth,  short-pointed,  clinging. 
Letta.     Species?     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  133.    1891. 

Found  in  Buchanan  County,  Iowa;    introduced  by  J.  Wragg  &  Son  of  Waukee, 
Iowa.     Fruit  as  large  as  Hawkeye. 
Lewis.     Domestica.     i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  46.    1895. 


484  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Received  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  from  H.  C.  Cook,  White 
Salmon,  Washington.  Fruit  large,  roundish-oval;  stem  short,  set  in  a  moderately 
deep,  abrupt  cavity;  red,  a  little  darker  than  Lombard;  bloom  thin;  dots  numerous; 
flesh  pale  yellow;  good  to  very  good;  stone  large,  oval,  free;  late. 
Lewiston  Egg.  Domestica.  i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  404.  1857.  -2.  Am.  Pom. 
Soc.  Cat.  222,  244.  1858.  Lewiston's  Egg  2. 

According  to  Downing,  from  Lewiston,  New  York.     Tree  vigorous,  productive; 
fruit  medium,  oval,  pale  yellow;    flesh  yellow,  not  very  sweet;    flavor  medium;    cling- 
stone; mid-season.     Rejected  by  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1858. 
Lex  Plum.     Domestica.     i.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  263.    1832. 

Noted  as  a  large  blue  plum  with  rich,  sweet,  yellow  flesh;  very  productive. 
Liegel  Rote  Damascene.     Species?     Mentioned  in      Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  439.    1889. 

Runde  Rote  Damascene. 

Liegel  Apricot.     Domestica.     i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  369.    1866.     2.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom. 
439.    1889.     3.  Guide  Prat.  163,  351.    1895. 

Abricotee  de  Braunau  Nouvelle  i,  2.     Abricote'e   de    Liegel    3.     New  Apricot   of 
Braunau  2. 

Liegel  Apricot  was  grown  by  Dr.  Liegel  of  Braunau,  Germany.     Fruit  of  medium 
size,  roundish;    suture   deep;    yellowish;    bloom  thin;    flesh  greenish-yellow,  melting, 
juicy,  sprightly;  good;  freestone;  late. 
Liegel  Gage.  Domestica.  i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  439.  1889.  2.  Guide  Prat.  161,  359.  1895. 

A  variety  said  to  have  been  imported  into  France  from  England.     Fruit  of  medium 
size,  roundish,  greenish;    bloom  thin;    flesh  yellow,  juicy,  rich;    very  good;    late. 
Liegel  Unvergleichliche.     Domestica?     i.   Mathieu  Nom.   Pom.   439.    1889.     2.  Guide 
Prat.  162,  359.    1895. 

Received  in  France  from  Bohemia. 

Lillian  Augusta.     Domestica.     i.   Ont.  Fr.  Gr.  Assoc.  Rpt.   72.    1894.     2.  Can.   Exp. 
Farms  Rpt.  136.    1894. 

Grown  by  Richard  Trotter,  Owen  Sound,  Ontario.  Tree  hardy,  productive;  fruit 
large,  egg-shaped;  cavity  small  and  shallow;  stem  nearly  long;  suture  a  line;  greenish- 
yellow  with  a  few  broken  stripes  of  deeper  shade ;  flesh  light  yellow,  firm,  meaty,  juicy, 
slightly  acid;  good  to  very  good;  stone  medium  to  small,  oval,  turgid,  roughened, 
partly  free. 
Lillie.  Americana,  i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  276.  1893.  2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  156.  1901. 

A  seedling  of  Hawkeye,  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa;  first  fruited  in 
1893.  Tree  vigorous  and  upright;  fruit  of  medium  size,  round  sometimes  conical; 
cavity  broad,  shallow;  stem  slender;  apex  rounded;  yellow  overspread  with  mottled 
light  and  dark  red;  dots  numerous;  bloom  thick;  flesh  sweet,  melting;  quality  best; 
stone  pointed,  free;  mid-season. 
Lindow'sche  Fruhe  Werder'sche  Pflaume.  Species?  Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom. 

Pom.  439.    1889. 
Lindsay.     Species?     i.  Can.  Hort.  27:22.    1904.         Lindsay's  Seedling  i. 

Reported  as  a  new  plum  from  Guelph,  Canada;   large;   good. 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  485 

Little.     Americana,     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:39.    1892.     2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:45.     1897. 

Little  Seedling  i,  2. 

Introduced  by  Charles  Leudloff,  Carver,  Minnesota,  but  discarded  by  him  on  account 
of  its  size.     Fruit  small,  red;    stone  small,  rough,  cherry-like. 
Livland.     Domestica.     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  61.    1887. 

Livlandscher  trier pflaume  i. 

A  Russian  variety  imported  by  the  Iowa  Agricultural  College  in  1882. 
Lizzie.     Americana,     i.  Meneray  Cat. 

A  seedling  of  Harrison,  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry;    introduced  by  F.  W.  Meneray  of 
Council  Bluffs,  Iowa.     Tree  vigorous,  spreading;    fruit  large,  pale  yellow,  with  a  red 
blush;    flesh  yellow,  rich,  no  acidity;    good;    semi-clinging. 
Lockey.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1894. 

Tree  dwarfish,  lacks  in  adaptability,  blights  badly,  short-lived;  fruit  of  medium 
size,  greenish-yellow  overlaid  with  red;  good;  clingstone. 

Lone  Star.  Angustifolia  varians.   i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  154.    1883   .2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui. 
38:63,  86.     1892.     3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.   196.    1901. 

Grown  by  E.  W.  Kilpatrick,  Texas,  from  wild  seed  produced  in  eastern  Texas.  Fruit 
of  medium  size,  oval;  cavity  broad,  shallow;  stem  slender;  suture  lacking;  red;  bloom 
thin;  dots  numerous,  white;  skin  thin;  flesh  soft,  yellow,  sv3et;  good;  stone  oval, 
clinging;  early.  Mentioned  in  the  American  Pomological  Soc  ty  catalog  in  1897. 
Long  Blue.  Domestica.  i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  86.  1890.  2.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  118:54. 
1895.  3.  Wis.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  13:214.  1896.  4.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.  101:121.  1901. 

Orel  No. 20     2,  3.         Orel  No.2O     i. 

One  of  the  Russian  varieties  imported  by  J.  L.  Budd  about  1882.     Tree  hardy, 
vigorous,  unproductive;    fruit  medium  to  large,  oblong-oval;    purplish-red  with  'ight 
bloom;    dots  numerous,  small;    flesh   yellow,  juicy,  subacid,  pleasant;    quality   fair; 
stone  rough  and  strongly  margined,  semi-clinging. 
Long  Leaf  Wonderful.     Domestica.     i.  TV.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:611.    1893. 

Long  Leaf  Wonderful  was  sent  out  in  1893  by  Luther  Burbank;  no  description  is 
available  and  the  variety  is  probably  extinct. 

Long  Red.     Domestica.     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  86.    1890.      2.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt. 
401.    1898.     3.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.  101:119,  I22  n&-  1901- 

Orel  No.   19     2,  3.     Orel  ig     i. 

Introduced  from  Russia  by  J.  L.  Budd  of  Iowa  about  1882.  Tree  hardy,  vigorous; 
fruit  medium  to  large,  roundish-oblong,  purplish-red;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy, 
sweet,  pleasant;  excellent  for  culinary  use;  stone  semi-clinging. 

Long  Scarlet.     Domestica.     i.  Mag.  Hort.   1:365.    1835.     2.  Downing  Fr.   Trees  Am. 
303.    1845.     3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  36.    1875. 

Red  Gage  (incorrectly  of  some)  2.     Scarlet  Gage  2,  3.     Scarlet  Gage  1,2. 

Downing  states  that  the  original  tree  was  first  noted  in  the  vicinity  of  Newburgh 
about  1823  and  that  the  variety  was  disseminated  by  him.  Tree  very  hardy,  an  abund- 
ant bearer;  shoots  downy;  fruit  medium,  oblong-obovate;  cavity  narrow,  very  shallow ; 
stem  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long;  bright  red  or  purplish-crimson  on  the  sunny  side, 


486  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

pale  yellowish-red  on  the  shaded  side ;  flesh  deep  yellow,  juicy,  becoming  rich  and  sweet 
if  allowed  to  hang;    clingstone;    mid-season.     Listed  in  the  catalog  of  the  American 
Pomological  Society  in  1875,  but  dropped  in  1897. 
Long  Violet  Damascene.     Domestica.     i.  Oberdieck  Deut.   Obst.  Sort.  444.    1881. 

Unproductive  on  dry  soil  as  tested  in  Jeinsen,  Germany. 
Longworth.    Domestica.   i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  392.   1891.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  74.    1895. 

Said  to   have  originated  many  years  ago  with  Nicholas   Longworth,   Cincinnati, 
Ohio.     Resembles  Lombard  and  is  better  in  quality.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish- 
oval,  purplish-red;   flesh  yellow,  sweet,  pleasant;   mid-season  to  late. 
Lot  d'Ente.     Domestica.     i.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  356  fig.    1891.         D'Ente  i. 

This  variety  is  of  the  same  type  if  not  the  same  as  the  Agen. 

Lottie.     Americana  mollis.     i.  Terry  Cat.    1900.     2.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  120.    1904. 
3.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  424.    1905.         Lotta  3. 

Originated  with  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa,  from  seed  of  Van  Buren.  Fruit 
large,  white  or  pale  yellow;  good;  freestone. 

Louisa.     Americana,     i.  Downing  Fr.   Trees  Am.  930.    1869.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat. 
37.    1899.     3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  156.    1901. 

Found  growing  wild  in  Missouri  about  1860;  introduced  by  Samuel  Miller,  Bluff- 
ton,  Missouri.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish;  suture  a  line;  cavity  small;  stem 
short;  dull  red;  bloom  thick;  dots  numerous;  flesh  firm,  yellow;  quality  fair;  stone 
large,  flat,  clinging;  mid-season. 

Louise-Brune.     Insititia?     i.   Mas   Pom.   Gen.    2:71.    1873.     2.   Mathieu   Nom.   Pom. 
439-    l889- 

Louise  Brune  2.     Louisen's  Braune  Damascene  2. 

• 

Raised  by  M.  de  Maraise,  a  Belgian  pomologist.     Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit 
round-oval;     suture  narrow  and  very  shallow;   skin  purple;   bloom  thick;   flesh  yellow- 
ish-green, firm,  rather  sweet;   good;   stone  oval,  thick,  free;   type  of  the  Damsons. 
Louisiana.     Triflora  X  ?     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.   139:43.    1897.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
217.    1901.         Normand  No.ij  i. 

One  of  the  several  seedlings  sent  out  by  J.  L.  Normand,  Marksville,  Louisiana, 
who  states  that  it  is  the  offspring  of  a  Triflora  variety  crossed  with  a  native;  named 
by  Bailey  in  1897.  Tree  spreading,  weak  and  slender  in  habit;  fruit  of  medium  size, 
heart-shaped;  suture  faint;  cavity  shallow;  greenish  with  dull  blush;  dots  many, 
whitish;  flesh  yellow,  fibrous,  sprightly  subacid;  quality  fair;  clingstone;  fruit  drops 
before  ripe 
Lovett.  Domestica.  i.  Card.  Man.  29:47.  1887. 

A  seedling  of  Reine  Claude  from  York  County,  Pennsylvania,  about  1867.     Tree 
very  vigorous  and  productive ;  fruit  very  large,  roundish;  suture  slight;  cavity  shallow; 
dark  red;    dots  minute,  yellow;    flesh  yellow,  firm,  sweet;   semi-clinging;   very  early. 
Lovett.     Triflora.     i.  Lovett  Cat.    1898.     Fourth  of  July  i. 

A  chance  seedling  from  the  Lovett  homestead  in  Pennsylvania;  introduced  in 
1898  by  J  T.  Lovett,  Little  Silver,  New  Jersey.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish;  suture 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  487 

indistinct;  bright  red;  bloom  light;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  rich,  sweet,  vinous,  highly  aromatic; 

good;   freestone;    very  early. 

Lovett  Late.     Domestica.     i.  Cole  Am.  Fr.  Book  218.    1849. 

Lovett's  Late  Long  Red  i. 

An  excellent  long-keeping  variety  mentioned  by  Cole  in  1849. 
Lowry.     Domestica.     i.  Smith  Cat.    1899.         Lowry's  Gage  i. 

A  chance  seedling  found  growing  in  a  fence  corner  at  St.  Davids,  Ontario;   intro- 
duced by  E.  D.  Smith  in  1899.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  yellow;   good;   early. 
Lucas    Konigspflaume.      Domestica.      I.     Oberdieck    Deut.     Obst.     Sort.     421.      1881. 
2.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  439.    1889.         Royale  de  Lucas  2. 

A  table  and  market  variety  in  Germany.  Tree  vigorous,  productive  in  moist  soils ; 
fruit  large,  oval;  suture  shallow,  divided  unequally;  skin  somewhat  sourish,  easily 
removed,  bluish-red  to  dark  blue  on  the  sunny  side;  dots  fine,  yellowish,  numerous; 
flesh  soft,  golden-yellow,  sweet,  highly  flavored;  stone  not  always  free;  ripens  before 
the  Reine  Claude. 
Luedloff.  Americana.  I.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:46.  1897.  2.  Ibid.  87:14.  1901. 

Luedloff's  Seedling  i,  2. 

From  Charles  Luedloff,  Cologne,  Minnesota.  Fruit  medium  in  size,  oblong;  suture 
distinct;  yellow  overspread  with  bright  red;  dots  small,  numerous;  quality  hardly 
fair;  stone  oval,  sharply  pointed,  nearly  free. 

Luedloff  Green.     Americana,     i.   Cornell  Sta.  Bui.   38:40.    1892.     2.    Wis.   Sta.   Bui. 
63:46.    1897.         Luedloff's  Green  i,  2. 

From  Charles  Luedloff,  Cologne,  Minnesota,  about  1889 ;  discarded  by  him  later.    Tree 

regular  and  abundant  in  bearing;   fruit  medium  to  small,  oblong,  flattened;    skin  thick, 

mottled  with  deep  red;  flesh  firm,  sweet ;  fair  quality ;  stone  small,  nearly  free;  medium  late. 

Luedloff  Red.     Americana,     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:40.    1892.     2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63: 

46.    1897.         Leudloff's  Red  i,  2. 

Much  like  Luedloff  Green  but  red  in  color.  Tree  moderately  productive;  fruit 
very  good;  medium  season.  Good  for  culinary  purposes. 

Lunn.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:35.    1903.     2.  Quebec  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt. 
9.    1905.         Montreal  No.  60  i. 

From  W.  W.   Dunlop,  Outremont,   Quebec.     Fruit  large,  oval;    cavity  shallow; 
suture  a  distinct  line;    dark  purple;    dots  indistinct,  brownish;    skin  tough;    flesh  yel- 
lowish-green, firm,  juicy,  sweet,  rich;    very  good;    clingstone;    mid-season. 
Luscombe.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  149.    1831. 

Luscombe's  Seedling. 

Lutts.     Triflora.     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.   175:131   fig.,   132.    1899.     2.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc. 
Rpt.  1:106.    1900.     3.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  68:5  fig.,  31.    1904. 

Wasse-Botankio  i,  2,  3. 

Sent  out  under  the  name  Wasse-Botankio  but  renamed  in  1899  by  Bailey  after 
Henry  Lutts  of  Youngstown,  New  York.  Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  small, 
roundish,  dark  red  with  numerous  fine,  golden,  dots;  bloom  heavy;  flesh  yellow,  soft, 
with  a  slight  almond  flavor;  good;  clingstone;  one  of  the  earliest. 


488  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Lyon.     Domestica.     i.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  104:100.    1894.     2.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  367. 
1896.     3.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:246.    1899. 

Bailey  i.     Bailey  2,  3. 

Brought  to  notice  by  S.  S.  Bailey  of  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan,  and  grown  for  a 
number  of  years  by  the  Michigan  sub-station  at  South  Haven  under  the  name  Bailey ; 
renamed  Lyon  by  the  Michigan  Horticultural  Society  in  1896.  Tree  vigorous,  upright, 
spreading,  productive;  fruit  large,  roundish;  suture  slight;  cavity  shallow;  clear 
yellow  with  light  bloom;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  rich,  sweet,  moderately  juicy;  good; 
semi -clinging;  mid-season. 
Lyon  Apricot.  Domestica.  i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2d  Ser.  3:53.  1901. 

Received  by  the  British  Columbia  Experiment  Station  at  Agassiz  from  a  Mr. 
Spaath of  Berlin,  Germany.  Fruit  above  medium  in  size ;  roundish;  suture  shallow ;  bright 
red;  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  juicy,  sprightly;  good;  stone  slender,  free ;  early 
M.  J.  De  Wolf.  Species?  i.  5.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:25,  52  fig.  1905. 

The  most  promising  from  a  lot  of  seedlings  grown  by  M.  J.  De  Wolf,  Letcher,  South 
Dakota,  from  seed  taken  from  the  orchard  of  H.  J.  Gurney,  Elk  Point,  South  Dakota. 
Fruit  large,  roundish;  cavity  wide,  shallow;  suture  a  line;  red  marbled  on  the  shady 
side  with  yellow;  dots  many,  large,  conspicuous;  flesh  dark  yellow,  tender,  sweet, 
juicy;  good;  freestone;  mid-season. 
Macedonia.  Munsoniana.  i.  Kerr  Cat.  19.  1897.  2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  186.  1901. 

Transparent  2. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval;    suture  faint;    cavity  shallow;    light  red; 
bloom  thin;   flesh  yellow;   quality  fair;   clingstone;   mid-season. 
Mackland.     Americana,     i.   Kerr  Cat.    1899. 

Tree  vigorous;  fruit  above  medium  size,  red  over  yellow;   clingstone;   rots  badly. 
Macomber.     Domestica.     Listed  in  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.   39.    1899. 
Macomber  No.  i  and  No.  2.     Americana.     Letter  from  Kerr. 

Two  inferior  seedlings  from  a  Mr.  Macomber  of  Vermont. 
Madame  Henri  Deschars.     Insititia  ?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  439.    1889. 

Mirabelle  Tardive  Mme.  H.  Deschars  i. 

Mathieu's  notice  refers  to  Journal  de  la  Societe  Nationale  et  Centrale  d' Horticulture 
de  France  608.  1878. 

Madame  Nicolle.     Domestica.     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  439.    1889.     2.  Can.  Exp.  Farm 
Bui.  zd  Ser.  3:53.    1900.         Souvenir  de  Madame  Nicolle  i. 

A  European  variety  tested  on  the  grounds  of  the  British  Columbia  Experimental 
Station;  inferior. 
Madam  Leeds.     Species  ?     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:279.    1900. 

A  seedling  unintroduced  and  of  unknown  parentage  grown  by  George  Temple,  pre- 
sumably of  Iowa.     Tree  resembles  Poole  Pride,  productive;  fruit  the  size  of  Wild  Goose, 
bright  red ;   drops  easily ;   late. 
Madeleine.   Domestica?   i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  439.   1889.  2.  Guide  Prat.  156,  359.  1895. 

Tree  vigorous,  moderately  productive ;  fruit  large,  oval ;  yellow  with  reddish  spots ; 
good;  early. 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  489 

Madison.      Domestica.       i.   Cultivator  6:355.    I849-       2-  Horticulturist    4:214.      1849. 
3.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  355.    1867. 

A  chance  seedling  from  the  garden  of  Isaac  Denniston,  Albany,  New  York;  first 
fruiting  in  1847  and  supposed  to  be  a  cross  between  Bleeker  and  Blue  Gage.  Tree 
vigorous,  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  oval;  suture  shallow;  cavity  small;  yellow 
with  reddish  blush;  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  juicy,  rich,  sweet,  pleasant;  good; 
freestone;  very  late. 

Mainzer  Friihzwetsche.     Species?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  439.    1889. 
Majestic  Damson.     Insititia.     I.  Stone  &  Wellington  Cat.    1907. 

Introduced  by  Stone  and  Wellington  of  Toronto,  Ontario.  Fruit  large,  purple; 
bloom  heavy;  freestone;  early. 

Mallard.     Domestica.     i.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.   289.    1889.     2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.   131: 
189.    1897.     3.  Rivers  Cat.  34.    1898. 

A   seedling  from  Thomas   Rivers,   Sawbridgeworth,    England.     Tree  of    moderate 
vigor  and  hardiness;    fruit  large,  oval;    suture  distinct;    deep    purple;    flesh   yellow, 
rich,  juicy;   good;   freestone;    early;    said  to  rot  but  little;    not  hardy. 
Mamelonn6e.     Domestica.     i.  Gen.  Farmer  10:241.    1849.     2.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  371. 
1866.     3.  Guide  Prat.  157,  359.    1895. 

Die  Brustwarzenpflaume  3.     Mamelon  3.     Mamelon  Sageret  2. 

Raised  by  M.  Sagaret  of  Paris,  France.     Tree  of  medium  size;  fruit  roundish-oval, 
strongly  necked,  yellowish-green,  mottled  with  red;    light  bloom;    flesh  yellowish,  firm, 
juicy,  sweet;    similar  to  Reine  Claude  except  in  shape. 
Manitoba.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1894. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval,  clear  red;   freestone. 
Manitoba  No.  i.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1897.     2.  5.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:22.    1905. 

A  wild  variety  from  Manitoba,  Canada.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  bright  red;  skin 
thick  and  bitter;  very  early. 

Manitoba  Seedlings.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1897-1900.     2.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93: 
22.    1905. 

Several  seedlings  bearing  the  numbers  2,  4,  5,  6  and  7  were  grown  by  N.  E.  Hansen 
of  the  South  Dakota  Station  from  seed  obtained  in  Manitoba.  Early  bearing  and  pro- 
ductivity are  their  chief  desirable  characters. 

Mankato.     Americana,     i.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.   332,  481.    1896.     2.  Waugh  Plum 
Cult.  157.    1901.     3.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  228.    1903. 

German  Prune  Seedling  3. 

Originated  on  the  farm  of  Louis  J.  Eider,  four  miles  north  of  Mankato  in  Nicollet 
County,  Minnesota;  introduced  by  S.  D.  Richardson  and  Son  of  Winnebago  City, 
Minnesota,  in  1890.  Tree  vigorous,  fairly  productive;  fruit  above  medium  size, 
oval;  cavity  shallow;  suture  faint;  skin  free  from  the  pulp;  dull  red;  dots  yel- 
low; flesh  yellow,  sometimes  red  next  the  stone,  sweet,  rich;  good;  semi-clinging; 
late. 

Manning.     Domestica.     i.  Manning  Book  of  Fruits  103.    1838.     2.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit 
Cult.  335.    1849.     3.  Downing  Fr.   Trees  Am.  930.    1869. 


490  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW  YORK. 

Large  Long  Blue  i.  Large  Long  Blue  2,3.  Manning's  Long  Blue  2,3.  Manning's 
Long  Blue  3.  Mannings  Long  Blue  Prune  3.  Manning's  Long  Blue  Prune  2.  Man- 
ning's Prune  3. 

Received  by  Robert  Manning  from  Landreth's  Nursery,  Philadelphia,  Pennsyl- 
vania, without  a  name;  probably  a  seedling  of  the  German  Prune.  Tree  vigorous; 
fruit  large,  long-oval;  suture  obscure;  cavity  small;  dark  purple;  bloom  thick;  flesh 
greenish-yellow,  firm,  juicy,  sweet,  sprightly,  pleasant;  good;  stone  long,  pointed, 
free;  mid-season;  ripening  period  long. 
Marais  des  Cygne.  Americana,  i.  Kerr  Cat.  5.  1900. 

Introduced  by  J.  W.  Kerr  in  1900.     Tree  vigorous  and  productive;  fruit  of  medium 
size,  roundish,  purplish-red;    good;    clingstone;    subject  to  rot;   mid-season. 
Marange.     Species?     I.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  440.    1889.     2.  Guide  Prat.  156,  359.    1895. 

Petit-Monsieur  ?    i,    2. 

Tree  small,  very  productive;  fruit  small,  round,  reddish-violet;  skin  unusually 
free;  flesh  yellow;  very  good  for  its  season;  very  early. 

Marble.     Hortulana  mineri  X  Hortulana.    i.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:225.    1899.    2.  Waugh 
Plum  Cult.  217.    1901.         Fourth  of  July  i. 

Grown  by  A.  L.  Bruce  of  Texas,  who  states  that  it  is  a  cross  between  Weaver  and 
Crimson  Beauty,  but  Waugh  considers  Mr.  Bruce's  Weaver  to  be  Miner.     Fruit  small, 
heart-shaped;   cavity  medium  deep;   suture  shallow;  dark  wine-red;    skin  tough;    flesh 
yellow,  sweet,  rich;   good;    stone  small,  clinging. 
Marble.     Species?     i.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  412.    1899. 

Originated  in  Brown  County,   Minnesota;    tree  vigorous  and  productive;    fruit 
small,  round,  mottled  red;   good;   mid-season;   subject  to  rot. 
Marbled-Plum.     Domestica.     i.  Rea  Flora  207.    1676.     2.  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  1529.    1688. 

Marble  Plum  2. 

Fruit  mottled  yellow  and  red  at  full  maturity  becoming  a  uniform  red;  flesh  firm; 
good. 

Marcellus.     Americana  mollis.     i.   Kerr  Cat.   9.    1898.     2.  S.   Dak.   Sta.  Bui.   93:24, 
50,   51   fig.     1905.     3.   Ohio  Sta.  Bui.   162:256,   257.    1905. 

Grown  by  H.  A.  Terry  of  Crescent,  Iowa  from  seed  of  Van  Buren;  first  fruited  in 
1893.  Tree  vigorous,  upright-spreading;  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish;  cavity  small; 
suture  lacking;  light  red;  bloom  light;  flesh  yellow;  quality  fair;  clingstone;  mid- 
season. 

Marcus.     Americana,     i.  la.   Hort.   Soc.   Rpt.   333.    1894.     2.   Wis.  Sta.   Bui.   63:47. 
1897.     3.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:24,  50  fig.    1905. 

Originated  with  M.  E.  Hinckley,  Marcus,  Iowa,  from  seed  gathered  from  a  grove 
of  wild  plums  on  the  Little  Sioux  River  in  1870.     Tree  vigorous,  upright;   fruit  large, 
round,  dark  red,  resembling  Miner;    flesh  firm,  meaty;    good;    early. 
Mardy.     Domestica.     i.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  9.    1890. 

A  seedling  from  West  Virginia  grown  by  a  Mr.  Mardy.     Fruit  large,  oval,  red. 
Margate.     Domestica.     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  578.    1629. 

Parkinson  says  of  it  "  the  worst  of  a  hundred." 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  491 

Marietta.     Triflora  X  ?     i.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  67:264  fig.    1904.     2.  Ibid.  68:7  fig.,  36.    1905. 

A  chance  seedling  found  growing  on  the  grounds  of  the  Kennesau  Wholesale  Nur- 
sery Company,  in  1900,  at  the  edge  of  a  block  of  Triflora  varieties.  Tree  very  vigorous, 
productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  broadly  conical,  yellow  overlaid  with  red;  dots 
yellow;  skin  slightly  waxy;  flesh  soft,  juicy,  pleasant;  quality  fair;  clingstone;  free 
from  rot. 
Marjorie.  Americana,  i.  Terry  Cat.  1900. 

A  seedling  of  Lottie  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa.     Fruit  large,  round, 
light  yellow  partly  overspread  with  red;    dots  small;    flesh  yellow,  rich,  sweet;    semi- 
clinging. 
Marigan.     Domestica.     i.  Quebec  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  9.    1905. 

Tree  productive.    Fruit  large,  round,  greenish-yellow  with  a  blush;  good. 
Marion.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.  1897.     2.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50:40.    1898.     3.  Waugh 
Plum  Cult.  157.    1901. 

Tree  productive;    fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish,  flattened  at  the  apex;    suture 
a  line;   cavity  shallow;   stem  long,  slender;   red  on  a  yellow  ground;   bloom  thin;    skin 
thick;    flesh  sweet,  juicy;    good;    clingstone;    mid-season. 
Marketman.     Triflora.     i.  Burbank  Cat.    1893.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  138.    1901. 

Shipper  i,  2. 

A  seedling  of  Satsuma  grown  by  Luther  Burbank  and  sold  under  the  name  Shipper 
but  changed  by  Waugh  to  prevent  confusion  with  an  older  Shipper.     Tree  moderate 
in  growth,  sturdy  and  upright;   fruit  oval,  light  red;    bloom  light;    flesh  firm,  sweet, 
juicy;   fruit  keeps  and  ships  well. 
Marmorierte  Eierpflaume.     Domestica.     Listed   in    Mathieu    Nom.    Pom.    440.     1889. 

Prune  d'Oeuf  Marbree. 
Marster.     Domestica?     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  96.    1887.     2.  Brown  Bros.  Cat.     1900. 

Marster's  2. 

Supposed  to  have  originated  in  South  Carolina  about  1883;  reported  four  years 
later  by  J.  R.  Hart  from  Nova  Scotia;  introduced  by  Brown  Brothers  of  Ontario.  Tree 
hardy,  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  oval,  dark  purple;  flesh  fine-grained,  rich; 
good;  mid-season. 

Marten.      Domestica.      i.    Horticulturist    6:133.     1851.      2.    Cultivator   6:268.      1858. 
3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  931.    1869. 

Marten's  Seedling  3.     Marten's  Seedling  i,  2. 

A  chance  seedling  found  growing  in  the  garden  of  a  Mr.  Marten,  Schenectady, 
New  York,  by  Professor  Jackson  of  Union  College.  Tree  very  vigorous,  productive; 
fruit  large,  roundish-oblong;  suture  deep;  cavity  small;  yellow,  streaked  with  green 
and  dotted  with  red  in  the  sun;  flesh  yellow,  slightly  coarse,  juicy,  sprightly;  very 
good ;  freestone ;  mid-season. 
Mary.  Domestica.  i.  Card.  &  For.  7:19.  1894.  2.  Storrs  &  Harrison  Cat.  1898. 

A  supposed  cross  between  Duane  and  Yellow  Gage  grown  by  R.  A.  Hunt,  Euclid, 
Ohio,  about  1882;  introduced  by  Storrs  &  Harrison  in  1898.  Tree  very  productive; 
fruit  of  medium  size,  yellow;  bloom  delicate;  flesh  yellow;  good;  mid-season. 


492  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Mary.     Americana  mollis.     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1900.     2.  Terry  Cat.    1900. 

Grown  from  seed  of  Van  Buren  in    1893   by  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa.      Tree 
productive,  spreading;    fruit  light  red  on  a  yellow  ground;    good;    mid-season. 
Maryland.     Angustifolia  watsoni  X  (Prunus   besseyi  X  Angustifolia  watsoni).     i.  Kerr 
Cat.    1894.     2.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50:41.    1898.     3.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  67:17.    1898. 

Grown  by  J.  W.  Kerr  from  seed  of  Utah  Hybrid ;  introduced  by  the  originator  in 
1894.     Tree  larger  than  the  parent;  fruit  small,  round;   suture  lacking;   dark  brownish- 
red;    flesh  soft,  watery,  sweet,  pleasant;    quality  fair;    clingstone. 
Mas.     Domestica?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  440.    1889.     2.  Guide  Prat.  163,  359.     1895. 

Similar  to  De  Montfort. 

Mason.     Angustifolia   varians.     i.    Kerr   Cat.    1897.     2.   Can.    Exp.   Farms  Rpt.  464. 
1900.     3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  196.    1901. 

Originated  near  Leander,  Williamson  County,  Texas,  with  a  Mr.  Mason;  intro- 
duced about  1896  by  F.  T.  Ramsey.  Tree  vigorous;  fruit  of  medium  size,  heart- 
shaped,  red;  flesh  firm;  good;  clingstone;  very  early. 

Matchless.     Domestica.     i.   Rea  Flora   208.    1676.     2.   Langley  Pomona   93,    97,    PI. 
24  fig.  i.    1729.         White  Matchless  2. 

Fruit  yellow;    bloom  white;    excellent  flavor;    very  productive. 
Mathews.     Hortulana.     i.  Stark  Bros.  Cat.    1902.     2.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  211.    1906. 

3.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  114:139.    1910.         Matthews  2. 

Grown  by  B.  A.  Mathews  of  Knoxville,  Iowa,  as  a  sport  from  Peach  Leaf;   intro- 
duced by  Stark  Brothers,  Missouri.     Tree  hardy;   fruit  small,  ruby-red;   recommended 
for  jellies  and  preserves. 
Mauchete.     Domestica.     i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:93.    1832.         Mouchetee  i. 

A  French  variety  of  the  Reine  Claude  type.     Fruit  small,  oval;    suture  a  line; 
cavity  minute;    greenish;    bloom  heavy;    flesh  green,  firm,   sweet;    freestone;    mid- 
season. 
Maude  Lacy.     Americana,     i.  Terry  Cat.    1900. 

A  seedling  of  Hawkeye  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa;  fruit  large;  bright 
yellow  with  a  red  cheek;  flesh  firm;  semi-clinging. 

Maugeron.     Domestica.     i.  Duhamel    Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:76.    1768.     2.   Knoop  Fruct- 
ologie    2:52,    57.     1771.     3.  Kraft   Pom.   Aust.    2:42,    Tab.    195    fig.  2.      1796. 

4.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc,  i.   1846.     5.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:81.    1832.     6.  Downing 
Fr.  Trees  Am.  931.    1869.     7.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  694.    1884.     8.  Mathieu  Nom. 
Pom.  426.    1889. 

Damascene  Maugeron  6,  8.  Damascene  von  Mangeron  8.  Damascene  von  Maugeron  8. 
Damas  de  Mangeron  6,  8.  Damas  de  Mangeron  7.  Damas  de  Maugeron  3,  5,  8. 
Damas  de  Maugerou  i,  4.  Damas  de  Maugerou  8.  Damas  de  Maugiron  8.  Damas 
Violet  2.  Die  Damascenerpflaume  von  Maugeron  3.  Konigs  Pflaume  von  Maugerou  8. 
Mangeron  6,  7,  8.  Maugeron  4,  8.  Maugeron  Damask  5.  Maugeron  Damask  6,  8. 
Maugiron  2. 

An  old  variety,  probably  of  French  origin.  Tree  vigorous;  fruit  large,  roundish- 
oblate;  stem  slender;  cavity  shallow;  suture  a  line;  purplish;  bloom  thick;  flesh 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  493 

greenish-yellow,  firm,  sweet  and  agreeable;   freestone;   September.     Prince  states  that 
there  are  two  varieties  under  this  name,  differing  in  size,  but  no  other  writer  mentions 
the  two. 
Mayerboeck  Zwetsche.     Species?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  440.    1889. 

Mayerboeck's  Rote  Zwetsche. 

Mayer  Hellrote.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.   440.    1889.     2.  Guide  Prat.    163, 
359.    1895.         Mayer's  Hellrothe  Damascene. 

"A  variety  of  little  merit." 
Mayer  Konigspflaume.     Species  ?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  440.    1889. 

Royalet     Die  Koniginl     Royale  de  Mayer. 
Mayers  Rothe  Damascene.     Domestica.     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:87.    1873.      2.  Guide  Prat. 


Damas  Rouge  de  Mayer  i.     Damas  Rouge  de  Mayer  2.     Damas  Rouge  de  Moyer  i. 
Mayers  Braunrothe  Konigspflaume  2.     Mayers  Rothe  Damascene  i. 

A  seedling  of  Red  Magnum  Bonum  raised  by  Liegel  and  dedicated  to  his  colleague. 
A.  J  Mayer.  Tree  of  normal  vigor;  fruit  large,  thick-ellipsoid,  slightly  truncated; 
suture  wide,  shallow;  stem  medium  in  length  and  size;  cavity  shallow;  skin  tender, 
not  adherent;  purple;  flesh  yellowish,  fine,  melting,  juicy,  sweet  and  aromatic;  cling- 
stone; mid-season. 
McCartney.  Angustifolia  varians.  i.  Munson  Cat.  1898.  2.  WaughP/ww  Cult.  197.  1901. 

Brought  to  notice  by  F.  T.  Ramsey,  Austin,  Texas;  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish; 
suture  visible;    dots  whitish;    golden-yellow;    flesh  sweet,  melting;  very  good;    cling- 
stone. 
McGillivray.     Species  ?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  424.    1897. 

Tree  vigorous,  unproductive;    fruit  small,  oval,  light  red;     flesh  yellow,  juicy, 
slightly  astringent;    clingstone;    early. 
McPherson.     Species?     i.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.  32:479.  1899. 

Tree  low,  bushy,  thorny,  hardy;   fruit  small,  round,  golden-yellow;   flesh  yellow; 
quality  fair;    clingstone. 
McRea.     Triflora.     i.  Glen  St.  Mary  Cat.  21.    1911. 

McRea  was  grown  near  Lake  City,  Columbia  County,  Florida,  from  seed  of  Kelsey  ; 
introduced  in  the  fall  of  1910  by  the  Glen  Saint  Mary  Nursery  Company.     Fruit  of 
medium  size,  roundish;  yellow,  washed  with  dull  red  in  the  sun;   dots  numerous;  bloom 
thin;    flesh  yellow,  firm,  juicy,    subacid;    good;    mid-season. 
Meads.     Triflora.     i.  Rural  N.  Y.  64:711.    1905.         Meads  Seedling  Plum  i. 

A  seedling  grown  by  H.  O.  Mead,  Lunenburg,  Massachusetts.     Fruit  large,  light 
reddish-purple;    flesh  yellow,  firm,  juicy;    good;    stone  semi-clinging;    mid-season. 
Mediterranean.     Domestica.     I.    Horticulturist    6:133.    1851.     2.    Downing    Fr.    Trees 
Am.  931.    1869. 

Originated  in  central  New  York.      Tree  vigorous,  hardy,  productive;  fruit  medium 
in  size,  ovate,  necked;  cavity  small;  light  crimson  ;  flesh  yellow,  sweet,  sprightly;  good; 
freestone  ;    mid-season. 
Meigs.     Domestica.     i.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  342.    1867. 


494  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Fruit  large,  roundish-oval;  suture  indistinct;  dull  reddish-purple,  with  numerous 
gray  dots;  stalk  long,  slender,  curved;  cavity  small;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  rich,  excel- 
lent; clingstone;  late. 

Melnicker  Zwetsche.     Species?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  440.    1889. 
Melon.     Americana.     I.  Kerr  Cat.    1898.     2.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:280.    1900.     3.  Wis.  Sta. 
Bui.  87:14     1901. 

From  Iowa.     Fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish;  cavity  lacking;  suture  slight;  yellow- 
ish-red;  bloom  thin;    flesh  fibrous;    quality  fair;   freestone;   mid-season. 
Meneray.     Species?     i.  Meneray  Cat. 

A  seedling  of  unknown  parentage  from  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa;  introduced  by 

F.  W.  Meneray  of  Council  Bluffs,  Iowa.    Fruit  and  foliage  indicate  a  fusion  of  Americana 

and  Triflora  blood.     Fruit  large,  oblong,  pear-shaped,  yellow  tinged  with  red;   good. 

Mereton.     Species?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2d  Ser.  3:54.    1900.     2.  Can.  Exp.  Farms 

Rpt.  432.    1905.         Mereton's  Egg.  i.     Merton's  Egg  2. 

Fruit  small,  oval;  cavity  small;  yellow;  flesh  yellowish;  poor;  of  no  value. 
Meroldt.     Domestica.     i.   Oberdieck  Deut.    Obst.   Sort.   436.    1881.     2.   Lauche   Deut. 
Pom.  PI.  IV,  13.    1882.     3.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  712.    1884.     4.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom. 
440.    1889. 

Meroldt's  Gelbe  Reine-Claude  4.  Meroldt's  Golden  Gage  3.  Meroldt's  Golden 
Gage  4.  Meroldt's  Reineclaude  i,  2,  4.  Reine-Claude  de  Meroldt  4. 

This  variety  was  grown  by  Dr.  Meroldt,  Lischnitz,  Bohemia,  probably  from  the 
seed  of  the  Apricot  plum.  Tree  grows  quickly,  medium  in  size;  fruit  medium,  roundish; 
suture  shallow;  skin  adherent;  yellow,  sometimes  with  reddish  spots;  cavity  shallow; 
stem  extremely  short,  finely  hairy;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  juicy,  sweet,  with  Reine  Claude 
flavor;  freestone;  mid-season. 
Merryweather.  Insititia.  i.  Garden  74:527,  Col.  PI.  1910. 

This  plum  originated  with  H.  Merryweather  and  Sons  of  Southwell,  Notts,  England, 
and  received  an  award  of  merit  in  1907  from  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society.  Tree 
vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  juicy,  purple;  Damson-like  flavor;  good;  excellent 
for  preserving. 

Merunka.  Domestica.  i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  152.  1831.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt. 
61.  1887.  3.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  86.  1890.  4.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  46.  1895. 
5.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:279,  280.  1900. 

Leipsic  2,  5.  Leipzig  3.  Leipzig  Early  Quetsche  i.  Marunka  4.  Quetsche  de 
Leipzig  2.  uj  Riga  3.  Zwetsche  Leipziger  2. 

In  1884  J.  L.  Budd  of  the  Iowa  Experiment  Station  introduced  several  plums  from 
Russia.  Among  these  the  Merunka  and  Leipsic  proved  to  be  identical.  The  name 
Merunka  is  retained  because  Leipsic  has  been  used  as  a  synonym  of  German  Prune. 
Fruit  of  Lombard  type,  medium  in  size,  oval;  cavity  deep,  narrow;  suture  faint; 
apex  depressed;  purplish-red;  bloom  thin;  skin  thin;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  sweety 
good ;  clingstone ;  mid-season. 

Merville  d'Automne.  Domestica?  i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  440.  1889.  2.  Guide  Prat. 
162,  359.  1895. 

A  large  yellow  variety  of  good  quality  ripening  about  mid-season. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  495 

Meyer.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1894-1900. 

Tree  vigorous   and  productive;    fruit   large,   round;    cavity  small;    purplish-red 
over  yellow;    clingstone;    mid-season. 
Miama.     Domestica.     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1894.     2.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:256,  257.    1905. 

Miami  i. 

Miama   as  tested  at  the   Ohio  Experiment  Station   proved   to    be   identical  with 
Lombard.     J.  W.  Kerr  of  Denton,  Maryland,  who  introduced  the  variety  in  1894  writes: 
"When  I  first  received  cions  from  the  West,  I  thought  it  was  a  native;    but  finding 
it  to  be  a  Domestica,  dropped  it  at  once." 
Mignonne.     Domestica.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.   149.    1831. 

Reported  by  the  London  Horticultural  Society  as  growing  on  their  grounds. 
Miles.     Species?     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:79.    1892.     2.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  135.    1903. 
3.  Ibid.  424.    1905. 

Said  to  have  originated  in  Illinois  from  seed  secured  in  North  Carolina.     Tree  pro- 
ductive;   fruit  small,  light  red;    quality  fair;    clingstone. 
Miller.     Americana.     I.  Kerr  Cat.    1894. 

Tree  vigorous  and  productive;  fruit  large,  round,  red  on  an  orange  ground;  cling- 
stone; mid-season. 
Miller.     Domestica.     i.   Ohio  Sta.  Bui.   162:241,   256,   257.    1905. 

Fruit  very  large,  roundish,  sides  unequal;   cavity  narrow,  deep;   stem  short,  stout; 
suture  distinct;    dark  purple  on  a  dark  green  ground;   dots  numerous,  bronze;   bloom 
heavy;    flesh  greenish-yellow,  rich,  sweet;   good;    clingstone;   mid-season. 
Miller.     Species?     i.  Glen  St.  Mary  Nur.  Cat.    1907. 

Introduced  by  the  Glen  St.  Mary  Nursery  Company  of  Florida  in  1907.     Fruit  of 
medium  size,  greenish-yellow ;  very  good. 
Miller  No.  i.     Domestica. 

Miller  No.  i  is  an  unintroduced  seedling  of  German  Prune  supposedly  crossed 
with  Jefferson;  grown  by  D.  J.  Miller  of  Millersburg,  Ohio.  Fruit  of  medium  size, 
long-oval  tapering  to  both  ends;  suture  a  line;  cavity  shallow;  deep  yellow;  bloom 
thin;  dots  conspicuous;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  sweet,  good;  stone  large,  long-oval, 
semi-clinging,  pointed;  mid-season;  resembles  the  German  Prune  in  shape  and  size. 
Miller  No.  5.  Munsoniana.  Letter  from  Kerr. 

Grown   by   David  Miller,   Camp   Hill,   Pennsylvania.      Tree  productive;  fruit  of 
medium  size,  red;   clingstone. 
Millett.     Americana,     i.  5.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:25.    1905.         Millett's  Wild  Plum  i. 

From  South  Dakota.     Tree  vigorous,  productive;   fruit  small. 
Millett  Early  Red.     Americana,     i.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:25.    1905. 

Millett's  Early  Red  i. 

A  variety  found  growing  wild  near  Pierre,  South  Dakota.     Trees  low  and  bushy, 
hardy,  unproductive;  fruit  small,  red  on  a  yellow  ground;  skin  thick;  flesh  firm,  sweet; 
quality  fair;   stone  large;   early. 
Millett  T.  T.     Americana,     i.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:25.    1905. 

From  South  Dakota;  fruit  very  small. 


496  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Millett  Very  Early  Red.     Americana,     i.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:25.    1905. 

Millett's  Very  Early  Red  i. 

Not  as  early  as  Millett  Early  Red. 
Mills.     Domestica.     i.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  116.    1901. 

Fruit  medium  in  size,  oval;    cavity  shallow;    suture  faint;    purplish-red;    dots 
prominent,  white;    flesh  greenish;    quality  fair;    freestone;    late. 
Mills  Seedling.     Nigra?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:39.    1903- 

Fruit  roundish  heart-shaped,  below  medium  in  size;    cavity  narrow,  moderately 
deep;    suture  a  line;    deep  red;    dots  obscure;    bloom  light;    skin  moderately  thick, 
tender;  flesh  deep  yellow,  juicy,  slightly  sweet,  astringent;  poor;   stone  of  medium  size, 
oval,  flattened,  nearly  free. 
Milton  Gage.     Domestica.     i.  Mag.  Hort.  6:94.    1840. 

Reported  by  C.  M.  Hovey  as  fruiting  in  the  nursery  of  Charles  Downing,  Newburgh, 
New  York,  seventy  years  ago. 

Minco.     Hortulana  mineri  X  Hortulana.     i.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  14:272.    1901.    2.  Munson 
Cat.  1902. 

A  cross  between  Miner  and  Wayland  from  T.  V.  Munson  in  1896.     Tree  vigorous 
and  productive;    fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval;    cavity  lacking;    suture  a  line; 
bright,  dark  red  faintly  striped;    dots  many,  distinct;    bloom  light;    flesh  yellow,  firm, 
rich,  sweet,  meaty;    very  good;    freestone;    late. 
Minion.     Domestica.     i.  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  69.    1699. 

Mentioned  by  Quintinye  as  a  "yellowish-white"  plum. 

Minnesota.     Domestica.     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  31:348.    1895.     2.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort. 
Man.  2:319.    1903. 

A  European  variety  introduced  into  Minnesota  from  Denmark.     Tree  vigorous, 
very  hardy;  fruit  large,  ovate;   suture  distinct;   cavity  deep,  narrow;    dark  blue;    flesh 
yellow,  juicy,  subacid;    very  good;    stone  small,  free. 
Minnesota  Seedling.     Americana.     Letter  from  J.  W.  Kerr. 

An  inferior  variety  from  a  Mr.  Macomber  of  Vermont. 

Minnetonka      Americana,     i.    Cornell   Sta.    Bui.    38:40.    1892.     2.    Kerr    Cat.     1897. 
3.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50:41.    1898. 

Introduced  by  Peter  Gideon  of  Minnesota.     Tree  small,  slow-growing,  bushy  top; 
fruit  small,  oval,  red  on  a  yellow  ground;  skin  thick;  flesh  firm,  acid;  clingstone;  mid- 
season. 
Minnie.     Domestica.     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:280.    1900. 

From  H.  Knudson,  Springfield,  Minnesota,  who  raised  it  from  the  seed  of  a  large 
blue  Domestica  plum.  Tree  vigorous,  upright;  fruit  medium  in  size,  necked,  greenish- 
yellow;  good;  late. 

Minnie.    Triflora    X    Munsoniana.     i.    Vt.  Sta.  Bui.   67:17.    1898.     2.   Waugh  Plum 
Cult.  219.    1901. 

Originated  in  North  Carolina  with  J.  S.  Breece,  who  considers  it  an  offspring 
of  Abundance  pollinated  with  Wild  Goose.  The  foliage  resembles  that  of  Abun- 
dance. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  497 

Mirabelle  De  Bohn.     Insititia.     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:177.    1873.     2.  Lucas  Vollst.  Hand. 
Obst.  472.    1894.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  423.    1889. 

Bohns  Gestreifte  Mirabelle  i,  3.  Bohns  Mirabelle  2,  3.  Bohns  Mirabelle  i.  Mira- 
belle de  Bohn  3.  Mirabelle  Rayee  3. 

Liegel  received  this  variety  from  Henry  de  Bohn  of  Upper  Austria.  Tree  of  medium 
vigor,  productive;  fruit  small,  roundish;  suture  a  line;  skin  tender,  yellow,  marbled 
with  red;  stem  slender;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  melting,  juicy,  sweet,  aromatic;  free- 
stone; mid-season. 

Mirabelle  de  Flotow.     Insititia.     I.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:105,  fig.    1873.     2.  Rev.  Hort. 
476.    1901. 

Flotows  Allerfritheste  Mirabelle  i.  Mirabelle  La  Plus  Hdtive  de  Flotow  i.  Von 
Fldtows  Mirabelle  i. 

According  to  Mas,  "  this  variety  was  obtained  from  a  seed  of  Perdrigon  Violet 
by  Liegel  and  dedicated  by  him  to  M.  de  Flotow,  of  Dresden,  one  of  the  first  col- 
laborators of  The  Illustrirtes  Handbuch."  Tree  vigorous,  very  productive;  fruit  small, 
spherical,  yellow,  dotted  with  red  on  the  sunny  side;  stem  medium  in  length  and 
size ;  cavity  shallow ;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  soft,  sweet,  of  Apricot  flavor,  very  pleasant ; 
early. 
Mirabelle  de  Ronvaux.  Insititia.  I.  Guide  Prat.  163,  359.  1895. 

"A  variety  of  little  merit." 

Mirabelle  Double  de  Herrenhausen.     Insititia.      i.  Oberdieck     Deut.   Obst.  Sort.  426. 
1881.     2.  Guide  Prat.  155,  360.    1895.     3-  Rev-  Hort.  476.    1901. 

Herrnhauser  Doppelte  Mirabelle  i.     Herrnhauser  doppelte  Mirabelle  2. 

Tree  vigorous,  very  productive;  fruit  small  to  medium,  yellow  mottled  with  red; 
flesh  yellow,  sweet;  good;  late,  following  Drap  d'Or. 

Mirabelle  Prrfcoce  de  Flaford.     Insititia.     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  440.    1889.     2.  Guide 
Prat.  163,  360.    1895. 

Reported  as  being  similar  to  Early  Mirabelle. 

Mirabelle  Verte.     Insititia.     i.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:91.    1866-73.     2.  Guide  Prat.  162,  360. 
1895.         Grune  Mirabelle  i,  2. 

From  a  Herr  Commans  of  Cologne,  Prussia.     Tree  moderately  vigorous;  fruit  small, 
roundish-oblate;    suture  deep;    cavity  deep,  wide;    skin  tender,  free;    green  marbled 
with  yellow;  stem  short;  flesh  green,  fine,  soft,  sweet,  aromatic;  freestone.     Resembles 
Reine  Claude  and  may  contain  Domestica  blood. 
Mission  Prune.     Domestica.     i.   Bailey  Cyc.   Hort.   3:1376.    1901. 

A  large  number  of  plums  were  planted  over  a  century  ago  around  the  old  Mission 
at  Santa  Clara,  California ;  after  the  abandonment  of  the  Mission  this  variety  was  found 
propagating  itself  by  suckers  and  was  cultivated  as  late  as  1870. 

Mississippi.     Munsoniana.     I.  Ga.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.   50.    1885.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
187,  1 88  fig.    1901.         Mississippi  Red  2. 

Introduced  by  J.  M.  Shell  of  Georgetown,  Texas,  about  1875.  Fruit  large,  oval; 
cavity  very  shallow;  suture  lacking;  clear  red;  dots  many,  yellow;  skin  thin,  tough; 
flesh  soft,  yellow;  good;  clingstone;  mid-season. 


498  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Missouri.     Munsoniana?     i.  Ga.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  39,  41,  99.    1889.     2.  Ala.  Col.  Sta. 
Bui.  11:12.    1890. 

An  unimportant  variety  occasionally  found  in  Alabama  and  Georgia.  Fruit  of 
medium  size,  oblong,  red;  flesh  firm;  good;  clingstone;  late. 

Missouri  Green  Gage.     Domestica.     i.   Bailey  Ann.   Hort.    196.    1891.     2.    Ohio  Sta. 
Bui.  113:160.    1899.     3.  Ibid.  162:239,  256.    1905. 

Introduced  in  1891  by  Stark  Brothers,  Louisiana,  Missouri.  As  tested  by  the 
Ohio  and  New  York  Experiment  Stations  it  appears  to  be  either  identical  with  or  a 
strain  of  the  Imperial  Gage. 

Mistake.     Domestica.     i.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  152:210.     1898.     2.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt. 
548.     1901. 

Fruit  above  medium  size,  oblong-oval;  suture  distinct;  sides  unequal;  purple; 
flesh  yellow,  coarse,  juicy,  sweet,  pleasant;  mid-season. 

Mitchelson.     Insititia.     i.  Card.  Chron.  892,  894.    1860.     2.  Flor.  &  Pom.  152.    1862. 
3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  932.    1869.     4.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:65.    1873. 

De  Mitchelson  4.     Mitchelson  3.     Mitchelson's  i,  2.     Mitchelson' s  4. 

Raised  by  a  Mr.  Mitchelson,  at  Kingston  on  the  Thames,  England;  a  seedling  of 
a  Damson.  Fruit  above  medium  size,  oval;  suture  indistinct;  dark  purple;  dots  few, 
fawn-colored;  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  very  juicy  and  sweet;  freestone; 
excellent  for  culinary  purposes. 

Mivian.     Domestica.     Listed  in  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  150.    1831. 
Mollie.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1900.     2.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  422,  424.    1905. 

Molly  2. 

Originated  with  Theodore  Williams  of   Benson,   Nebraska.     Fruit  small,  round, 
red,  watery;   clingstone;   mid-season. 
Monon.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.  n.    1897. 

Tree  very  productive;   fruit  small,  greenish  with  dull  red  blotches;    poor;    cling- 
stone;  subject  to  rot. 
Monona.     Species?     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:24,  48.    1897. 

From  Christian  Steinman,  Mapleton,  Iowa;  said  to  be  the  size  of  Miner  but  two 
weeks  earlier. 

Monolith.     Triflora?  X  Munsoniana?    i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  46.  1895.    2.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui. 
67:17.    1898. 

Originated  by  J.  S.  Breece  of  North  Carolina;  thought  to  be  a  cross  between  Abun- 
dance and  Wild  Goose  although  it  does  not  show  Triflora  characters.  Fruit  of  medium 
size,  roundish;  cavity  medium;  suture  shallow;  coppery-red,  striped  with  darker 
red;  skin  thin,  bitter;  flesh  yellowish,  translucent,  meaty,  tender,  juicy,  fibrous,  mild, 
subacid,  rich;  good;  stone  semi-clinging. 
Monsieur  a"  Fruit  Vert.  Species?  i.  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  441.  1889. 

Mathieu  found  it  referred  to  in  Journal  de  la  Societie  Nationale  el  Centrale  d' Horti- 
culture de  France  281.    1883. 
Mont  Barbat  d'Ente.     Domestica.     i.  Wickson  Col.  Fruits  356.    1891. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK..  499 

An  improved  type  of  Agen  coming  from  the  Mont  Barbat  orchard  in  the  Lot  Valley, 
France. 
Montgomery.     Domestica.     i.  Horticulturist  6:187,  294.  S24-    1851. 

Montgomery  Prune  i. 

Found  by  E.  W.  Carpenter  of  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  growing  on  the  premises 
of  a  Mr.  Montgomery  about  1830.  Tree  very  productive;  fruit  large,  oval,  purple; 
quality  very  good. 

Montmorency.     Domestica.     i.  Can.   Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:35.    1903.     2.  Quebec  Pom. 
Soc.  Rpt.  9,  66,  68.    1905. 

Reine-Claude  de  Montmorency  2.     Reine-Claude  de  Montmorency  i. 

Montmorency  is  thought  to  be  a  seedling  of  the  Reine  Claude,  imported  into  Canada 
in  1790  by  Lord  Dorchester;  extensively  cultivated  in  the  eastern  part  of  Quebec  but 
unknown  in  the  United  States.  Tree  very  hardy,  productive;  fruit  medium  in  size, 
roundish;  cavity  narrow,  shallow;  stem  medium  in  length;  suture  indistinct;  skin 
tough,  greenish-yellow,  blushed  with  red;  flesh  yellow,  very  juicy,  moderately  firm, 
sweet,  rich;  very  good;  stone  small,  oval,  nearly  free. 
Montreal.  Species?  i.  Ont.  Fr.  Exp.  Sta.  Rpt.  64.  1897. 

Mentioned  by  Harold  Jones  of  Martland,  Ontario,  in  the  report  of  the  Fruit  Ex- 
perimental Station  for  1897. 
Moody.     Domestica.     i.  Mich.  Sta.  Sp.  Bui.  27:15.    1904. 

Tree  productive;   fruit  large,  reddish-purple,  good;   mid-season. 
Moon.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1894.     2.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50:42.    1898. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  round;  no  suture;  deep  red  over  a  yellow  ground ;  skin  thin; 
flesh  moderately  firm,  subacid;    clingstone;    mid-season. 
Moore  Early.     Insititia.     i.  Ont.  Fr.  Exp.  Sta.  Rpt.    5:116.    1898. 

Moore's  Early  i. 

An  extremely  hardy  variety  of  the  Damson  type.     Tree  spreading ;  fruit  of  medium 
size;  grows  in  clusters;   dark  purple;   good;   nearly  freestone;   desirable  for  jellies  and 
preserves. 
Moreman.     Hortulana.     i.  Kerr  Cat.  13.    1899-1900.         Moreman  Cherry  i. 

Originated  by  Theodore  Williams,  Benson,  Nebraska.     Tree  vigorous;  fruit  large, 
bright  red;    clingstone. 
Morines.     Domestica.     i.  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  70.    1699. 

A  red  plum  noted  only  by  Quintinye. 
Morin  Hatif.     Cerasifera?     i.  Knoop  Fruclologie  2:59.    1771. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  round,  red;    resembles  the  Myrobalan  plum  except  that  its 
leaves  are  larger  and  its  season  a  little  later. 
Mountain.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:35.    1903. 

A  promising  variety  from  W.  W.  Dunlop,  Outremont,  Quebec.  Fruit  of  medium 
size,  roundish;  cavity  medium;  suture  distinct;  greenish-yellow  more  or  less  over- 
spread with  dull  coppery-red;  dots  yellow,  distinct;  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellowish-green, 
sweet,  rich;  very  good;  clingstone;  mid-season. 


500  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Mountain  Plum.     Munsoniana?     i.   Am.   Pom.   Soc.   Rpt.   86.    1871.     2.  Card.   Man. 
20:177.    1878. 

A  late  variety  of  the  "Chicasaw"  group. 
Mount  Roya  .    Domestica.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:35.    1903. 

Dunlop  54  i. 

A  seedling  from  W.   W.   Dunlop,   Outremont,    Quebec.     Fruit  of  medium   size, 
roundish;  cavity  medium  deep;   suture  distinct;   dark  purple;   dots  numerous,  distinct; 
flesh  greenish- yellow,  juicy,  firm,  sweet;    good;    clingstone;   mid-season. 
Moyen.     Domestica.     i.  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  68.    1699.         Pitch  Plum  i. 

Mentioned  by  Quintinye  as  "a  dry  plum  having  a  sharp  and  sourish  taste." 
Moyen  de  Bourgoyne.     Domestica.     i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:95.    1832. 

Moyen  de  Bourgogne  i. 

Probably  not  the  same  as  the  Moyen  of  Quintinye.     According  to  Prince  it  is  a 
large,  oval,  yellow  plum,  of  indifferent  quality;    late.     This  name  applied  to  a  purple 
variety  is  a  synonym  of  Early  Perdrigon. 
Moyer.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  ad  Ser.  3:54.    1900. 

Tree  vigorous,  unproductive.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish;  stem  short;  cavity 
small,  shallow;  suture  shallow;  dark  reddish-purple;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  firm,  juicy, 
sweet,  pleasant;  clingstone. 

Moyret.     Domestica.     i.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:31    fig.  16.    1866-73.     2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees 
Am.  933.    1869.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  441.    1889. 

Moyret's  Gage  2.  MoyretsGage  3.  Moyret's  Reine  Claude  3.  Reine-Claude  Moyret  i. 
Reine-Claude  Moyret  2,  3. 

A  chance  seedling  of  the  Reine  Claude  obtained  on  M.  Moyret's  place  at  Neu- 
ville-sur-Ain,  France.  Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  medium,  roundish,  reddish 
to  violet-purple;  suture  wide,  shallow;  cavity  wide,  deep;  stem  rather  short;  flesh 
green,  fine,  a  little  firm,  juicy,  sweet,  aromatic;  of  high  quality;  freestone;  mid-season. 
Mudson.  Angustifolia  varians?  i.  Ga.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  13.  1905. 

A  productive  variety  recommended  for  family  use  by  the  Georgia  Horticultural 
Society;  fruit  yellowish-red,  juicy;  clingstone;  very  early. 

Mulberry.     Domestica.     i.   Downing  Fr.    Trees  Am.   282.    1845.     2.  Mag.   Hort.    13: 
530.    1847.     3.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  332.    1849. 

Originated  in  the  garden  of  Isaac  Denniston,  Albany,  New  York.     Tree  moderately 
vigorous;  fruit  large,  oval,  strongly  necked,  pale  with  a  few  crimson  spots;  dots  white; 
bloom  thin;    flesh  greenish-yellow,  coarse,  melting,  juicy,  rich,  sugary;    good;    cling- 
stone; mid-season. 
Muldraugh.     Americana,     i.  Am.  Jour.  Hort.  5:146.    1869. 

Muldraugh's-hill  Plum  i. 

Found   growing   wild   on   Muldraugh's   Hill,    Harden    County,    Kentucky.     Tree 
vigorous,  large,  unproductive;    the  clusters  of  flowers  which  appear  before  the  leaves 
are  mostly  staminate;   fruit  large,  light  red. 

Mule.     Munsoniana  X  Prunus  persica.     i.  Kerr  Cat.  18.    1899.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
219.    1901. 


THE    PLUMS    OP   NEW    YORK.  SOI 

A  hybrid  produced  by  J.  W.  Kerr  from  seed  of  Wild  Goose  plum  pollinated  by  the 
Troth  Early  peach;  introduced  by  the  originator  in  1896.  Tree  resembles  the  plum; 
foliage  very  much  like  that  of  the  peach;  worthless,  inasmuch  as  the  buds  do  not  open 
and  contain  only  deformed  anthers  and  no  pistil. 

Muncy.  Americana,  i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:80.  1892.  2.  Kerr  Cat.  1894.  3.  Tex. 
Dept.  Agr.  Bui.  12:103.  1910.  Muncey  3. 

Tree  vigorous;  fruit  medium  in  size;  dull  red;  clingstone;  mid-season. 
Munson.     Angustifolia  varians.     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:80.    1892.     2.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui. 
32:479.   1894.    3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  38.   1899.     4.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  197.  1910. 

Originated  under  cultivation  by  G.  Onderdonk,  Victoria,  Texas;  introduced  by 
the  originator  in  1888.  Tree  not  hardy  as  far  north  as  Ames,  Iowa;  fruit  of  medium 
size,  oval;  cavity  shallow;  stem  slender;  suture  a  line;  bright  red;  bloom  thin;  dots 
many;  skin  thin;  flesh  yellow,  soft ;  quality  fair;  stone  oval,  flattened,  clinging;  early. 
Murdy.  Domestica.  i.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:247.  1899.  2.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:256, 

257-    *9°5- 

The  Murdy  as  tested    by  the  Ohio   Experiment  Station  is  considered  identical 
with  the  Pond,  but  as  tested  at  the  Michigan  Experiment  Station,  it  ripens  two  weeks 
later,  has  a  deeper  cavity,  finer  texture  and  lighter  colored  spots  on  its  skin. 
Muscat  Free.     Domestica.     i.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  118:52.    1895.     2.  Mich.  Sta.  Sp.  Bui. 

27:15.    1904. 

Evidently  a  strain  of  the  Italian  Prune;  imported  from  Hungary  in  1894  by  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  and  tested  at  the  Michigan  Experiment  Station.  Tree  low, 
spreading,  slow-growing;  fruit  of  medium  size,  long-oval,  flattened  on  one  side;  suture 
broad,  distinct;  black  with  thick  bloom;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  moderately  firm, 
juicy ;  very  good ;  freestone ;  not  as  sweet  as  Italian  Prune  and  a  week  later. 
Muscle.  Domestica.  i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576,  577  fig.  1629.  2.  Rea  Flora  207. 

1676.     3.   Ray  Hist.  Plant.   1529.    1688.     4.  Prince  Pom.  Man.   2:105.    ^32- 

5.  Watkins  Cat. 

Red  Mussell  i .  Black  Muscle  4.  Black  Mussell  i.  Mussel  4.  Mussell  5.  Mussell 
Plum  i.  Red  Muscle  2,  3.  White  Mussell  i. 

Of  very  early  European  origin,  once  considered  of  value  but  now  only  used  as  a 
stock;  the  old  writers  described  both  a  red  and  a  black  form.  Fruit  small,  oval,  dark 
red;  flesh  not  juicy;  poor;  stone  large. 

Musk  Damson.  Insititia?  i.  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  68,  70.  1699.  2.  Duhamel  Trait. 
Arb.  Fr.  2:74.  1768.  3.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  2:33,  Tab.  180  fig.  2.  1796.  4.  Nois- 
ette Man.  Comp.  Jard.  2:495.  1860.  5.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  933.  1869. 

6.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  425.    1889. 

Christ's  Damascene  6.  Damas  Fin  6.  Damas  Musque  2,  3,  4.  Damas  Musque 
5,  6.  Damasquinee  6.  De  Chypre  5.  Die  musquat  Damaskuspflaume  3.  Feine 
Damascene  6.  Musk  Damask  6.  Musk'd  Damask  i.  Muskierte  Damascene  6.  Musque 
de  Malta  ?5,  6.  Prune  de  Chypre  2,  5,  6.  Prune  de  Malte  2,  6.  Prune  de  Malthe  5. 
Schwarze  Muskateller  Pflaume  6.  Spate  Schwarze  Damascene  6.  Suisina  Grossella 
Piccola  6. 


502  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW   YORK. 

Noisette  suggests  Damascus,  Syria,  as  the  probable  place  of  origin  of  Musk  Damson. 
Fruit  small,  roundish;  suture  distinct ;   cavity  small;    dark  purple;    bloom  thick;    flesh 
yellow,  juicy,  sweet,  musky;    good;    semi-clinging;  mid-season. 
Musk  Perdrigon.     Domestica.     i.  Langley  Pomona  92,  PI.  23  fig.  3.    1729. 

Fruit  nearly  black,  with  a  bloom;   freestone;   early. 
Mussey.     Americana,     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:40.    1892. 

Found  wild  in  Kansas;  introduced  by  Abner  Allen.     Fruit  large,  roundish-oblong, 
yellow,  mottled  with  red;    flesh  firm,  good;    semi-clinging;    very  late. 
Nagate-Maru.     Triflora.     i.  Va.  Sta.  Bui.  129:114.    1901.     2.  Ga.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  13. 
1904.     3.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  68:13  fig.,  31.    1905. 

Nagatus  maru  2.     Nagats-Maru  2. 

Resembles  Abundance  but  is  three  weeks  later.     Fruit  large,  oblate-conical,  red 
over  yellow;   dots  numerous;   flesh  yellow,  firm;   good. 

Naples.     Domestica.     I.  Wild  Bros.  Cat.  26.    1892.     2.  W.  &  T.  Smith  Nur.  Cat.  24. 
1897.     3.  Storrs  &  Harrison  Cat.  138.    1893-98. 

Beauty  of  Naples  i,  2,  3. 

Naples  as  catalogued  by  nurserymen  is  of  the  Yellow  Egg  type  although  Lyon » 
and  Thomas  *  knew  a  purple  variety  of  this  name.  Tree  vigorous  and  productive ; 
fruit  of  medium  size,  oval;  cavity  small;  skin  thin,  tender;  golden  yellow  mottled 
with  red  in  the  sun;  bloom  thin;  flesh  light  yellow,  firm,  sweet,  mild;  good;  stone 
oval,  rough,  clinging;  late. 
Native  Red.  Species?  i.  Ont.  Fr.  Gr.  Assoc.  Rpt.  87.  1896. 

Received  by  the  Fruit  Growers'  Association  of  Ontario  from  W.  N.  Snelling  of 
Ottawa.    A  very  attractive  bright  red  plum  of  medium  size. 

Nebraska.     Hortulana  mineri.     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1894.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  174.    1901. 
3.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  67:278.    1904. 

Tree  spreading,  vigorous,  short-lived,  productive;  fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish- 
oval;  cavity  shallow;  red  with  numerous  yellow  dots;  skin  thick,  tough;  flesh  yellow, 
juicy,  melting;   fair  to  good;   stone  medium  in  size,  oval,  clinging;   late. 
Nebraska  Seedling.     Species?     i.  Country  Gent.  26:238.    1865. 

Reported  in  1865  by  R.  O.  Thompson  of  Nebraska  as  a  freestone  plum  of  great 
excellence;   trees  very  productive  and  free  from  curculio. 
Nebraska  Wonder.     Americana,     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:281.    1900. 

Found  wild  in  1892  by  A.  Webster,  Golden,  Burt  County,  Nebraska;   introduced 
by  H.  P.  Sayles,  Ames,  Iowa,  in  1897.     Tree  dwarf,  spreading,  prolific,  bears  early; 
fruit  large,  round,  slight  yellow  tinge,  mottled  red  when  over-ripe,  without  astringency 
when  fully  ripe;   ships  well;   early. 
Neils.     Species?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  ad  Ser.  3:54.    1900. 

Under  test  at  the  Canadian  Experimental  Farm  at  Agassiz,  British  Columbia. 
Nellie.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1894.     2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:49.    1897.     3.  Waugh 
Plum  Cult.  158.    1901.         Nelly  i,  2. 

1  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  118:52,  54.    1895. 
'Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  493.    1897. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  503 

Fruit  large,  oblate;   suture  faint;   stem  medium;   yellow  blushed  with  pink;   flesh 
firm,  yellow;   good;    stone  of  medium  size,  round,  semi-clinging;   medium  to  late. 
Nellie  Blanche.     Americana,     i.  Terry  Cat.    1900.     2.  Rural  N.   Y.  65:726  fig.,  730. 
1906.     3.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  114:141.    1910.         Blanche  3. 

Grown  by  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa;  fruited  first  in  1897.  Tree  vigorous,  up- 
right, productive,  bears  early;  fruit  large,  oblong;  stem  medium,  set  in  a  small  cavity; 
skin  thick;  yellow  mottled  with  red;  flesh  meaty,  very  sweet  and  rich;  good;  stone 
large,  clinging;  mid-season. 

Nelson.  Domestica.  i.  Land.  Hori.  Soc.  Cat.  150.  1831.  2.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  373. 
1866.  3.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:55.  1873.  4.  W.  N.  Y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  21:20. 
1876. 

Knevett's  Late  Orleans  2,3.  Monsieur  tardif  de  Knevett  3.  Nelson's  Victory  i,  2,4. 
Nelson's  Victory  3.  Victoire  de  Nelson  3. 

An  old  variety  renamed  in  honor  of  the  famous  English  admiral.    Fruit  of  medium 
size,  round,  deep  purple;    flesh  sweet  and  pleasant;    freestone;    mid-season;    suitable 
for  culinary  purposes. 
Never  Fail.     Americana,     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:281.    1900. 

Purchased  of  an  Eastern  nurseryman  for  Wolf  but  proved  not  true  to  name ;   intro- 
duced by  J.  S.  Haag,  Hosper,  Iowa.     Tree  vigorous,  slightly  spreading;    fruit  large, 
round,  red;   good;   ripe  with  De  Soto. 
New  American.     Americana,     i.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  26:14.    1891.     2.  Ibid.  93:26.    1905- 

Of  no  value  in  South  Dakota  because  of  its  lateness. 
New  Goderich.     Domestica.     i.  Ont.  Fr.  Exp.  Sta.  Rpt.  4:66,  102,  no.    1897. 

Thought    to    be    a    seedling    of    Lombard.      Tree    vigorous,    spreading,    hardy, 
productive;   fruit  medium  to  large,  round;   stem  short,  inserted  in  a  shallow  cavity; 
suture    distinct;    brownish-red    with    heavy    bloom;     flesh    yellow,    coarse;     quality 
poor. 
New  Green  Gage.     Domestica.     I.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  148.    1831. 

Mentioned;   probably  obsolete. 
New  Large  Bullace.     Insititia?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  433.,    1889. 

Grosse  Prunelle  Nouvelle     New  Large  Bullace. 

Newton.  Americana,  i.  Munson  Cat.  8.  1894.  2.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:256,  257. 
1905.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  23.  1905. 

Received  by  T.  V.  Munson  from  Theodore  Young  of  Wichita  Falls,  Kansas.  Munson 
says  this  variety  is  distinct  from  Newtown  Egg.  Tree  vigorous,  healthy,  productive; 
fruit  large,  oblong,  irregular;  stem  short  and  stout,  set  in  a  small  cavity;  suture  indis- 
tinct; dull  red;  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow;  good;  freestone;  late. 
Newtown  Egg.  Americana,  i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:40.  1892.  2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
153.  1901.  Newton  Egg  2. 

Originated  with  Charles  Luedloff,  Carver,  Minnesota.  Tree  open,  straggling,  pro- 
ductive ;  f ruit  medium  to  large,  oblong-oval,  purplish-red  over  yellow,  thickly  sprinkled 
with  many  yellow  dots ;  flesh  yellow,  firm ;  good;  stone  long,  nearly  flat,  smooth,  semi- 
clinging  ;  mid-season. 


504  THE    PLUMS    OP   NEW    YORK. 

New  Wine  Sour.     Domestica.     Listed  in  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  154.    1831. 
Nienburger  Egg  Plum.  .  Domestica.     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:183.    1873.     2.  Koch  Deut. 
Obst.    570.    1876.     3.   Oberdieck   Deut.    Obst.   Sort.   408.    1881.     4.   Can.    Exp. 
Farms  Rpt.  548.    1901. 

Niemburg  Egg  4.  Nienburger  Eierpflaume  i.  Nienburger  Eierpflaume  3.  Oeuf 
de  Nienburg  i. 

Found  in  the  garden  of  a  priest  at  Nienburg,  Hanover,  Germany,  by  M.  Oberdieck, 
Tree  vigorous,  an  early  and  abundant  bearer;   fruit  large,  obovate;   suture  broad  and 
deep;    dark  brownish-red;    bloom  thin;    flesh  yellow,  firm,  sweet;    stone  small,  free; 
mid-season.     Good  for  dessert  and  drying. 
Nikitaer  Blaue  Fruhzwetsche.     Species?     Mentioned' in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  441.    1889. 

Bal  Erik.  Blauer  Spilling.  Gus  Erik. 

Nikitaer  Dattelzwetsche.     Domestica.     i.  Oberdieck  Deut.    Obst.  Sort.   444.    1881.     2. 
Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  441.    1889.         Bardak  Erik  2. 

Mentioned  as  unproductive  in  dry  soil  at  Jeinsen,  Germany. 
Nikitaer  Hahnenpflaume.     Species?       Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.    441.      1889. 

Hahnenhode.  Nikitaner  Hahnenhode.  Rognon-de-Coq  de  Nikita. 
Nikko.     Species?     i.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  67:18.    1898. 

Originated  by  Burbank  and  introduced  in  1898;  parentage  unknown.  Said  to  be 
"  a  good,  dark  red,  red-fleshed,  conical  plum." 

Nimon.     Hortulana  X  Munsoniana.     i.  Munson  Cat.  7.    1896.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
181.    1901.     3.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  167.    1905. 

A  seedling  of  Wayland  pollinated  by  Wild  Goose;  from  T.  V.  Munson,  Denison, 
Texas.  Tree  moderately  hardy,  vigorous;  fruit  medium  in  size,  ovate;  cavity  shallow; 
crimson;  dots  numerous,  white;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  meaty,  sweet;  good;  stone  small, 
clinging;  mid-season. 

Noire  Americaine.     Species?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  441.    1889. 
Noire  de  Montreuil.     Domestica.     i.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:68.    1768.     2.  Prince 
Pom.  Man.  2:92.    1832.      3.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.   714.    1884.     4.  Mathieu  Nom. 
Pom.  437.    1889. 

Bieler  Pftaume  4.  Damas  Noir  Hdtif  4.  Early  Large  Black  i.  Friihe  Schwarze 
Pfiaume  4.  Fruhe  Grosse  Schwarze  Plflaume  4.  Grosse  Fruh  Pftaume  4.  Grosse  noir 
de  Montreuil  2.  Grosse  noire  hative  2,  3,  4.  Grosse  Noire  hative  i.  Large  Early 
Montreuil  2.  Johannispflaume  4.  Large  early  black  2.  La  Madeleine  3.  Morocco 
Pflaume  (of  some)  4.  Montreuil  2.  Noire  de  Montreuil  i,  2,  4.  Prune  de  Saint- Jean  4. 
Saint-Jean  4.  Waran  Erik  4. 

According  to  Duhamel,  this  name  is  used  for  two  varieties.  One  is  of  medium 
size,  elongated,  purplish-black,  strongly  resembling  Gros  Damas  de  Tours;  flesh  firm, 
yellowish  with  a  rather  agreeable  flavor;  nearly  freestone;  early.  The  other  is  large, 
round,  of  the  same  color  as  the  first,  but  its  season  is  later  and  its  flesh  is  coarse  and  in- 
sipid. For  historical  notes  see  Pre'coce  de  Tours. 
Nolan.  Munsoniana.  i.  Am.  Jour.  Hort.  5:148.  1869. 

Probably  a  seedling  of  Wild  Goose  which  it  resembles  very  closely. 


THE    PLUMS    OP   NEW    YORK.  505 

Nolton  Ungarische.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  441.    1889. 

Reference  found  by  Mathieu  in  Monatsschrift  fur  Pomologie  9.    1861. 
Nome.     Americana,     i.  Meneray  Cat. 

From  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa.  Tree  vigorous;  fruit  large,  round,  red  over 
yellow;  good. 

Nona.  Triflora?  X  Munsoniana.  i.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:226.  1899.  2.  Ibid.  14:274, 
277.  1901.  3.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:252.  1905. 

Originated  with  D.  H.  Watson,  Brenham,  Texas;  introduced  by  W.  A.  Yates,  1897. 
Tree  healthy,  upright;  foliage  healthy,  abundant;  fruit  medium  to  large,  oval;  cavity 
abrupt;  stem  short;  suture  obscure ;  apex  slightly  pointed ;  dark  red,  obscurely  striped; 
dots  numerous,  small,  yellow;  bloom  light;  skin  thick,  somewhat  astringent;  flesh 
yellow  mottled  with  red,  fibrous,  juicy;  good;  stone  medium,  roundish-oval,  flattened, 
clinging;  early. 
Norbert.  Domestica.  I.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  373.  1866.  2.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:73.  1873. 

3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  441.    1889.     4.  Guide  Prat.  161,  360.    1895. 

De  Prince  4.  Lepine  3  and  4  incor.  Norbert  3.  Norbert's  Pflaume  3.  Prune  de 
Lepine  i,  3.  Prune  de  Prince  i,  3.  Schwarze  Mirabelle  3. 

Found  wild  in  the  woods  of  Halanzy,  Luxembourg,  France.      Mas  distinguishes 
Prune  de  Lepine  as  a  separate  variety.     Fruit  very  small,  round;    suture  obscure; 
dark  purple;  bloom  thick;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  firm,  sweet ;  stone  small,  free.     Useful' 
for  drying. 
Norby.     Americana,     i.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  2:298.    1903. 

Originated  with  A.  Norby,  Madison,  South  Dakota;  No.  13  of  his  seedlings.     Fruit 
large,  roundish;   sides  unequal;   dark  red;   stone  round,  flat;  mid-season. 
Norby  No.  i.     Americana,     i.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:28.    1905. 

Originated  with  A.  Norby,  Madison,  South  Dakota.  Under  test  at  the  South 
Dakota  Experiment  Station.  The  variety  bears  large,  fine  fruit  of  good  quality;  mid- 
season. 

Norby  No.  n.  Americana,  i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:283.  1900.  2.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:28. 
1905.  No. ii  i. 

Another  of  A.  Norby's  seedlings;  grown  from  seed  of  selected  varieties  in  1895. 
Reported  by  the  South  Dakota  Experiment  Station  to  be  worthy  of  propagation.  Tree 
upright,  hardy,  productive;  fruit  above  medium  size,  oval  to  roundish-oblong;  rich 
yellow  overspread  with  red;  bloom  thin;  dots  small,  white,  numerous;  flesh  yellow, 
firm;  good;  stone  long,  oval,  nearly  free;  early. 
Norman.  Munsoniana?  i.  Card.  Man.  20:177.  1878. 

Mentioned  by  W.  S.  Carpenter  of  Rye,  New  York,  in  1878  as  an  improved  variety 
of  the  "Chicasaw"  group. 

Normand  Perdrigon.  Domestica.  i.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:87.  1768.  2.  Kraft 
Pom.  Aust.  2:30,  Tab.  177  fig.  i.  1796.  3.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:65.  1832. 
4.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc,  i.  1846.  5.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  441.  1889. 

Der  blaue  Rebhuhn  aus  der  Normandie  2.  Normannischer  Perdrigon  5.  Norman 
Perdrigon  5.  Norman  Perdrigon  3.  Perdrigon  de  Normandie  5.  Perdrigon  Normand  i. 


506  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Perdrigon  Normand  2,  3,  5.     Prune  Perdrigon  Normand  4,  5.     Prunus  neustriensis  4. 
Schwarzer  Perdrigon  5. 

A  very  good  French  variety.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish;    suture  shallow; 
cavity  small;  reddish-purple;  bloom  heavy;   flesh  yellow,  melting,  sweet;  good;    cling- 
stone; mid-season. 
Normand's  Seedlings.     I.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  175:151.    1899. 

J.    L.    Normand,1    Marksville,    Louisiana,    disseminated  twenty   hybrid   seedlings, 
numbered  from  one  to  twenty,  which  were  selected  from  over  30,000  seedlings;   most 
of  these  are  crosses  between  Triflora  and  selected  native  sorts. 
Normand     No.  5.     See  Alabama. 
Normand     No.  n.     Triflora  X  ? 

Fruit  above  medium  size,  oval  to  oblong-conic;   apex  pointed;   stem  medium,  set 
in  a  small  cavity;    yellow  overspread  with  bright  red;    dots  numerous,  yellow;    flesh 
yellow,  firm,  juicy,  aromatic,  sweet,  good;  stone  long  and  narrow,  clinging ;  late.     Drops 
before  ripe. 
Normand     No.  12.     Triflora  X  ? 

Inferior  to  No.  n  in  color,  flesh-characters  and  keeping  quality.     Drops  before  ripe 
and  has  a  tendency  to  crack. 
Normand     No.  15.     See  Louisiana. 
Normand     No.  16.     Triflora  X  ? 

Fruit  resembles  No.   12;    greenish-white  with  red  blush;    flesh  pale  yellow,    soft, 
juicy,  bitter;    clingstone;    drops  before  fully  ripe. 
Normand     No.  17.     Triflora  X  ? 


'Joseph  L.  Normand  was  born  at  Marksville,  Louisiana,  January  14,  1853.  He  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  of  the  parish  in  which  he  lived.  After  leaving  school  he  followed  the  vocation 
of  a  printer  for  a  number  of  years,  though  from  childhood  horticulture  had  been  an  avocation  with 
him.  Before  middle  life  he  gave  up  office  work  to  begin  actively  the  growing  of  nursery  and  fruit 
trees.  His  work  in  horticulture  early  developed  into  plant-breeding  and  towards  the  close  of  his  life 
all  of  his  energies  were  devoted  to  the  production  of  new  types  of  plants.  In  his  plant-breeding  Mr. 
Normand  became  noted  as  a  hybridizer  and  a  great  majority  of  the  fruits  and  ornamentals  sent  out 
by  him  were  hybrids.  Among  these  may  be  named  the  Carnegie  Orange,  a  hybrid  more  or  less  frost 
resistant,  which  he  obtained  by  crossing  the  Louisiana  Sweet  Orange  with  Citrus  trifoliata.  Mr. 
Normand  also  devoted  much  time  to  the  testing  of  figs  and  sent  out  the  New  French  Fig,  selected  from 
some  seventy  varieties  which  he  had  grown.  Pears,  apples  and  plums  received  his  attention  and  in 
all  these  fruits  he  developed  original  types  by  hybridization.  Possibly  his  most  meritorious  work 
with  the  plum  has  been  in  testing  Triflora  and  native  varieties,  although  he  has  sent  out  not  a  few 
hybrids  of  this  fruit  most  of  which,  however,  do  not  thrive  in  northern  climates.  Mr.  Normand 
did  for  his  region  what  Kerr,  Munson,  Terry,  Lord  and  Williams  have  done  in  other  parts  of  North 
America  in  testing  plums.  All  who  knew  Mr.  Normand  say  that  in  this  day  of  commercialism  he 
worked  almost  wholly  for  the  love  of  plants — to  improve  them  for  his  fellow  fruit-growers  regard- 
less of  the  money  to  be  made  in  his  calling.  He  lived  and  worked  in  a  region  where  his  achieve- 
ments were  at  first  little  known  and  little  understood,  quite  content  to  work  for  his  work's  sake, 
but  in  the  end  he  gained  distinction  among  the  fruit-growers  of  his  State  and  attracted  the  attention 
of  plant-breeders  all  over  the  United  States.  Mr.  Normand  died  in  the  town  of  his  birth,  April 
17,  1910. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  507 

Fruit  the  size  of  Burbank,  somewhat  similar  in  shape  but  less  pointed,  greenish- 
yellow  thinly  covered  with  dark  red,  spattered  with  dots  and  broken  lines  of  paler  color; 
flesh  greenish,  tinged  with  yellow,  very  juicy,  somewhat  acid;  poor;  clingstone;  drops 
before  ripe. 
Normand     No.  18.     Triflora  X  ? 

Equal  to  No.  n  in  size  but  inferior  in  quality;  keeps  and  ships  well. 
Normand     No.  19.     Triflora  X  ? 

Fruit  about  the  size  of  Wild  Goose,  but  not  as  regular  in  form;   color  and  bloom 
much  the  same  as  that  variety ;  flesh  of  the  same  color  but  firmer  and  of  better  quality 
than  Wild  Goose;   stone  medium,  clinging;  late. 
Normand     No.  20.     See  Georgia. 

Worth.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  934.    1869.     2.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:143. 
1873.         North's  Seedling  i. 

Raised  by  Professor  North,  Clinton,  New  York.     Tree  vigorous,  bears  early,  pro- 
ductive; fruit  large,  roundish-oval;   suture  broad  and  shallow;   reddish-purple;  bloom 
thin;    flesh  yellow,  melting,  juicy,  sweet;    good;    clingstone;    early. 
North  Carolina.     Hortulana  mineri.     i.  Kerr  Cat.   1894.     2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:50.    1897. 
3.  Kerr  Cat.    1897. 

N.  C.  Seedling  i.     North  Carolina  Seedling  2,  3. 

J.  W.  Kerr  says  this  variety  is  subject  to  twig-blight;   reported  of  value  in  Iowa; 
fruit  large,  deep  red. 
North  Star.     Americana,     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:50.    1897.     2.  Ibid.  87:14.    1901. 

Originated  with  Martin  Penning,  Sleepy  Eye,  Minnesota,  from  seed  of  Surprise; 
resembles  its  parent  very  closely.  Tree  hardy,  dwarfish;  fruit  large,  juicy,  sweet; 
clinging;  mid-season. 

Nota  Bene.     Domestica.     i.   Kenrick  Am.   Orch.   257.    1832.     2.  Downing  Fr.    Trees 
Am.  293.    1845.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  425.    1889. 

Corse's  Nota  Bena  i.     Corse's  Nota  Bene  2,  3.     Nota  Bene  de  Corse  3. 

One  of  the  best  of  the  seedlings  raised  by  Henry  Corse,  Esq.,  Montreal,  Canada. 
Tree  very  vigorous,  productive  and  hardy,  short-lived;  fruit  large,  round,  pale  brown 
sometimes  shading  to  green ;  flesh  greenish,  firm,  juicy,  sweet  and  rich;  good;  freestone. 
November  Gage.  Domestica.  i.  Mag.  Hort.  6:92.  1840. 

Raised  by  Henry  Corse  of  Montreal  and  distributed  at  the  same  time  as  his  Nota 
Bene. 

Noyes.     Americana?     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1897.     2.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:283.    1900.     3.  Wis.  Sta. 
Bui.  87:14.     1901.         Noyes'  Seedling  i.     Noyes  Seedling  2. 

Originated  with  a  Mrs.  Noyes,  Springville,  Iowa,  about  1881,  from  pits  purchased 
for  California  plums;  introduced  by  a  Mr.  Osborn  about  1888.  Craig  places  Noyes  in 
Prunus  hortulana  and  Waugh,  while  classifying  it  with  the  Americanas,  suggests  that  it 
is  Hortulana  mineri.  Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  roundish  to  oblong;  apex 
sometimes  flattened  or  depressed;  cavity  shallow;  suture  distinct;  skin  thick,  tough, 
rather  acid;  yellow  nearly  overspread  with  red;  dots  numerous,  yellow;  flesh  tinged 
with  red,  melting,  rich  and  sweet;  good;  stone  large,  clinging;  early  to  mid-season. 


508  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Nutmeg      Insititia.     I    Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576.    1629.     ?.  Rea  Flora  209.    1676. 

Fruit  the  shape  of  a  nutmeg,  no  larger  than  a  Damson,  greenish-yellow;  good; 
late ;  obsolete. 

Oakley  Park  Wild.     Species?     Listed  in  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  150.    1831. 
Oatey      Americana,     i.  Kerr  Ca+.    1894. 

In  answer  to  an  inquiry  Kerr  states  that  "  The  Oatey  is  above  medium  to  large, 
dull  purplish-red  when  fully  matured;    clinging.     Tree  does  not  succeed  here." 
Oberdieck   Gestreifte   Eierpflaume.     Domestica?     i.   Mathieu   Nom.   Pom.    442.    1889. 
2.  Guide  Prat.  157,  360.    1895. 

Introduced  into  France  by  M.  Oberdieck,  the  German  pomologist.     Fruit  large, 
long-oval,  yellow  blushed  with  red;   flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sweet;   good;   early. 
Oberley.     Domestica.     i.  Card.  Man.  2:120.    1860.     2.  Downing  Fr.   Trees  Am.  934. 
1869.     3.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:131.    1873. 

Oberley' s  Greenwood  2.     Oberley's  Greenwood  i. 

Originated  in  Northampton  County,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  farm  of  a  Mr.  Oberley. 
Tree  thrifty,  very  productive;    fruit  medium  in  size,  round;    suture   distinct;    skin 
amber,  but  nearly  covered  with  rosy  red;  bloom  thin;   flesh  juicy;   quality  fair;  cling- 
stone. 
October.     Domestica.     I.  Can.  Hort.  20:454  fig.  1257.    1897. 

Sent  to  the  office  of  the  Canadian  Horticulturist  by  A.  M.  Smith  of  St.  Catherines. 
Fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish;    skin  thin,  dark  purple;    flesh  yellow,  tender,  juicy, 
rich    sweet  and  very  agreeable. 
Oddy.     Domestica.     Listed  in  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  150.    1831. 

Oddy's. 

Odegard.     Nigra.     i.    Wis.   Sta.   Bui.   63:50.    1897.     2.   Minn.   Hort.   Soc.   Rpt.    411. 
1899.     3.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:28,  49  fig.    1905.         Odegaard  2. 

Originated  about  1888  near  Brookings,  South  Dakota;  found  among  a  lot  of  seed- 
lings grown  from  wild  plum  pits  sent  from  Minnesota;  bought  by  H.  T.  Odegard  of 
Brookings;  introduced  by  A.  Norby  of  Madison,  South  Dakota.  Tree  very  produc- 
tive, hardy  and  vigorous;  foliage  large;  fruit  large,  oblong;  suture  very  shallow  from 
basin  to  apex;  dark  red;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sweet;  good;  early. 
Odell.  Domestica.  i.  Col.,  O,  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  31.  1892.  2.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  113:160. 
1899.  3.  Mich  Sta.  Sp.  Bui.  30:19.  1905. 

According  to  the  introducers,  Augustine  and  Company,  Normal,  Illinois,  this 
variety  was  found  as  a  seedling  growing  in  a  fence  corner  at  Odell,  Illinois;  introduced 
about  1890.  Resembles  and  may  be  identical  with  Lombard;  ripens  at  the  same  time. 
Ogeechee  Angustifolia  varians.  i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:64.  1892. 

Found  wild  in  Georgia;  introduced  by  G.  Bourquin.    Fruit  of  medium  size,  round, 
red ;   clingstone ;   early. 
Oglesby.     Species  ?      i.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  135.    1903.     2.  Ibid.  424.    1905. 

Reported  by  H.  T.  Thompson  of  Marengo,  Illinois,  as  a  small,  handsome  red  plum; 
freestone;  very  late. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  509 

Ohio.     Munsoniana.     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  154.    1883.     2.  Waugh  Plum.  Cult.   187. 
1901.     3.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  67:279.    1904. 

Ohio  Prolific  2.     Ohio  Prolific  i,  3. 

Tree  vigorous,  productive,  irregular  in  growth;    foliage  dense;    fruit  medium  in 
size,  roundish,  yellow  overspread  with  bright  red;  dots  numerous,  yellow;  flesh  yellow, 
juicy,  melting;    fair  in  quality;    clingstone;   mid-season. 
Okaw.     Species?     Noted  in  Bailey  Ann.  Hort.  175.    1890. 
Oku  Botan.     Triflora.     i.  Va.  Sta.  Bui.  129:114.    1901. 

A  variety  sent  out  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Old  Gold.     Americana,     i.   Kerr  Cat.    1894.     2.   Wis.  Sta.  Bui.   87:14.    1901.     3.  S. 
Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:30.    1905. 

Introduced  by  C.  W.  H.  Heideman  of  Minnesota.     Tree  hardy,  productive,  subject 
to  shot-hole  fungus;    fruit  medium  in  size,  round  to  slightly  oblong;    cavity  shallow; 
stem  slender;   clear  yellow  with  a  dark  red  blush;   dots  small;   skin  thick,  tough;   flesh 
yellow;    quality  fair;    stone  roundish-oval,  smooth,  clinging;    mid-season. 
Olive.     Domestica.     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  578.    1629. 

Noted  by  Parkinson  as  "  shrubby;  fruit  like  an  olive  in  color  and  size;  very  good; 
late." 
Ollie.     Hortulana  X  Munsoniana.     i.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:226.    1899. 

Grown  by  A.  L.  Bruce,  Basin  Springs,  Texas;  from  seed  of  Wayland  crossed  with 
Wild  Goose.     Fruit  medium,  oval;    cavity  shallow;    suture  obscure;    dark  red;    flesh 
yellow  with  some  red;   stone  medium,  round,  flattened,  clinging. 
Olson.     Species?     i.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:30.    1905. 

Found  on  the  Vermilion  River,  near  Vermilion,  South  Dakota.     Tree  productive; 
fruit  of  fair  size;    stone  very  large;    late. 

Omaha.  Triflora  X  Americana,    i.  Vt.  Sta.   An.  Rpt.   14:272.    1901.     2.  Ibid.    15:266. 
1902. 

From  Theodore  Williams,  Benson,  Nebraska;  a  cross  between  Abundance  and 
Brittlewood.  Fruit  variable  in  size,  nearly  spherical ;  cavity  deep,  rounded;  stem  long; 
suture  faint;  apex  rounded;  light  red,  a  shade  darker  than  Wild  Goose;  dots  many, 
small;  bloom  considerable;  flesh  moderately  firm,  yellow,  juicy,  rich  and  sweet;  stone 
rather  large,  oval,  flattened;  early;  not  introduced. 
Omega.  Americana,  i.  Terry  Cat.  1900.  2.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  424.  1905. 

Originated  by  H.  A.  Terry  of  Iowa.     Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  slightly 
oblong,  red  over  yellow  with  numerous  light  dots;   good;    late. 
Onderka  Damascene.     Species?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Norn.  Pom.  442.    1889. 

Damas  d' Onderka.     Onderka. 

Ontario.     Species?     i.  Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  38.    1874.     2.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd 
Ser.  3:54.    1900. 

Tree  vigorous,  very  productive;    fruit  medium  to  large,  roundish-oval,  marbled 
yellow;   flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sweet;   good;   clingstone;   early  to  mid-season. 
Opata.    Prunus  besseyi  X  (Munsoniana  X  Triflora).     i.  Circ  S.  Dak.  Exp.  Sta.    1910. 


510  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Opata  was  grown  by  N.  E.  Hansen  of  the  South  Dakota  Experiment  Station  from 
a  cross  between  Golden  and  Prunus  besseyi;   introduced  in  a  small  way  in  1908.     Tree 
productive;    fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish;    cavity  wide;    dark  red;    bloom  rather 
heavy;   flesh  green;    said  to  be  good;    stone  small;    very  early. 
Orange.     Domestica.     i.   Knoop  Fruciologie  2:59.    1771.  Prune  de  Orange  i. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  oval,  yellow  blushed  with  red;   flesh  soft  and  juicy;   good; 
freestone. 
Orange  Cherry.     Species?     i.  Kerr  Cat.  18.    1899.  Orange's  Cherry  Plum  i. 

Originated  in  Florida  where  it  is  grown  as  a  substitute  for  the  cherry. 
Orel  No.  21.     Domestica.     i.  5.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:30.    1905. 

Introduced  from  Russia  by  Professor  J.  L.  Budd  of  Iowa  about  1882.     Unpro- 
ductive and  deficient  in  hardiness. 
Orenge.     Domestica.     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576,  577  fig.     1629. 

Mentioned  by  Parkinson  as  "a  yellowish  plum,  moist  and  somewhat  sweetish." 
Oriental.     Triflora.     i.  Rural  N.  Y.  64:743.    1905.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  234.    1907. 

Perry's  Seedling  i. 

Introduced  by  F.  L.  Perry  of  Bridgeport,  Connecticut,  as  a  cross  between  Burbank 
and  Satsuma.     Tree  hardy,  vigorous;   fruit  large;    skin  thin;   flesh  dark,  sweet;   good; 
ripens  two  or  three  weeks  earlier  than  Satsuma  and  hangs  a  month  after  ripening. 
Orillia.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Hort.  26:422.    1903. 

A  seedling  shown  at  the  Orillia  fruit  exhibit  in  1903;  grown  from  a  Lombard  seed 
by  Frank  Kean.  Tree  vigorous,  bears  regularly;  fruit  similar  in  size  and  appearance 
to  Quackenboss  with  a  smaller  stone  and  heavier  bloom. 

Osage.     Munsoniana.     i.  Kerr  Cat.  1894.     2.  Me.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:66.    1896.     3.  Waugh 
Plum  Cult.  188.    1901.     4.  Tex.  Dept.  Agr.  Bui.    12:103.     1910. 

Osage  48    2.     Wonder  4. 

Tree  productive,  tender;    fruit  medium  in  size,  round  to  oval;    cavity  shallow; 
stem  slender;   bright  red  with  numerous  light  dots     flesh  yellow;    quality  fair;  stone 
medium,  oval,  flattened,  clinging;    mid-season. 
Ottoman  Seedling.     Domestica.     i.  N.  Y.  Sta.  Rpt.  9:347.    1900. 

Received  by  this  Station  for  testing  in  1890  from  L.  M.  Macomber,  North  Ferris- 
burgh,  Vermont,  as  a  seedling  of  Imperial  Ottoman.  Tree  productive;  fruit  medium 
to  large,  oval,  suture  slight  or  lacking;  stem  an  inch  long,  slender,  inserted  with  scarcely 
a  depression ;  dull  red  or  greenish-red ;  bloom  thin ;  flesh  yellowish-green,  juicy,  sweet ; 
very  good;  stone  medium,  oval,  small  wing;  early  to  mid-season. 
Outremont.  Domestica.  i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:38.  1903. 

Under  test  at  the  Central  Experimental  Farm,  Ottawa. 
Overall.     Domestica.     i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  716.    1884. 

Fruit  large,  oval;  suture  faint;  stem  three-quarters  of  an  inch  long  inserted  without  a 
depression;    dark  purple;    flesh  coarse,  pleasantly  flavored;    clingstone;    mid-season. 
Owatona.     Americana,     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:52.    1897.     2.  Wis.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  137. 
1899.     3.  5.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:31.    1905. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

A  wild  variety  from  Owatonna,  Minnesota.     Trees  hardy,  productive ;  fruit  medium 
in  size,  oblong;    suture  distinct;    red;    flesh  yellow,  tender,  bitter;    lacking  in  flavor; 
mid-season. 
Owen  Sound.     Species?     i.  Can.  Hort.  11:259.    1888.     2.  Ibid.  14:350.    1891. 

Owen  Sound  Beauty  1,2. 

A  seedling  grown  by  R.  Trotter  of  Owen  Sound,  Ontario,  from  pits  of  an  unnamed 
plum.     Tree  strong,   healthy;    fruit  large,  roundish-oblong;    suture   distinct,   dividing 
the  plum  into  unequal  parts ;  brownish-purple ;  dots  light,  numerous ;  bloom  thick ;  flesh 
orange,  very  juicy,  rich  and  excellent;   freestone;   late. 
Oxford.     Nigra.     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:52.    1897.     2.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:30.    1905. 

This  variety  is  from  Minnesota  and  resembles  Aitken,  but  is  more  vigorous;   lacks 
productiveness;  fruit  large,  roundish-oval,  deep  red;  flesh  orange-yellow;  good;   stone 
large,  thin,  clinging;   very  early. 
Oyama.     Triflora.   i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  119.    1904.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  66.  1905. 

A  seedling  of  the  Red  June  grown  at  the  Central  Experimental  Farm,  Ottawa, 
Canada,  from  seed  planted  in  1895.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish  to  broad-oval; 
cavity  narrow,  of  medium  depth,  abrupt;  suture  a  distinct  line,  not  depressed;  apex 
rounded;  deep  red;  dots  obscure;  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  juicy;  sweet,  not 
rich;  quality  medium;  stone  small,  oval,  clinging. 
Paddock  Magnum  Bonum.  Domestica.  i.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  420.  1846. 

Originated  from  a  pit  brought  from  Russia  in  1805  by  a  Captain  Paddock.     Closely 
resembles  the  Red  Magnum  Bonum  of  which  it  may  be  a  seedling;  clingstone. 
Paine.     Domestica.     i.  Am.  Jour.  Hort.  3:97.    1868.         Paine's  Seedling  i. 

A  chance  seedling  raised  by  A.  W.   Paine  of  Bangor,  Maine.     Fruit  medium  to 
large;   oval;  cavity  shallow,  one-sided  with  a  small  lip ;  stem  long,  stout;  suture  slight; 
golden -yellow,  blotched  with  red;   bloom  thin;   flesh  yellow,  coarse,  rich,  sweet;   cling- 
stone; early. 
Paisan  Blanche.     Domestica.     i.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:60.    1771. 

Paisan  Blanche  et  Double  i.     Prune  de  Paisan  blanche  and  simple  i. 

Fruit  large,  round;    suture  large,  deep;    greenish-yellow;    flesh  soft,  juicy;    good; 
clingstone;   very  productive. 
Paisan  Noire.     Domestica.     i.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:60.    1771. 

Prune  de  Paisan  Noire  i. 

Said  to  resemble  "Paisan  Blanche"  in  form,  size  and  productiveness  but  is  purple 
and  the  suture  is  a  little  deeper,  flesh  more  watery  and  inferior  in  flavor. 
Palmer.   Triflora.    i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  46.    1895.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  47.  1897. 

Probably  a  seedling  of  Abundance,  grown  by  J.  S.  Breece  of  Fayetteville,  North 
Carolina,  about  1892.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-conical,  coppery-red  with  numer- 
ous russet  dots;  bloom  light;  skin  thin,  bitter;  flesh  yellowish,  translucent  with  yellow 
veins,  meaty,  tender,  juicy,  fibrous,  mild  subacid,  rich;  good  to  very  good;  stone  large, 
long,  oval,  clinging;  very  early. 
Pander.  Triflora.  i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  47.  1897. 


512  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

A   seedling  of  Abundance  grown  by  J.   S.   Breece,   Fayetteville,   North  Carolina. 
Fruit  large,  roundish,  light  to  dark  crimson;   dots  minute   russet,  raised;   bloom  slight; 
skin  thin,  slightly  bitter;    flesh  yellow,  translucent,  rather  firm,  meaty,  juicy,  sugary 
vinous,  rich;  very  good;  stone  oval,  medium  in  size,  clinging;  season  with  Wild  Goose. 
Pappaconi.     Domestica.     i.  Noisette  Man.  Comp.  Jard.  2:499.    1860. 

Imported  into  France  from  the  Royal  Gardens  of  Naples.     Fruit  larger  than  Dame 
Aubert,  brilliant  yellow,  ripens  in  September. 
Papeleu.     Domestica.     i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  716.    1884. 

Fruit  medium  in  size,  round,  symmetrical;   stem  moderately  long,  set  in  a  narrow 
depression;    suture  very  shallow;    golden-yellow  when  ripe,  mottled  with  pale  straw 
color;    dots  small,  crimson;    bloom  light;    flesh  yellow,  tender  and  juicy,  rich,  sugary 
and  highly  flavored;   freestone;    mid-season. 
Paquet.     Domestica.     i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  26,  Col.  PI.    1894. 

Originated  in  1889  with  Peter  Paquet,  Oregon  City,  Oregon.  Fruit  very  large, 
oval;  cavity  large,  deep,  regular;  stem  about  an  inch  long,  rather  stout,  curved;  suture 
moderate;  apex  truncated;  yellow  washed  with  red;  dots  many,  yellow;  skin  thick; 
flesh  yellow;  very  good;  stone  oval,  semi-clinging;  early. 

Park.     Domestica  X  ?     i.   Kerr  Cat.     1894.     2.  Ibid.   25.    1897.     3.    Ohio  Sta.   Bui. 
162:256,257.    1905. 

Kerr  says  this  is  reputed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Prunus  domestica  with  a  native  variety. 
Tree  upright-spreading;  fruit  above  medium  size,  oblong-oval;  cavity  broad  and  deep ; 
stem  of  medium  length,  stout;  greenish-yellow;   flesh  yellow;  good;   stone  of  medium 
size,  clinging;   mid-season. 
Parker.     Species?     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:52.    1897. 

Reported  as  very  productive  and  regular  in  bearing ;  fruit  large ;  good ;  early. 
Parrott.     Species?     i.  Kan.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  30:63.    1908-09. 

Parrott  originated  with  A.  H.  Griesa,  Lawrence,  Kansas.     Fruit  small,  bright  red; 
bloom  thin;   stone  small;   very  late. 
Parsonage.     Domestica.     I.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  367.    1857. 

Originated  at  Rhinebeck,  Dutchess  County,  New  York.     Tree  very  vigorous,  up- 
right, productive;  fruit  medium  to  large,  oval;  stem  medium;  cavity  small;  pale  yellow 
splashed  with  green ;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  rich;  freestone;  mid-season. 
Partridge.     Species?     i.  Can.   Exp.  Farm  Bui.    2nd  Ser.  3:54.    1900.     2.  Can.   Exp. 
Farms  Rpt.  548.    1901. 

Grown  at  the   Experimental  Farm,  Agassiz,   British  Columbia.     Tree  vigorous; 
fruit  medium,  round;   suture  distinct;    red  with  white  bloom;   flesh  yellowish,  sweet, 
pleasant;  early. 
Pasqua.     Nigra?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  426.    1900. 

Sent  out  by  Thomas  Frankland,  Stonewall,  Manitoba.     Fruit  large,  red;  late. 
Pathfinder.     Triflora  X  (Triflora  X  Simonii?)     i.  Rural  N.  Y.  68:752.    1909. 

Pathfinder,  a  cross  between  Chabot  and  Wickson,  was  grown  by  William  Strong 
Arkansas.  Fruit  heart-shaped,  strongly  pointed,  dark  colored;  flesh  firm,  fine-grained 
and  sweet. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  513 

Patten  A.     Munsoniana.     I.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:286.    1900. 

Received  by  the  Iowa  Experiment  Station  from  C.  G.  Patten,  Charles  City,  Iowa, 
with  whom  the  variety  originated.  Fruit  medium  in  size,  ellipsoidal,  flattened  at  both 
ends;  cavity  deep;  suture  a  well-marked  groove ;  bright  red  to  purplish-red ;  dots  small, 
numerous;  bloom  thin;  flesh  firm,  meaty;  good;  stone  of  medium  size,  winged,  flat, 
clinging;  not  introduced. 
Patten  B.  Americana,  i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:286.  1900. 

Of  the  Stoddard  type,  from  C.  G.  Patten,  Charles  City,  Iowa.  Fruit  medium  to 
large,  conical,  somewhat  pointed;  cavity  shallow;  stem  long;  suture  clearly  outlined; 
apex  pointed;  dark  purplish-red;  dots  numerous,  small;  bloom  thick;  skin  thick, 
brittle;  flesh  yellow-brown;  good;  stone  large,  flat,  clinging. 

Peach  Leaf.     Hortulana.     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:52.    1897.     2.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  11:285. 
1898.         Peachleaf  2. 

A  variety  of  unknown  origin  grown  for  many  years  by  B.  A.  Mathews  of  Iowa. 
Given   as   synonymous   to    Kanawha   by  the  American  Pomological   Society.     Waugh 
says  this  is  an  error.     Fruit  medium  in  size,  round;   cavity  slight;   suture  a  faint  line; 
deep  wine  red;   dots  many,  small;  flesh  yellow,  firm;   good;   stone  medium,  rough. 
Peach-plum.     Domestica.     i.  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  2:1529.    1688.      2.  Rea  Flora  208.    1676. 

Peach  Plum  i. 

A  yellow  variety  grown  in  the  Seventeenth  Century. 
Peake.     Domestica.     i.  Parkinson  Par.    Ter.   578.    1629. 

Parkinson  says  of  it,  "long,  whitish  and  very  good." 

Pearl.     Americana  mollis.     i.   Kerr  Cat.    n.    1898.     2.  Terry  Cat.   5.    1900.     3.  ///. 
Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  424.    1905. 

From  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa;  grown  from  seed  of  Van  Buren  planted  about 
1891.  Tree  very  productive,  vigorous,  upright;  fruit  large,  white  becoming  pale  red; 
of  best  quality;  ripens  last  of  August. 

Pear  Plum.     Domestica.     i.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  2:45,  Tab.  199  fig.  2.    1796.     2.  N.  E. 
Farmer  Diet.  266.    1797. 

Die  veilchenfarbige  Birnpflaume   i.     Prune  poire  grosse  violette  i. 

Kraft  in  1796  described  a  little- known  Pear  plum.     Tree  medium  in  size,  unpro- 
ductive;   fruit  very  large,  pear-shaped;    suture  distinct;    stem  long;    reddish-purple; 
flesh  juicy,  unpleasant;  freestone.     This  may  or  may  not  be  the  same  as  the  New  Eng- 
land variety  of  this  name  mentioned  in  the  references. 
Peasant.     Species?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:55.    1900. 

Tested  by  the  Experimental   Farm  at  Agassiz,  British  Columbia.     Tree  vigorous; 
fruit  small,  roundish,  purple;    flesh  yellowish,  juicy,  sweet;    mid-season. 
Peerless.     Americana,     i.  Meneray  Cat. 

A  seedling  of  Harrison  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry  and  introduced  by  F.  W.  Meneray, 
Council   Bluffs,   Iowa.     Fruit  large,  oblong,  dark  red;    skin  thin;    flesh  yellow,   firm; 
good ;    freestone. 
Pekin.     Species?     Letter  from  Kerr. 

Originated  by  Theodore  Williams,  Benson,  Nebraska. 


514  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Pendent.     Munsoniana  X  Hortulana  mineri.     i.  Kerr  Cat.  19.    1898.     2.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui. 
67:18.    1898. 

A  cross  between  Pottawattamie  and  Forest  Garden  from  Theodore  Williams  of 
Benson,  Nebraska;    introduced  by  J.  W.  Kerr  in  1898.     Tree  slender,  a  rapid  grower, 
productive;    fruit  medium  to  large,  roundish  inclined  to  oblong,    red;    semi-clinging; 
mid-season. 
Penning.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.  n.    1897.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  160.    1901. 

Penning' s  Free  2.     Penning's  Free  i. 

Originated  with  Martin  Penning  of  Minnesota;    a  perfect  freestone. 
Penning  Peach.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.  7.    1896.     2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:52.    1897. 
3.  Kerr  Cat.  u.    1899. 

C.  W.  H.  Heideman  of  Minnesota  says  this  variety  was  introduced  about  thirty 
years  ago  as  the  Peach  plum  and  was  sold  under  that  name  by  Northwestern  nursery- 
men; he  added  the  name  Penning  to  avoid  confusion;  it  closely  resembles  Harrison 
and  is  by  some  considered  identical  with  that  variety.  Tree  hardy  and  healthy,  a  shy 
bearer;  fruit  medium  to  large,  oblong,  purplish-red;  flesh  sweet;  semi-clinging;  mid- 
season. 

Penobscot.     Domestica.     i.  Horticulturist  1:196.    1846.     2.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  428.    1854. 
3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  222,  244.    1858. 

Originated  about  1840  with  James  McLaughlin  of  Bangor,  Maine.  Rejected  by 
the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1858.  Tree  productive;  fruit  large,  oval;  suture 
distinct;  cavity  small;  stem  of  medium  length;  greenish-yellow  with  a  red  blush  in 
the  sun ;  bloom  thin ;  flesh  yellow,  sweet ;  flavor  pleasant ;  stone  long,  pointed  at  both 
ends ,  clinging ;  early. 

Pennock.     Prunus  besseys  X  Domestica?     i.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.   67:18.    1898.     2.  Colo.  Sta. 
Bui.  50:43.    1898.         Pennock's  Hybrid  2. 

Pennock  was  raised  in  1893  by  C.  E.  Pennock  of  Fort  Collins,  Colorado,  from  seed 
of  Prunus  besseyi  supposed  to  have  been  pollinated  by  Arctic.  Tree  dwarfish,  upright ; 
leaves  of  medium  size,  ovate,  coarsely  serrate,  thickish,  finely  tomentose  on  either  side; 
petiole  short,  stiff,  sometimes  with  one  gland  at  the  base  of  the  blade;  fruit  small, 
roundish;  suture  slight;  deep  blue;  bloom  heavy;  flavor  intermediate  between  the 
phim  and  cherry;  stone  small,  round  and  cherry-like. 

Peoly  Early  Blue.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.    Trees  Am.   309.     1845.     2.  Thomas 
Am.  Fruit  Cult.  346.    1849. 

From  Massachusetts.     Fruit  medium  in  size,  oblong;   stem  short;   suture  obscure; 
dark  blue;   bloom  light;    flesh  yellow;    pleasant;   fair  quality;    semi-clinging;    early. 
Perdrigon  des  Alpes.     Domestica.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  151.    1831. 

The  London  Horticultural  Society  listed  Perdrigon  des  Alpes  and  Perdrigon  Violet 
des  Alpes  as  distinct  varieties  but  there  seems  to  be  little  difference  between  them. 
Perdrigon  of  Cernay.     Domestica.     i.  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  68,  69.    1699. 

Cernay  Perdrigon  i. 

Mentioned  in  the  preceding  reference  as  round  or  oblate,  with  a  dry  and  mealy 
flesh. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  515 

Perdrigon  Tardif.  Domestica.  i.  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  67.  1699.  2.  Land.  Hort. 
Soc.  Cat.  151.  1831.  3.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:125.  1873.  4.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom. 
450.  1889. 

Damas  de  Septembre  4  incor.  Konigs  Pftaume  aus  Paris  4.  Konigspftaume  von 
Paris  3.  Later  Perdrigon  i.  Royale  de  Paris  Tardive  4.  September  Damascene  4 
incor.  Spate  Herrn  Pftaume  4.  Spate  Konigs  Pftaume  4.  Spate  Konigs  Pftaume 
aus  Paris  4.  Spater  Perdrigon  4.  Spater  Perdrigon  3. 

Quintinye,  in  1699,  mentioned  a  Later  Perdrigon  which  is  probably  this  variety. 
Duhamel  confused  this  variety  with  the  Impe'ratrice  but  they  are  distinct.  In  Amer- 
ica this  Perdrigon  is  unknown.  Tree  small ;  leaves  small,  obovate ;  flowers  very  small ; 
fruit  small,  roundish-ellipsoid;  suture  distinct;  skin  thick,  purplish-black;  stem  short; 
cavity  shallow;  flesh  yellowish,  fine,  firm,  sweet;  freestone;  late. 
Pershore.  Domestica.  i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  375.  1866.  2.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:111. 
1873.  3.  Garden  49:225.  1896.  Pershore  Yellow  Egg  3. 

Grown  largely  in  the  Pershore  district,  Worcester  County,  England.  Tree  vigor- 
ous, productive;  fruit  medium,  obovate;  suture  indistinct;  golden-yellow;  flesh  clear 
yellow,  neither  juicy  nor  sweet;  quality  fair;  stone  small,  clinging;  fit  only  for  culinary 
purposes;  propagated  by  suckers. 

Petite  Quetsche  Sucre"e.  Domestica.  i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:181.  1873.  2.  Mathieu 
Nom.  Pom.  437.  1889. 

Ananas  Zwetsche  2.     Kleine  Zuckerzwetsche  2.     Kleine  Zucker  Zwetsche  i. 

A  German  variety  produced  from  seed  of    Violette    Diaper.     Fruit    small,    oval; 
suture  shallow;    cavity  small;    stem  slender;    dark  purple;    bloom  thick;    flesh  yellow, 
fine-grained,  juicy,  sweet;    freestone;    mid-season. 
Phiolenartige  Gelbe  Zwetsche.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  442.    1889. 

Mathieu  found  the  name  of  this  variety  in  ifiiener  Garten-Zeitung  288.    1884. 
Pilot.     Americana,     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:24,  52.     1897.     2.  Ibid.  87:15.    1901.    3.  Dak. 
Sta.  Bui.  93:31.    1904. 

Originated  with  M.  E.  Hinckley  at  Marcus,  Iowa,  from  seed  of  a  wild  plum  gathered 
on  the  Little  Sioux  River  near  Cherokee,  Iowa;  seed  planted  in  1870.  Tree  open, 
spreading,  drooping;  fruit  large,  oblong-oval  with  rounded  apex;  suture  distinct; 
yellow  mottled  with  light  and  dark  red;  skin  thick,  tough;  flesh  firm,  rich  and  sweet; 
good;  stone  long-oval,  pointed,  margined;  mid-season;  cracks  and  rots  in  wet  seasons. 
Pink  Damson.  Insititia?  i.  Montreal  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  93.  1885. 

Fruit  small,  pinkish-red;    flesh  light  pink,  soft;    quality  fair;    very  early. 
Pioneer  Prune.     Domestica.     i.  Pioneer  Nur.  Cat.    1900. 

A  variety  grown  for  several  years  by  the  Pioneer  Nursery  Company,  Salt  Lake 
City,  Utah;    discarded  because  of  its  close  resemblance  to  the  Italian  Prune. 
Piper.     Americana,     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  162.    1891.     2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:52.    1897. 
3.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:287.    1900.     4.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  87:15,  16  fig.  4.    1901. 

Piper's  Peach  r,  2,  3.     Piper's  Peach  4. 

Found  wild  near  Mankato,  Blue  Earth  County,  Minnesota,  about  1887  by  J.  S. 
Harris  of  Crescent,  Minnesota.  Tree  vigorous,  upright,  hardy,  productive;  fruit  large, 


516  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

round,  bright  red;  flesh  orange-yellow,  sweet  and  rich;  good;  stone  roundish,  slightly 
margined,  nearly  free;  mid-season;  mentioned  in  the  catalog  of  the  American  Porno- 
logical  Society  in  1899. 

Piram.  Angustifolia  varians.  i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:80.  1892.  2.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui. 
32:490,  491.  1894.  3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  197.  1901. 

A  seedling  from  Goliad  County,  Texas,  originated  by  G.  Onderdonk;  named  after 
Piram  Hall  about  1875.  Tree  hardy,  productive;  fruit  medium  to  large,  roundish; 
suture  indistinct;  light  yellow;  dots  white;  bloom  thin;  skin  thin  and  tender;  flesh 
yellow,  soft,  sweet;  fair  to  good;  clingstone;  mid-season. 

Pissardi.  Cerasifera.  i.  Rev.  Hort.  191.  1881.  2.  Card.  Man.  25:367.  1883.  3.  Rural 
N.  Y.  44:479.  1885.  4.  Card,  and  For.  1:178.  1888.  5.  Garden  55:314.  1899. 
6.  Bailey  Cyc.  Hort.  1447.  1901. 

Prunus  Cerasifera  Atropurpurea  5.  Prunus  Pissardi  5.  Prunus  Pissardii  3. 
Purple-leaved  Plum  3.  The  Purple  Myrobalan  5.  Prunus  Pissardi  i,  2,  4. 

See  Prunus  cerasifera,  p.  ooo.     Tree  large;    shoots  purplish;    foliage  while  un- 
folding tinged  with  red,  later  becoming  dark  purple;  fruit  medium  in  size;  skin  purplish, 
showing  color  in  unripe  stage,  thin,  tough.;   suture  obscure;   flesh  firm,  juicy,  moderately 
acid,  inferior  in  quality;    clingstone. 
Plantz.     Domestica.     i.  Cal.  State  Bd.  Hort.  Rpt.  129,  130  fig.    1891. 

Plantz's  Seedling  i. 

A  chance  seedling  found  by  W.  A.  Plantz  of  New  Castle,  California,  about  1883. 
Tree  thrifty,  productive;  fruit  large,  oval,  tapering  towards  the  stem,  reddish-purple; 
flesh  yellow  sugary,  rich,  juicy  and  sweet;  ripens  in  California  about  three  weeks  before 
the  Hungarian  Prune. 

Plunk.  Americana,  i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:44.  1897.  2.  Kerr  Cat.  9.  1897.  3.  Waugh 
Plum  Cult.  1 60.  1901.  Large  Red  Sweet  3.  Large  Red  Sweet  i,  2. 

Introduced  by  Charles  Luedloff,  Cologne,  Minnesota.     Tree  a  rapid  grower  with 
good  foliage;  fruit  large,  round,  dark  red  or  purplish-red;  flesh  reddish,  not  juicy,  very 
sweet;    good;    clingstone;    early. 
Pomaria.     Domestica.     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  189.    1867. 

A    seedling    of    the    Reine    Claude    from    South    Carolina,    about    1867.     Tree 
productive;    fruit    medium    in    size,  blue;   bloom    heavy;   superior    to    its   parent  in 
flavor. 
Pomona.     Americana  X  Hortulana  mineri?     i.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:31.    1904. 

Originated  by  E.  D.  Cowles,  Vermilion,  South  Dakota;  under  test  at  the  South 
Dakota  Experiment  Station.  Said  to  be  "a  natural  cross  of  Forest  Garden  and 
Miner." 

Pond  Purple.  Domestica.  i.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  209.  1835.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees 
Am.  309.  1845.  3.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  344  fig.  368.  1867. 

Pond's  Purple  2.     Pond's  Seedling  2,  3. 

Grown  in  the  garden  of  Henry  Hill,  Boston;  introduced  by  Samuel  Pond  of  Cam- 
bridge, Massachusetts.  As  it  resembles  the  well-known  Pond,  it  has  been  confused 
•with  that  variety.  Young  branches  downy;  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish;  stem 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  517 

short;    purple;    flesh  yellowish,  rather  dry,  sweet,  mingled  with  acid;    quality  fair; 
freestone ;    early. 

Pontbriant.  Domestica.  i.  Pom.  France  7:30  fig.  1871.  2.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France 
344.  1887.  De  Pontbriant  2.  Prune  De  Pontbraint  i. 

Raised  by  M.  F.  Morel,  Lyons,  France,  from  seed  of  the  Purple  Gage  planted 
in  1851.  Tree  of  medium  vigor;  fruit  large,  round,  a  little  more  truncated  at  the  base 
than  at  the  apex;  cavity  narrow,  shallow;  stem  long  and  stout;  suture  shallow  and  wide; 
reddish-purple,  deeper  on  the  sunny  side;  bloom  heavy;  flesh  pale  yellow,  medium  fine 
grained,  melting,  very  juicy,  with  a  very  sweet  and  aromatic  flavor;  freestone. 
Pontford.  Domestica.  i.  Watkins  Cat.  46.  1892? 

Tree  very  productive ;  fruit  of  medium  size,  purple ;  mid-season ;  suitable  for  market 
Pontotoc.     Hortulana.     i.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  11:286.    1898. 

Mentioned  in  the  catalog  of  F.  T.  Ramsey  in  1898  as  not  yet  well  tested. 
Porsch  Rote  Zwetsche.     Species?     Listed  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  443.    1889. 
Potter.     Americana?     i.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  233.    1901. 

Mentioned  by  Waugh  who  says  it  originated  in  Cherokee  County,  Iowa,  and  is 
probably  an  Americana. 
Poupart.     Domestica.     i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  717.    1884.         Poupart's  i. 

Mr.  Poupart,  market  gardener  at  Brompton,  grew  this  variety,  according  to  Hogg, 
who  says  it  is  an  enormous  bearer  and  an  excellent  preserving  plum.     Fruit  medium, 
nearly  round,  resembling  Purple  Gage;   light  purple,  dotted  and  streaked  with  darker 
shades;    flesh  reddish,  firm,  sweet,  with  a  Sloe  flavor;   freestone. 
Powell  Damson.     Insititia.     i.  Watkins  Cat.  48.    1892? 

Mentioned  in  the  preceding  reference  as  a  new  variety.    Tree  vigorous,  productive 
and  large. 

Prairie  Flower.  Hortulana  mineri.  i.  Col.,  0.,  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  5:10.  1890.  2.  /a. 
Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  276.  1893.  3.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  118:54.  1895.  4-  Waugh  Plum 
Cult.  175.  1901.  Prairie  3.  Prairie  Flower  3. 

Prairie  Flower,  a  supposed  seedling  of  Miner,  originated  in  Adrian  County,  Mis- 
souri; introduced  by  Stark  Brothers  about  1884.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish- 
oval;  suture  a  line;  cavity  shallow;  skin  thick,  red  over  yellow;  bloom  thin;  flesh 
yellow;  good;  stone  oval,  slightly  flattened,  clinging;  season  late.  Mentioned  in  the 
last  two  issues  of  the  catalog  of  the  American  Pomological  Society. 
Prairie  Rose.  Nigra?  i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  426.  1900. 

A  seedling  raised  at  the  Experimental  Farm  at  Indian  Head,  Northwest  Territory, 
Canada.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  red;    good;    mid-season. 
Precoce  Defresne.     Species?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  443.    1889. 
Precoce  de  Freudenberg.     Domestica.     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.   430.    1889.     2.  Guide 
Prat.  156,  361.    1895. 

Freudenberger    Fruh    Pflaume    i.     Freudenberger   Frith   Pflaume    2.     Precoce    de 
Freudenberg  i. 

This  variety  is  of  German  origin.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  oval,  reddish-brown; 
flesh  yellow,  firm;   good;   early. 


518  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Pre"coce  de  Lucas.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.   Trees  Am.  ad  App.   156.    1876.     2. 
Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  439.    1889.     3.  Lucas  Vollst.  Hand.  Obst.  474.    1894. 

Lucas  Fruhzwetsche  2,  3.     PrGcoce  de  Lucas  2.     Quetsche  Pricoce  de  Lucas  i. 

Of  foreign  origin;   tree  vigorous,  an  early  and  abundant  bearer;  fruit  large,  oval; 
stem  long,  slender;   dark  blue;    bloom  heavy;    flesh  greenish,  juicy,  sweet;   freestone; 
mid-season. 
Pr^coce  de  Reutlinger.     Domestica.     Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  433.    1905. 

Pre'coce  de  Reutlinger  Prune  i. 

Tested  at  the  Experimental  Farm  at  Agassiz,  British  Columbia.  Fruit  below 
medium  size,  oval;  stem  short;  cavity  small;  suture  well  denned  and  one  side 
enlarged;  deep  purple;  flesh  yellowish,  tender,  sweet,  juicy,  rich;  stone  small,  free; 
mid-season. 

Premium.     Americana,     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:41.    1892.     2.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50:43. 
1898.       Peffer's  Premium  i,  2. 

Introduced  by  George  P.  Peffer  of  Pewaukee,  Wisconsin.  Tree  vigorous  with  an 
open  top,  productive;  leaves  of  medium  size,  broad-ovate;  fruit  medium  in  size,  round 
or  inclining  to  oblate;  cavity  very  shallow;  stem  medium;  suture  nearly  obsolete; 
deep  red  over  orange-yellow;  dots  numerous,  small;  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow,  firm; 
fair  to  good;  stone  circular,  smooth,  clinging;  mid-season. 

Preserver.     Triflora  X  Angustifolia  varians.     i.   Vt.  Sta.  Bui.   67:18.    1898.     2.   Kerr 
Cat.  ii.    1 900. 

A  supposed  cross  between  Kelsey  and  Early  Red;  from  D.  H.  Watson,  Brenham, 
Texas;    introduced  by  William  A.  Yates  in  1897.     Tree  vigorous,  compact;    fruit  of 
medium  size,  roundish,  dark  red;    flesh  red,  firm;    mid-season. 
President.     Americana,     i.  Meneray  Cat.         The  President  i. 

A  seedling  of  Harrison  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry,  and  introduced  by  F.  W.  Meneray, 
Council  Bluffs,  Iowa.  Tree  productive;  fruit  large,  yellow,  covered  with  red;  flesh 
yellow,  sweet,  rich,  firm;  semi-clinging. 

President.     Domestica.     i.    Card.     World     12:123.    1895.     2.    Garden    58:294.    1900. 
3.  Ibid.  64:262.    1903. 

Raised  by  Thomas  Rivers  of  Sawbridgeworth,  England;   first  fruited  in  1894  and 
introduced  in  1901  by  the  originator.    Tree  compact,  productive ;   fruit  large,  oval,  deep 
purple  almost  black;    bloom  heavy;    flesh  with  a  sweet,  rich  flavor;   freestone;    late. 
Recommended  for  culinary  and  market  use. 
President.     Triflora  X  Simonii.     i.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.   12:226.    1899. 

Grown  by  Luther  Burbank  as  a  seedling  of  Wickson;  named  by  Waugh  in  1899. 
Fruit  large,  heart-shaped;  cavity  deep,  rounded;  stem  short,  very  stout;  suture  shallow ; 
apex  pointed;  dark,  fire-red;  dots  many,  minute;  bloom  thin;  skin  thin;  flesh  firm, 
meaty,  yellow;  flavor  peculiar,  a  trifle  like  musk-melon;  quality  poor;  stone  large, 
oval,  pointed,  flattened,  semi-clinging. 

President   Courcelles.     Domestica.     i.    Guide    Prat.    162,    361.    1895.     2.    Can.    Exp. 
Farms  Rpt.  401.    1898.     3.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:55.    1900. 

President  Courcelle  3. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  519 

Tested  at  the  Experimental  Farm  at  Agassiz,  British  Columbia.     Tree  vigorous; 
fruit  of  medium  size,  globular  or  sometimes  heart-shaped;    suture  shallow;    purple; 
flesh  pale  yellow  or  greenish,  juicy,  sweet,  pleasant;    mid-season. 
Presley.     Hortulana  mineri   X  Hortulana.     i.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:227.    1899. 

From  A.  L.  Bruce,  Basin  Springs,  Texas.  Waugh  says  its  parentage  is  probably 
Miner  by  Wayland.  Fruit  of  medium  size, inclined  to  oval;  cavity  shallow;  bright  red; 
dots  numerous,  indistinct;  flesh  yellow;  good;  stone  small,  round,  flattened,  clinging. 
Price.  Americana,  i.  Meneray  Cat.  Prof.  Price  i. 

A  seedling  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry;   introduced  by  F.  W.  Meneray,  Council  Bluffs, 
Iowa.     Fruit  large,  oblong,  yellow,  tinged  with  red;   good;   clingstone. 
Pride  of  Waterloo.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.   Trees  Am.  3rd  App.  182  fig.    1881. 

2.  W.  N.  Y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  44:92.    1899.         Pride  of  Waterloo"*.     2. 

Raised  by  A.  H.  Doles,  Waterloo,  New  York,  from  seed  of  Smith  Orleans;  distinct 
from  Pond  with  which  it  is  sometimes  confused.  Tree  upright,  vigorous,  very  produc- 
tive; branches  smooth,  reddish-brown;  fruit  large,  oval,  narrowing  towards  the  stem; 
suture  indistinct;  cavity  large;  stem  medium  in  length  and  thickness;  reddish-purple; 
bloom  thin;  flesh  deep  yellow,  coarse,  juicy,  sweet,  sprightly,  not  rich;  stone  slightly 
adherent ;  mid-season. 

Primate.     Domestica.     i.  Rivers  Cat.  35.    1898-9.      2.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  4:159. 
1901.     3.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  433.    1905. 

A  seedling  first  fruited  by  Thomas  Rivers,  Sawbridgeworth,  England,  in  1890, 
and  introduced  by  him  in  1897.  Fruit  large,  round;  stem  short,  set  in  a  medium  cavity; 
suture  distinct;  sides  often  unequal;  purplish- red ;  dots  numerous,  small,  golden; 
bloom  thin;  flesh  yellowish,  juicy,  sweet;  good;  stone  small,  free;  ripens  late  and 
hangs  well  after  maturing. 
Prince.  Domestica.  i.  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  2:1529.  1688. 

Ray  mentions  a  variety  by  this  name.     It  may  be  the  same  as   Gloucestershire 
Violet. 
Prince  Early  Damson.     Insititia.     i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:87.    1832. 

Prince's  Early  Purple  i. 

A  seedling  raised  by  William  Prince.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  ovate,  dark  purple, 
pleasant ;  freestone ;  early. 

Prince  Orange  Egg.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  392.    1857.     2.  Mas  Pom. 
Gen.  2:187.    1873. 

Oeuf  Orange  De  Prince  2.     Prince's  Orange  Egg  2. 

Grown  by  William  Prince.     Tree  vigorous,  productive ;  fruit  large,  globular;  cavity 
medium;    stem   short,   stout;    reddish-purple;    dots   brownish-yellow;    bloom   thick; 
flesh  greenish-yellow,  a  little  coarse,  juicy,  sweet  and  sprightly,  not  rich;   semi-clinging; 
mid-season. 
Prince  Orange  Gage.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  405.    1857. 

Noted  only  by  Downing,  who  describes  it  as  follows:  "Fruit  medium,  roundish- 
oval;  suture  moderate ;  skin  yellow;  stalk  long,  set  in  an  open  cavity ;  flesh  light  yellow, 
coarse,  juicy,  pleasant,  but  not  rich;  adheres  to  the  stone;  first  of  September." 


520  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Prince   Primordian.     Domestica.     i.   Prince    Treat.   Hort.   25.    1828.     2.   Prince  Pom. 
Man.  2:79.    1832. 

Prince's  Blue  Primordian  i.     Prince's  Blue  Primordian  2. 

A  seedling  of  White  Primordian,  grown  by  William  Prince.     A  very  early  variety, 
of  about  the  same  size  as  its  parent,  oval  in  shape,  blue;  flesh  pleasantly  flavored. 
Pringle.     Insititia?     i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  503,  PI.  63.    1905. 

Pringle  is  a  Damson-like  variety  originating  as  a  sprout  from  the  stock  of  a  Lom- 
bard tree  in  the  orchard  of  A.  C.  Pringle,  Mears,  Michigan;  introduced  by  E.  Hawley  & 
Sons  of  Hart,  Michigan,  about  1896. 
Pringle  Blue.     Domestica.     i.  N.  Y.  Sta.  Rpt.  12:612.    1893. 

Received  by  the  New  York  Experiment  Station  in  1890  from  L.  M.  Macomber, 
North  Ferrisburg,  Vermont.  Tree  very  productive;  fruit  large,  irregular-oval;  cavity 
medium;  suture  shallow;  skin  thin,  tender;  purplish-black;  bloom  thick;  dots  small, 
numerous;  flesh  pale  yellow,  dry,  firm;  flavor  flat;  fair;  stone  semi-clinging;  mid- 
season;  of  no  value. 
Pringle  Purple.  Domestica.  i.  N.  Y.  Sta.  Rpt.  9:347.  1890. 

Received  by  the  New  York  Experiment  Station  in  1890  from  L.  M.  Macomber, 
North  Ferrisburg,  Vermont.  Tree  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish,  com- 
pressed; cavity  small;  suture  a  line;  skin  thin,  tender;  reddish-purple,  unattractive; 
bloom  thinnish;  dots  small,  numerous;  flesh  light  yellow,  moderately  juicy,  slightly 
fibrous,  firm,  mild;  good;  stone  nearly  free;  mid-season;  of  no  value. 
Procureur.  Domestica.  i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:63.  1873. 

Platte  Hellrothe  Konigspftaume  i. 

Probably  of  French  origin.     Tree  vigorous,  early,  productive;   fruit  large,  round, 
flattened  at  the  ends;    suture  well  defined;    dull  yellow,  almost  covered  with  bright 
purple;    bloom  thin;    flesh  pale  yellow,  juicy,  sweet,  aromatic;    quality  fair;    stone 
small,  free;    mid-season. 
Profuse.     Species?     Letter  from  Kerr. 

Originated  by  Theodore  Williams,  Benson,  Nebraska. 
Prof.  Wittmack.     Insititia?  X  Domestica?     i.  Card.  Chron.  3:364.    1888. 

The  parentage  of  this  variety  is  not  definitely  known  but  it  is  thought  to  be  a 
Mirabelle  crossed  with  Italian  Prune;    grown  by  Herr  Ulhorn,  Grevenbroich,  Lower 
Rhenish  Prussia.      A  sweet  plum  of  the  prune  type;  freestone;  good  for  either  dessert 
or  drying. 
Pruneau.     Species?     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  117.    1875. 

Reported  from  Quebec,  Canada,  in  1875;    commonly  grown  from  suckers. 
Prune  d'Agen  Double.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  420.    1889. 
Prune  d'Amour.     Domestica.     Listed  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  421.    1889. 
Prune  d'Automne.     Domestica.     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:9.    1873.          Herbstpftaume  i. 

Raised  by  Dr.  Dorell  of  Kuttenberg,  Bohemia.     Tree  of  capricious  growth;    fruit 
small,  globular;    suture  indistinct;    purplish-black;    flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy;    good; 
freestone ;   late. 
Prune  de  Laghouat.     Domestica?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  438.    1889. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  521 

Prune  d'Ente  Imperiale.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  429.     1889. 
Prune  de  Rudolphe.     Domestica.     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:189.    l&73- 

Rudolph's  Pflaume  i. 

Liegel   received   this  variety  in    1842   from   Count   Bressler  of   Hungary.     Origin 
uncertain.     Tree  vigorous,  an  early  and  prolific  bearer;   fruit  medium  in  size,  obovate; 
suture  indistinct;    golden-yellow,   dotted  with  red;    flesh  clear  yellow,  sweet,  juicy; 
good;    stone  obovate,  clinging;    mid-season. 
Prune  de  Seigneur.     Species?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  450.    1889. 

Prune  de  Prince. 
Prune  Tardive.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  and  App.  157.    1876. 

Tree  vigorous,  very  productive;  fruit  below  medium  size,  oval;  stem  long,  slender, 
set  in  a  small  cavity;  black;  bloom  thick;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy,  sweet;  free- 
stone; very  late. 

Pseudo  Mirabelle.     Insititia.     Mentioned  in  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  152.    1831. 
Purple    Favorite.     Domestica.       i.    Downing    Fr.    Trees   Am.    307.    fig.    126.     1845. 

2.  N.  Y.  Agr.  Soc.  Rpt.  293  fig.    1848.     3.  Mag.  Hort.  16:455,  45^  ng-  27-    1850. 
4.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:83,  fig.  42.    1866-73 

Favorite  Pourpre  4.     Purple  Favourite  4. 

The  original  tree  of  Purple  Favorite  was  planted  at  Newburgh,  New  York,  by  the 
father  of  A.  J.  Downing;  from  whence  it  came  is  not  known.  Fruit  of  medium  size, 
roundish;  cavity  slight;  suture  lacking;  brownish-purple;  bloom  thin;  flesh  pale 
yellow,  tender,  juicy,  sweet;  quality  very  good;  stone  small,  round,  free;  mid-season. 
Listed  in  the  American  Pomological  Society  catalog  since  1852. 
Purple  Flesh.  Triflora.  i.  Stark  Bros.  Cat.  1909. 

A  purple-fleshed  variety  introduced  by  Stark  Brothers  and  recommended  by  them 
as  being  hardy. 
Purple-leaved  Hybrid.     Triflora  X  Cerasifera.     i.  Burbank  Cat.  16  fig.    1893. 

K.  P.  193  i. 

A  seedling  of  Kelsey  pollinated  by  Pissardi;  from  Luther  Burbank,  Santa  Rosa, 
California.  Resembles  the  male  parent  in  wood,  bark,  leaves,  flowers  and  fruit;  very 
ornamental  on  account  of  its  large  purple  leaves.  Fruit  larger  than  Pissardi,  dark  purple 
with  many  white  dots;  bloom  thin;  flesh  reddish-purple  throughout,  firm,  subacid; 
good;  ripens  several  weeks  before  Kelsey. 
Purple  Panhandle.  Angustifolia  watsoni.  i.  Kerr  Cat.  1894.  2.  Ibid.  21.  1897. 

3.  Bailey  Ev.  Nat.  Fruits  222,  223.    1898.     4.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  233.    1901. 
Introduced  from  the  Panhandle  of  Texas  by  F.  T.  Ramsey,  Austin,  Texas.     Tree 

small,  rapid  in  growth;   fruit  below  medium  in  size,  round-oblong,  inclining  to  conic, 
purplish-red;    quality  poor;    clingstone;    early  to  mid-season. 

Purple  Yosemite.     Species?     i.  Card.  Man.  20:176.    1878.     2.  Penin.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt. 
65.    1891.     3.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:32.    1903. 

Yosemite  i.     Yosemite  Purple  3. 

Introduced  by  W.'S.  Carpenter  of  Rye,  New  York,  who  secured  it  from  the  "  Rocky 
Mountains."  Fruit  large,  roundish;  cavity  shallow;  suture  a  line;  skin  thick,  deep, 


522 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 


dull  red;  dots  yellow,  distinct ;  bloom  medium  thick;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sweet;  quality 

fair;    stone  oval,  flattened,  clinging;    mid-season. 

Puymirol  d'Ente.     Domestica.     i.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  356.    1891. 

Originated  at  Puymirol  in  the  southwest  of  France;  introduced  into  California; 
a  type  of  the  Agen.  Tree  productive;  fruit  large,  inclined  to  oblong;  flesh  very  sweet; 
ripens  a  little  earlier  than  Agen. 

Quaker.  Americana,  i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  308.  1884.  2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  160.  1901. 
Found  in  the  wild  by  Joseph  Bundy  of  Springville,  Linn  County,  Iowa;  intro- 
duced about  1862  by  H.  C.  Raymond,  Council  Bluffs,  Iowa.  Fruit  large,  roundish; 
cavity  shallow;  suture  a  line;  stem  long;  skin  thick,  dark  red;  bloom  thick;  dots 
many;  flesh  yellow,  sweet,  pleasant;  good;  stone  large,  oblique-oval,  flattened,  semi- 
clinging;  mid-season. 
Quality.  Americana,  i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:24,  55.  1897.  2.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:287. 

1900.     3.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  87:15.    1907.         Gaylord  Quality  2. 

Of  unknown  origin;  top-grafted  about  1880  by  Edson  Gaylord  of  Nora  Springs, 
Iowa,  who  afterwards  distributed  the  variety.  Fruit  below  medium  in  size,  round, 
dull  purplish-red;  dots  white;  bloom  heavy;  flesh  soft;  quality  fair;  stone  turgid; 
mid-season. 

Quebec.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:38.    1903. 
Queen.     Americana,     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:31.    1903.         Golden  Queen  i. 

From  H.  A.  Terry  coming  from  unknown  parents  and  bearing  its  first  crop  in  1897. 
Tree  upright;  fruit  large,  round,  bright  golden-yellow;   very  good;   said  to  be  excellent 
for  canning  or  dessert. 
Queen  May.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:36.    1903. 

First  grown  by  Thomas  Clark,  Chateaugay,  Quebec.  Tree  strong  and  productive; 
fruit  large,  round;  cavity  narrow;  suture  indistinct;  greenish-yellow;  bloom  thin; 
dots  indistinct;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy,  firm,  sweet,  rich;  very  good;  cling- 
stone. 

Queen  Mother.  Domestica?  i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576,  577,  578.  1629.  2.  Rea 
Flora  207.  1676.  3.  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  2:1529.  1688.  4.  Quintinye  Com.  Card. 
69,  70.  1699.  5.  Langley  Pomona  94,  PL  XXIV  fig.  3.  1729.  6.  Prince  Pom. 
Man.  2:87.  1832.  7.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  310.  1845.  8.  Floy-Lindley 
Guide  Orch.  Card.  291.  1846.  9.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:41.  1866—73.  10.  Hogg 
Fruit  Man.  719.  1884.  n.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  437,  448.  1889.  12.  Guide 
Prat.  160,  361.  1895. 

Cherry  of  some  ?i,  '3.  Coeur  de  Pigeon  11.  Damaske  Violet  ?i.  Damas  Violet 
7,  ii,  12.  Konigin  Mutter  11.  Moschatelle  of  some  3.  Muscadine  ?i.  Petit  Damas 
Rouge  9,  12.  Petit  Damas  Rouge  6,  n.  Pigeon's  Heart  7,  10,  11,  12.  Pigeons  Heart  4. 
Queene  Mother  of  some  i.  Queen  Mother  9,  u,  12.  Red  Queen  Mother  7,  n.  Rotes 
Taubenherz  n.  Rotes  Taubenherz  11.  Small  Red  Damask  6.  Small  Red  Damson  6. 
Queen  Mother  and  Damas  Violet  have  been  confused  for  nearly  three  centuries, 
yet  they  are  distinct,  as  our  descriptions  show.  Hogg  thought  the  Queen  Mother 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  523 

mentioned  by  Ray  and  pictured  as  a  cordate-shaped  fruit  by  Parkinson,  was  the  Myro- 

balan.     Tree  medium  in  size,    compact,  spherical;    fruit  small,  nearly  round;    suture 

slightly  pronounced,   halves  equal;    cavity  nearly  lacking;    stem  medium  in  length; 

skin  red  to  violet  on  the  sunny  side;   flesh  yellow,  firm,  juicy,  sweet;   good;  freestone; 

mid-season. 

Queen  of  Arkansas.     Species?     Mentioned  in  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.  32:490.    1894. 

Quetsche  a  feuille  argentee.     Species?     i.  Guide  Prat.  162,  362.    1895. 

Friihzwetsche  mil  Silberblatt  i.     Silberblattrige  Zwetsche  i. 

A  variety  from  Hungary  having  silvery-colored  leaves;  said  to  ripen  two  weeks 
before  the  German  Prune. 

Quetsche  Aplatie.     Domestica.     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:23.    1873.     2.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom. 
423.    1889. 

Breitgedruckte  Zwetsche  2.  Breitgedruckte  Kaiser  Zwetsche  2.  Breitgedruckte 
Zwetsche  i.  Donauers  Zusammen  Gedruckte  Zwetsche  i,  2.  Plattrunde  Zwetsche  i,  2. 
Quetsche  Aplatie  2. 

Found  in  a  garden  by  M.  Donauer  of  Saxe-Cobourg,  Gotha.     Fruit  of  medium  size, 
obovate,  compressed;    suture  broad,  shallow;    dark  purple;   bloom. thick;    flesh  green, 
sweet,  aromatic;   good;   stone  rough,  free;   mid-season. 
Quetsche  Buhl-Eltershofen.     Domestica.     i.  Mas  Le   Verger  6:159.    1866—73. 

A  seedling  raised  by  M.  Liegel  of  Germany  and  named  in  honor  of  M.  Buhl-Elters- 
hofen.    Fruit  above  medium  size,  long-ovate;    suture   distinct;    deep  purple;    bloom 
light;    flesh  greenish-white,  juicy;    quality  good;    stone  large. 
Quetsche  Datte  des  Allemands.     Domestica.     i.  Guide  Prat.  160,  362.    1895. 

Fruit  large,  irregular-oval,  darker  color  than  German  Prune;    flesh  yellow,  sweet; 
good;  late. 
Quetsche  de  Dobrowitz.     Species?     i.  Guide  Prat.  160,  362.    1895. 

Dobrowitzer  Friihzwetsche  i .     Quetsche  de  Doubrawie  i . 

A  Hungarian  variety  maturing  about  fifteen  days  earlier  than  German  Prune. 
Quetsche    de    Kreuter.     Domestica?     i.    Mathieu    Nom.    Pom.    438.    1889.     2.    Guide 
Prat.  163,  363.    1895. 

Kreuter's  Zwetsche  i.     Kreuter s  Zwetsche  2.     Quetsche  de  Kreuter  i. 

A  variety  of  little  merit. 
Quetsche  de  Millot.     Domestica.     i.  Baltet  Cult.  Fr.  496.    1908. 

Mentioned  by  Baltet  as  a  better  variety  than  the  German  Prune. 
Quetsche  De  Ransleben.     Domestica.     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:153.    1873. 

Ranslebens  Pftaume  i .     Ranslebens  Zwetsche  i . 

A  seedling  of  Reine  Claude  raised  by  M.  Ransleben  of  Berlin,  Germany.     Tree 
vigorous,   an   early   and   abundant  bearer;    fruit   small,   long-oval;    suture   indistinct; 
purplish-brown;    thick  bloom;    flesh  green,  juicy;    stone  rough,  free. 
Quetsche   de   Transylvanie.     Species?     i.    Mathieu   Nom.   Pom.    450.    1889.     2.  Guide 
Prat.  163,  362.    1895. 

Quetsche  de  Transilvanie  2.     Siebenburger  Zwetsche  i.     Siebenburger  Zwetsche  2. 

Mentioned  as  "of  very  doubtful  value." 


524  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Quetsche     Dr.     Letricourt.      Domestica.      i.   Le   Bon  Jard.    Preface    XLVII.     1882. 
2.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  455.    1889.     3.  Guide  Prat.  161,  362.    1895. 

De  Pologne  3.     Imperials  Blanche  ?  2,  3.     Prune  de  Pologne  2.    Quetsche  de  Letri- 
court  2.     Quetsche  de  Letricourt  3.      Quetsche  Jaune  2,  3.     Zwetsche  Von  Le"tricout  2. 

Fruit  elliptical,  elongated  at  both  ends;   skin  yellow,  sometimes  washed  red;    flesh 
yellowish,  very  juicy,  sweet. 

Quetsche   Freestone.     Domestica.     i.   Mich.   Sta.  Bui.   205:37.    1903.     2.   Mich.   Sta. 
Sp.  Bui.  27:15.    1904. 

Probably  a  seedling  of   German  Prune  imported  by  the   United  States  Depart- 
ment   of    Agriculture  in  1894.      Fruit  small,  oval;    suture  distinct;    dark  blue;    flesh 
yellow,  juicy,  tart ;   late ;  inferior  to  German  Prune. 
Quetsche  Hative.     Domestica.     i.  Baltet  Cult.  Fr.  494.    1908. 

A  medium  sized,  long-oval,  dark  purple  prune;    good;    early. 

Quetsche  Jaune   Pre"coce.      Domestica.      i.  Mas  Le    Verger   6:99,    fig.    50.      1866-73. 
2.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  431.    1889. 

Gelbe  Fruhzwetsche  i.     Gelbe  Fruhzwetsche  2.     Quetsche  Jaune  Precoce  2. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  oval,  yellow;   flesh  yellow,  sprightly,  tender,  juicy;    said  to 
make  good  prunes;  early. 

Quetsche  Longue  Precoce.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  444.    1889.    2.  Guide  Prat. 
163,  362.    1895. 

A  variety  of  little  merit. 

Quetsche  Maraichere.     Domestica.     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:107.    1873.     2.  Mathieu  Nom. 
Pom.  431.    1889.     3.  Guide  Prat.   163,  362.    1895. 

Die  Gartenzwetsche  3.     Gartenpflaume  2,  3.     Garten  Pflaume  i.     Garten  Zwetsche 
i,  2.     Maraichere  3.     Prune  Maraichere  1,2.     Quetsche  Maraichere  2. 

From  M.  M.  Bauman  &  Sons,  Bollwiller,  Germany.      Tree  of  medium  vigor,  an 
early  and  abundant  bearer;    fruit    medium,  ellipsoidal;    suture    indistinct;    skin    dark 
purple;   bloom  thin;   flesh  yellow,  sweet,  aromatic;   freestone;  excellent  for  drying. 
Quetsche  Pointue.     Domestica.     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:51.    1873.     2.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom. 
450.    1889. 

Provinz  Zwetsche  2.     Quetsche  de  Province  i.     Spitszwetsche  i.     Spitzzwetsche  2. 

Liegel  received  this  variety  in  1816  from  M.  Grob  of  Eichelstadt,  Bavaria,  under  the 
name  of  Quetsche  de  Province.  Tree  vigorous,  an  early  and  productive  bearer;  fruit 
large,  long-ovate,  obtuse  at  the  stem  end,  acute-pointed  at  the  apex;  suture  broad, 
deep;  deep  purple;  bloom  thick;  flesh  yellowish,  sweet;  good  for  culinary  purposes; 
stone  long,  narrow,  clinging. 
Quetsche  Precoce  de  Buhlerthal.  Domestica?  i.  Guide  Prat.  164,  363.  1895. 

Fruhzwetsche  von  Buhlerthal  i.     Zwetsche  Fruhe  Von  Buhlerthal  i. 

A  new  variety  from  Germany  maturing  very  early. 
Quetsche  Precoce  De  Frauendorf.     Domestica.     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:97.    l873- 

Frauendorfer  Fruhe  Zwetsche  i. 

Introduced  by  Eugene  Furst,  Frauendorf,  Bavaria;   distinguished  from  the  German 
Prune  by  its  larger  size,  earlier  maturity  and  superior  quality. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  525 

Quetsche  Precoce  Liegel.  Domestica.  i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:53.  1873.  2.  Mathieu  Nom. 
Pom.  439.  1889. 

Liegels  Frilhzwetsche  i.     Liegels  Fruhzwetsche    2.     Quetsche   Hdtive  de   Liegel   2. 
Quetsche  Precoce  de  Liegel  2. 

Found  growing  among  German  Prune  trees  by  M.  Liegel;   differs  from  the  German 
Prune  only  in  that  its  fruit  matures  a  few  days  earlier. 
Quetsche  Precoce  De  Schamal.     Domestica.     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:5.     1873. 

Schamals  Fruhzwetsche  i. 

Originated  by  M.  Schamal  of  Jungbunzlau,  Bohemia.      Fruit  small,  obovate;  suture 
narrow,  shallow;   dark  purple;  flesh  yellow,  sweet,  perfumed;   good;  freestone. 
Quetsche  Ronde.     Domestica.     i.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:62.    1771. 

A  strain  of  the  German  Prune. 

Quetsche  Verte  D'ltalie.  Domestica.  i.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  2:34,  Tab.  182  fig.  2.  1796. 
2.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  152.  1831.  3.  Mas.  Le  Verger  6:97.  1866-73. 
4.  Guide  Prat.  162,  363.  1895. 

Die  lange,  grime  und  grosses  welsche  Pflaume?  i.  Griine  Eierpflaume  4.  Griine 
Zwetsche  4.  Italienische  Griine  Zwetsche  3,  4.  Verdage  D'ltalie  3,  4.  Vertage  d'ltalie 
tres-grosse  i. 

A  European  plum  of  unknown  origin.  Tree  large;  fruit  large,  ellipsoidal;  suture 
very  shallow;  skin  tender,  not  adherent,  greenish-yellow,  specked  with  red;  stem  short; 
flesh  greenish-yellow,  melting,  juicy,  aromatic;  of  first  quality;  clingstone;  mid-season. 
Quitique.  Species?  Letter  from  F.  T.  Ramsey. 

Selected  from  the  wild  near  Quitique,  Texas. 

Rachel.  Hortulana  mineri.  i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:58,  86.  1892.  2.  Waugh  Plum 
Cult.  175.  1901.  3.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  67:280.  1904. 

Fruit  small,  roundish;    suture  a  line;    cavity  shallow;    bright  red;    dots  yellow, 
conspicuous;    blue;    flesh  yellow,  melting;    quality  fair;    clingstone;    mid-season. 
Rademakers.     Domestica.     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.   444.    1889.     2.  Can.   Exp.   Farm 
Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:53.    1900.       Brugnon  de  Neerveteren  i.     Rademaker's  Prune   i. 

Under  test  at  the  British  Columbia  Experimental  Station. 

Ragland.  Triflora  X  Angustifolia  varians.  i.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  67:19.  1898.  2.  Kerr 
Cat.  ii.  1900.  3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  223.  1901. 

A  hybrid  grown  by  D.  H.  Watson,  Brenham,  Texas,  supposedly  from  seed  of 
Kelsey  pollinated  by  Yellow  Transparent;  introduced  by  W.  A.  Yates  in  1897.  Fruit 
of  medium  size,  oblate;  cavity  broad,  rounded;  suture  lacking;  bright  clear  yellow; 
dots  yellow;  bloom  white;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  juicy,  sweet,  rich;  very  good;  stone 
small,  clinging;  early. 
Raisin.  Domestica.  i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  152.  1831.  2.  Mag.  Hort.  9:165.  1843. 

An  old  European  variety  now  obsolete.     Fruit  small,  round,  greenish;   of  medium 
quality;    clingstone. 
Ramsey  Last.     Munsoniana.     Letter  from  Kerr. 

Originated  with  F.  T.  Ramsey,  Austin,  Texas.    Fruit  small ;  good;  late  for  its  group. 


526  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Ranette.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  444.    1889.     2.  Guide  Prat.  160,  363.    1895. 

Fruit  large,  roundish-oval,  reddish-brown;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  good;  freestone; 
late. 

Rangheri.  Insititia.  i.  Koch  Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  571.  1876.  2.  Lange  Allgem.  Garten 
2:420.  1879.  3.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:155.  1866-73.  4.  Lauche  Deut.  Pom.  PI. 
IV.  14.  1882.  5.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  444.  1889.  6.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt. 
465.  1900. 

Mirabelle  de  Rangheri  3.  Mirabelle  Hative  de  Rangheri  5.  Mirabelle  Rangheri  5. 
Mirabelle  de  Rangheri  5.  Mirabelle  Rangheris  2.  Rangheri's  Aprikosen  Pflaume  5. 
Rangheri' s  Fruhe  Gelbe  Mirabelle  4,  5.  Rangheri's  Friihe  Mirabelle  5.  Rangheri's 
Gelbe  Mirabelle  5.  Rangheris  Mirabelle  i.  Rangheris  Mirabelle  3.  Rangheri's  Mira- 
belle 4,  5,  6. 

Raised  by  Liegel  from  the  stone  of  the  Abricotee"  de  Braunau  plum,  and 
dedicated  by  him  to  M.  Henri  Rangheri,  a  merchant  at  Prague,  Bohemia.  Tree  of 
medium  vigor;  fruit  medium,  roundish-oval;  suture  indistinct;  cavity  shallow;  skin 
golden-yellow  with  red  spots  on  the  sunny  side;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  tender,  sweet, 
aromatic;  of  first  quality;  freestone;  mid-season;  valuable  for  table  and  household 
purposes. 
Rareripe.  Americana,  i.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  26:14.  1891.  2.  Ibid.  93:32.  1905. 

Rare  Ripe  i. 

Tree  hardy  and  productive ;   fruit  small,  dark  red;  flesh  sweet;  clingstone;   inferior 
to  Harrison  but  better  than  De  Soto;    mid-season. 
Ray.     Hortulana  mineri  X  Munsoniana.     i.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:227.    1899. 

A  supposed  cross  between  Miner  and  Wild  Goose  from  A.  L.  Bruce  of  Basin  Springs, 
Texas.    Fruit  small  to  medium,  oval  to  roundish;   cavity  medium  deep;   suture  faint; 
dark  red;    flesh  yellow;    clingstone. 
Raymond.     Species?     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:80.    1892. 

Mentioned  by  Bailey  in  1892  in  an  unclassified  list  of  plums. 

Raynes.  Domestica.  i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:36.  1903.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt. 
66.  1905.  Dunlop  53  i. 

Disseminated  by  W.  W.  Dunlop,  Outremont,   Quebec.     Fruit  of  the  prune  type, 
above   medium   size,   oval;     suture    distinct;     dark   reddish-purple;    bloom   moderate; 
flesh  yellowish-green,  firm,  sweet;   good;   freestone;    mid-season. 
Reagan.     Hortulana  X  Americana,     i.  Tex.  Cat.    1907. 

An  offspring  of  Wayland  crossed  with  an  Americana;    introduced  by  the  Texas 
Nursery  Company  in  1907.     Fruit  large,  red,  rich;    good;   very  late. 
Reagles  Gage.     Domestica.     i.    Cultivator  6:269.    l8s8.     2.  Downing  Fr.   Trees  Am. 
941.    1869.     3.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  720.    1884.         Reagles'  Gage  i,  2. 

A  seedling  of  Washington  raised  by  C.  Reagles,  Schenectady,  New  York.     Tree 
vigorous,  upright;    fruit  of  medium  size,  spherical;    suture  broad,  shallow;    greenish- 
yellow,  splashed  with  darker  green;    bloom  light;    flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy,  sweet, 
vinous;   good;   freestone;   mid-season. 
Rebecca.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1894-1900. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  527 

Fruit  above  medium  in  size,  roundish-oblong,  purplish-red;  clingstone;  mid-season. 
Reche.  Americana,  i.  Kerr  Cat.  1894-1901. 

Tree  strong  and  productive;    fruit  large  for  the  species,  globular;    dull  purplish- 
red;    clingstone. 
Red  Cloud.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1897-1900. 

Fruit  small,  roundish,  mottled  red;    inferior;    clingstone. 

Red  Gage.  Domestica.  i.  Am.  Card.  Cal.  588.  1806.  2.  N.  Y.  Agr.  Soc.  Rpt.  292 
fig.  1848.  3.  Hooper  W.  Fr.  Book  251.  1857.  4.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  443. 
1889.  5.  Guide  Prat.  157,  162,  364.  1895. 

Auserlesene  Rote  Reine-Claude  4.  Auserlesene  rothe  Reineclaude  5.  Lombard  3 
incor.  Prince's  Red  Gage  2,  4,  5.  Prince's  Rote  Reine-Claude  4.  Prinzens  rothe 
Reineclaude  5.  Red  Gage  4,  5.  Reine-Claude  Rouge  Americaine  5.  Reine-Claude 
rouge  de  Prince  5.  Reine-Claude  Rouge  de  Prince  4. 

Red  Gage  was  grown  from  a  seed  of  Reine  Claude  in  1790  by  William  Prince,  Flush- 
ing, Long  Island,  New  York.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  oval;   suture  lacking;   stem  short; 
dark  red  in  the  sun  ranging  to  pale  red  in  the  shade;  flesh  greenish,  tender,  juicy,  sweet; 
very  good;    stone  small,  free;   mid-season. 
Red  Gage  of  Dutchess  County.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  942.    1869. 

Originated  in  Dutchess  County,  New  York.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval, 
slightly  compressed;    suture  distinct;    cavity  large;    color  yellow  overlaid  with  a  light 
reddish-purple;    dots  numerous;    flesh  yellow,  juicy;   good;    clingstone;    mid-season. 
Red  Glass.      Hortulana  mineri  X  Domestica.      i.   Vt.   Sta.   An.   Rpt.    14:272.     1901. 
2.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  114:143.    1910. 

Red  Glass  originated  with  Theodore  Williams  of  Benson,  Nebraska,  as  a  seedling 
of  Miner  pollinated  by  Quackenboss.  Fruit  large,  oval,  red;  bloom  thick;  flesh  firm, 
meaty,  tender,  sweet;  good;  mid-season. 

Red  Glass  Junior.     (Hortulana  mineri  X  Domestica)  X  Domestica.     i.  Am.  Br.  Assoc. 
Rpt.  2:185.    1906. 

A  hybrid  from  Theodore  Williams  of  Benson,  Nebraska,  from  seed  of  Red  Glass 
crossed  with  Quackenboss.  The  variety  is  hardy  and  gives  promise  of  value  in  Nebraska. 
Red  Horse.  Americana,  i.  Kerr  Cat.  1897. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oblong,  dull  red;    inferior;    clingstone. 
Redick.     Americana.     Mentioned  in  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  228.    1909. 
Red  Magdalene.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Watkins  Cat.    1892. 

Red  May.  Triflora  X  Munsoniana.  I.  Sherman  Cat.  1898.  2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
224.  1901. 

A  seedling  of  Abundance  fertilized  by  Wild  Goose  from  A.  L.  Bruce1,  Texas;  in- 
troduced by  J.  S.  Kerr,  Sherman,  Texas,  in  1898.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  oblong,  pointed, 
deep  red;  similar  to  Red  June  but  ten  days  earlier. 


'A.  L.  Bruce,  whose  name  appears  so  frequently  in  the  pages  of  The  Plums  of  New  York  as  a 
breeder  of  native  plums,  is  of  Scotch  descent.  His  father,  however,  came  from  Illinois  to  Texas, 
settling  at  Basin  Springs,  Grayson  County,  in  1845,  where  he  planted  the  first  orchard  in  that  part 
of  Texas.  The  son,  subject  of  this  sketch,  was  born  October  6,  1861,  and  was  educated  In  the 


528  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW   YORK.. 

Red  October.     Species?     I.   Tex.  Deft.  Agr.  Bui.     12:103.     1910.     A  variety  reported 

as  worthless  in  Hale  County,  Texas. 
Red  Panhandle.     Angustifolia  watsoni.     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1894.     2.  Ibid.    1897.     3.  Bailey 

Ev.  of  Nat.  Fr.  222,  223.    1898.     4.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  233.    1901. 
Of  the  same  origin  as  Purple  Panhandle.     Tree  irregular  and  straggling  in  habit, 
very  productive;   fruit  small  to  medium,  irregular-oval  or  oblong,  dull  dark  red  with 
scattering  dots;    bloom  thick;    skin  tough;    flesh  reddish-yellow;    very  poor;    stone 
large,  roundish-oval,  slightly  flattened,  clinging;   early. 
Red  Pear.     Domestica.     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576.    1629.     2.  Rea  Flora  208.     1676. 

3.  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  2:1528.    1688. 

Mentioned  as  poor  in  quality.     May  be  identical  with  the  Pear  Plum. 
Red  Peascod.     Domestica.     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576,  577.    1629.     2.  Rea  Flora  208. 

1676.     3.  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  2:1529.    1688.  Red  Pescod  i. 

Cultivated  in  the  Seventeenth  Century.  Fruit  elongated,  watery;  poor  in  quality; 
very  late. 

Red  Perdrigon.  Domestica.  I.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:86.  1768.  2.  Kraft  Pom. 
Aust.  2:27,  Tab.  172  fig.  2.  1796.  3.  Willich  Dom.  Enc.  4:299.  1803.  4.  Downing 
Fr.  Trees  Am.  312.  1845.  5.  Oberdieck  Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  445.  1881.  6.  Mathieu 
Nom.  Pom.  448.  1889. 

Die  rothe  Rebhuhnpflaume  2.  Perdrigon  rouge  i.  Perdrigon  rouge  2,  4,  6.  Podie- 
brader  Pftaume  6.  Red  Perdrigon  6.  Roter  Perdrigon  6.  Rother  Perdrigon  5. 

Red  Perdrigon  was  first  described  by  Duhamel;  probably  introduced  into  America 
during  the  latter  part  of  the  Eighteenth  Century.  Tree  very  productive;  fruit  small, 
oval;  cavity  small;  suture  lacking;  dark  red;  dots  small;  bloom  heavy;  flesh  yellow, 
firm,  juicy,  sweet,  aromatic;  freestone;  late  mid-season. 

Red  Primordian.  Domestica.  i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  575.  1629.  2.  Floy-Lindley 
Guide  Orch.  Card.  286,  382.  1846.  3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  943.  1869. 

4.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:149,  fig.  75.    1873. 

Early  Red  Primordian  2.     Red  Primordian  2,  4.     Rouge  Hative  4. 

Common  in  Europe  nearly  three  centuries  ago.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  pear-shaped, 
reddish,  pleasant;  good;  early.  Downing  and  Mas  described  a  variety  under  this 
name  supposed  to  have  originated  with  William  Prince.  It  is  very  similar  to  the 
older  variety  of  which  it  may  be  a  seedling. 


common  schools  at  Basin  Springs,  Texas.  His  work  in  growing  and  breeding  trees  began  in  his 
youth,  for  in  1877  ^e  established  himself  as  a  grower  and  collector  of  native  plums  to  which  he 
added  many  of  the  Triflora  varieties  that  were  soon  after  introduced  from  Japan.  Mr.  Bruce's  first 
definite  problem  in  breeding  plums  was  to  find  extra  early  and  extra  late  sorts  for  Texas;  his  Six 
Weeks,  Red  May,  Dayton  and  several  other  plums  were  the  results  of  these  efforts.  In  1902  Mr. 
Bruce  moved  to  Donley  County  in  the  Panhandle  of  Texas  from  which  place  he  has  sent  out  and 
continues  to  send  out  Triflora,  native  and  hybrid  plums  of  unusual  merit.  Beside  working  with 
plums  Mr.  Bruce  is  a  breeder  of  peaches,  pears,  raspberries,  dewberries  and  apples,  to  all  of  which 
fruits  he  has  made  more  or  less  notable  contributions.  Mr.  Bruce  is  still  in  the  prime  of  life,  has 
many  plant-breeding  problems  projected  and  his  work  promises  much  for  horticulture  in  the  South- 
west and  in  the  country  at  large. 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  $29 

Red  Prune.     Domestica.     i.  Horticulturist  8:536.    1853.  Bottle  Plum  i. 

From  Pennsylvania.     Fruit  long-pyriform,  with  a  slender  neck;    suture  distinct; 
pale  red;   good;  it  closely  resembles  the  Red  Date. 
Red  Skin.     Munsoniana.     Letter  from  Kerr. 

Originated  by  Theodore  Williams,   Benson,   Nebraska. 
Red  Violet,     i.  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  2:1528.    1688. 

Mentioned  by  Ray  in  the  preceding  reference  together  with  blue  and  amber  sorts 
but  without  description. 

Red  Virginal.  Domestica.  i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  153.  1831.  2.  Prince  Pom.  Man. 
2:74.  1832.  3.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  429.  1854.  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  950. 
1869.  5.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  448.  1889. 

Rote  Jungfernpflaume  5.  Virgin  2.  Virgin  3,  4.  Virginal  a  Fruit  Blanc  4  incor. 
Virginal  a  gros  Fruit  blanc  4  incor.  Virginal  Blanc  4  incor.  Virginale  3.  Virginale 
a  Fruit  Rouge  5.  Virginale  Blanc  4  incor.  Virginale  Rouge  2,  5.  Virginal  Rouge  i. 
White  Virginale  4  incor. 

Fruit  of  medium   size,    roundish,   reddish-purple;    bloom  thick;    flesh    greenish- 
yellow,  juicy;   good;   semi-free. 
Red  Winter.     Domestica.     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  61.    1887.  Krasnaya  osimaya  i. 

Imported  by  the  Iowa  Agricultural  College. 

Reed.  Hortulana.  i.  N.  J.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  12.  1882.  2.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  11:286 
fig.  1898. 

Originated  with  P.  H.  Reed  of  Hightstown,  New  Jersey,  from  pits  brought  from 
Illinois;    introduced  by  Charles  Black  of  the  same  place.     Tree  vigorous;  leaves  large, 
dark  green;  fruit  small,  round;  suture  a  faint  line ;  skin  thick;  dark  red;  dots  yellow; 
flesh  yellow,  meaty;    quality  fair;    stone  turgid,  semi  -clinging ;    late. 
Reel.     Americana  mollis.     I.  Kerr  Cat.    1898.     2.  Terry  Cat.    1900. 

Grown  by  H.  A.  Terry  of  Crescent,  Iowa;  a  seedling  of  Van  Buren;  first  fruited 
in  1896.  Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  pale  yellow  with  a  red  cheek;  good. 
Regina.  Nigra?  i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  426.  1900. 

A  seedling  raised  at  Indian  Head  Experimental  Farm,  Northwest  Territory,  Canada. 
Fruit  small,  red;  skin  thick;  good. 

Reine-Claude  Abricotine.  Domestica.  i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  445.  1889.  2.  Guide 
Prat.  156,  363.  1895. 

Fruit  small,  whitish;    flesh  light  yellow,  sweet;    good;    early. 

Reine  Claude  d'Ecully.  Domestica.  i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  445.  1889.  2.  Guide  Prat. 
153,  364.  1895. 

Tree  vigorous;   fruit  large,  round;   cavity  small;   suture  distinct;   greenish-yellow; 
bloom  thin;    flesh  firm,  sweet,  juicy;    good;    freestone;    mid-season. 
Reine  Claude  d'Oberdieck.     Domestica.      Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  446.     1889. 
Reine  Claude  de  Brignais.     Domestica.     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  452.     1889.     2.  Guide 
Prat.  162,  364.    1895. 

Reine-Claude  de  Brignais  i.     Violette  Reine-Claude  Von  Brignais  i. 

Said  to  be  superior  to  Reine  Claude. 


530  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Reine  Claude  de  1'Echoisier.     Domestica.    i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:55.    1900. 

Of  French  origin.     Not  hardy  in  Canada. 
Reine  Claude  de  Mezel.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:55.    1900. 

Of  French  origin.     Tree  vigorous;    fruit  medium,  globular;    suture  shallow;    skin 
greenish-yellow;    flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sweet;    early. 
Reine  Claude  de  Razaimbaut.     Domestica.     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  446.    1889.     2.  Can. 

Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:55.    1900. 

Reine-Claude  de  Razaimbaut  i.  Reine-Claude  de  Razimbaud  i.  Reine-Claude 
Precoce  de  Razimbaud  i. 

Imported  from  France  by  the  Canadian  Experimental   Farm  at  Agassiz,  British 
Columbia.     Tree  vigorous;  fruit  small,  roundish;   skin  green;   flesh  green,  juicy,  sweet; 
mid-season. 
Reine  Claude  de  Saint-Avertin.     Domestica.     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.   446.    1889.     2. 

Guide  Prat.  155,  364.    1895. 

Fruit  rather  large,  roundish,  greenish-yellow  blushed  with  red;   flesh  yellow,  juicy, 
sweet,   aromatic;   very  good;   late. 
Reine  Claude  de  Vandenbrok.       Domestica.       Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.    446. 

1889. 
Reine  Claude  de  Wazon.     Domestica.     I.  Guide  Prat.  160.364,    1895.     2.  Baltet  Cult. 

Fr.  491.    1908. 

Tree  vigorous,  productive;    fruit  nearly  large,  obovate,  greenish-yellow,  washed 
with  red;   flesh  juicy,  sweet  and  acidulated;    very  good;   mid-season. 
Reine  Claude  Descarde.     Domestica.     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.   445.    1889.     2.  Guide 

Prat.  163,  364.    1895. 

An  inferior  variety  of  the  Reine  Claude  type. 
Reine  Claude  Hamaitre.     Domestica.     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.   446.    1889.     2.  Guide 

Prat.  163,  364.    1895. 

A  variety  of  the  Reine  Claude  type  of  doubtful  value. 
Reine   Claude  Monstrueuse  de  Mezel.       Domestica.       Mentioned  in   Mathieu  Nom. 

Pom.  446.    1889. 
Reine  Claude  Sagot.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:56.    1900. 

Probably  of  French  origin;   as  tested  in  Canada,  tree  weak;  foliage  small,  scanty; 
fruit  medium  in  size,  globular;   stem  one-half  inch  long;   cavity  small;   suture  distinct; 
skin  whitish-yellow;  flesh  yellowish,  rather  dry,  tender,  fine-grained,  very  sweet;    stone 
small,  roundish,  free;   mid-season. 
Reine  Claude  Von  Bollwiller.       Domestica.       Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.    445. 

1889. 
Reine  des  Mirabelles.    Insititia  X  Domestica.     i.  Guide  Prat.  164,  364.  1895.     2.  Rev. 

Hort.  476.     1901.         Konigin  der  Mirabellen  i. 

Produced  by  crossing  the  Mirabelle  and  the  Reine  Claude.  Tree  vigorous  and 
productive;  fruit  large,  yellow,  dotted  with  red  on  the  sunny  side,  juicy;  good;  mid- 
season. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  531 

Reine  Victoria.     Domestica.     i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  380.    1866. 

According  to  Hogg  this  is  a  French  variety  distinct  from  Victoria.     Fruit  roundish- 
oval,  reddish-purple;    flesh  juicy,  rich,  agreeable,  freestone;    similar  to  Kirke  but  two 
or  three  weeks  later. 
Reisenzwetsche.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  447.    1889. 

Reine-Claude  Geante  i. 

Mathieu  gives  reference  to  Monatsschrift  fur  Pomologie  281     1858. 
Reizenstein    Yellow    Prune.     Domestica.      I.    Downing    Fr.    Trees   Am.    943.      1869. 

2.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:119.    1866-73.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  446.   1889.     4.  Guide 
Prat.   161,  362.    1895. 

De  Reizeinstein  4.  Jaune  de  Reizenstein  4.  Pruneau  Jaune  de  Reizenstein  i,  3. 
Prune  de  Reizenstein  2,3.  Quetsche  Jaune  de  Reizenstein  3.  Quetsche  Jaune  de  Reizen- 
stein 2,  4.  Reizensteiner  Gelbe  Zwetsche  3.  Reizensteiner  Gelbe  Zwetsche  2,  4.  Reizen- 
steiner  Pfiaume  2,  3,  4.  Reizensteiner  Zwetsche  3,  4.  Reizenstein' s  Yellow  Prune  2, 
3,  4.  Susina  Settembrica  Quialla  3,  4. 

Probably  originated  in  Italy.  Tree  of  medium  vigor,  very  prolific,  not  hardy; 
fruit  of  medium  size,  irregularly  ovate;  suture  indistinct;  skin  golden-yellow;  flesh 
yellow,  juicy,  sweet;  stone  rough,  free. 

Reutlinger  Friihzwetsche.     Domestica?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  447.    1889.     2.  Guide 
Prat.  162,  363.    1895. 

Quetsche  Pre'coce  de  Reutlingen  2      Reutlinger  Friihzwetsche  2. 

An  attractive  variety  ripening  in  early  mid-season. 
Rhinebeck  Yellow  Gage.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  405.    1857 

Rhinebeck  Yellow  Gage  i. 

Originated  at  Rhinebeck,  New  York.     Tree  vigorous;    fruit  large,  oval;    suture 
deep;    cavity  shallow;    yellow;    flesh  coarse,  juicy,  sweet,  pleasant;    clingstone;    mid- 
season. 
Rhodes.     Domestica.     i.  Quintinye  Com.  Card.  68,  69.    1699. 

Mentioned  by  Quintinye  "  as  long  and  black." 
Rhue.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  944.    1869. 

Rhue's  Seedling  i. 

A  seedling  from  Pennsylvania.     Fruit  large,  oval;    suture  broad,  shallow;    cavity 
deep;    reddish-purple;    flesh  greenish-yellow,  coarse,  juicy,  sweet,  vinous;    semi-cling- 
ing;   good;    early. 
Richard  Trotter.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  98.    1898. 

Reported  as  one  of  the  hardiest  of  the  European  varieties  tested  by  the   Experi- 
mental Farm  at  Ottawa,  Canada. 
Richland.      Domestica.      i.  Card.  Mon.   1:2,    154   fig.     1859.      2.   Ibid.    5:18.      1863. 

3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  944.    1869.     4.  Can.  Exp.  Farm.  Bui.  43:36.    1903. 
Copper  2. 

Originated  on  the  farm  of  Randall  Elden,  Richland,  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania, 
about  1820.  Tree  hardy,  vigorous,  productive  and  said  to  be  resistant  to  the  curculio; 
fruit  medium  in  size,  oval;  cavity  small;  suture  a  line;  skin  thick,  bluish;  dots  small; 


532  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

flesh  greenish-yellow,  firm,  slightly  sweet;  quality  fair;    stone  large,  oval,  flat,  clinging; 
mid-season;    listed  in  the  catalog  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1875. 
Riga  ii.     Domestica.     i.  Mich.  Sta.  Rpt.  in.    1887. 

Imported  from  Russia  by  J.  L.  Budd  of  the  Iowa  Experiment  Station. 
Rigny.     Domestica.    i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  683.    1884.     2.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  420.    1889. 

Admiral  Rigny  2.  Admiral  de  Rigny  i.  Amiral  de  Rigny  2.  Georg  IV  z. 
Jackson?  2. 

Described   as  of   medium   size,    roundish-oval;     suture    shallow;    yellowish-green 
flaked  and  striped  with  darker  green,  with  a  few  crimson  dots  on  the  sunny  side;   stem 
of  medium  length;  cavity  shallow;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  melting,  juicy  and  rich;  nearly 
freestone;    early. 
Rising  Sun.     Domestica.     i.  Kenrick  Am.  Orch.  258.    1832. 

Corse's  Rising  Sun  i. 

Originated  by  Henry  Corse,  Montreal,  Canada.  Fruit  large,  bright  yellow,  tinged 
with  red  next  to  the  sun;  good;  productive. 

Rivers  Early.     Insititia.     i.  Jour.  Hort.   N.   S.  29:177.    1875.     2.  Hogg  Fruit  Man. 
695.    1884.     3.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  447.    1889.     4.  Rivers  Cat.  35.    1898. 

Damas  Precoce  de  Rivers  3.     Rivers'  Early  Damson  i,  3,  4. 

Grown  by  Thomas  Rivers,  Sawbridgeworth,  England,  from  a  seed  of  St.  Etienne. 
Fruit  of  medium  size,  sweet  and  juicy;    good. 
Robert.     Americana,     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  87:15.    1901.         Robert's  Freestone  i. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  oblong,  flattened;   suture  a  line;   light  greenish-yellow  over- 
laid with  purplish-red;    skin  thick,  tough;    flesh  moderately  firm,  sweet  but  not  rich; 
stone  nearly  free. 
Roby  Yellow.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  944.    1869. 

A  seedling  raised  by  H.   R.   Roby,  Fredericksburg,  Virginia.     Tree  moderately 
vigorous;    fruit  small,  round;    suture  broad,  shallow;    cavity  small;    greenish-yellow; 
bloom  heavy;    flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy,  sweet;    good;    clingstone;    mid-season. 
Rockford.     Americana,     i.   U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  392.    1891.     2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  161 
fig.    1901.     3.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  128.    1906. 

Introduced  in  1889  by  C.  G.  Patten  of  Charles  City,  Iowa,  who  found  the  variety 
in  1871  on  the  farm  of  O.  J.  Green  who,  in  turn,  had  brought  it  as  a  young  tree  from  a 
grove  near  Rockford.  Tree  productive;  fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish;  cavity  medium ; 
suture  shallow;  skin  thick,  tough;  dark  and  somewhat  purplish-red;  bloom  thick;  dots 
small;  flesh  yellow;  good;  stone  large,  oval,  flattened,  clinging;  mid-season;  listed 
by  the  American  Pomological  Society  since  1897. 

Rocky  Mountain.     Species?     i.  Can.  Hort.  15:157.    1892.     2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:80. 
1892.      '  Rocky  Mountain  Seedling  2. 

Reported  in  the  Canadian  Horticulturist  as  a  "  heavy  cropper  and  of  first  quality." 
Bailey  mentions  a  "  Rocky  Mountain  Seedling  "  in  an  unclassified  list.     The  Rocky 
Mountain  described  by  Waugh  is  not  to  be  confused  with  these  two  varieties  as  it  is 
undoubtedly  a  Sand  Cherry. 
Rodney.     Domestica.     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  152.    1831.         Rodney  Gage  i. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  533 

Described  in  the  London  Horticultural  Society  catalog  as  large,  oval,  purple;    quality 
fair;    clingstone. 

Rodt  Blaue  Zwetsche.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  447.    1889.     2.  Guide  Prat. 
163,  365.    1895. 

"A  variety  of  little  merit." 
Rodt  Fruhe  Grosse  Pflaumenzwetsche.       Species?      Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.   Pom. 

447.    1889.         Grosse  Hative  de  Rodt. 
Rognon  D'Ane.     Domestica.     i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:100.    1832. 

Fruit  large,  oval,  dark  purple;  mid-season;   similar  to  Yellow  Egg  except  in  color. 
Rognon  de  Coq.     Domestica.     i.    Quintinye  Com.  Card.   68.    1699.     2.  Miller   Card. 
Diet.  3:1754.     3.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  152.    1831. 

Ouetsche  Rognon  de  Coq  3. 

Mentioned  only  by  the  earlier  writers.     Fruit  long;   suture  deep,  prominent;    light 
yellow  streaked  with  red;    clingstone;    late. 
Rollande  Galloppi.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  944.    1869. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  long-oval,  necked;   suture  distinct;   cavity  small;    yellowish- 
green,  dotted  with  crimson  in  the  sun;  bloom  light;  flesh  yellowish-green,  juicy,  sweet; 
good;    clingstone;    late. 
Ronald  Fancy.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  945.    1869. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  oval;  suture  distinct;  cavity  medium  deep;  yellow,  striped 
with  green;   bloom  thin;   flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy,  sugary,  vinous,  sprightly;    good; 
freestone;   very  late. 
Roselle.     Americana,     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:287     1900.         Hoffman  Seedling  i. 

A  chance  seedling  grown  by  Ernest  Hoffman,  Roselle,  Carroll  County,  Iowa,  in 
1892.     Fruit  large,  roundish-oval,    yellow  blushed  with  red;    sweet;    semi-free;    mid- 
season. 
Ros-Prium  Double.     Domestica.     i.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:62.    1771. 

Similar  to  the  Horse  plum  except  that  it  is  smaller. 
Ross.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Hort.  23:438.    1900.         Ross  Seedling  i. 

A  seedling,  supposedly  of  Bradshaw,  grown  by  J.  T.  Ross,  Hamilton,  Canada 
Fruit  of  much  the  same  appearance  as  Bradshaw  but  inferior  in  quality;  earlier  in  season. 
Rossy  Fruhe  Zwetsche.  Species?  Listed  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  447.  1889. 

Rossy's  Friih  Zwetsche. 
Rostrave  Bell.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  945.    1869. 

Originated  with  John  D.   Stephens,   Westmoreland  County,   Pennsylvania.     Tree 
vigorous,  productive;    fruit  large,  roundish-oval;    suture  broad,  shallow;    cavity  deep; 
reddish-purple;    dots  brown;    flesh  yellow,  coarse,  rather  dry,  vinous;    good;     semi- 
clinging  ;    mid-season. 
Rote  Mirabelle.     Species?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  448.    1889. 

Damasine  Kleine  Kirsch  Pflaume  Mirabelle  Rouge. 
Rotes  Zeiberl.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  448.    1889. 

Rote  Herbst  Zeiberl  i. 

Referenced  by  Mathieu  from  Wiener  Garten-Zeitung  288.    1884. 


534  THE    PLUMS   OF   NEW    YORK. 

Rote  Zwetsche.     Species?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  448.    1889. 

Rosinen  Pflaume.     Spitzige  Rote  Pflaume.     Spitz  Pflaume. 
Rothe  Jungfernpflaume.     Domestica.     i.  Oberdieck  Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  445.    1881. 

A  German  variety  said  to  be  unproductive  in  dry  soil. 
Rouge  Hative  de  Nitka.     Domestica.     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  96.    1877. 

Mentioned  in  the  preceding  reference  as  of  medium  size,  purple,  juicy,  rich;  good; 
mid-season. 

Roulette.     Munsoniana.     i.   Cornell  Sta.   Bui.   38:50,   86.    1892.     2.   Am.   Pom.    Soc. 
Rpt.  142.    1897.     3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  188.    1901.         Rowlett  2. 

Supposed  to  have  originated  in  Texas.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  oval;    cavity  small; 
suture  a  line;  skin  thin;  bright  red;  dots  numerous;  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow;  quality 
fair;    stone  oval,  flattened,  clinging;    mid-season.     Listed  in  the  catalog  of  the  Amer- 
ican Pomological  Society  since  1899. 
Round.     Species?     i.  III.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  83.    1888. 

J.  Webster  of  Centralia,  Illinois,  states  that  he  received  this  variety  from  a  Mr. 
Spears  of  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa.     Of  high  quality;    especially  adapted  for  canning. 
Round  Leaf  Wonderful.     Domestica.     i.  N.  Y.  Sta.  Rpt.  12:612.    1893. 

An  obscure  variety  found  only  in  a  few  collections.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  long- 
oval;  suture  a  line;  cavity  small;  dark  purple;  bloom  thick;  dots  small;  flesh  yellow, 
fine-grained,  tender,  sweet,  mild;  very  good;  stone  flattened,  oval,  free;  mid-season. 
Rowley.  Domestica.  i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  43:36.  1903. 

Originated  with  Jos.    Rowley,   Cummings   Bridge,   Ontario.     Tree   very  produc- 
tive; fruit  above  medium  size,  round;  suture  a  line;  purplish-red;   flesh  yellow, 
moderately  juicy,  firm,  sweet,  rich;    good;    clingstone;    mid-season. 
Royal.     Domestica.     i.  Rea  Flora   207.    1676.     2.   Quintinye  Com.  Card.   69.    1699. 
3.  Langley  Pomona  92,  PI.  XX  fig.  8.    1729.     4.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  2:40,  Tab. 
191   fig.    i.    1796.     5.  Downing  Fr.   Trees  Am.   945.    1869.     6.  Mathieu  Nom. 
Pom.  438.    1889. 

Die  Konigliche  grosse  Pflaume  4.  French  Royal  4,  5,  6.  Kings  Plum  i.  Konigs- 
pflaume  6.  La  Roy  ale  5,  6.  La  Royal  2.  Prune  Roy  ale  5,  6.  Royal  tres-grosse  4,  6. 
Royal  Red  5,  6.  Royal  5,  6.  Royal  2.  Royal  Plumb  3.  Royale  5.  Roy  ale  6.  Sir 
Charles  Worsley's  3,  5,  6.  Wahre  Konigspflaume  6. 

Royal  is  an  Old  World  variety  supposed  to  have  originated  in  France.  Tree  a  slow 
grower;  top  bushy;  shoots  pubescent;  fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish;  suture  distinct; 
cavity  narrow ;  reddish-purple;  dots  small,  brownish;  bloom  thick;  flesh  yellow,  melting, 
juicy,  rich,  subacid;  quality  very  good;  stone  small,  roundish,  pointed, free ;  mid-season. 
Royal  Bullace.  Insititia.  i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  689.  1884. 

Royal  Bullace  is  the  largest  of  the  Bullaces.  Fruit  round;  suture  faint;  cavity 
wide,  deep;  stem  short,  slender;  greenish-yellow,  mottled  with  red;  bloom  thin; 
flesh  green,  sprightly;  good;  freestone;  late. 

Royal  Dauphine.     Domestica.     i.  Miller  Card.  Kal.  184.    1734.     2.  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr. 
Trees  21.    1803. 

Royal  Dauphin  2.     Royale  Dauphin  i. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  535 

Fruit  large,  oval,  dark  red  shading  to  light  red,  mottled;  bloom  thick;  flesh  green- 
ish-yellow, sweet;   good;   freestone;   mid-season. 
Royal  de  Braunac.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  2nd  App.  157.     1876. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval;  suture  very  slight;  light  red  with  dark  purple 
blush;  dots  numerous,  brown;  bloom  heavy;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  coarse,  rather 
firm,  juicy,  rich;  clingstone;  mid-season. 

Royale  de  Behrens.     Domestica.     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  422.    1889.     2.  Guide  Prat. 
163,  365-    ^95. 

Behren's  Konigspflaume  i.     Behrens  Konigspflaume  2.     Royale  de  Behrens  i. 

Listed  in  the  preceding  references. 

Royale   de   Siebenfreud.     Domestica?     i.   Mathieu  Nom.   Pom.   450.    1889.     2.    Guide 
Prat.  158,  365.    1895. 

Royale  de  Siebenfreund  i.  Siebenfreund's  Konigspflaume  i.  Siebenfreud' s  Konigs- 
pflaume 2. 

Grown  by  Liegel  and  named  by  him  in  honor  of  M.  Siebenfreud,  of  Tyrnau, 
Hungary.  Fruit  large,  long-oval,  brownish-red;  flesh  pale  yellow,  juicy;  good;  mid- 
season. 

Royale    Hative    de    Liegel.     Domestica.     i.    Oberdieck   Deut.    Obst.   Sort.    420.     1881. 
2.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  430.    1889.     3.  Guide  Prat.  163,  365.    1895. 

Friihe  Konigspflaume  2.  Friihe  Konigspflaume  3.  Konigspflaume  Fruhe  i. 
Rouge  de  Liegel  2.  Royale  Hative  de  Liegel  2.  Royale  Hdtive  2. 

Similar  to  the  Royal  Hative  but  inferior  in  quality. 

Royale  Violette  de  Keindl.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.   437.    1889.     2.   Guide 
Prat.  157,  365.    1895. 

Keindl' s  Violette  Konigspflaume  2.  Keindt's  Violette  Konigspflaume  i.  Royale 
Violette  de  Keindt  i. 

Originated  by  Liegel  and  named  after  Mr.  Keindl,  a  German  pomologist.     Fruit 
large,  oval,  violet;    flesh  greenish-yellow,  firm,  juicy;    good;    early. 
Royal  Pea.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees.  21.     1803. 
Royer  Aprikosen  Pflaume.      Domestica.      Listed  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.    449.      1889. 

Abricotee  de  Royer.     Prune-Abricot  de  Royer. 
Ruben    Burgunder     Zwetsche.      Species?       Mentioned   in    Mathieu   Nom.    Pom.    449. 

1889. 
Ruby.     Domestica.     i.  Card,  and  For.  7:243.    1894. 

Charles  H.  Shinn  of  Berkeley,  California,  describes  this  variety  as  a  dark  red  prune 
coming  from  Lake  County,  California. 

Ruby.   Triflora  X  Munsoniana.    i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  46.    1895.     2.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt. 
12:228.    1899.     3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  224.     1901. 

Originated  by  J.  S.  Breece,  Fayetteville,  North  Carolina,  from  seed  of  Abundance 
pollinated  with  Wild  Goose;   fruit  borne  in  1894.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  oval;    suture 
faint;    dark,  wine-red;    skin  thick;    flesh  yellow,  firm,  meaty,  slightly  fibrous,  sweet, 
rich;    good;    clingstone. 
Ruby.     Munsoniana.     i.  Orchard  Home  Nur.  Cat.  7.    1891.     2.  Terry  Cat.  8.     1900. 


536  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

A  seedling  of  Wild  Goose  introduced  by  L.  T.  Sanders  of  the  Orchard  Home  Nursery, 
Plain  Dealing,  Louisiana,  in  1891.  Fruit  slightly  smaller  than  the  parent,  round,  red 
with  small  dots;  flesh  solid;  good;  a  good  shipper. 

Rudolph.     Domestica.      i.  Oberdieck  Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  438.    1881.     2.  Mathieu  Nom. 
Pom.  449.    1889. 

Frankfurter  Pflaume  2.     Rudolphs pflaume  i.     Rudolph  Pflaume  2. 

In  Germany  considered  valuable  for  dessert,  compotes  and  market.  Tree  quick  in 
growth,  large;  shoots  almost  glabrous,  dark  brownish-red;  fruit  large,  of  prune  shape; 
suture  shallow;  halves  usually  equal;  stem  hairy;  cavity  shallow;  skin  easily  removed, 
yellow  often  flecked  with  red,  sometimes  reddish;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  juicy,  very  sweet, 
sprightly;  nearly  freestone;  mid-season. 

Rue.     Americana,     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:288.    1900.    2.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man. 
300.    1903.     3.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:34.    1905.         J.  B.  Rue  i,  2,  3. 

Originated  with  J.  B.  Rue,  Pottawattamie  County,  Iowa;   distributed  by  Professor 
J.    L.   Budd.     The   fruit  closely  resembles  Stoddard  except  in  the  stone,  that  of  the 
latter  being  large  and  flat,  while  that  of  the  former  is  small  and  round. 
Ruff  Choice.     Domestica.     i.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.  32:484.    1894. 

Under  test  at  the  Texas  Experiment  Station. 
Ruff  Spanish.     Species?   i.     Tex.  Sta.  Bui.  32:490.     1894. 

Under  test  at   the  Texas  Experiment  Station. 
Russian  Mirabelle.     Insititia.     i.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  324.    1903. 

Described  by  Budd  and  Hansen  as  a  Russian  plum ;    hardier  than  the  Mirabelle 
of  western  Europe  and  differing  in  tree  and  fruit.     Fruit  small,  roundish-oblate,  bright 
yellow;     suture  indistinct  to  distinct  at  the  apex;    cavity  narrow;    stem  medium  in 
length  and  thickness;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  rich;    quality  best;    freestone. 
Russian  No.  2.    Domestica.   i.  Mich.  Sta.  Rpt.  in.  1887.  2.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50:45.    1898. 

Imported  from  Russia.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  irregular  in  shape;    suture  a  line; 
deep  purple  with  heavy  bloom;  flesh  firm,  subacid;  quality  fair;  freestone. 
Russian  No.  3.   Domestica.    i.  Mich.  Sta.  Rpt.  in.  1887.  2.  5.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:35.  1905. 

Said  to  be  unproductive  and  not  hardy. 

Sada.      Americana   mollis.       i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:59.     1897.      2.  Ibid.  87:15.     1901. 
3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  163.    1901. 

A  seedling  of  Van  Buren  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa;    first  fruited  in 
1893.     Fruit  large,  round;    suture  a  line;    cavity  shallow;    red  over  a  yellow  ground 
with  many  conspicuous  dots;   skin  thick,  tough,   astringent;  flesh  dark  yellow,  mushy; 
quality  fair;    semi-clinging;   mid-season. 
Saffold.     Species?     i.  Am.  Card.  14:51.    1893.    2.  Bailey  Ev.  Nat.  Fruits  175.    1898. 

A  variety  brought  into  Texas  from  Alabama  about  1853  by  General  Saffold  of  Sequin, 
Texas,  where  for  years  it  was  the  only  cultivated  plum.  Although  inferior  to  later 
introductions,  it  is  excellent  for  preserves  and  still  retains  a  place  among  Texan 
varieties. 

Sagetsuna.     Triflora.     I.  Normand  Sp.  Cir.    1895.     2.  Kerr  Cat.  8.    1901.     3.  Ga.  Sta. 
Bui.  68:6,  33.    1905.         Sagetsuma  3.     Wasse  Botankyo  2. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  537 

A  variety  imported  from  Japan  by  J.   L.   Normand,  Marksville,  Louisiana.     In 
1901,  J.  W.  Kerr  fruited  Sagetsuna  and  Wasse  Botankyo  and  found  them  identical. 
Tree  vigorous  with  straggling  habit;   fruit  large,  conic,  red  over  a  yellow  ground,  with 
numerous  dots;    flesh  yellow,  firm  ;  good;    clingstone;    earlier  than  Abundance. 
St.  Anne.     Domestica.     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  40.    1899.         Bonne  St.  Ann  i. 

Originated  in  Vermont;    catalogued  by  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1899 
and  1901.     Fruit  blue;   good. 
Saint  Antoine.     Domestica.     i.  Traits  Prat.  Sech.  Fruits  172.    1893. 

Prune  de  Bordeaux  i. 

A  plum  found  in  the  neighborhood  of  Gironde,  France.    The  prunes  from  this  variety 
are  know  as  Prunes  de  Bordeaux.     The  fruits  are  less  esteemed  than  those  of  the  Agen. 
Saint  Antonio.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.   153.    1831. 
St.  Aubert.     Domestica.     i.  Card.  Chron.  36:1205.    1873.     2.  Guide  Prat  157,  365.    1895. 

Saint  Aubert  2. 

Of  Belgian  origin;    resembles  Golden  Drop  but  is  a  month  earlier  and  is  superior 
in  quality  and  productiveness;   fruit  oval,    rounded  at  both  ends,  greenish  spotted  and 
marked  with  a  crimson  blush;   color  and  flavor  of  the  flesh  like  Reine  Claude. 
Sainte  Therese.  Species?    i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  449.  1889.  2.  Guide  Prat.  160,365.  1895. 

Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  long-oval,  reddish-purple;  flesh  fine-grained; 
good;  clingstone;  mid-season. 

St.  Etienne.  Insititia.  I.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  381.  1866.  2.  Oberdieck  Deut.  Obst. 
Sort.  431.  1881.  3.  Card.  Chron.  24:187.  1885.  4.  Guide  Prat.  160,  365.  1895. 
5.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  480.  1904. 

Mamelonneet  4.     Pflaume  von  St.  Etienne  4.     Pflaume  von  St.  Etienne  2. 

Tree  vigorous;  fruit  globular  or  frequently  roundish-oval;  suture  distinct  dividing 
the  sides  equally;  stem  medium;  cavity  narrow;  skin  not  adherent;  yellow  blushed  and 
spotted  with  red  on  the  sunny  side;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  melting,  juicy,  sweet  with  a 
fine  flavor;  stone  small;  free;  early. 

St.  James.  Domestica.  i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  152.  1831.  2.  Mag.  Hort. 
9:165.  1843.  3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  311.  1845. 

St.  James'  Quetsche  i,  2,  3. 

A  strain  of  the  German  Prune;  tree  very  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size, 
oblong,  purple;  good;  clingstone;  mid-season. 

St.  John.  Domestica.  i.  Willich  Dom.  Enc.  4:195.  1803.  2.  Horticulturist  3:396. 
1848.  3.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  429.  1854. 

Prune  de  St.  Jean  3.     Prune  de  St.  Jean  2. 

A  foreign  variety  of  unknown  origin.  Tree  very  productive;  fruit  of  medium 
size,  round,  purplish-blue;  flesh  greenish-yellow;  early. 

St.  Lawrence.  Domestica.  i.  Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  38.  1874.  2.  Barry  Fr.  Garden 
416.  1883.  3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  122.  1901. 

A  seedling  of  Smith  Orleans  grown  on  the  grounds  of  Ellwanger  &  Barry,  Rochester, 
New  York.  Tree  vigorous  and  productive;  fruit  variable  in  size,  averages  medium, 


538  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

roundish-oval;  Cavity  deep,  rounded;  stem  short;  suture  shallow;  dark  reddish-purple; 
bloom  heavy;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  melting,  sweet;  quality  poor  to  fair;  clingstone; 
mid-season. 

Saint  Martin  Quetsche.  Domestica.  i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  152.  1831.  2.  Downing 
Fr.  Trees  Am.  283.  1845.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  55.  1852.  4.  Elliott  Fr. 
Book  414.  1854.  5.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:49.  1866-73. 

Coe's  Late  Red  5.  Prune  Violette  D'Octobre  5.  Rouge  Tardive  De  Coe  5.  Saint- 
Martin  5.  Saint  Martin's  4.  Saint  Martin's  Quetsche  4.  Violette  October  Pflaume  5. 

Of  German  origin;    introduced  into  this  country  during  the  second  quarter  of  the 
Nineteenth  Century.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  ovate,  yellow,  sometimes  blushed;  covered 
with  a  thin  bloom;  flesh  yellowish,  juicy,  rich;  good;  late;  fruit  hangs  to  the  tree  long 
after  maturity. 
Saint  Pierre.    Species?    i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  449.  1889.     2.  Guide  Prat.  1 56,  366.  1895. 

Fruit  resembles  Mirabelle,  though  it  is  larger;    yellow  marbled  with  red;    flesh 
yellow;    good;    stone  nearly  free;    very  early. 
St.  Reme.     Domestica.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  153.    1831. 

Cultivated  in  the  garden  of  the  Horticultural  Society  of  London. 
Sandalls.     Domestica.     i.  Jour.  Hort.  N.  S.  15:247.    1868.     2.  Card.  Chron.  30:1311, 
1347.    1870.         Sandall's  Plum  2. 

Originated  about  1800  with  a  Mr.  Sandall  at  Crab  Tree,  Fulton,  England.     Tree 
vigorous  and  attains  great  size;    fruit  of  medium  size,  round,  dark  purple;    flesh  firm, 
reddish-yellow,  juicy,  pleasant;   good;   clingstone;   very  late. 
Sanders.     Angustifolia  varians?     i.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.   200.    1901.       Honey  Grove  i. 

Introduced  by  J.  S.  Kerr,  Sherman,  Texas,  in  1898.     Fruit  small,  purplish-red; 
quality  fair;  very  early. 
Sanderson.     Americana,     i.   Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.   Man.   300.    1903. 

Originated  in  Minnesota.     Fruit  large,  roundish-oval,  light  red  over  a  yellow  ground ; 
skin  slightly  astringent;    good;    semi-clinging. 
Sandle.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Watkins  Cat.    1892? 
Sandoz.     Species?     i.  Crete  Cat.    1906. 

Introduced  by  E.  F.  Stephens  of  the  Crete  Nursery,  Crete,  Nebraska.  Tree  hardy; 
productive;  fruit  red;  early. 

Sand  Plum.  Angustifolia  watsoni.  i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  889.  1869.  2.  Neb. 
Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  173.  1895.  3.  Kansas  "The  Plum"  20,45.  1900. 

Sand  Plum  is  the  common  name  for  Prunus  angustijolia  watsoni. 
Sannois.     Domestica.     i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Div.  Pom.  Bui.  10:20.    1901. 

Sannois  Quetsche  i. 

Originated  in  Sannois,  France.  A  rather  unattractive  plum  in  appearance,  but 
with  a  fine  flavor  and  high  quality.  As  grown  at  this  Station  the  tree  is  small,  vigorous, 
upright-spreading;  fruit  above  medium  to  large,  roundish-oblate,  slightly  compressed; 
suture  shallow;  stem  medium  in  thickness  and  length;  cavity  wide,  deep  ;  apex  flattened; 
dull,  reddish-purple  with  darker  shades  in  the  sun;  bloom  moderate;  dots  numerous, 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  539 

brownish;    skin  thick,  tough;    flesh  dark  coppery-yellow,  juicy,  rather  coarse,    very 
fibrous,  tough,  firm,  sweet;   very  good;    stone  medium,  irregular-oval,  turgid,  rough, 
clinging;     very  late. 
Sansoto.     Prunus  besseyi  X  Americana,     i.  Cir.  S.  Dak.  Sta.    1910. 

Sansota  originated  in  1907  as  a  cross  between  De  Soto  and  Prunus  besseyi  made  by 
N.  E.  Hansen  of  the  South  Dakota  Experiment  Station;  introduced  in  1910.     Tree  pro- 
ductive;   fruit  small,  round,  black;    bloom  heavy;    flesh  yellowish-green,   sprightly; 
clingstone. 
Santa  Rosa.     Triflora.     x.  Fancher  Creek  Nur.  Cat.    1907.     2.  Ibid.    1909. 

Originated  by  Burbank;    introduced  by  the  Fancher  Creek  Nursery  Company 
in  1907.     Fruit  very  large,  round,  suture  distinct;    cavity  medium  deep;    dark  purplish 
crimson  with  thin  bloom;    flesh  reddish  near  the  skin  shading   to   amber  near  the 
center;    good;    clingstone;    keeps  and  ships  well. 
Sapa.     Prunus  besseyi  X  Triflora.    i.  5.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  108.    1908. 

Grown  by  Hansen  of  the  South  Dakota  Experiment  Station  from  a  cross  of  Sultan 
and  a  selected  seedling  of  the  Prunus  besseyi;  fruited  in  1907.  Fruit  small,  round, 
glossy,  dark  purple;  flesh  dark  red. 

Saratoga.  Domestica.  i.  Bailey  Ann.  Hort.  103.  1889.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  25. 
1897.  3.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:243,  247.  1899.  4.  WaughP/ww  Cult.  121.  1901. 
5.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:256,  257.  1905. 

Introduced  by  Green's  Nursery  Company  in  1889.     Found  in  a  garden  at  Saratoga 
Springs,  New  York,  in  1897.     The  American  Pomological  Society  placed  it  on  its  fruit 
catalog  list.     As  tested  at  this  Station  it  is  identical  to  the  Lombard  in  fruit-characters 
but  differs  in  foliage.     It  is  safe  to  assume  that  it  is  a  seedling  of  the  Lombard. 
Saskatchewan.     Nigra?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  426.    1900. 

Taken  from  the  wild  by  Thomas  Stonewall,  Manitoba;   tested  at  the  Indian  Head 
Experimental  Farm,  Northwest  Territory.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  red;   good;    early. 
Satin.     Hortulana  X  Triflora.     i.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:228.    1899. 

Grown  by  J.  S.  Breece,  Fayetteville,  North  Carolina,  supposedly  from  a  cross  be- 
tween Moreman  and  some  Japanese  variety.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval; 
suture  a  line;    red  with  numerous  large,  yellow  dots;    skin  thick,  tough;    flesh  firm, 
yellow;   good;   clingstone. 
Satsugon.     Triflora.     i.  Rural  N.   Y.  64:677.    1905. 

Originated  in  1900  with  Levi  Bell,  Sparkill,  New  York,  from  a  cross  between  Ogon 
and  Satsuma.     Fruit  large,  roundish;    cavity  deep;    dark  red;    flesh  red,  firm,  meaty; 
freestone;    quality  good;   mid-season.     The  originator  states  that  this  variety  will  keep 
in  an  ordinary  cellar  for  two  months  after  picking. 
Satsuland.     Triflora   X   Domestica.?     i.  Rural  N.  Y.  64:677.    1905. 

A  cross  between  Satsuma  and  Richland  grown  by  Levi  Bell,  Sparkill,  New  York, 
about   1900.     Fruit  below  medium  size,    oval,  cavity  lacking;     stem  long;  purplish- 
red;    clingstone. 
Sauvageon.     Domestica.     i.  Montreal  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  94.    1885. 

Corse's  Sauvageon  i. 


54O  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Raised  from  seed  by  Henry  Corse  of  Montreal,  Canada.     Tree  strong,    vigorous, 
hardy,  productive;  fruit  dark  blue;  flesh  reddish  tinged,   firm,  sweet  and  pleasant; 
late. 
Sayer  Favorite.     Domestica.     I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  94.    1877. 

In  1877  J.  E.  Johnson  in  a  report  to  the  American  Pomological  Society  mentioned 
this  as  a  very  fine  seedling  variety  growing  in  Utah. 
Scaldatone.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  153.    1831. 
Scanarda.     Species?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  449.    1889. 

Die  Scanarda.  Scanarda. 

Scaudatella.  Domestica.  i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  153.  1831.  2.  Gallesio  Pom.  Ital. 
2:  PI.  1839. 

Scaldatello  i.     Susino  Scaudatella  2. 

An  old  variety  well  known  in  Italy.  Fruit  medium,  obovate,  yellow;  flesh  yellow, 
meaty,  juicy  and  sweet. 

Schamal.  Domestica.  i.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige  7:31,  PI.  1859.  2.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am. 
897.  1869.  3.  Le  Bon  Jard.  LII.  1884.  4.  Guide  Prat.  161,  354.  1895. 

Automne  de  Schamali  2.  Damascena  Schamali  i,  2,  4.  D'Automne  de  Schamal  2. 
Prune  d' Automne  de  Schamal  i,  3,  4.  Prune  d' Automne  de  Schamali  2.  Schamal  4. 
Schamals  Herbstpflaume  4. 

Obtained  by  M.  Schamal,  nurseryman  and  pomologist  at  Jungbunzlau,  Bohemia; 
first  noted  by  Liegel  in  1844.  Tree  vigorous,  productive;  young  branches  smooth, 
brownish-red;  fruit  large,  pear-shaped;  suture  deep;  halves  unequal;  stem  slender, 
smooth;  purplish-red;  flesh  yellowish,  juicy,  tender,  sweet,  vinous;  stone  oval,  free; 
mid-season. 

Schenectady.  Domestica.  i.  Mag.  Hort.  446.  1847.  2.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult. 
342.  1849.  3-  Elliott  Fr.  Book  414.  1854.  4.  Cultivator  6:52,  269.  1858. 
5.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  947.  1869.  6.  Oberdieck  Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  402.  1881. 

Catharinenpflaume  von  Schenectady  6.  Schenectady  Catharine  4.  Schenectady 
Catherine  Plum  i,  2,  5.  Schenectady  Catherine  3. 

Originated  at  Schenectady,  New  York,  about  1800;    introduced  by  Dr.  Herman 
Wendell.    It  was  described  in  the  American  Pomological  Society's  catalog  for  twenty-two 
years.   Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  small,  roundish-oval;    suture  shallow;    cavity 
small;  reddish-purple;  bloom  thin;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  melting,  juicy,  rich,  sweet; 
very  good;    freestone;    mid-season;    said  to  reproduce  itself  from  seed. 
Schieblers  Eier  Pflaume.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  449.    1889. 
Schiebler  Luisante.     Domestica.     i.  Oberdieck  Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  409.    1881. 

A  seedling  of  the  Red  Egg  plum,  similar,  but  not  an  improvement. 
Schlachter  Friih  Zwetsche.     Domestica?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  449.    1889.     2.   Guide 
Prat.  163,  366.    1895. 

A  variety  resembling  German  Prune. 

Schley.  Munsoniana.  i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:65,  87.  1892.  2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult. 
188.  1901.  Schley's  Large  Red  i,  2. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  541 

Originated  near  Augusta,  Georgia;    introduced  by  J.  W.  K.  Nelson  of  that  state. 
Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval;    suture  slight;    cavity  of  medium  depth;    bright 
red  with  numerous  dots;   skin  tough;   flesh  yellow;   poor;   clingstone;   mid-season. 
Schmidt  Rote  Zwetsche.     Domestica.     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  449.     1889. 

Quetsche  Rouge  de  Schmidt  i. 

Mathieu  found  it  referred  to  in  Wiener  Garten-Zeitung  289.    1884. 
Schoenthal.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1894-1900. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  globular,  dull  red;    stone  semi-clinging. 
Schone  von  Riom.     Domestica.     i.  Oberdieck  Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  445.    1881. 

Mentioned  as  an  unproductive  variety  on  dry  soils. 

Schuyler  Gage.  Domestica.  i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  147.  1831.  2.  Cultivator  1:306. 
1844.  3.  Ibid.  3:19.  1855.  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  947.  1869.  5.  Mas 
Le  Verger  6:103.  1866-73. 

Reine-Claude  de  Schuyler  5.     Schuyler  Gage  5. 

A  seedling  of  Reine  Claude  grown  at  Albany,  New  York,  by  General  Schuyler  of 
revolutionary  fame,  who  refused  to  disseminate  it.  His  successor  in  the  ownership 
of  the  tree,  John  Bryan,  also  guarded  the  variety  jealously,  so  that  it  was  not  until  about 
1847  when  E.  C.  Mclntosh  came  into  possession  of  the  estate  that  the  variety  was  intro- 
duced. Fruit  of  medium  size,  oval;  suture  shallow;  cavity  small;  yellow  splashed 
with  green  and  dotted  with  red;  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  rich,  sweet;  very 
good;  freestone;  late. 
Scioto.  Insititia.  i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Yearbook  502.  1905. 

Mussel  i.     Chickasaw  i. 

Cultivated  for  nearly  eighty  years  in  the  noted  Damson  district  at  Chillicothe, 
Ohio.  It  was  brought  there  in  1831  by  Miss  Palace  Hill  from  the  nursery  of  her  brother, 
Joseph  C.  Hill,  Petersburg,  Virginia,  who  in  turn  had  found  it  on  the  farm  of  Thomas 
Hill  near  Boilings  Bridge,  North  Carolina.  The  variety  is  of  the  Damson  type  and 
the  seed  of  it  was  probably  brought  from  Europe  by  the  early  colonists.  Fruit  small, 
oval,  necked;  suture  slight;  cavity  lacking;  dark  blue;  bloom  heavy;  good. 
Scribner.  Triflora  X  Munsoniana.  i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  46,  Col.  PI.  1895. 
i,  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  67:19.  1898.  3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  225.  1901. 

From  J.  S.   Breece,   Fayetteville,  North    Carolina,   supposedly  from   a    cross    of 
Abundance  pollinated  by  Wild  Goose.      Fruit  large,  roundish-oval;  suture  faint;  cavity 
large;    stem  short,  stout;   dark  red  with  many  small  dots;   bloom  heavy;  flesh  yellow, 
firm,  meaty;  quality  very  poor;    clingstone. 
Sea-Egg.     Triflora.     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  106:62.    1906. 

Bailey  mentions  this  variety  as  coming  from  Burbank  and  describes  it  as;  "  glob- 
ular heart  shaped  in  outline  and  mottled  red;  flesh  very  thick  and  meaty;  orange- 
yellow,  sweet  and  excellent,  with  a  slight  muskiness,  cling." 

Semiana.  Domestica.  i.  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees  21.  1803.  2.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit 
Cult.  344,  346.  1849.  3.  Cole  Am.  Fr.  Book  217.  1849.  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees 
Am.  947.  1869. 

Blue  Imperatrice  .2,  3,  4.     Semiana  of  Boston  4.     Semina  i.     Simiana  3. 


542  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

At  one  time  grown  extensively  around  Boston;  often  confused  with  Blue  Impe'ra- 
trice  and  the  Semiana  or  Suisse  of  Europe.  It  is,  however,  much  inferior  to  either  of 
the  above.  Tree  vigorous,  very  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  oval,  necked;  cavity 
very  small;  deep  purple;  flesh  greenish,  juicy,  subacid,  not  rich;  clingstone;  very  late. 
Seper.  Nigra?  i.  Kerr  Cat.  1897-1900.  2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  171.  1901. 

Seper's  Peach  2.     Seper's  Peach  i. 

Introduced  by  J.  W.  Kerr,  Denton,  Maryland.     Fruit  large,  roundish-oblong,  dark 
red;   quality  poor;  clingstone. 
September.     Americana,     i.  Meneray  Cat. 

One  of  H.   A.  Terry's  numerous  varieties;    introduced  by    F.    W.    Meneray    of 
Council  Bluffs,  Iowa.     Fruit  large,  round,  bright  red;    fair  quality. 
September  Damask.     Insititia.     i.    Duhamel    Trait.   Arb.   Fr.   2:77.    1768.     2.    Kraft 
Pom.  Aust.  2:45,  Tab.   200  fig.    i.    1796.     3.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:84.    1832. 
4.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc,  i.  1846.     5.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  357.    1866.     6.  Downing 
Fr.   Trees  Am.   947.    1869.     7.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:1.    1873.     8.  Mathieu  Nom. 
Pom.  451.    1889. 

Damas  de  Septembre  i,  2,  5,  7.  Damas  de  Septembre  3,  6,  8.  Die  spate  oder 
September  Damaskpflaume  2.  Michaelis  Pflaume  8.  Munchenpflaume  8.  Prune 
Damas  de  Septembre  4.  Prune  de  Vacance  i,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8.  Prunier  des  Vacances 
3,  6,  8.  Sankt-Michel's  Pflaume  8.  September  Damascene  8.  September  Damask  3. 
September  Damask  7,  8.  September  Damson  i.  Vakanzpflaume  8. 

An  old  variety  probably  of  French  origin.     Tree  of  medium  vigor,  productive; 
shoots  downy;  fruit  small,  roundish  to  slightly  elongated;   suture  shallow;   stem  short; 
cavity  shallow;  skin  tender,  purplish-black,  covered  with  a  thick  bloom;  flesh  greenish, 
fine,  melting,  sweet,  agreeable  when  well  ripened;   freestone;    late. 
Shaker.     Americana?     i.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  So.    1880. 

Grown  in  Iowa  from  seed  brought  from  Ohio.     Fruit  red,  coloring  a  month  before 
maturity;    ripening  period  very  long. 
Shaw.     Species?     i.  Bailey  Ann.  Hort.  103.    1889. 

Mentioned  by  Bailey  in  the  Annals  of  Horticulture  as  introduced  by  Lovett  in 
1889;    not  listed  in  Lovett's  catalogs. 
Shedd  Cluster.     Munsoniana?     Letter  from  F.  T.  Ramsey. 

A  prolific  variety  resembling  Robinson  selected  from  the  wild  on  the  line  between 
Lampasas  and  Coryelle  counties,  Texas,  by  a  Mr.  Shedd. 
Sheldon.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  948.    1869. 

Originated  on  the  farm  of  Wareham  Sheldon,  Huron,  Wayne  County,  New  York. 
Tree  vigorous  and  prolific;  fruit  large,  oval;  suture  a  line;  cavity  small;  purplish- 
black;  bloom  thick;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy,  aromatic;  good;  freestone;  mid- 
season. 

Shepherd    Bullace.      Insititia.       i.    Watkins    Nur.    Cat.    48.    1892    ?      2.    Thompson 
Card.  Ass't  4:160.    1901.         Shepherd's  White  2. 

A  large  Bullace  mentioned  without  description  in  the  preceding  references. 
Shepway  Bulleis.     Insititia.     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576.    1629. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  543 

Parkinson  mentions  under  this  name  a  large  "  dark  bluish-brown  "  plum  of  the 
Bullace  type  inferior  to  the  common  variety. 
Shilling.     Domestica.     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1894.     2.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:256,  2 57.    1905. 

A  variety  introduced  by  J.  W.  Kerr  in  1894.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  oblong-oval, 
pointed  at  the  apex;  cavity  shallow;  suture  a  line;   stem  short,  stout;   dull  red;  bloom 
light;    flesh  yellow;    quality  poor;    clingstone;    mid-season. 
Shipper.     Triflora.     i.  Burbank  Cat.  18.    1893.     2.  Childs  Cat.  62.    1896. 

A  seedling  of  Satsuma  grown  by  Burbank;    introduced  in   1896  by  John   Lewis 
Childs,  Floral  Park,  New  York.     Fruit  oval,  light  red;    flesh  very  firm,  juicy,  sweet; 
keeps  and  ships  well;   mid-season. 
Shirata  Bene.     Triflora.     i.  Lovett  Cat.   1892.     2.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:256,  257.    1905. 

Introduced  as  a  crimson  plum  but  described  at  the  Ohio  Experiment  Station  as  yellow. 
Shviata  Bene.  Triflora.  i.  Card.  Man.  367.  1887. 

Uwase  i.    Blood  Plum  i. 

H.  H.  Berger  states  that  the  above  name  and  synonyms  were  applied  to  a  red- 
fleshed  variety  indigenous  to  Japan.     Probably  a  class  name. 
Siamese.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  284.    1845. 

Fruit  in  pairs  firmly  attached  on  one  side  and  hanging  from  a  single  stem.  The 
original  tree  grew  in  the  garden  of  Wm.  Roe,  Newburgh,  New  York.  Fruit  of  medium 
size,  obovate;  cavity  small;  skin  pale  yellow;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sprightly;  quality 
fair;  clingstone;  mid-season. 

Sidone.     Species?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  450.    1889. 

Siebenburger  Pflaume.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  450.    1889.     2.  Guide  Prat. 
163,  366.    1895. 

"A  variety  of  little  merit." 
Sierra.     Subcordata.     i.  Can.  Hort.  19:405.    1896.         Sierra  Crimson  i. 

Reported  in  the  preceding  reference  by  S.  S.  Watkins,  Grizzly  Flats,  California, 
as  a  very  good  wild  plum  growing  high  up  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains.     Said  to 
bear  beautiful  crimson  fruit  about  the  size  of  the  Reine  Claude,  of  good  quality;   highly 
recommended  for  jelly. 
Silassy.     Domestica.     i.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  118:52.    1895.     2.  Ibid.  152:211.    1898. 

Imported  from  Hungary  by  the  Michigan  Experiment  Station. 

Silas  Wilson.     Americana,     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.   38:80.    1892.     2.  Can.   Exp.  Farms 
Rpt.  105.    1900.     3.  Terry  Cat.    1900. 

Grown  by  H.  A.  Terry,  from  seed  of  Hawkeye;   first  fruited  in  1891.     Fruit  large, 
oval;   cavity  shallow;    suture  a  line;   red  over  a  yellow  ground;    dots  numerous;   flesh 
yellow,  juicy;    good;    clingstone;    mid-season. 
Silva  Koning  Claudie.     Domestica.     i.  Wickson  Cal.  Fruits  358.    1891. 

Miller's  Early  i. 

Described  by  Wickson  as  an  undetermined  variety  brought  from  Germany  by 
Dr.  L.  E.  Miller,  of  California,  in  1854;  introduced  by  C.  M.  Silva  &  Son  of  Newcastle, 
California,  in  1887.  Fruit  purplish-black;  fine  flavor;  similar  in  size  to  the  Early 
Royal,  and  about  a  month  earlier. 


544  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Sirocco.     Triflora  X  ?    i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  47.    1895.     2.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  67:19.  1895. 

J.  S.  Breece,  of  Fayetteville,  North  Carolina  grew  this  variety  as  a  cross  between 
Abundance  and  Marianna.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval;   cavity  small;   suture 
a  line;    coppery-red  with  streaks  of  yellow;    dots  minute,  russet;    flesh  reddish  near 
the  skin  but  yellow  towards  the  stone,  juicy;    good. 
Sisson.     Subcordata  kellogii.     i.  Bailey  Ev.  Nat.  Fruits  216,  217.    1898. 

Fruit  larger  than  the  wild  Subcordata;    yellow  or  red;    flesh  soft  and  palatable. 
See  the  discussion  of  Prunus  subcordata,  page  74. 
Sixby.     Americana,     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  87:15.    1901. 

Sent  out  by  Edson  Gaylord,  Nora  Springs,  Iowa.  Fruit  small;  suture  distinct; 
bright  red  with  conspicuous  dots;  skin  adherent;  flesh  deep  yellow  tinged  with  red, 
crisp,  rich;  stone  oval. 

Six  Weeks.    Triflora  X  Angustifolia  varians?   i.  Kerr  Cert.  10.   1901-2.     2.  Tex.  Nur.  Cat. 
8.    1907.     3.   Tex.  Dept.  Agr.  Bui.  12:102.     1910.     Early  Six  Weeks. 

Grown  from  seed  of  Abundance  crossed  with  an  early  "  Chicasaw;"  named  and 
introduced  by  J.  S.  Kerr  of  Texas.  Tree  vigorous,  upright,  rapid  in  growth,  resembles 
the  native  variety  more  than  Triflora;  fruit  large,  oblong,  yellow  tinged  red;  early. 
Skuya.  Triflora  X  Americana,  i.  5.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  108.  1908. 

A  cross  between  De  Soto  and  Red  June  made  by  Hansen  of  the  South  Dakota 
Experiment  Station  resulted  in  eight  seedlings  of  which  the  above  was  the  first  to  fruit. 
Fruit  large,  dark,  dull  red  and  yellow,  sweet;   good;    stone  small. 
Sloe.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1894-1900.     2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:59.    1897. 

Sloe  is  a  small  native  variety  that  has  been  given  the  common  name  of  the  wild 
European  plum.  (See  the  following  name.)  Fruit  small,  roundish-oblong;  skin  thick, 
dark  red;  clingstone;  mid-season.  The  name  is  also  applied  in  one  locality  or  another 
to  nearly  all  of  the  American  species  of  plums  as  they  grow  wild. 
Sloe.  Spinosa.  i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576.  1629.  2.  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  1529.  1688. 
3.  Knoop  Fructologie  2:63.  1771.  4.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:106.  1832. 

Blackthorn  4.  Black  Prunella  2.  Common  Sloe  4.  Epine  noire  4.  Petit  prunallier  4. 
Pruneola  i.  Prunelle  3.  Prune  Sauvage  3.  Prunus  silvestris  3.  Prunus  spinosa, 
foliis  lanceolatis  3.  Prunelier  4.  Prunus  spinosa  4.  Prunier  epineux  4.  Prunallier  4. 
Slee-Pruim  3.  White  Prunella  2.  White  Blossomed  Sloe  4. 

See  Prunus  spinosa. 
Small  Green  Drying.     Domestica.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  153.    1831. 

A  variety  under  test  in  the  garden  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society. 
Small  White  Damson.  Insititia.  I.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:81.  1768.  2.  Kraft 
Pom.  Aust.  2:44,  Tab.  198  fig.  i.  1796.  3.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card. 
300.  1846.  4.  Noisette  Man.  Comp.  Jard.  2:496.  1860.  5.  Mas  Le  Verger 
6:127.  1866-73.  6.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  726.  1884.  7.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom. 
427.  1889. 

Damas  blanc  petit  6,  7.  Damascenen  Mirabelle  7.  Die  Kleine  Weisse  Damascener- 
pflaume  2.  Kleine  Weisse  Damascene  7.  Klein  Weisse  Damassener  Pftaume  5.  Petit 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  545 

Damas  Blanc  i,  5.  Petit  Damas  Blanc  2,  3,  7.  Prune  Petit  Damas  Blanc  5.  Prunier 
Damas  a  petit  fruit  blanc  4.  Small  White  Damask  6.  Small  White  Damask  7.  White 
Damask  3. 

Probably  a  French  variety.  Tree  of  medium  productiveness;  shoots  smooth; 
fruit  small,  roundish,  inclining  to  ovate;  stem  medium  in  length,  slender;  skin  yellowish, 
tinged  with  red  on  the  sunny  side;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  juicy,  sweet  and  well  flavored; 
freestone;  mid-season;  culinary. 

Smiley.     Munsoniana.     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bid.  38:80.    1892.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  40. 
1899.     3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  188.    1901.     4.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.  67:281,  282.    1904. 

Thought  to  have  originated  in  Alabama.  Tree  vigorous  with  an  open  and  spreading 
habit,  very  productive;  fruit  medium  or  above,  roundish-oval  to  roundish-oblong; 
cavity  shallow,  rounded;  suture  a  line;  red  with  numerous  small,  yellow  dots;  skin 
tough;  flesh  yellow,  soft;  quality  fair  to  good;  stone  medium,  oval,  somewhat  flattened, 
clinging;  mid-season. 

Smith.     Americana.     I.  Kerr  Cat.    1894.     2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  87:18.    1901.     3.  Waugh 
Plum  Cult.  164.    1901. 

A  seedling  of  Quaker  grown  by  C.  A.  Smith,  Caroline  County,  Maryland.  Tree  of 
straggling,  open  growth,  vigorous  and  productive;  fruit  large,  sometimes  very  large, 
roundish-oval  to  roundish-oblong;  suture  a  line;  apex  rounded;  cavity  shallow,  narrow; 
stem  short  and  stout;  yellow  overspread  with  dark  red;  dots  small,  yellow;  bloom 
heavy;  skin  thick,  tough;  flesh  deep  yellow,  juicy,  firm,  sweet;  good  to  best;  stone 
large,  oval,  nearly  free;  medium  early.  Waugh  says,  "One  of  the  best  Americanas  I 
ever  saw." 
Smith  October.  Domestica.  i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  146.  1896. 

A  seedling  grown  by  A.  M.  Smith,  St.  Catherines,  Ontario.  Fruit  of  medium  size, 
slightly  one-sided;  suture  obscure;  black,  somewhat  mottled;  bloom  light;  flesh  dark 
yellow,  firm,  subacid;  quality  fair;  stone  small,  globular  with  a  deep  hollow  alongside 
a  thickened  margin. 

Smith  Prolific.     Domestica.     i.  Can.   Exp.  Farm  Bui.   2nd  Ser.  3:56.    1900.     2.  Can. 
Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  433.    1905. 

Under  test  at  the  Experimental  Farm  at  Agassiz,  British  Columbia.  Fruit  medium 
in  size,  globular;  cavity  deep;  stem  short;  suture  distinct  and  terminating  in  a  de- 
pression; yellowish  with  a  purple-red  cheek ;  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellowish,  juicy,  sprightly; 
stone  of  medium  size,  clinging;  mid-season. 

Smith  Red.     Nigra?     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Rpt.  n  =345.    1894.     2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:59,  60.    1897. 
3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  171.    1901.  Smith's  Red  i,  2. 

Sent  to  the  Wisconsin  Experiment  Station  in  1890  by  I.  F.  Gale  &  Son,  Waukesha, 
Wisconsin.  Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  round-oval;  suture  a  line;  stem 
short  and  stout,  set  in  a  shallow  cavity;  purplish-red,  shading  to  orange;  dots  minute; 
bloom  thin;  skin  thick  with  a  very  slight  harshness;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  sweet;  fair  to 
good;  stone  large,  oval,  thin,  clinging;  mid-season. 

Snelling.     Nigra.     i.  Can.   Exp.  Farms  Rpt.    136.    1894.     2.  Can.   Exp.    Farm  Bui. 
43:39-    1903- 


546  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Grown  by  W.  H.  Snelling,  New  Edinburgh,  Ontario,  about  1880  from  a  sprout 
of  an  old  tree  growing  at  Gatineau  Point,  Quebec.  Fruit  medium  to  large,  usually  round; 
stem  an  inch  long,  set  in  a  round  cavity;  suture  distinct;  yellowish-red,  mostly  covered 
with  darker  red;  bloom  light;  skin  thin,  tender,  apt  to  crack  when  fully  ripe,  slightly 
astringent;  flesh  soft,  very  juicy,  sweet;  good;  stone  large,  flat;  mid-season. 
Snyder.  Americana,  i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:288.  1900.  2.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man. 
301.  1903. 

A  seedling  of  De  Soto;  originated  in  1893  with  J.  A.  Fairchild,  Coggon,  Linn  County, 
Iowa.  Tree  vigorous,  upright;  fruit  large,  roundish,  oblique-truncate;  suture  a  line; 
apex  depressed;  stem  stout  set  in  a  shallow  cavity;  light  red  with  darker  shades  of  red; 
dots  large;  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  brisk  subacid;  fair  to  good;  stone  large, 
oval,  flat,  clinging. 
Souris.  Nigra?  i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  426.  1900. 

Under  test  at  Indian  Head,  Northwest  Territory,  Canada. 
South  Cumberland.     Species?     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  151.    1891. 

P.  J.  Berckmans  of  Augusta,  Georgia,  says  in  the  above  reference  that  this  variety 
has  been  known  for  twenty-six  or  twenty-seven  years  in  his  section.       Fruit   golden 
yellow;  very  good. 
Southern  Beauty.     Species?     i.  Wild  Bros.  Cat.    1892.     2.  Kerr  Cat.    1894. 

Tree  peach-like  in  growth  and  general  appearance;    wholly  barren;    possibly  the 
Blackman  renamed;  worthless. 
Southern  Golden.     Species?     i.  Ala.  Sta.  Bui.  11:12.    1890. 

Noted  in  the  preceding  reference  as  a  feeble  grower;   fruit  medium  in  size,  oblong, 
yellow,  tender;    quality  best;    early. 
Spanish  Damask.     Domestica.     i.   Kraft  Pom.   Aust.   2:129,   Tab.    175   fig.    2.    1796. 

2.  Forsyth    Treat.   Fr.    Trees   21.    1803.     3.   Willich  Dom.   Enc.   4:300.    1803. 
4.  Poiteau  Pom.  Franc,  i.  1846.     5.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  693.    1884.     6.  Mathieu 
Nom.  Pom.  439.    1889. 

Damas  d'Espagne  i,  6.  Damas  D'Espagne  5.  Die  Damaskpflaume  aus  Spanien  i. 
Liegel's  Spanische  Damascene  6.  Prune  Damas  D'Espagne  4.  Prunus  hispanica  4. 
Spanish  Damascene  2.  Spanish  Damask  6.  Spanish  Red  Damask  3. 

Fruit    small,    roundish;    suture    shallow;    cavity    small;    stem    short;    purplish- 
black;  bloom  thick;   flesh  yellow,  tender,  juicy,  not  rich;  quality  fair;  freestone;   mid- 
season. 
Spanish  King.      Domestica.     i.    la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.    355.     1878.      2.  Ibid.  145.     1880. 

3.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:243,  247.    1899.  4.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:279.    1900.  5.  Budd- 
Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  326.    1903.         Rex  i,  2.     Spanish  3. 

Introduced  into  Marion  County,  Iowa,  by  John  Laike,  a  German,  under  the  name 
Rex,  through  cions  obtained  in  1872  from  a  Spanish  consul.  Several  tests  show  this 
variety  to  be  identical  with  the  Lombard.  If  the  origin  given  is  correct,  the  belief  that 
the  Lombard  is  an  old  European  variety  is  substantiated. 

Spate  Zwetsche  Von  Karlstadt.  Species?  Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  450.    1889. 
Speckled  Gage.     Domestica.     i.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  7:92.    1888. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  547 

Originated  as  a  sucker  from  trees  secured  in  Montreal  by  James  Tobias.     Fruit 
small,  round,  purplish,  speckled  with  conspicuous  dots;    very  sweet;    good. 
Speer.     Americana,     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:42.    1892.     2.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50:45.    1898. 
3.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  305.    1898. 

Found  wild  by  J.  A.  Speer,  Cedar  Falls,  Iowa.  Tree  small,  very  hardy,  spreading, 
productive,  apt  to  overbear;  fruit  medium  or  below,  irregular-oval  to  oblong;  suture 
distinct;  cavity  shallow;  stem  short,  slender;  purplish-red  on  a  yellow  ground;  dots 
numerous,  small;  bloom  heavy;  flesh  yellow,  firm  and  sweet;  good;  stone  large,  oval, 
flat,  ends  blunt,  semi-clinging;  medium  late. 
Spicer.  Munsoniana.  i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:56.  1900. 

Originated  with  Charles  Luedloff  of  Minnesota;   according  to  the  above  reference 
of  no  value  in  British  Columbia. 
Spilling  Jaune-double.     Insititia.     i.  Knoop  Fruciologie  2:63.    1771. 

Except  in  its  larger  size  and  poorer  quality  this  variety  closely  resembles  the 
White  Wheat. 
Splendid.     Americana,     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:288.    1900.     2.  Kerr  Cat.  6.    1900. 

Found  wild  by  I.  K.  Teeter  near  Magnolia,  Harrison  County,  Iowa,  in  1878; 
introduced  by  J.  W.  Kerr  in  1900.  Tree  dwarfish,  bears  early,  productive;  fruit 
medium  in  size,  dark  red;  skin  tough;  flesh  yellow,  very  firm,  sweet;  good;  semi- 
clinging;  medium  to  late. 

Splendor.  Domestica.  i.  Burbank  Cat.  15  fig.  1893.  2.  Cal.  State  Bd.  Hort.  Rpt. 
47.  1897-98.  3.  Am.  Card.  21:36.  1900.  4.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Yearbook  274,  PI. 
XXXVI.  1903.  Cross-bred  Prune  A.P.-3i8  i. 

Splendor  was  originated  by  Luther  Burbank  in  1886  from  a  cross  between  Pond 
and  Agen.  In  1893  it  was  sold  under  the  name  Cross-bred  Prune  A.P.-3i8  to  Stark 
Brothers  of  Louisiana,  Missouri,  who  introduced  it  the  following  year  under  its  present 
name.  The  fruit  is  twice  the  size  of  Agen,  ovoid,  compressed,  dark  purple;  bloom 
heavy;  flesh  yellow,  rich,  sweet;  freestone;  hangs  well  to  the  tree  and  ripens  its  crop 
all  together. 
Spotted  Gage.  Domestica.  i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  949.  1869. 

Tree  vigorous,  very  productive;    fruit  medium  or  above,  oval;    suture  shallow; 
greenish-yellow  shaded,  mottled  and  splashed  with  crimson  and  lilac;    dots  numerous, 
light;    bloom  thin;  flesh  coarse,  yellow,  sugary,  juicy,   a  little  vinous;     good;     semi- 
clinging;    mid-season. 
Springer.    Americana,    i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  87:8.    1901.    2.  Wis.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  91,  94.    1901. 

Found  wild  by  Wm.  A.  Springer  of  Fremont,  Wisconsin;  sent  to  the  Wisconsin 
Experiment  Station  in  1890  and  named  by  Professor  E.  S.  Goff.  Tree  productive; 
fruit  of  large  size,  deep  purplish-red  shading  to  yellow;  dots  numerous,  yellow;  bloom 
moderate;  skin  thick,  tender,  not  harsh;  flesh  deep  yellow,  sweet  and  rich;  stone 
large,  thick  margined,  clinging;  mid-season. 
Stabeler  Seedling.  Species?  i.  Elliott  Fr.  Book  429.  1854. 

According  to  Elliott,  an  American  variety;  fruit  medium  in  size,  oval,  greenish- 
yellow  with  white  specks;  flesh  yellowish,  adhering  to  the  stone;  mid-season. 


548  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Standard.  Domestica.  i.  Card.  Chron.  13:600.  1853.  2.  Mclntosh  Bk.  Card.  2:533. 
1855.  3.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige  8:25,  PI.  1860.  4.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  382.  1866. 
5.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  429.  1889. 

Etendard  d'Angleterre  5.     L'Etendard  De  L'Angleterre  3.     Standard  of  England 
5.     Standard  of  England  i,  2,  4. 

An  English  variety  raised  from  seed  about  1845  by  Henry  Bowling  of  Woolston. 
Fruit  above  medium  size,  obovate;   suture  shallow;   stem  medium;  cavity  small;  bright 
red,  shading  to  purplish-red;    dots  yellow;    bloom  thin,  violet;    flesh  greenish,  firm, 
juicy,  brisk  flavor;   good;    stone  small,  oval,  nearly  free;     mid-season. 
Standard.     Domestica.     i.  Burbank  Cat.   11.1911. 

This  Standard  is  a  cross  between  Tragedy  and  Sugar  recently  sent  out  by  Luther 
Burbank.  Professor  E.  J.  Wickson  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  at  Berkeley,  California, 
describes  it  as  follows:  "  Freestone,  pit  small  f  inch  by  f  inch.  Flesh  yellowish,  melting, 
fine-grained;  very  juicy  and  sweet;  skin  dark  blue,  sub-color  dark  red,  medium  texture." 
Stark  Green  Gage.  Domestica.  i.  Bailey  Ann.  Hort.  196.  1891.  2.  Stark  Bros. 
Cat.  1891. 

Stark  Green  Gage  is  said  to  be  a  seedling  of  Missouri  Green  Gage;  introduced  by 
Stark  Brothers  in  1891.  As  tested  at  this  Station  both  of  these  varieties  are  identical 
with  Imperial  Gage. 

Steinman.  Americana,  i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:59.  1897.  2.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:288. 
1900.  3.  Ibid.  114:144.  1910.  Steinman  No. 2  3. 

Of  the  type  of  Stoddard,  originated  in  1883  by  C.  Steinman,  Mapleton,  Iowa,  from 
a  mixed  lot  of  seed  of  De  Soto,  Quaker  and  Forest  Garden.  Tree  productive;  fruit  of 
medium  size,  oval,  conical,  one-sided;  stem  short;  suture  distinct;  apex  pointed; 
crimson  with  numerous  dots;  bloom  thick;  skin  thin;  flesh  yellow,  watery,  sweet; 
good  to  very  good;  stone  medium,  oval,  pointed;  late. 
Stella.  Americana,  i.  Kerr  Cat.  6.  1900.  2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  164.  1901. 

Grown  by  Theodore  Williams  of  Benson,  Nebraska.  Tree  spreading,  very  pro- 
ductive; fruit  large,  globular,  purplish-red;  season  medium. 

Steptoe.  Domestica.  i.  Oregon  Sta.  Bui.  45:31.  1897.  2.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  152:211. 
1898.  3.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  548.  1901. 

Originated   with   Calvin   Throop    near    Steptoe    Butte,    Washington;     introduced 
by   George    Purdy,    Coif  ax,   Washington.     Tree   upright,   vigorous,   bears   every   year; 
fruit  resembles  Italian  Prune  very  much  but  is  larger  and  ripens  two  weeks  earlier; 
ovate,  purple;    bloom  thin;    flesh  yellowish,  juicy,  sweet,  pleasant. 
Sterling.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.  12.    1898. 

Cataloged  by  J.  W.  Kerr  for  three  years;    not  described. 
Stickney.     Species?     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:60.    1897. 

A  tender-fleshed  variety  of  the  season  and  size  of  Rollingstone,  grown  by  Franklin 
Johnson  of  Baraboo,  Wisconsin. 

Stint.  Domestica.  i.  Garden  52:261.  1897.  2.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:56. 
1900.  3.  Garden  62:133.  1902.  4.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  450.  1889. 

Stintpflaume  4. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  549 

Introduced  by  Thomas  Rivers  of  Sawbridgeworth,  England,  in  1885.     Tree  dwarf- 
ish, very  productive;    fruit  small,  roundish,  red  or  reddish-purple;    flesh  orange,  juicy, 
sweet,  fine;    good;    stone  free;    early. 
Stonewood.     Domestica.     i.  Mag.  Hort.  9:165.    1843. 

Listed  in  the  catalog  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society.     Fruit  of  medium  size, 
roundish,  purple;    good;    freestone;    mid-season. 
Stout.     Domestica.     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1894. 

An  inferior  blue  variety  originated  by  Mr.  Stout  of  Kent  County,  Delaware;  tested 
by  J.  W.  Kcrr. 

Strawberry.  Angustifolia  watsoni.  i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:65.  1892.  2.  Waugh  Plum 
Cult.  234.  1901. 

Tree  dwarf,  symmetrical,   much   subject   to    twig-blight.     Fruit    small,    roundish; 
cavity  shallow;    stem  slender;    skin  thin,  red;    bloom  thin;    flesh  yellow,  soft;  .quality 
poor;    stone  roundish,  clinging. 
Striped-leaved.     Domestica?     i.  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.   Trees.  21.    1803. 

Mentioned  by  Forsyth  as  one  of  the  sorts  commonly  grown  in  England  in  his  time. 
Sucker  State.     Hortulana.     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:50,  87.    1892.     2.  Col.,  O.,  Hort.  Soc. 
Rpt.  82.    1892.     3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  182.    1901. 

The  origin  of  this  variety  is  not  known,  but  it  is  thought  to  have  come  from  Illinois. 
Tree  vigorous,  fairly  productive;  fruit  medium  or  above,  round-oblong;  suture  a  line; 
cavity  shallow;  stem  slender;  dark  red;  dots  numerous,  small,  yellow;  bloom  very 
thin  or  lacking;  skin  thick;  flesh  yellow,  firm;  good;  stone  of  medium  size,  clinging; 
late. 

Suisse.  Domestica.  i.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:82.  1768.  2.  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr. 
Trees  21.  1803.  3.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:63.  1832.  4.  Downing  Fr.  Trees 
Am.  949.  1869.  s.Hogg  Fruit  Man.  726.  1884.  6.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  450. 
1889. 

Altesse  3,  5,  6.  La  Prune  Suisse  2.  Monsieur  Tardif  4,  5,  6.  Monsieur  Tardive 
3,  4.  Prime  d' Altesse  4,  6.  Prune  de  Monsieur  Tardive  3.  Prune  Suisse  i.  Prune 
Suisse  3,  4.  Swiss  Plum  3,  4,  6.  Semiana  6.  Simiana  4.  Schweizer  Pflaume  6. 
Switzer's  Plum  4,  5,  6. 

An  old  European  variety  known  under  many  names.     In  the  French  nurseries, 
it  has  been  badly  confused  with  the  Blue  Impe'ratrice  so  common  in  England.     Tree 
vigorous  and  productive;    fruit  small,  oval,  dark  purple  shading  to  dark  red;    bloom 
heavy;    flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy  and  melting;    good;    clingstone;    late. 
Sultan.     Domestica.     i.  Jour.  Hort.  21:243.    1871.     2.  Flor.  and  Pom.  145,  PL    1875. 

3.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  727.    1884. 

Raised  by  Thomas  Rivers,  Sawbridgeworth,  England,  from  seed  of  Belle,  about  1871. 
Tree  vigorous,  very  productive;   fruit  medium  to  large,  round  with  a  deep  suture;  stem 
medium;   cavity  wide;   deep  red;   bloom  thick;   flesh  greenish-yellow,  firm,  juicy,  brisk 
and  pleasant;    clingstone;    early  mid-season;    said  to  be  an  excellent  culinary  plum. 
Sultaneck  Erick.     Species?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  451.    1889. 
Sunrise.     Domestica.     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.   78.    1897. 


550  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Exhibited  by  C.  C.  Stirling,  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan,  at  the  meeting  of  the  American 
Pomological  Society  in  1897  .  Fruit  of  medium  size,  round,  yellow  and  lilac;  of  the 
Reine  Claude  type. 

Sunrise.     Americana,     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  102.    1902.     2.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui. 
43:32.    1903. 

A  seedling  of  De  Soto  from  the  Central  Experimental  Farm,  Ottawa,  Canada. 
Fruit  large,  oval;  cavity  narrow,  shallow,  abrupt;  suture  distinct,  but  not  depressed; 
apex  rounded;  yellow  more  or  less  covered  with  bright  red;  dots  few,  yellow,  distinct; 
bloom  medium;  skin  thick,  moderately  tough;  flesh  deep  yellow,  juicy,  sweet;  good; 
stone  large,  flat,  oval,  free  or  nearly  so;  late. 
Sunset.  Americana,  i.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50:46.  1898.  2.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:289.  1900. 

Originated  by  Charles  E.  Pennock  of  Bellevue,  Colorado,  in  1892.  Tree  vigorous, 
hardy,  very  productive;  fruit  large,  oval  or  oblong;  suture  distinct;  stem  rather  long, 
slender;  deep  red  on  a  yellow  ground,  beautifully  shaded;  flesh  firm,  of  excellent  quality; 
mid-season. 

Surpasse  Monsieur.     Domestica.     i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:63.    1832.     2.  Noisette  Man. 
Comp.  Jard.  2:498.    1860.     3.  Le  Bon  Jard.  341.    1882. 

A  hybrid  between  Monsieur  and  Jerusalem  raised  by  M.  Noisette  of  Paris;    first 
fruited  in  1819.     Tree  very  vigorous;   fruit  above  medium  size,  round,  purplish-black; 
flesh  yellow,  a  trifle  harsh;    excellent;    mid-season. 
Svedske  Tidlig  Leipziger.     Domestica.     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  153.    1831. 

Grown  in  the  gardens  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society  prior  to  1831. 
Svedske  Ungersk.     Domestica.     Listed  in  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  153.    1831. 
Swan.   Domestica.    i.  Rivers  Cat.  35.   1898.   2. Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:56.  1900. 

Raised  by  Thomas  Rivers  of  Sawbridgeworth,  England.  Tree  very  productive; 
fruit  large,  red;  freestone;  mid-season. 

Swan  Golden.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:56.    1900.    2.  Can.  Exp. 
Farms  Rpt.  548.    1901.     3.  Ibid.  433.    1905.         Swan  3.     Swan's  Yellow  2. 

Found  only  in  the  preceding  reports.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish;  suture 
distinct;  cavity  small;  stem  short;  yellow;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sweet,  tender;  stone 
small,  mid-season. 

Sweet  Damson.     Insititia.     i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  146.    1831.     2.  Mag.  Hort.  9:163. 
1843. 

An  English  variety  similar  to  Shropshire  except  in  its  sweetness. 
Swift.     Americana,     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  119.    1904. 

A  seedling  of  De  Soto  grown  at  the  Central  Experimental  Farm,  Ottawa,  Canada. 
Fruit  large,  broad-oval,  much  flattened;  cavity  narrow,  shallow;  suture  a  line;  apex 
slightly  flattened;  yellow,  mottled  and  washed  with  deep  red;  dots  obscure;  bloom 
light;  skin  thick,  moderately  tough;  flesh  pale  yellow,  juicy,  sweet,  pleasant;  stone 
above  medium,  oval,  almost  free. 
Szillassy  Piros.  Domestica.  i.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  152:211.  1898. 

Noted  in  the  preceding  reference  as  a  variety  imported  from  Hungary. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  551 

Tardive  de  Corny.  Species?  i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  451.  1889.  2.  Guide  Prat.  155, 
366.  1895. 

This  variety  is  a  seedling  grown  by  Victor  Simon  of  Corny,  Metz,  France.     Tree 
rather  small  in  trunk,  but  forms  a  large  head,  regularly  productive;    fruit  of  medium 
size,  roundish,  clear  yellow  blushed  with  red;    bloom  thin;    flesh  yellow,  firm,  juicy, 
sweet  and  aromatic;    good;    late. 
Tardive  de  Fourqueux.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  451.    1889. 

Mathieu  took  his  references  from  the  Journal  de  la  Societe  Nationale  et  Centrale 
d' Horticulture  de  France  169.  1885. 

Tardive  de  Genes.  Domestica.  i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  451.  1889.  2.  Guide  Prat. 
162,  366.  1895. 

An  Italian  variety  noted  for  its  size,  lateness  and  color.     Tree  vigorous,  productive; 
fruit  very  large,  roundish-oval,  yellow;   flesh  firm,  sour;   very  late. 
Tardive  Musquee.     Domestica.     i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:147.    I^73-     2-  Cat.  Cong.  Pom. 
France   370.    1887.     3.    Rev.   Hort.    536,    561.    1893.     4.    Lucas    Vollst.    Hand. 
Obst.  470.    1894.         Spate  Muskateller  Pflaume  4. 

Originated  by  M.  M.  Baltet,  a  nurseryman  at  Troyes,  France,  about  1859.     Tree 
weak,  productive;    fruit  medium  to  above,  round-oval  with  an  indistinct  suture,  very 
deep  purple;    bloom  thick;    flesh  greenish,  melting,  with  aroma  of  musk;   good;    mid- 
season.     This  may  be  the  Late  Muskatelle  of  Lucas. 
Tarleton.     Cerasifera.     i.  Kerr  Cat.  21.    1897.     2.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  13:370.    1900. 

Waugh  says  this  variety,  which  comes  from  Georgia,  is  very  similar  to  Early  Cherry. 
Tree  vigorous,  spreading  and  irregular  in  growth;  fruit  small,  round;  suture  indis- 
tinct; stem  medium,  set  in  a  shallow  cavity;  red;  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow,  soft,  sweet; 
quality  fair;  stone  small,  clinging;  very  early. 

Tatge.  Domestica.  i.  Penin.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  12.  1892.  2.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  76. 
1895.  3.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:289.  1900.  4.  Budd-Hansen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  326. 
1903.  5.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  162:258.  1905. 

Tatge  is  said  to  have  originated  at  Belle  Plains,  Benton  County,  Iowa.     In  1892, 
J.  W.  Kerr  of  Maryland  mentioned  this  plum  as  a  new  variety,  brought  to  notice  about 
1890.     Tatge  is  so  similar  to  the  Lombard  that  many  authorities  have  noted  them  as 
identical.    J.  L.  Budd  of  Iowa  considered  it  somewhat  hardier  and  less  subject  to  rot. 
Tawny.     Domestica.     i.  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  2:1528.    1688. 

Given  by  Ray  in  a  list  of  the  best  sorts  of  plums  cultivated  in  his  time. 
Taybank.     Domestica.     i.  Mag.  Hort.   12:341.    1846.     2.  Mclntosh  Bk.  Card.  2:532. 
1855.     3.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  727.    1884. 

Guthries  Taybank  i,  2,  3. 

Grown  by  Charles  Guthrie,  of  Taybank,  Dundee,  Scotland;  probably  an  offspring 
of  Reine  Claude.  Fruit  nearly  large,  ovate;  suture  faint;  stem  medium,  inserted  almost 
without  a  depression;  greenish-yellow  with  specks  of  russety-red  on  the  sunny  side; 
flesh  yellow,  juicy,  tender,  melting,  very  sweet,  approaching  Reine  Claude  in  flavor 
but  not  equal  to  that  variety;  clingstone;  mid-season. 


552  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Tecumseh.     Americana,     i.    Kerr  Cat.    13.    1897.     2.    Can.    Exp.   Farm  Bui.  2nd  Ser. 
3:52.    1900.  Hughes  Late  i. 

J.  W.  Pool  of  Indiana  who  introduced  this  plum  named  it  Hughes  Late  but  later 
changed  the  name  to  avoid  confusion  with  the  variety  named  Hughes.     Fruit  medium 
in  size,  round,  yellow  mottled  with  bright  red  changing  to  coppery-red  when  fully  ripe; 
clingstone ;   mid-season. 
Temple.     Species?     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.    1875-1899. 

Listed  by  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  its  catalog  from  1875  to  1899. 
Tenneha.     Species?     Mentioned  in  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:80.    1892. 
Tennessee.     Munsoniana.     i.  Am.  Jour.  Hort.  5:148.    1869.         Tennessee  Plum  i. 

A  strain  of  Wild  Goose. 
Terrell.  Triflora  X  ?   i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  249.    1903.  2.  Glen.  St.  Mary  Nur.  Cat.    1904. 

A  seedling  of  Excelsior  from  Jay  Terrell,  Hastings,  Florida;  introduced  by  the 
Glen  St.  Mary  Nurseries,  Glen  St.  Mary,  Florida.  Tree  healthy,  vigorous,  similar  to 
Excelsior,  bears  heavy  crops  annually;  fruit  medium  to  large,  nearly  round;  suture 
a  line;  apex  blunt;  cavity  medium  in  depth;  stem  short  and  slender;  reddish-yellow, 
somewhat  mottled  and  deepening  to  wine-red;  dots  minute,  yellowish;  skin  thin, 
tough;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  meaty,  subacid,  rich;  excellent;  stone  small,  broadly 
oval,  turgid,  clinging;  ripens  in  June  in  the  South. 

Terry.     Americana  mollis.     i.  Stark  Bros.  Cat.    1896.     2.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:271.     1900. 
3.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  224.    1902.     4.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  93:40.    1905. 

Free  Silver  2.     Free  Silver  i,  3,  4. 

H.  A.  Terry  of  Crescent,  Iowa  grew  this  variety  from  seed  of  Van  Buren;  first  fruited 
about  1896.  Tree  vigorous,  upright,  open;  fruit  large,  regular,  oval;  cavity  small, 
shallow;  suture  indistinct;  dark  red;  dots  small,  gray;  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow, 
firm  but  melting;  good;  stone  large,  oval,  clinging;  mid-season;  ripens  very  evenly. 
Terry  De  Soto.  Americana,  i.  Terry  Cat.  1900.  2.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:289.  1900. 

Terry's  Desota  i. 

A  seedling  of  De  Soto,  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry.  Tree  vigorous,  upright,  productive; 
fruit  large,  golden-yellow  overspread  with  light  crimson,  mottled  with  darker  shades; 
flesh  yellow,  rich  and  sweet;  clingstone;  early. 

Texas  Belle.     Munsoniana.     i.  Ga.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  34,  57.    1888.     2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui. 
38:50.    1892.     3.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.  32:481.    1894. 

Belle  2.     Paris  Belle  i,  3. 

Grown  by  Stephen  H.  Turner  of  Texas;  introduced  by  Dr.  W.  W.  Steele  of  Paris, 
Texas.  Tree  small,  drooping,  hardy  and  productive;  fruit  medium  to  large,  round- 
ish, light  red;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  sweet  and  pleasant;  stone  short  and  turgid,  clinging; 
last  of  June  in  Texas.  Mentioned  in  the  catalog  of  the  American  Pomological  Society 
in  1897. 
Texas  Gage.  Domestica.  i.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.  32:484.  1894. 

Noted  in  the  preceding  reference  as  having  been  grown  at  the  Texas  Experiment 
Station. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  553 

Thanksgiving.     Domestica.     i.   Green   Cat.   8.    1902.     2.    W.   N.    Y.   Hort.   Soc.   Rpt. 
25.    1904.  Thanksgiving  Prune  i. 

Thanksgiving  originated  with  a  Mr.  Gridleyof  Chili,  New  York;  introduced  in  1902 
by  Charles  A.  Green  of  Rochester,  New  York.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  oval;  suture 
distinct;  purplish-black;  sweet;  good;  late;  shrivels  and  keeps  for  some  time  after 
picking. 

Theresa.     Domestica?     i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  264.    1892.     2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  74. 
1895. 

Originated  at  Bloomingburgh,  Ohio;    named  for  Mrs.  Theresa  M.  Morris  of  that 

place.     Tree  bears  heavily  and  regularly,  hardy;    fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval, 

reddish-purple;    bloom  heavy;    flesh  yellowish-green,  very  mild,  sweet;    good;,  early. 

Thomas.     Domestica.     i.  Mag.  Hort.  7:388.    1841.     2.  Downing  Fr.    Trees  Am.  315. 

1845.     3.  Mag.  Hort.  14:155.    1848.     4.  Hovey  Fr.  Am.  1:95.    1851.     5.  Ober- 

dieck  Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  439.    1881.  Thomaspflaume  5. 

Found  in  the  garden  of  Wm.  Thomas  of  Boston  for  whom  it  was  named  by  the 
Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society;  first  fruited  about  1840.  Tree  vigorous,  pro- 
ductive, bears  early;  fruit  large,  roundish-oval  inclined  to  oblong;  suture  shallow 
with  sides  unequal;  cavity  small  and  narrow;  stem  medium,  rather  stout;  deep  amber 
mottled  and  shaded  with  soft  red;  dots  white,  numerous,  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow; 
juicy,  somewhat  coarse  with  a  mild  pleasant  flavor;  quality  medium;  stone  rather 
large,  roundish-ovate,  light  in  color,  free;  mid-season. 
Thomas  October.  Domestica?  i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  85.  1854. 

Said  to  have  originated  in  Upper  Dublin  Township,  Montgomery  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Fruit  medium  in  size,  pale  red;    good. 
Thompsons  Golden  Green.     Species?     i.  Country  Gent.  26:238.    1865. 

From  R.  O.  Thompson,  Nebraska.     Fruit  bronze  or  gold  in  color,  dotted  with  red 
in  the  sun;    very  sweet,  juicy;   freestone. 
Thorndyke  Gage.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  950.    1869. 

Originated   near    Newburgh,  New  York.     Tree  moderately  vigorous;    fruit  below 
medium  size,  roundish;  suture  slight;  pale  green;  flesh  greenish,  juicy,  sweet,  pleasant; 
clingstone;   good;   mid-season. 
Thousand-and-one.     Munsoniana.     i.  Kerr  Cat.   1894.     2.  WaughP/wm  Cult.  189.    1901. 

Origin  unknown.     Fruit  small,  round;    suture  indistinct;    cavity  small;    bright 
red  with  many  small,  conspicuous  dots;    flesh  yellow,  soft;    stone  small,  oval,  clinging; 
mid-season  or  earlier. 
Thresher.     Domestica.     i.  Pioneer  Nur.  Cat.    1900. 

An  improved  strain  of  Agen  grown  by  a  Mr.  Thresher  of  California. 
Throop.     Domestica.     i.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.   152:211.    1898.     2.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt. 
547.    1901.     3.  Mich.  Sta.  Sp.  Bui.  27:16.    1904. 

From  George  E.  Ruedy,  Colfax,  Washington,  in  1896.  Tree  vigorous,  upright,  pro- 
ductive; fruit  of  medium  size,  ovate;  cavity  small;  suture  shallow;  dark  purple; 
bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  coarse,  sweet,  pleasant;  quality  fair;  freestone; 
mid-season. 


554  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Throop  No.  i.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.  and  Ser.  3:57.    1900. 

Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  oval;   suture  broad,  distinct;   cavity  usually 
lacking;    red  with  thin  bloom;    flesh  yellow,  firm,  juicy,  sweet,  rich;    stone  roundish, 
free;  early. 
Throop  No.  2.     Domestica.     I.  Mich.  Sta.  Sp.  Bui.  27:16.    1904. 

Tree  vigorous,  unproductive;   fruit  large,  roundish;    sides  unequal;    suture  broad; 
cavity  small;    reddish-purple;    bloom  heavy;    dots  few,  yellow;    flesh  greenish-yellow, 
firm,  a  little  coarse,  sweet;  good;   stone  semi-clinging;  mid-season. 
Throssel.     Americana.     I.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:290.    1900. 

Found  wild  on  the  Des  Moines  River  by  a  Mr.  Throssel,  Pierson,  Woodbury  County, 
Iowa.     Tree  vigorous,  hardy;   fruit  large;    suture  distinct;   late. 
Tillemond.     Domestica.     i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:93.    1832. 

Belle  Tillemond  i.     Prunier  de  Tillemond  i. 

Fruit  very  large,  oval;  cavity  slight;  stem  large;  light  purple,  with  a  darker  cheek; 
flesh  greenish,  somewhat  melting,  sharp  and  acid,  not  pleasant;   late. 
Tobias  Gage.     Domestica.     i.  TV.  Y.  Sta.  Rpt.  12:612.    1893. 

Tobias  Gage  is  a  supposed  seedling  of  Reine  Claude  received  for  testing  at  this 
Station  in  1888  from  J.  T.  Macomber,  Grand  Isle,  Vermont.  Tree  moderately  vigorous 
and  productive;  fruit  below  medium  in  size,  oblate;  suture  and  cavity  shallow;  dark 
coppery-yellow  with  a  dull  mottled  red  blush;  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow,  slightly  fibrous, 
firm,  sweet;  quality  good;  stone  small,  semi-clinging;  not  equal  to  Reine  Claude  in 
appearance  or  quality. 
Togo.  Tiiflora.  i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  119.  1904. 

A  seedling  of  Red  June  from  the  Central  Experimental  Farm,  Ottawa,  Canada, 
from  seed  planted  in  1895;  named  in  honor  of  Admiral  Togo.  Fruit  above  medium, 
roundish;  suture  usually  indistinct;  cavity  narrow,  medium  in  depth,  abrupt;  yellow 
overlaid  with  deep  red,  with  many  small,  inconspicuous  dots;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  juicy, 
sweet;  good;  stone  of  medium  size,  oval,  flattened,  clinging. 
Tokeya.  Prunus  besseyiX  Simonii.  i.  5.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  108.  1908. 

One  of  a  lot  of  hybrids  originated  at  the  South  Dakota  Experiment  Station,  first 
fruiting  in  1906.     Fruit  one  and  three-eighths  inches  in  diameter,  flat,  dark  red;    flesh 
green,  sprightly  subacid,  intermediate  between  that  of  the  two  parents;    good;    stone 
very  small;   early. 
Tomato.     Cerasifera.     I.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  13:370.    1900. 

According  to  Waugh,  a  seedling  of  Pissardi,  from  A.  L.  Bruce,  Basin  Springs,  Texas. 
Fruit  small  to  medium,  spherical;   cavity  shallow;   stem  short,  slender;   dark  red;   dots 
very  minute;   bloom  thin;   flesh  soft,  yellow;  poor  to  fair;   stone  large,  oval,  flattened, 
clinging;  mid-season. 
Tomlingson.     Species?     i.  Cornell   Sta.  Bui.  38:80.    1892. 

Given  by  Bailey  in  a  list  of  native  plums. 
Towakong.     Rivularis.     i.  Bailey  Ev.  Nat.  Fruits  223.    1898. 

Creek  i.     Rivularis  i. 

The  Indian  name  of  Prunus  rivularis. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  555 

Trabesche.     Domestica.     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  28:231.    1895.     2.  Ibid.  31:348.    1895. 

Trabeshe  2. 

A  Russian  variety  introduced  into  this  country  by  Charles  Gibb;  tested  at  the 
Iowa  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  Tree  hardy,  bears  early;  fruit  large,  oval, 
blue;  quality  best;  freestone;  mid-season. 

Transparente.     Species?     i.   Oberdieck  Deut.    Obst.   Sort.   406.    1881.     2.  Guide  Prat. 
157,  366.    1895. 

Durchsichtige  i.     Die  Durchsichtige  2.     Frtihe  Gelbe  Reine  Claude  2. 

Distinct   from   the    English   variety,   Transparent.     Fruit   of   medium   size,   oval 
clear  greenish-yellow;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  juicy,  aromatic;    good;    clingstone;    early. 
Trapps    Konigspflaume.      Domestica.      i.    Oberdieck    Deut.     Obst.    Sort.    423.     1881. 
2.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  451.    1889. 

Konigspflaume  von  Trapp's  i.     Royale  de  Trapp  2.    Von  Trapp's  K onigs  Pflaume  2. 

Produced  by  Liegel.     Tree  vigorous;  fruit  medium  in  size,  oblate;   suture  shallow; 
halves  equal  or  nearly  so ;  stem  with  short  hairs;  cavity  wide,  deep;  skin  easily  removed, 
sourish;  bluish-black;   dots  fine,  numerous,  golden;  bloom  thick;  flesh  greenish-yellow, 
fine,  juicy,  sprightly,  pleasant;   freestone;    ripens  before  the  Reine  Claude. 
Traubenpflaume.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  451.    1889.         Usum  Erreck  i. 

Reference  found  by  Mathieu  in  Obst-Garten  47.    1885. 

Trauttenberg.      Domestica.      i.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:81.     1873.      2.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom. 
453-    1889. 

Die  Zfickersiisse  2.  Konig  Zwetsche  2.  Sucree  de  Trauttenberg  2.  Sucree-Douce 
De  Trauttenberg  i,  2.  Trauttenberg  Zuckersiisse  i.  Von  Trauttenberg's  Zuckersusse  2. 

Originated  in  Bohemia;  named  in  honor  of  Baron  Trauttenberg,  a  zealous  pomolo- 
gist.  Fruit  medium  in  size,  obovate  and  flattened;  suture  a  line;  skin  brownish- 
purple;  bloom  thick;  flesh  yellowish-green,  juicy,  very  rich,  aromatic;  excellent  for 
dessert;  stone  rough,  free;  mid-season. 

Trianon.     Domestica.     Listed  in  Land.  Hort  Soc.  Cat.  153.    1831. 
Trinkle  No.  4.     Triflora.  i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  135.    1905. 

John  W.  Trinkle  of  Madison,  Indiana,  grew  this  plum  from  seed  of  Burbank  about 
1897.  Tree  vigorous,  spreading;  fruit  large;  suture  medium;  apex  small;  cavity 
large,  regular,  deep;  yellowish;  dots  small,  yellow;  skin  thick,  tenacious,  bitter;  flesh 
yellowish,  slightly  translucent,  meaty,  moderately  juicy,  mild  subacid;  good  to  very 
good;  mid-season. 
Trostle.  Species?  i.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  234.  1901. 

Known  only  in  the  vicinity  of  Kingsley,  Iowa.     Fruit  dark  red. 

Trouv^e  de  Voueche.     Species?     i.  Downing  Fr.   Trees  Am.  398.    1857.     2.  Mathieu 
Nom.  Pom.  451.    1889. 

Trouvee  de  Vaunege  2.     Trouve'e  de  Von&che  2. 

Found  wild  by  Gregoire  (probably  of  Belgium)  and  introduced  by  him.  Tree  moder- 
ately vigorous;  fruit  medium  to  small,  oval,  regular,  reddish-violet  with  a  darker  cheek; 
bloom  violet;  flesh  juicy,  sweet;  very  good;  mid-season. 


556  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Truro.     Americana  X  Hortulana  mineri.     i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  47.    1895.     2.  Waugh 
Plum  Cult.  164.    1901. 

From  Ezra  W.  Tucker,  Williamsfield,  Illinois,  about  1895.  A  seedling  of  Weaver 
crossed  with  Miner.  Tree  upright,  hardy;  fruit  large,  oblong;  •  suture  shallow;  cavity 
small,  shallow;  red  with  many,  small,  russet  dots;  flesh  yellowish  with  yellow  veins, 
tender,  melting,  juicy,  mild  subacid;  very  good;  stone  medium,  oval,  clinging;  late. 
Tucker.  Species?  i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Rpt.  26.  1894. 

Another  seedling  from  Ezra  W.  Tucker;  said  to  be  grown  from  seed  taken  from  a 
cluster  of  trees  containing  Weaver,  Miner,  Wild  Goose  and  two  prune  trees;  first  fruited 
in  1894.  Tree  resembles  Wild  Goose;  fruit  medium  to  large,  pyriform,  greenish-yellow, 
overspread  with  light  purplish-red;  dots  many,  small;  skin  thick,  tender,  almost  sweet; 
very  good;  stone  large,  angular,  clinging;  mid-season. 
Tudor.  Munsoniana?  i.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.  32:481.  1894. 

Tested  at  the  Texas  Experiment  Station.     Tree  vigorous  and  productive;    fruit 
above  medium  size,  oblong,  light  red;  skin  very  thin;  flesh  acid  unless  fully  ripe. 
Turkey.     Domestica.     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576,  577.    1629.     2.  Rea  Flora  208.    1676. 
3.  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  2:1529.  1688.      4.  Langley  Pomona  95,  97,  PI.  XXV  fig.  V. 
1729.      5.  Abercrombie  Card.  Ass't  13.    1786. 

Turkic  i.     Turky  2.     Turkey  Plumb  4. 

From  the  brief  descriptions  of  the  Seventeenth  Century  writers,  it  appears  that 
Turkey  was  a  large  blue  plum  of  the  German  Prune  type  but  the  variety  has  either  long 
since  been  buried  under  the  hosts  of  new  sorts  that  have  been  developed  or  a  new  name 
has  been  given  it. 

Turkish  Prune.     Domestica.     i.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  152.    1831.     2.  R.  G.  Chase  Cat. 
3.  Rice  Bros.  Cat.   1908.         Quetsche  Turkish  i. 

The  name  "Turkish  Prune,"  although  sometimes  applied  to  the  Italian  Prune 

does  not  seem  to  be  connected  with  any  particular  variety.     It  may  be  a  synonym  of 

the  "Jerusalem  Prune"  or  it  may  have  developed,  as  a  corruption  of  the  still  older 

"Turkey"  plum  mentioned  by  Parkinson  and  other  writers  in  the  Seventeenth  Century. 

Twice  Bearing.     Domestica.     i.  Duhamel  Trait.  Arb.  Fr.  2:113.   1768.     2.  Prince  Pom. 

Man.   2:103.    I832.     3.   Land.   Hort.   Soc.    Cat.    144.    1831.     4.    Poiteau   Pom. 

Franc.    1:1846.     5.   Mas  Le   Verger  6:79.    1866-73.     6.   Nicholson   Diet.   Card. 

3:235.    7.     Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  455.    1889. 

Bifere  2,  7.  Bifere  5.  Bon  deux  fois  I' ant  2.  Bonne  deux  fois  I' an  3.  De  Deux 
Saison  5.  Deux  jois  I' an  2.  P.biferum.6.  Prune  bifere  2.  Prune  de  Deux  Saisons  2 ,  7 . 
Prune  qui  fructifie  deux  jois  Van  5,  7.  Prunier  bifere  4.  Prunier  Fleurissantet  Pous- 
sant  Deux  Fois  5,7.  Prunier  qui  fructifie  deux  jois  par  an  i ,  2.  Prunus  bifera  i.  Zweimal 
Bliihende  und  Zweimal  Tragende  Bunte  Pflaume  5,  7.  Zweimal  Tragende  7. 

A  Domestica  of  ancient  origin  grown  more  as  a  curiosity  and  an  ornamental  than 
for  utility.  Fruit  long,  almost  olive-form;  suture  faint;  skin  reddish-yellow,  heavily 
tinged  with  brown;  bloom  heavy;  flesh  coarse,  yellow,  green  beneath  the  suture,  juice 
insipid;  stone  almost  smooth,  acutely  pointed,  clinging.  The  first  crop  is  borne  the 
beginning  of  August;  the  second  very  late;  both  worthless. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  557 

Twins.     Domestica.     i.  Montreal  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  55.    1878.         Corse's  Twins  i. 

A  curious  double  plum  which  originated  with  Henry  Corse,  Montreal,  Canada; 
inferior. 
Tzaueron.     Insititia?     i.  Rev.  Hort.  357.    1891. 

Le  Prunier  Tzaneron  i.     Tzaneron  i. 

Very  generally  grown  throughout  southeastern  Europe.     Tree  below  medium  size; 
branches  upright;    leaves  small;    glabrous,  oval,  deep  green  in  color;    fruit  grows  in 
clusters,    small,  pale  yellow;    flesh  firm,  juicy,  sprightly,  refreshing.     This  variety  is 
an  important  commercial  sort  in  the  country  where  it  is  grown. 
Ulysses.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  950.    1869. 

From  western  New  York;  fruit  above  medium  size,  roundish-oval,  whitish,  shaded 
and  mottled  with  violet-purple ;  bloom  thin;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sweet;  good;  clingstone; 
mid-season. 

Uncle  Ben.     Domestica?     i.  Card,   and  For.   7:243.    1894.     2.   Kansas   "The  Plum" 
29.    1900. 

Originated  in  Stanislaus  County,  Mapa  Valley,  California;   fruit  medium  to  large, 
golden-yellow,  spotted  with  red;    flesh  sweet,  juicy,  very  good;   freestone;   late. 
Ungarische  Dattel  Zwetsche.     Domestica?     Mentioned   in   Mathieu   Nom.   Pom.    451. 

1889.         Ungarische  Spate  Bouteillen  Zwetsche. 

Union.     Domestica.     i.  Cultivator  6:269  fig.    1895.      2.  Ont.  Fr.  Exp.  Sta.  Rpt.  120. 
1898.     3.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  113:161.    1899.     4.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  124.    1901. 

Reagles'  Union  Purple  i.     Union  Purple  2,  3.     Union  Purple  4. 

Union  originated  about  1850  with  C.  Reagles  of  Schenectady,  New  York.     Tree 
hardy,  productive;    fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish-oval,  dark  purple;    bloom  thick; 
stem  adheres  strongly  to  the  fruit;  flesh  dark  yellow,  firm,  tender,  sweet,  mild;  quality 
fair;  stone  oval,  turgid,  clinging;  mid-season. 
Uryany.     Domestica. 

Introduced  from  Ammassia,  Turkey,  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture in  1904  and  sent  to  this  Station  for  testing.  Tree  vigorous,  upright  with  a  dense 
top;  fruit  variable  in  size,  roundish  to  roundish-ovate;  suture  a  line;  cavity  narrow, 
deep,  abrupt;  stem  rather  thick,  short;  dark  purple;  dots  numerous,  very  small, 
yellowish;  bloom  heavy;  skin  thin,  tough,  astringent;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  very  juicy, 
sweet,  pleasant;  good;  stone  of  medium  size,  somewhat  flattened,  clinging;  season  late. 
U.  S.  Americana,  i.  Kerr  Cat.  6.  1900.  2.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  165.  1901.  3.  Wis. 
Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  109.  1903. 

Brittlewood  No.  2  3.     United  States  3. 

Originated  by  Theodore  Williams  of  Benson,  Nebraska.  Tree  vigorous  and  pro- 
ductive; fruit  large,  spherical,  dark  purplish-red;  flesh  a  trifle  coarse;  good;  cling- 
stone; medium  to  late. 

Valence.     Domestica.     i.  Mag.  Hort.  9:163.    1843.     2.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  145,  153. 
1831.         Damas  de  Valence  1,2.     Saint  Loo  2. 

Fruit  small,  roundish,  purple;    clingstone;    late. 


558  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Valentia.     Domestica.     i.  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees  21.    1803. 

Mentioned  as  a  plum  of  value  by  Forsyth. 
Valienciennes.     Species?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  451.    1889. 

Die  Valienciennes.     Edle  Konigs  Pflaume. 
Value.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.  6.    1902-3.     2.   Can.  Exp.  Farm  Bui.   43:39.    1903. 

Originated  by  Theodore  Williams  of  Benson,   Nebraska;    introduced  in   1902   by 
J.  W.  Kerr,  Denton,  Maryland.     Tree  vigorous,  healthy  and  productive;    fruit  large, 
round  or  sometimes  inclined  to  oblong,  dark  red;    good;    clingstone;    mid-season. 
Van  Benschoten.     Domestica. 

Van  Benschoten  was  introduced  by  a  Mr.  Snyder  of  Kingston,  New  York.     Fruit 

of  medium  size,  roundish,  greenish-yellow  with  russet  spots;    good;    stone  small,  free. 

Van  Buren.     Americana  mollis.     i.  la.  Hort.   Soc.  Rpt.   286.    1887.     2.  Cornell  Sta. 

Bui.   38:42.    1892.     3.   Colo.   Sta.   Bui.    30:46,    PI.    XV.    1898.     4.   Can.    Exp. 

Farm  Bui.  43:32.    1903. 

Van  Buren  came  from  a  wild  seedling  in  Van  Buren  County,  Iowa;  introduced 
by  J.  Thacher.  Tree  spreading,  moderately  productive  and  slow  growing;  fruit  of 
medium  size,  roundish;  cavity  small;  suture  a  line;  skin  thick;  red  over  yellow;  bloom 
thin;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  firm,  sweet;  quality  good;  clingstone;  season  late. 
Van  Deman.  Americana,  i.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.  392.  1891.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt. 
88.  1895.  3.  Terry  Cat.  1900.  4.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  165.  1901. 

Van  Dieman  2. 

Van  Deman  is  a  seedling  of  Hawkeye  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa;    first 
fruited  in  1891.     Fruit  large,  oval;    cavity  small;    suture  a  line;    skin  thick;    dark  red; 
bloom  thick;   flesh  yellow;   quality  fair;   stone  oval,  flattened,  clinging;   season  late. 
Van  Houten.     Species?     i.  Terry  Cat.  5.    1900. 

A  plum  of  unknown  parentage  from  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,    Iowa;    first    fruited 
in  1895;    dwarfish;    productive;    fruit  very  large,  round,  bright  red;    mid-season. 
Venetianische  Zweimal  Tragende.     Species?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  452. 

1889.  La  Bonne  Deux  Fois  I' An.      La  Venitienne. 

Venus.     Munsoniana.     I.  Terry  Cat.  8.    1900. 

From  H.  A.  Terry;    of  unknown  parentage.     Tree  upright,  productive;    fruit  very 
large,  yellow  overspread  with  light  pinkish-red  becoming  darker  red;     dots  numerous, 
white;    flesh  yellow,  very  sweet  and  rich;    good;    clingstone;    early. 
Verdacchio.     Domestica.      i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576.    1629.     2.  Rea  Flora  208.    1676. 
3.  Gallesio  Pom.  Ital.  2:fig.    1839.  Verdock  i,  2. 

An  old  Italian  variety.     A  few  of  the  modern  writers  hold  it  to  be  the  Reine  Claude 
but  according  to  Gallesio,  it  is  a  distinct  plum.     Fruit  medium  in  size,  obovate,  greenish; 
flesh  crisp,  sweet,  agreeable;    very  good. 
Verdache.    Species?    i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  451.    1889.     2.  Guide  Prat.  161    366.    1895. 

Tree  very  productive;    fruit  small,  oval,  yellowish  olive-green  with  flesh  the  same 
color,    sweet;    late;    said  to  be  excellent  for  making  prunes  or  for  cooking. 
Vermilion.     Americana,     i.    Kerr    Cat.    1894.     2.    Wis.    Sta.    Bui.    63:44.    1897.     3. 
Waugh  Plum  Cult.  165.    1901. 

Le  Due  Vermillion  1,2.     Le  Due  Vermillion  3. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  559 

Grown  for  some  years  by  J.  W.  Kerr,  but  dropped  in  1901.     Fruit  medium  in  size, 
roundish-oblong,  bright  red;    flesh  yellow,  very  good;        clingstone;    late. 
Vermilon  Hatif.     Species?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  452.    1889. 
Vesuvius.     Cerasifera  X  ?     i.  Fancher  Creek  Nur.  Cat.    1907-8.     2.  Ibid.    1909. 

Foliage  Plum  i,  2. 

Grown  by  Luther  Burbank  from  a  cross  between  Pissardi  and  some  native 
or  Triflora  sort;  introduced  by  the  Fancher  Creek  Nurseries  in  1907.  Tree  vigorous, 
elm-like  in  habit  of  growth,  not  productive;  fruit  small,  roundish,  purplish-red;  flesh 
yellow;  quality  fair;  stone  small;  valuable  only  as  an  ornamental. 
Vick.  Munsoniana  X  Americana?  i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  287.  1887.  2.  Ibid.  276.  1893. 
3.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  87:14.  1901.  James  Vick  i,  2,  3. 

Supposed  to  be  a  seedling  of  Wild  Goose  crossed  with  some  Americana;  originated 
by  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa,  about   1880.     Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval; 
dots  numerous;   suture  distinct;  bright  red;  bloom  light;  flesh  yellowish-green,  tender; 
quality  fair;    stone  small,  clinging;    mid-season. 
Victor.     Nigra?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  426.     1900. 

A  seedling  raised  at  Indian  Head  Experimental  Farm,  Northwest  Territory,  Canada. 
Fruit  of  medium  size;    mid-season. 
Victoria.     Species?     Letter  from  Kerr. 

Originated  by  Theodore  Williams,  Benson,  Nebraska;   fruit  large,  firm;    poor. 
Violet.     Domestica.     i.  Parkinson  Par.   Ter.   578.    1629.     2.  Langley  Pomona  92,  fig. 
VII.    1729.     3.  Garden  50:223.    1897.     4.  Mich.  Sta.  Sp.  Bui.  27:16.    1904. 

Early  Violet  3.     Violette  4.     Violet  Plumb  2. 

This  variety  is  possibly  the  same  as  Pre'coce  de  Tours  but  we  are  unable  to  identify  it 
positively  with  this  or  any  other  known  variety.  The  "  Violette  "  mentioned  in  the 
fourth  reference  above  may  not  be  identical  with  the  Violet  of  the  older  writers  but  it 
seems  to  be  similar.  According  to  Parkinson  the  Violet  is  "  a  small  and  long  blackish 
blew  plum,  ripe  about  Bartholomew  tide,  a  very  good  dry  eating  plum." 
Victor  Sand  Cherry.  (Prunus  besseyi  X  Munsoniana)  X  Domestica.  i.  Am.  Br. 
Assoc.  Rpt.  2:184.  1906. 

Theodore    Williams   of    Benson,    Nebraska   pollinated   Prunus   besseyi  with   Wild 
Goose  and  the  resulting  seedling  was  fertilized  with  pollen  from   Quackenboss.     This 
final  cross  resulted  in  the  variety  under  discussion.     Fruit  nearly  two  inches  in  diameter; 
apparently  of  value. 
Violet  Imperial.     Domestica.     i.  Horticulturist  4:196.    1849. 

Die  Violette  Kaiserpftaume  i.     Imperiale  Violette  i. 

Violet  Imperial  is  usually  considered  the  same  as  Red  Magnum  Bonum  but  Liegel 
describes  it  as  distinct  in  that  its  leaves  are  shorter,  its  fruit  smaller,  darker  and  ripen- 
ing period  three  or  four  weeks  later. 

Violet  Royal.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Miller  Card.  Kal.  155.    1734. 
Violette  Americaine.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  452.    1889. 

Mathieu  found  reference  in  Revue  Horticole  351.    1869. 
Virgata.     Species?     i.  Ga.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  51.    1889. 


560  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

A  tender  shrub  of  value  only  as  an  ornamental.     Flowers  semi-double,  rose  colored; 
fruit  of  medium  size,  oblong,  yellow;   flesh  yellow,  juicy,  subacid;  quality  fair;   cling- 
stone;   very  early. 
Virgie.     Hortulana  mineri  X  Hortulana.     i.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:229.    1899. 

Originated  with  A.  L.  Bruce  of  Texas;  a  cross  between  Miner  and  Crimson  Beauty. 
Fruit  medium,  nearly  round;  suture  a  line;  cavity  very  shallow;  deep  crimson  with 
many  yellow  dots;  flesh  yellow;  good;  stone  small,  round,  slightly  flattened,  clinging. 
Virginia  Damson.  Insititia.  i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  151.  1891. 

Mentioned  in  the  preceding  reference  as  doing  well  in  Virginia. 
Von  Berlepsch  Zwetsche.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  453.     1889. 

Berlepsctis  Violette  Zwetsche. 

Von  Bose  Rote  Zwetsche.     Species?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  453.    1889. 
Von  Lade  Spate  Mirabelle.     Insititia.     Listed  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  453.    1889. 
Von  Moro  Reine  Claude.     Domestica.     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  453.    1889. 

Mathieu's  reference  taken  from  Pomologische  Monatshefte  i.    1878. 
Voslauer  Zwetsche.     Domestica.     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  453.    1889.     2.  Guide  Prat. 
163,  367.    1895. 

Similar  to  the  Italian  Prune. 
Vulcan.     Triflora  X  ?     i.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:229.    1899. 

A  hybrid  grown  by  Luther  Burbank;   much  like  Wickson.     Fruit  very  large,  oval, 
with  sides  unequal;   cavity  large,  abrupt;    stem  short,  very  stout;    suture  deep  at  the 
top;  purple  with  darker  shades;   dots  numerous,  yellow;   flesh  red  next  the  skin,  sweet 
and  pleasant;    excellent;    stone  large,  elliptical,  slightly  flattened,  clinging. 
Wabash.     Species?     i.  Ind.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.   72.    1868. 

Noted  as  a  native  variety  grown  in  Gibson  and  Posey  Counties,  Indiana.  Tree  low 
and  shrubby,  bearing  early;  fruit  large,  conical. 

Wady.     Species?     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  286.    1887.     2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:80.    1892. 
3.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:62.    1897.         Wady's  Early  i,  2,  3. 

Reported  as  of  little  value  except  for  early  ripening  and  productiveness;    fruit 
small;    good  for  canning. 
Wagner.     Americana,     i.  la.  Sta.  Bui.  46:291.    1900. 

Wagner  No. 9  i. 

A  seedling  of  Weaver  fertilized  with  a  wild  variety;  grown  by  J.  F.  Wagner,  Bennett, 
Iowa,  in  1894.  Fruit  small,  ovate;  cavity  broad,  shallow;  suture  clearly  defined; 
yellowish-red;  bloom  thin;  flesh  brownish-yellow,  sugary,  sweet;  quality  best;  stone 
large,  flattened,  clinging;  mid-season. 

Wahre  Fruhzwetsche.     Domestica.     i.  Lucas  Vollst.  Hand.  Obst.  473.    1894. 
2.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  453.    1889. 

August  Zwetsche  2.  Couetsche  Pr&coce  2.  Couetsche  Precoce  La  Vraie  2.  Diet's 
August  Zwetsche  2.  Fruhe  Gemeine  Zwetsche  2.  Fruhe  Haus  Zwetsche  2.  Frithe  Zwet- 
sche 2.  Precoce  Veritable  2. 

Tree  large,  a  quick  grower;  fruit  medium,  oval,  dark  blue;  stone  completely  free; 
valuable  for  dessert  and  drying. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  561 

Wahre  Weisse  Diapree.     Species?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  453.    1889. 

Dorell's  Neue  Weisse  Diapree. 
Wakapa.     Triflora  X  Americana,     i.  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  108.    1908. 

A  hybrid  between  De  Soto  and  Red  June  reported  by  Hansen,  the  originator, 
in  the  preceding  reference  as  worthy  of  further  testing. 
Walker  Seedling.     Domestica.     i.  Can.  Hort.  21:390.    1898. 

A  seedling  raised  by  A.  W.  Walker,  Clarksburg,  Ontario.  Fruit  of  medium  size, 
dark  maroon;  flesh  greenish,  tender,  moderately  juicy,  sweet,  pleasant;  freestone;  early. 
Wallace.  Americana,  i.  Meneray  Cat. 

A  seedling  of  Harrison  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry;  introduced  by  F.  W.  Meneray, 
Council  Bluffs,  Iowa.  Tree  healthy,  vigorous  and  productive;  fruit  large,  inclined  to 
oblong,  bright  yellow  overspread  with  red;  flesh  firm;  good;  semi-clinging;  mid-season. 
Walter.  Domestica.  i.  Oberdieck  Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  431.  1881. 

Produced  by  Herr  Walter  in  Altenburg,  Germany;  valuable  for  table  and  market 
purposes.  Tree  vigorous;  shoots  glabrous;  fruit  roundish-oval,  medium;  suture  deep; 
halves  usually  equal;  stem  thick,  straight,  strongly  hairy;  skin  not  adherent,  dark 
brown;  bloom  thick;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  very  juicy;  like  Reine  Claude  in  flavor;  early. 
Walther  Pflaume.  Species?  i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  453.  1889. 

The  reference  by  Mathieu  came  from  Monatsschrift  filr  Pomologie  281.    1858. 
Ward  October  Red.     Rivularis   X    ?     i.  Munson  Cat.  10.    1902-3. 

Found  in  Clay  County,  Texas,  by  Robert  Ward;  introduced  by  T.  V.  Munson, 
Denison,  Texas.  Tree  very  vigorous  and  hardy,  spreading  habit,  very  productive; 
fruit  dark  bright  red  with  meaty  flesh;  excellent  quality;  stone  small;  ripens  in  Texas 
in  September  and  October. 

Warner.     Domestica.     i.  W.  N.  Y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  31:60.    1886.     2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui. 
131:193.    1897. 

Warner's  Late  i.     Warner's  Late  Red  2. 

Warner  originated  in  Schoharie  County,  New  York,  and  was  introduced  by  S.  D. 
Willard,  Geneva,  New  York.  It  is  a  late  variety  too  small  and  unattractive  for  commer- 
cial purposes.  Fruit  below  medium  in  size,  roundish;  cavity  shallow;  suture  a  line; 
stem  three-quarters  of  an  inch  long;  skin  moderately  thick,  dull  greenish-red;  bloom 
thin;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  firm,  sweet,  mild;  quality  fair  to  good;  stone  oval,  slightly 
flattened,  clinging;  season  very  late. 
Warren.  Americana,  i.  Terry  Cat.  5.  1900. 

Grown  from  seed  of  Hawkeye  by  H.  A.  Terry;    first  fruited  in  1897.     Fruit  large, 
mottled  light  red,  with  thin  bloom;   late. 
Wastesa.     Species?     i.  Cir.  S.  Dak.  Exp.  Sta.    1910. 

State  Fair  No.i6    i. 

A  seedling  of  some  native  plum;  grown  and  sent  out  by  N.  E.  Hansen  of  the  South 
Dakota  Experiment  Station. 
Waterloo  Pflaume.     Domestica  ?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  453.    1889. 

Due  de  Waterloo  i.     Prune  de  Waterloo  i. 

This  may  be  identical  with  Golden  Drop  although  Mathieu  separates  them. 


562  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Watson.     Triflora  X  Angustifolia  varians?     i.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.  67:21.    1898. 

A  seedling  of  Kelsey  thought  to  have  been  pollinated  by  Lone  Star;    originated 
•with  D.  H.  Watson,  Brenham,  Texas;  introduced  by  W.  A.  Yates  in  1897.     Tree  vigor- 
ous, open;   fruit  large,  pointed,  red  when  fully  ripe;   flesh  yellow,  juicy,  melting;  stone 
nearly  free,  small. 
Watts.     Species?     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  166.    1885. 

Mentioned  as  grown  by  Dr.  D.  S.  Watts  of  Madison  County,  Mississippi. 
Waugh.     Triflora  X  Hortulana.     i.  Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  14:273.    1901.     2.  Rural  N.  Y. 
61:658.    1902.     3.  Ibid.  65:730.    1906. 

Grown  by  J.  W.  Kerr,  Denton,  Maryland,  from  seed  of  Chabot  fertilized  with  Way- 
land;  introduced  in  1901.  Favorably  reported  where  tested.  Tree  vigorous,  rapid 
and  shapely  in  growth;  fruit  medium  to  large,  roundish  inclining  to  oblong;  cavity 
shallow;  stem  slender;  dark  purplish-red;  dots  few  and  indistinct;  flesh  yellow,  firm, 
meaty;  very  good;  stone  small,  semi-clinging;  mid-season  or  early. 
Wax.  Domestica.  i.  Cultivator  3:19.  1855.  2.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  425.  1889. 

Cire  2.     Wax  Plum  2. 

Raised  by  Elisha  Dorr  of  Albany,  New  York;  thought  to  be  a  cross  between  Bleeker 
and  Denniston  Superb;  resembles  Bleeker  in  growth  and  productiveness  of  tree; 
fruit  large,  slightly  oval;  stem  very  long;  deep  yellow  overspread  with  carmine; 
flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy,  firm,  sweet  with  a  sprightly  flavor;  clingstone;  late. 
Wazata.  Nigra?  i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:42.  1892.  2.  Bailey  Ev.  Nat.  Fruits  190. 
1898.  3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  171.  1901. 

Found  wild  in  Minnesota;  introduced  by  P.  M.  Gideon  and  W.  F.  Heikes.  Tree 
upright,  very  ornamental  in  bloom;  fruit  small  to  medium,  round,  dull  red;  flesh  yellow; 
inferior;  clingstone;  mid-season  to  late. 

Webster  Gage.     Domestica.     i.  Watkins  Cat.   1892.     2.  Guide  Prat.   157,  364.    1895. 
3.  Garden  56:344.    1899. 

Reine-Claude  de  Webster  2.     Webster  Gage  2.     Webster's  Gage  1,3. 

Tree  bears  regularly  but  sparsely;  fruit  larger  than  Reine  Claude,  a  Httle  more  oval 
in  shape,  yellowish-green;  flesh  yellowish,  tender,  soft,  juicy,  rich;  mid-season. 
Weeping  Blood.     Triflora.     i.  Hill  Side  Nursery  Sp.  Cir.    1895-6. 

From  J.  L.  Normand  of  Marksville,  Louisiana;   produces  blood-red  plums  of  good 
quality;   valuable  only  as  an  ornamental. 
Weisses  oder  Grimes  Zeiberl.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  454.    1889. 

Weisse  Zeiberl  i. 

Mathieu  found  reference  to  this  variety  in  Wiener  Garten-Zeitung  290.    1884. 
Welch.     Americana,     i.  Meneray  Cat. 

Grown  by  H.  A.  Terry  from  seed  of  Hammer;    introduced  by  F.  W.  Meneray, 
Council  Bluffs,  Iowa.     Tree  upright,  vigorous;    fruit  large,  bright  red  on  a  yellow 
ground;   flesh  yellow,  rich;    clingstone;   mid-season. 
Welcome.     Americana,     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  100.    1903. 

A  handsome  seedling  of  De  Soto  grown  by  the  Central  Experimental  Farm, 
Ottawa,  Canada.  Tree  vigorous  and  productive;  fruit  above  medium  size,  oval, 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  563 

flattened;  cavity  narrow,  shallow;  rich  yellow,  more  or  less  washed  with  red;  dots 
very  small,  yellow,  indistinct;  bloom  thin;  skin  moderately  thick,  tough;  flesh  yellow, 
juicy,  sweet,  pleasant;  good;  mid-season. 

Weisse  Kaiserin.  Domestica.  i.  Oberdieck  Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  418.  1881.  2.  Mathieu 
Nom.  Pom.  431.  1889. 

Datte  Jaune  2.  Gelbe  Marunke  2.  Grosse  Gelbe  Dattel  Pflaume  2.  Grosse  Gelbe 
Dattel  Zwetsche  2.  Imperial  Jaune  2.  Prune  Datte  2.  Weisse  Kaiserin  2. 

Probably  of  German  origin;  tree  medium  in  size,  a  rapid  grower,  productive; 
fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish-oval;  suture  shallow;  stem  short,  glabrous;  skin  not 
adherent,  whitish-yellow,  the  sunny  side  dull  red,  sometimes  dotted  with  red;  dots 
numerous,  fine,  yellowish;  bloom  thin;  flesh  whitish-yellow,  firm,  very  juicy,  highly 
flavored;  good  for  dessert  and  cooking;  clingstone;  late. 
Werder'sche  Friihzwetsche.  Species?  Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  454.  1889. 

Stengel  Pflaume. 
Wetherell.     Domestica.     i.  Mag.  Hort.  6:92.    1840.         Col.  Wetherell  i. 

Originated  by  Henry  Corse,  Montreal,  Canada,  about  1830.  Spoken  of  highly 
at  the  time  of  its  origin;  valuable  for  commercial  purposes. 

Wetherill's  Sweet.  Insititia.  i.  Prince  Treat.  Hort.  27.  1828.  2.  Land.  Hort.  Soc. 
Cat.  154.  1831. 

A  Damson-like  plum;    small,  sweet  and  delicious;    clingstone;   early. 
Whatisit.     Prunus  besseyi  X  Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.  18.    1899-1900. 

Grown  by  Theodore  Williams  of  Nebraska  from  seed  of  Prunus  besseyi 
pollinated  by  an  Americana;  introduced  by  J.  W.  Kerr.  Tree  upright  and  vig- 
orous, bears  early,  productive;  fruit  small,  spherical  inclining  to  oblong,  dark 
purplish-red. 

Wheat.  Insititia.  i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576.  1629.  2.  Rea  Flora  209.  1676. 
3.  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  2:1529.  1688.  4.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  154.  1831. 
5.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  293,  383.  1846.  6.  Downing  Fr.  Trees 
Am.  913.  1869.  7.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  730.  1884. 

English  Wheat  6.  Great  Whitton  4.  Nutmeg  2.  Nutmeg  4,  5,  6.  Red  Wheate  i. 
Wheaten  3.  Wheaten  4,  5.  Whitton  4,  5.  Wheat  Plum  5.  Wheat  Plum  6. 
Wheaton  6.  Whitlow  6. 

During  the  Seventeenth  Century  this  name  was  applied  to  all  Insititia  plums  and 
is  still  so  used  in  parts  of  Europe. 

Whitaker.  Munsoniana.  i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:51,  86.  1892.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Rpt.  74.  1895.  3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  190.  1901.  4.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  212. 
1904.  Whitacre  4. 

Whitaker  is  a  seedling  of  Wild  Goose  raised  and  introduced  by  J.  T.  Whitaker  of 
Tyler,  Texas.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  oval;  cavity  shallow;  suture  a  line;  skin  thin; 
bright  red;  bloom  thin;  dots  many,  distinct;  flesh  yellow,  sweet;  quality  fair;  stone 
small,  long-oval,  pointed,  flat,  clinging;  mid-season.  Listed  in  the  catalog  of  the 
American  Pomological  Society  since  1899. 
Whitby.  Species?  i.  Can.  Hort.  18:350.  1895. 


564  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

A  seedling  exhibited  at  the  Toronto  Industrial  Fair  in  1895  by  the  originator, 
J.  K.  Gordon,  Whitby,  Canada. 

White  Corn.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  154.    1831. 
White  Diaper.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  952.    1869. 

Diapre  Blanc  i.     Diapree  Blanche  i. 

This  variety  seems  to  have  been  known  only  by  Downing  who  says  it  is  a  small, 
round  plum  with  a  whitish-green  skin  covered  with  bloom;    flesh  rather  firm,  pale 
yellow,  sweet;    good;   mid-season. 
White  Honey  Damson.     Insititia.     I.  Wild  Bros.  Cat.    1892. 

A  sweet  yellow  Damson. 
White  Muscle.     Domestica.     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576.    1629.         White  Mussell  i. 

A  strain  of  the  Muscle  plum  differing  from  it  only  in  its  greenish-white  color. 
White  Otschakoff.     Domestica.     i.  Am.   Pom.   Soc.  Rpt.   61.    1887.     2.   Bailey  Ann. 
Hort.  18.    1889.         Bielaya  Otschakorskaya  i. 

One  of  the  numerous  varieties  imported  from  East  Europe  by  the  Iowa  Agricul- 
tural College  about  1882.  At  one  time  recommended  for  the  prairie  states  by  Pro- 
fessor Budd. 

White  Pear.  Domestica.  i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576.  1629.  2.  Langley  Pomona 
96,  97.  1729.  3.  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  154.  1831.  4.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2: 
104.  1831.  Late  White  Pear  i. 

A  variety  of  ancient  and  unknown  origin.  Fruit  medium  in  size,  obovate;  flesh 
adhering  to  the  stone. 

White  Peascod.  Domestica.  i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576.  1629.  2.  Rea  Flora  208. 
1676.  Peascod  Plum  2.  White  Pescod  i. 

Mentioned  by  the  early  writers;    similar  to  the  Green  and  Red  Peascod. 
White  Prune.     Americana,     i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  228.    1909. 

Grown  by  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa;  not  yet  introduced.  Fruit  long-oval, 
yellow,  partly  over-spread  with  red;  bloom  thick,  conspicuous;  skin  thick,  tough, 
acrid;  flesh  very  firm,  meaty,  sweetish;  good;  freestone. 

White  Queen.  Domestica.  i.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige  7:95,  PI.  1859.  2.  Mas  Le  Verger 
6:101,  fig.  1866-73.  3«  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  721.  1884.  4.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom. 
454.  1889.  5.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  177:42,  43.  1899. 

Neue  Weisse  Kaiserin  4.  Prune  Reine  Blanche  i.  Reine  Blanche  2,  3.  Reine 
Blanche  2,  4.  Reine  Blanche  de  Galopin  4.  Weisse  Konigin  2.  Weisse  Konigin  4. 

Raised  by  M.  Galopin,  a  nurseryman  of  Liege,  Belgium,  about  1844;  introduced 
into  America  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  about  1890.  Tree  vigor- 
ous, upright;  fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish-ovate,  flattened  at  the  ends,  yellowish- 
white,  sometimes  tinged  with  red;  suture  shallow;  cavity  shallow,  wide;  flesh  greenish- 
yellow,  juicy,  aromatic;  good;  stone  small,  oval,  clinging;  late. 
White  Sweet  Damson.  Insititia.  i.  Mag.  Hort.  6:123.  1840. 

Originated  as  a  seedling  in  Essex  County,  New  York,  sometime  previous 
to  1840. 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  565 

White  Wheat.     Insititia.      i.   Parkinson  Par.    Ter.    576.    1629.     2.   Knoop  Fructologie 
2:63.     1771.         Spilling  Jaune-simple  2.     White  Wheate  i. 

Ayellow  variety  of  the  Wheat  plum  of  Europe.    Fruit  small,  oval,  yellow ;  fair  quality. 

White   Virginal.     Domestica.      i.   Prince   Pom.   Man.   2:73.    1831.     2.    Poiteau  Pom. 

Franc,  i.   1846.     3.  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.  306.    1854.     4.  Bridgeman  Card.  Ass't 

130.    1857.     5.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:129.    1866-73.     6.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.   454. 

1889.     7.  Guide  Prat.  158,  367.    1895. 

Altesse  Blanche?  6,  7.  Double  Beurre  Wittel  6,  7.  Peach  3.  Pr&coce  7.  Prune 
Precocel  6.  Prune  Virginale  2.  Virginal  a  gros  fruit  blanc  i.  Virginal  blanc  i.  Vir- 
ginale  4.  Virginale  a  Fruit  Blanc  6,  7.  Virginale  a  gros  fruit  blanc  5,  6,  7.  Virginal 
Blanche  6.  Virginale  blanche  3,  5,  7.  Virgin  6.  White  Virginal  4.  White  Virginale  6. 
Weisse  Jungfernpflaume  6.  IFm-stf  Jungfernpflaume  5,  7. 

A  variety  confused  by  Downing  with  the   Red  Virginal.      Fruit  medium  in  size, 
roundish-oblate;  suture  a  line;  greenish-yellow;  bloom  heavy;  flesh  pale  greenish,  juicy, 
melting,   sweet,  pleasant;    good;    clingstone;    mid-season. 
Whyte.     Nigra.     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farm.  Bui.  2nd  Ser.  3:57.    1900.     2.  Ibid.  43:39.    1903. 

Whyte's  Red  Seedling  i. 

Grown  by  R.  B.  Whyte,  Ottawa,  Canada;   under  test  at  the  Central  Experimental 
Farm,  under  the  name  "Whyte  R.  B.,  No.  3."     Fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish;   cavity 
narrow;    suture  a  line;    apex  rounded;    deep  red;    dots  and  bloom  lacking;    skin  thin, 
tender;   flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sweet;   good;   stone  long,  semi-clinging;   mid-season. 
Whitley.     Domestica.     i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.  731.    1884.  Whitley's  i. 

Fruit  below  medium  size,  round;  suture  faint;  stem  on  a  slight  elevation,  of  medium 
length,  slender;    red  with  yellow  dots,  darker  on  the  side  next  the  sun;    flesh  yellow 
with  white  veins,  juicy,  sweet  and  well  flavored;   clingstone;   late. 
Wier.     Americana,     i.  Am.  Card.  13:460.    1892.     2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:45,  86.    189;. 
3.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:63.    1897. 

Wier  Large  Red  i.     Wier's  Large  Red  2,  3. 

Originated  by  D.  B.  Wier  of  Illinois;    resembles  Miner,  but  is  no  better  than  that 
variety.     Fruit  large,  round;    skin  thin,  red;    flesh  yellow,  moderately  firm;    fair  to 
good;   clingstone. 
Wier  No.  50.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.    1894.     2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:63.    1897. 

Wier's  No.  50,  i,  2. 

From  D.  B.  Wier  of  Illinois.     Tree  vigorous,  healthy,  productive,  bears  annually; 
fruit  large,  round,  dark  red  over  yellow;    good;    clingstone;    mid-season. 
Wilde.     Domestica.     i.  Horticulturist  7:402.    1852.     2.  Downing  Fr.   Trees  Am.  953. 
1869.  Wilde's  i. 

Raised  by  a  Mr.  Comack  from  a  stone  brought  from  Italy  by  R.  H.  Wilde.  Tree 
productive;  fruit  medium  to  large,  oval-oblong,  greenish-yellow;  flesh  yellowish-green, 
firm,  dry,  sweet;  clingstone;  early. 

Wilder.     Munsoniana.     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:78.    1892.     2.  Terry  Cat.    1899.     3.  Ala. 
Coll.  Sta.  Bui.  112:178.    1900.     4.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  175.    1901. 

Col.  Wilder  i,  2.     Colonel  Wilder  4.     President  Wilder  3. 


566  THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Wilder  was  grown  from  seed  of  Wild  Goose  in  1885  by  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa. 
Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval;    suture  a  line;    skin  firm,  dark  red;    bloom  thin; 
dots  distinct;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sweet;  quality  good;  stone  large,  oval,  clinging;  mid- 
season. 
Wild  Goose  Improved.     Munsoniana.     i.  Stark  Cat.  29.    1910. 

An  improved  strain  of  Wild  Goose  introduced  by  Stark  Brothers,  Louisiana,  Missouri, 
in  1910. 

Wildrose.  Americana,  i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  134.  1887.  2.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38: 
45,  86.  1892.  3.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:64.  1897. 

A  wild  seedling  found  in  Minnesota;   introduced  in  1880  by  A.  W.  Sias,  Rochester, 
Minnesota.     Fruit  large,  round,  yellow  blushed  with  red;   flesh  firm;   clingstone;   early 
to  mid-season. 
Wilkinson.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  400.    1857. 

Tree  vigorous;  branches  smooth,  rather  slender;  fruit  of  medium  size,  oval,  slightly 
necked;   skin  reddish-purple;   bloom  thick;   stalk  medium,  set  in  a  small  cavity;   flesh 
dark  yellow,  firm,  sweet,  not  rich;    semi-clinging;   late. 
Willamette.     Domestica. 

For  a  discussion  of  this  plum  see  the  Pacific. 
Williams.    Nigra?    i.  KerrCat.    1894.    2.  Ibid.  15.    1897.    3.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:64.  1897. 

Tree  vigorous,  healthy,  moderately  productive;    fruit  large,  oblong,  pointed,  red; 
clingstone;  early. 
Wilmeth  Late.     Species?     i.   Tex.  Sta.  Bui.  32:490.    1894. 

Noticed  in  the  preceding  reference  as  on  trial. 
Wilson.     Americana,     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:64.    1897. 

Noted  in  the  preceding  reference  as  a  very  early  fine  plum. 

Wine  Plum.  Domestica.  i.  Coxe  Cult.  Fr.  Trees  237.  1817.  2.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2: 
101.  1832. 

Much  like  the  Yellow  Egg  in  appearance  but  smaller,  oblong,  pale  green ;  stem 
long;  flesh  rich,  juicy  and  well  flavored;  early. 

Winesour.  Insititia.  i.  Forsyth  Treat.  Fr.  Trees  21.  1803.  2.  Prince  Pom.  Man. 
2:101.  1832.  3.  Floy-Lindley  Guide  Orch.  Card.  294,  383.  1846.  4.  Mas  Pom. 
Gen.  2:17.  1873.  5.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  453.  1889.  6.  Guide  Prat.  163,  367. 
1895. 

Rotherham  3,  5,  6.  Sauere  Weinpflaume  4.  Sauere  Wein  Pflaume  Von  Yorkshire 
5,  6.  Sour  Wine  Plum  of  Yorkshire  5,  6.  Vineuse  acidule  4,  5.  Vineuse-Acidule  6. 
Vinisour  6.  Weinsauerliche  Pflaume  5.  Weinsauerliche  Zwetsche  4,  6.  Winesour  6. 
Winesour  Plum  5.  Yorkshire  Winesour  5,  6. 

An  old  English  variety  from  Rotherham  in  Yorkshire,  where  it  is  highly  esteemed 
for  making  preserves.  Fruit  of  the  Damson  type,  small,  oval;  stem  one-half  inch 
long;  dark  purple;  dots  dark  colored;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  sometimes  tinged  with  red 
towards  the  stone,  sour;  stone  long,  slender,  pointed,  clinging;  late. 
Winnebago.  Americana,  i.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  286.  1887.  2.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:64. 
1897.  3.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50:47.  1898. 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK.  567 

From  Minnesota;    tree  vigorous,  rigid  and  thorny,  moderately  productive;    fruit 
medium  in  size,  round,  irregular;    stem  long,  slender;    cavity  deep;   yellow  overspread 
with  deep  red;   skin  thin;   flesh  yellowish,  soft,  of  inferior  flavor;   stone  elliptical,  some- 
what oblique,  rather  flat,  rounded  at  both  ends,  clinging;    mid-season. 
Winter  Creke.     Domestica.     i.  Parkinson  Par.  Ter.  576.    1629. 

Noted  by  Parkinson  as  very  late. 

Winter  Damson.  Insititia.  i.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  146.  1831.  2.  Prince  Pom.  Man. 
2:89.  1832.  3.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  297.  1845.  4.  Hooper  W.  Fr.  Book 
244.  1857.  5.  Mas  Pom.  Gen.  2:145.  I^73- 

Black  Damson  3.  Blue  Damson  2.  Blue  Damascene  2.  Common  Blue  Damson  2. 
Common  Damson  3.  Damas  d'Hiver  5.  Damson  2.  Damson  2,  3.  Damson  Winter  4. 
Early  Damson  3.  Late  Damson  2.  Late  Purple  Damson  2.  Purple  Damson  3.  Purple 
Winter  Damson  2.  Winter  Damson  2,  5. 

Mas  thought  that  this  variety  originated  in  America,  but  since  it  was  first  noted 
in  England  it  is  probably  an  importation  to  the  New  World  from  that  country.     Downing 
distinguished  it  from  the  common  Damson  by  its  extreme  lateness.     Tree  medium  in 
size;  fruit  roundish,  small;   suture  a  line;  purplish-black;   bloom  thick;  flesh  greenish- 
yellow,  juicy,  acid,  with  a  slight  astringency;   good  for  preserving;    clingstone. 
Wiseman.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Wild  Bros.  Cat.    1908.        .Wiseman's  Prune. 
Wohanka.     Triflora  X  Americana,     i.  5.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  108.    1908. 

A  hybrid  between  De  Soto  and  Red  June  grown  by  Hansen  of  the  South  Dakota 
Experiment  Station  who  considers  it  worthy  of  trial. 
Wolf  and  Japan.     Triflora  X  Americana  mollis.     i.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  424.    1905. 

Listed  with  a  number  of  plums  which  were  tested  by  H.  T.  Thompson,  Marengo, 
Illinois. 

Wolf  Clingstone.  Americana  mollis.  i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  87:18.  1901.  2.  5.  Dak.  Sta. 
Bui.  93:13.  1905.  Clingstone  Wolf.  Wolf  Cling  i. 

Propagated  and  sent  out  in  many  cases  as  the  true  Wolf  which  it  much  resembles 
except  that  it  is  darker  in  color  and  is  a  clingstone.  It  seems  to  be  more  resistant  to 
diseases  and  insects  than  Wolf. 

Woolston.  Domestica.  i.  Mclntosh  Bk.  Card.  2:53.  1855.  2.  Horticulturist  13:168. 
1858.  3.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:153,  %•  77-  1866-73.  4.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  454. 
1889.  5.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  433.  1905. 

Reine-Claude  de  Woolston  5.  Reine-Claude  Noire  de  Woolston  3.  Woolston 
Black  4.  Woolston  Black  Gage  i.  Woolston  Gage  2.  Woolston' s  Black  Gage  3,  4. 
Woolston's  Violette  Reine-Claude  4. 

Raised  by  a  Mr.  Dowling  of  Southampton,  England.     Tree  vigorous,  productive; 
fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish,  purplish-black;    suture  not  pronounced;    cavity  deep 
and  wide;    stem  medium  in  length,  slender;    flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sweet,  sugary,  tender, 
aromatic;    very  good;   freestone;   mid-season. 
Wooster.     Munsoniana.     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:65.    1897. 

Mentioned  in  the  preceding  reference  as  not  being  hardy  in  Minnesota. 


568  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW   YORK. 

Wooten.     Munsoniana.     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:65.    1892.     2.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult. 
492.    1897.     3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  191.    1901.  Wootton  2. 

Wooten  was  found  growing  wild  in  Burnet  County,  Texas,  in   1876,  by  F.  T. 
Ramsey;   introduced  by  A.  N.  Ramsey  &  Son.     Fruit  oval;   cavity  shallow;    suture  a 
line;    skin  thin;    bright  red;    bloom  thin;    flesh  yellow;    quality  good;    stone  large, 
clinging;    mid-season. 
Worth.     Americana,     i.  Kerr  Cat.  7.    1902-3. 

Originated  by  Theodore  Williams  of  Nebraska;    named  and  introduced  by  J.  W. 
Kerr  in    1902.     Tree   vigorous,    healthy   and   productive;    fruit   large,   round-oblong, 
purplish-red  on  a  greenish-yellow  ground;   semi-clinging;   mid-season. 
Wragg.     Americana,     i.  Meneray  Cat. 

A  seedling  of  Hawkeye  grown  by  H.  A.  Terry;    introduced  by  F.  W.  Meneray, 
Council  Bluffs,   Iowa.     Tree  vigorous,  healthy,  productive;    fruit  very  large,  yellow 
blotched  with  dark  red;    flesh  yellow,  firm,  rich;    good;    clingstone;   mid-season. 
Wragg  Freestone.     Species?     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  87:18.    1901. 

Received  by  the  Wisconsin  Experiment  Station  from  Edson  Gaylord,  Nora  Springs, 
Iowa.  Fruit  medium  to  small,  roundish,  dark  purplish-red  with  numerous  elongated 
yellowish  markings;  bloom  heavy;  stem  long,  slender;  skin  tender,  not  harsh;  flesh 
greenish-yellow,  crisp,  very  rich  but  harsh  near  the  center;  stone  round,  grooved,  semi- 
clinging. 
Wunder  von  New  York.  Species?  Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  454.  1889. 

Meruille  de  New  York. 
Wyandotte.     Species?     i.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  290.    1889. 

Professor  Budd  of  Iowa  mentioned  this  plum  as  hardy  and  as  bearing  continuously. 
Wyant  and  Japan.  Triflora  X  Americana,  i.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  420.  1905. 

Mentioned  in  a  list  of  varieties  under  test  by  H.  T.  Thompson,  Marengo,  Illinois. 
Said  to  be  a  hybrid  seedling;   fruit  light  red;   fair  quality;   freestone;   mid-season. 
Wyckoff.     Munsoniana.     i.  Linn  County  Nur.  Cat. 

Wyckoff  was  found  growing  wild  along  the  Cedar  River,  Iowa,  by  a  Mr.  Wyckoff; 
introduced  by  Snyder  Brothers,  Center  Point,  Iowa. 

Wyedale.     Domestica.     i.    Hogg   Fruit   Man.    732.    1884.     2.    Garden   58:395.    1900. 
3.  Thompson  Card.  Ass't  4:159.    1901. 

From  Yorkshire,  England;  much  grown  in  the  northern  parts  of  England.  Tree 
very  productive,  strong  and  upright  in  growth;  fruit  small,  oval;  cavity  small;  dark 
purple,  almost  black;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  brisk,  juicy,  agreeably  flavored;  cling- 
stone ;  late. 

Wyzerka.     Domestica.     I.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.  73:191.    1897.     2.  Ibid.  101:121,  PI.  6  fig. 
i.    1901.     3.  Budd-Harisen  Am.  Hort.  Man.  328.    1903. 

Wiezerka  i,  2. 

Wyzerka  is  one  of  the  numerous  Russian  varieties  imported  by  J.  L.  Budd  of  the 
Iowa  Experiment  Station.  There  seems  to  have  been  some  confusion  in  the  distribu- 
tion of  this  plum,  for  Budd  and  Hansen,  in  reference  three,  describe  Wyzerka  as  a  large, 
oval,  yellow  plum  with  a  fine  peach-like  flavor;  the  variety  sent  to  this  Station  under 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  569 

this  name  bears  a  small,  purplish-black,  Damson-like  fruit,  long-oval  in  form,  cavity 
shallow;  suture  a  line;  skin  thin;  bloom  very  heavy;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  slightly  fibrous, 
sweet,  mild;  flavor  good;  stone  oval,  small,  free;  mid-season. 

Yates.     Triflora  X  Angustifolia  varians.     i.    Vt.  Sta.   Bui.   67:22.    1898.     2.    Vt.   Sta. 
An.  Rpt.  14:275.    1901. 

From  seed  of  Kelsey  thought  to  have  been  pollinated  with  Lone  Star;   originated 
with  D.  H.  Watson,  Brenham,  Texas;  introduced  by  W.  A.  Yates,  1897.    Tree  thrifty, 
healthy;   fruit  large,  roundish,  red  when  fully  ripe;    clingstone;    mid-season. 
Yellow  Americana.     Species?     Letter  from  Kerr. 

Originated  by  Theodore  Williams,  Benson,  Nebraska. 
Yellow  Egg.     Species?     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:66.    1897. 

Goff  mentions  a  variety  under  this  name  which  differs  from  the  older  plum  of  the 
same  name.    Tree  of  weeping  habit,  productive;   fruit  long;   freestone. 
Yellow,  43  Fischer.     Domestica.     i.  Bailey  Ann.  Hort.   18.    1889. 

Introduced  into  this  country  from  Russia  by  Professor  J.  L.  Budd  of  Ames,  Iowa. 

Yellow  Impe'ratrice.     Domestica.     i.  Ann.  Pom.  Beige  55,  PI.    1853.     2.  Pom.  France 

7:No.  ii.    1871.     3.  Mas  Le  Verger  6:113,  nS-    1866-73.     4.  Hogg  Fruit  Man. 

732.    1884.    5.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  431.    1889.    6.  Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France  461. 

1906. 

Altesse  Blanche  4,  5.  D'Altesse  Blanche  6.  De  Monsieur  Jaune  3.  Gelbe  Herrn 
Pflaume  5.  Imperatrice  Jaune  3,  ?$.  Jaune  de  Monsieur  2.  Jaune  de  Monsieur  5,  6. 
Monsieur  a  Fruits  Jaune  4,  5.  Monsieur  a  Fruits  Jaunes  3.  Monsieur  a  Fruits  Jaunes 
5,  6.  Monsieur  Jaune  6.  Prune  de  Monsieur  Jaune  5.  Prune  de  Monsieur  Jaune  i. 
Prune  de  Monsieur,  Variete  Jaune  5.  Prune  Monsieur  Jaune  2.  Prune  d'Altesse 
Blanche  2,  5.  Virginale  Blanche  4,  ?5.  Yellow  Impe'ratrice  ?3,  5. 

M.  Jacquin,  nurseryman  of  Paris,  France,  obtained  this  plum  from  seed  of  a  cross 
between  the  Orleans  and  the  Reine  Claude  planted  about  1820;  brought  to  notice  in 
1845.  Mas  considered  Hogg's  and  Downing's  Yellow  Impe'ratrice  as  different  from  the 
French  variety.  Tree  medium  in  vigor;  fruit  medium  in  size,  usually  roundish-oval; 
suture  broad;  halves  unequal;  skin  not  adhering,  golden-yellow,  dotted  and  streaked 
with  carmine-red;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  very  sweet  and  aromatic;  freestone;  mid-season. 
Yellow  Imperial.  Domestica.  i.  Prince  Pom.  Man.  2:59.  1832. 

Imperial  jaune  i.     Impe'riale  jaune  i. 

Described  by  Prince  as  distinct  from  Yellow  Egg  which  it  much  resembles  but 
differing  in  that  it  is  somewhat  smaller,  about  two  weeks  earlier  and  slightly  more  acid. 
Yellow  Jack.     Domestica.     Mentioned  in  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  154.    1831. 
Yellow  Jerusalem.     Domestica.     i.  Hogg  Fruit  Man.   732.    1884.     2.  Mathieu  Nom. 
Pom.  436.    1889. 

Jahns  Gelbe  Jerusalems  Pflaume  2.  John's  Jerusalems  Pflaume  2.  Jerusalem 
Jaune  i,  2.  Jahn's  Gelbe  Jerusakms-pflaume  i.  Yellow  Jerusalem  2. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval;  suture  a  line;  cavity  deep;  deep  yellow 
with  crimson  specks  next  the  sun;  flesh  yellow,  with  white  veins,  tender,  juicy,  brisk, 
sweet,  very  good;  clingstone;  mid-season. 


570  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Yellow  Magnum  Bonum.     Domestica.     i.  Jour.  Hort.  N.  S.  17:228.    1869. 

'  According  to  the  preceding  reference  this  variety  is  distinct  from  the  Yellow  Egg 
(White  Magnum  Bonum).      Fruit  medium  in  size,  oval,  dull  yellow  sprinkled  with  red 
dots;  rich;  clingstone;   young  shoots  smooth. 
Yellow  Nagate.     Triflora.     i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.   106.    1891.     2.   Can.   Exp.   Farm 

Bui.  and  Ser.  3:57.    1900. 

A  little  known  Triflora  very  closely   resembling   if  not  identical  with  some  of  the 
standard  yellow  Trifloras. 
Yellow  Oregon.     Hortulana.     i.   Wis.  Sta.   Bui   63:66.    1897.     2.   Vt.  Sta.   An.   Rpt. 

11:287.    l898- 

Described  by  Waugh  from  specimens  received  by  him  from  B.  A.  Matthews,  Iowa. 
Fruit  small,  nearly  spherical;    suture  a  faint  line;    bright  golden-yellow;    dots  many, 
whitish;  skin  thick  and  strong;  flesh  yellow  and  not  very  firm;  quality  medium;  stone 
large,  smooth,  clinging;    inferior  in  size  and  quality  to  Captain  or  Cumberland. 
Yellow  Panhandle.     Angustifolia  watsoni.     i.  Wis.  Sta.  Bui.  63:66.    1897.     2.  Bailey 
Ev.  Nat.   Fruits   222,    223.    1898.     3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.   234.    1901.     4.  Ga. 
Sta.  Bui.  67:285.    1904. 

A  variety  from  the  Panhandle  of  Texas;  introduced  by  F.  T.  Ramsey  of  Austin, 
Texas.  Tree  forms  a  close  symmetrical  head;  fruit  small,  roundish-oblong,  yellow 
overspread  with  clear  bright  red;  dots  few,  indistinct;  skin  tough;  flesh  yellow,  hard; 
quality  poor;  stone  medium,  oval,  turgid,  clinging. 

Yellow  Roman  Bullace.     Insititia.     Mentioned  in  Land.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  144.    1831. 
Yellow  Sweet.     Americana,     i.  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  38:46.    1892.     2.  Colo.  Sta.  Bui.  50: 

47.    1898.     3.  Waugh  Plum  Cult.  168.    1901. 

Thought  to  have  originated  in  Minnesota.  Tree  small;  fruit  large,  round  inclining 
to  oblong;  suture  distinct;  stem  short  and  stout;  yellow  more  or  less  mottled  and 
shaded  with  red;  bloom  thin;  flesh  firm,  juicy,  rich,  sweet;  good;  stone  round,  flat, 
clinging. 

Yellow  Transparent.  Angustifolia  varians.  i.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  162.  1881. 
2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.  25.  1897.  3.  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  113:156.  1899.  4.  Waugh 
Plum  Cult.  200.  1901. 

Transparent  4  incor.     Transparent  Yellow  2. 

Selected  from  a  seedling  orchard  of  two  thousand  trees  planted  near  Denison, 
Texas,  by  J.  L.  Freeman.     Tree  vigorous,  forming  a  handsome  top,  productive;   fruit 
medium  in  size,  oblong,  bright  yellow;    skin  thin  and  tough,  reported  to  crack  badly 
in  some  localities ;   flesh  soft  and  watery,  sweet  and  good ;   clingstone ;   early. 
Yellow  Wildgoose.     Munsoniana?     i.  Van  Lindley  Cat.  42.    1899. 

Said  to   have  been  introduced  by  R.   Bates  of  Jackson,   South  Carolina.     Fruit 
large,  equal  in  size  to  Wild  Goose  with  better  quality;   ripens  at  the  same  time. 
Yellow  Yosemite.     Species?     i.  Card.  Man.  20:176.    1878.     2.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  118:52, 

55.    1895.         Yosemite  i.     Yosemite  Yellow  2. 

Yellow  Yosemite  came  from  the  "  Rocky  Mountains  "  about  1870  with  the  Purple 
Yosemite;  introduced  by  W.  S.  Carpenter,  Rye,  New  York.  Fruit  roundish;  suture 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  571 

aline;  skin  thick,  tough,  yellow,  with  reddish  tinge;   flesh  yellow,  sweet,  tender;   stone 

roundish-ovate,  clinging;    mid-season. 

Vohe.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  954.    1869.         Yohes  Eagle  i. 

Noticed  by  Downing  who  says  it  is  an  accidental  seedling  in  the  garden  of  Caleb 
ifohe,  Bethlehem,  Pennsylvania. 

ifork  State  Prune.     Domestica.     I.  Thomas  Am.  Fruit  Cult.  504,  505.    1897.     2.  Greene 
Cat.    1897.     3.  Sweet  Cat.  13.    1897.     4.  W.  N.  Y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  44:92.    1899. 

Large  German  Prune  3.     York  State  Prune  3. 

A  seedling  grown  near  Dansville,  New  York.     As  tested  at  this  Station  and  by 
many  fruit-growers  it  is  identical  with  Italian  Prune. 
Young.     Domestica.     i.  Downing  Fr.  Trees  Am.  955.    1869.         Young's  Seedling  i. 

From  Pennsylvania.     Tree  vigorous;    fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish-oval,  deep 
reddish-purple;    flesh  yellow,  sweet;   good;   freestone;   mid-season. 
Yukon.     Nigra?     i.  Can.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.  426.    1900. 

A  seedling  grown  at  Indian  Head  Experimental  Farm,  Canada.     Fruit  of  medium 
size,  red;    skin  thick;    good;    early. 
Yuteca.     Species?     i.  Cir.  S.  Dak.  Exp.  Sta.    1910.         South  Dakota  No. 8    i. 

A  very  early  ripening  seedling  of  some  native  plum  grown  by  N.  E.  Hansen  of 
the  South  Dakota  Experiment  Station;    sent  out  in  1907. 
Zahlbruckner  Damascene.     Species?     Mentioned  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.   455.     1889. 

Zahlbruckner's  Violette  Damascene. 
Zekanta.     Species?     i.  Cir.  S.  Dak.  Exp.  Sta.    1910. 

A  large  yellow  seedling  of  some  native  plum  grown  and  introduced  by  N.  E.  Hansen 
of  the  South  Dakota  Experiment  Station. 

Zucchetta  Gialla.     Species?     Listed  in  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  455.    1889. 
Zulu.     Species?     i.   Vt.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.  12:230.    1899. 

Grown  by  Luther  Burbank  who  says  in  regard  to  its  parentage  "  It  is  a  mystery, 
being  three  or  four  generations  from  innumerable  crosses,  and  resembles  no  other  known 
species  or  variety."  Fruit  medium  in  size,  round  or  somewhat  oblate;  suture  shallow; 
cavity  broad,  open;  stem  short,  strong;  very  dark  dull  red,  almost  black;  dots  many, 
minute,  whitish;  bloom  thick;  skin  thin  and  tender;  flesh  firm,  juicy,  red,  rich  and 
sweet;  quality  good  to  best;  stone  medium  large,  rounded,  only  slightly  flattened, 
clinging. 
Zuzac.  Domestica.  i.  Kerr  Cat.  25.  1897. 

Similar  in  appearance  to  Townsend. 
Zwergpflaume.     Domestica.     i.  Kraft  Pom.  Aust.  2:35,  Tab.  183  fig.  2.    1796. 

Die  kleine  Zwergpflaume  i.     Prune  nain  i. 

Tree  low;    leaves  lance-shaped,  short-stemmed;    flowers  small,  fragrant;    petals 
long,  not  widely  opened;   fruit  hanging  on  a  long  stem,  the  size  and  appearance  of  a 
cherry  except  that  it  is  more  elongated;   pleasant;    sometimes  sourish  and  flat. 
Zwetsche  Professor  Wittmack.     Species?     i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  455.    1889. 

Referenced  by  Mathieu  from  Garten-flora  142.    1888. 


572 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 


Zwetsche  Von  der  Worms.  Species?  i.  Mathieu  Nom.  Pom.  455.  1889.  2.  Guide 
Prat.  163,  368.  1895. 

Grosse  Blaue  Zwetsche  Von  der  Worms  1,2.     Quetsche  Grosse  Blaue  de  la  Worms  1,2. 

Tree  vigorous,  productive;  fruit  large,  oval,  bluish-black;  flesh  greenish-yellow, 
juicy,  firm;  mid-season. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  573 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  AND  REFERENCES,  WITH  ABBREVIATIONS  USED. 


In  this  list  it  is  hoped  that  there  will  be  found  all  horticultural  books 
in  America  dealing  with  the  plum.  No  attempt  has  been  made  to  include 
botanical  works.  Only  such  European  books  are  recorded  as  were  found 
useful  in  preparing  the  volume.  All  the  agricultural  and  horticultural 
periodicals  to  which  references  are  to  be  found  in  the  preceding  pages 
are  given,  but  no  more.  The  reports  and  bulletins  of  experiment  stations 
and  horticultural  societies  are  not  included  since  the  abbreviations  used 
for  such  publications  are  readily  recognized.  The  date  of  copyright  has 
been  preferred  to  that  of  publication  though  sometimes  it  has  been  necessary 
to  use  the  latter,  as  when  there  were  several  editions  from  the  same  copy- 
right. 

Abercrombie,  Card.  Ass't The  Gardeners  Daily  Assistant.  By  John  Abercrombie. 

London:  1786. 

Am.  Gard American  Gardening.  New  York:  1892—1904.  (Before 

its  union  with  Popular  Gardening  in  1892,  was  known 
as  American  Garden.  Both  Popular  Gardening  and 
American  Garden  resulted  from  the  union  or  absorp- 
tion of  several  other  horticultural  periodicals.) 

Am.  Gard.  Mag American  Gardener's  Magazine.     See  Mag.   Hort. 

Am.  Hort.  An American  Horticultural  Annual.  A  Year  Book  of  Hor- 
ticultural Progress,  etc.,  under  the  general  editorial 
care  of  Dr.  George  Thurber.  New  York:  1867-1871. 

Am.  Jour.  Hort The  American  Journal  of  Horticulture  and  Florist's 

Companion.  Boston:  1867-1869.  Continued  as  Til- 
ton's  Journal  of  Horticulture  and  Floral  Magazine, 
1869-1871. 

Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt American  Pomological  Society  Report.  Issued  usually 

biennially  from  1852  to  date. 

Ann.  Hort Annals  of  Horticulture  and  yearbook  of  information  on 

practical  gardening.  London:  1846-50.  5  vols. 

Ann.  Pom.  Beige Annales  de  Pomologie  Beige  et  fitrangere;  publie"es  par 

la  Commission  royale  de  Pomologie,  institute  par 
S.  M.  le  Roi  des  Beiges.  8  vols.  Bruxelles:  1853-1860. 

Bailey,  Ann.  Hort Annals  of  Horticulture  in  North  America.  A  record 

of  Horticultural  Progress,  appearing  annually  from 
1889-1893.  By  L.  H.  Bailey.  New  York. 


574 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 


•  Bailey,  Cyc.  Hort Cyclopedia  of  American  Horticulture.     By  L.  H.  Bailey, 

assisted  by  Wilhelm  Miller.  In  Four  Volumes.  New 
York:  1900. 

•  Bailey,  Ev.  Nat.  Fruits A  sketch  of  the  Evolution  of  Our  Native  Fruits.     By 

L.  H.  Bailey.     New  York:  1898. 

Bailey,  Sur.  Unlike The  Survival  of  The  Unlike.     By  L.  H.  Bailey.     New 

York:  1906. 

Baltet ,  Cult.  Fr Traite"  de  la  Culture   Fruitiere  Commerciale  et  Bour- 

geoise.  Par  Charles  Baltet.  Quatrieme  Edition. 
Paris:  1908. 

Barry,  Fr.  Garden The  Fruit  Garden.     By  P.  Barry.     New  York:  1851- 

Revised  edition,  1883. 

Bartrum,  Pears  &  Plums The  Book  of  Pears  and  Plums.  By  E.  Bartrum.     London 

and  New  York:  1903.  Being  Volume  XI  of  Hand- 
books of  Practical  Gardening,  edited  by  Harry 
Roberts. 

Bradley,  Gard New  Improvements  of  Planting  and  Gardening,  both 

Philosophical  and  Practical.  In  three  parts.  By 
Richard  Bradley.  Seventh  edition,  London:  1739. 

Bridgeman, .  Gard.  Ass't The    Young   Gardener's   Assistant.     Three   parts.     By 

Thomas  Bridgeman.     New  York:  1857. 

Brookshaw,  Pom.  Brit Pomona  Brittanica  or  a  collection  of  the  Most  Esteemed 

Fruits  at  Present  cultivated  in  Great  Britain.  By 
George  Brookshaw.  London:  1817. 

.  Budd-Hansen ,  Am.  Hort.  Man .   American  Horticultural  Manual,  etc.     By  J.  L.  Budd 

and  N.  E.  Hansen.     In  2  vols;  vol.  2.      New  York 
and  London:  1903. 
-  Cal.  Fr.  Grower The  California  Fruit-Grower.  San  Francisco :  1888  to  date. 

Can.  Hort Canadian  Horticulturist.     Toronto:   1878  to  date. 

Cat.  Cong.  Pom.  France Socie'te'  Pomologique  de  France.     Catalogue  descriptif 

des  fruits  adopted  par  le  Congres  pomologique.  Lyon: 
1887.  Ibid.:  1906. 

Cole,  Am.  Fr.  Book The  American  Fruit  Book.   By  S.  W.  Cole.  Boston:  1849. 

Country  Gent Country  Gentleman.     Albany:  1853-1865.     The  Culti- 
vator and  Country  Gentleman.    Albany:  1866-1897. 
The  Country  Gentleman.    Albany:  1898  to  date. 

Coxe ,  Cult.  Fr.  Trees A  View  of  the  Cultivation  of  Fruit  Trees.     By  William 

Coxe.     Philadelphia:  1817. 

Cultivator Albany:  1834-1865.     In  1866  united  with  the  Country 

Gentleman. 

Decaisne  &  Naudin ,  Man.  Am. 

des  Jard Manuel  de  L' Amateur  des  Jardins.     By  Jh.  Decaisne 

and  Ch.  Naudin.     Tome  quatrieme.     Paris. 


THE    PLUMS    OF   NEW    YORK.  575 

De  Candolle,  Or.  Cult.  Plants.,   Origin  of  Cultivated  Plants.    By  Alphonse  De  Candolle. 

Geneva  [Switzerland]:  1882.    New  York:  1885. 

Downing,  Fr.  Trees.  Am The   Fruits  and   Fruit  Trees  of  America.      By  A.  J. 

Downing.  New  York  and  London:  1845.  Second 
edition,  same  text,  with  colored  plates,  1847.  First 
revision,  by  Charles  Downing.  New  York:  1857. 
Second  revision,  by  Charles  Downing.  New  York: 
1869.  First  appendix,  1872.  Second  appendix, 
1876.  Third  appendix,  1881. 

Duhamel ,  Trait.  Arb.  Fr Traite"    des    Arbres    Frontiers.       Par   M.    Duhamel   du 

Monceau.  Tomes  i  et  2.  Paris:  1768.  Edition  publie 
en  1782  en  trois  tomes.  Nouvelle  Edition  en  six 
tomes,  1807-1835. 

Elliott,  Fr.  Book Elliott's  Fruit  Book:  or  the  American  Fruit-Growers' 

Guide.  By  F.  R.  Elliott.  New  York:  1854.  Re- 
vised edition,  1859. 

Fish ,  Hardy-Fr.  Bk The  Hardy-Fruit  Book.    By  D.  T.  Fish.    Two  volumes. 

London:  probably  1882. 

Flor.  &  Pom The  Florist  and  Pomologist.  A  Pictorial  Monthly  Mag- 
azine of  Flowers,  Fruits  and  General  Horticulture. 
Conducted  at  first  by  Robert  Hogg  and  John  Spencer, 
later  by  Thomas  Moore  and  William  Paul.  London: 
1862-84. 

Floy-Lindley,Guide  Orch.  Card.  A  Guide  to  the  Orchard  and  Fruit  Garden.     By  George 

Lindley;  edited  by  John  Lindley.  American  edition 
by  Michael  Floy.  New  York;  1833.  New  edition 
with  an  appendix,  1846. 

Forsyth,  Treat.  Fr.  Trees A  Treatise  on  the  Culture  and  Management  of  Fruit 

Trees.  By  William  Forsyth.  London:  1802.  Same 
with  Introduction  and  Notes,  by  William  Cobbett. 
Albany:  1803.  Seventh  edition  [English]  London :  1824. 

Gallesio ,  Pom.  Ital Pomona  Italiana  Ossia  Trattato  Degli  Alberi  Fruttiferi 

Di  Giorgio  Gallesio.  Tomo  Secondo.  Pisa:  1839. 
Volume  2  includes  two  large  books,  Testo  2,  which 
contains  the  fruit  descriptions  and  Tavole  2,  which 
contains  the  plates. 

Gard.  and  For Garden  and  Forest.     Charles  S.  Sargent,  editor.     New 

York:     1888-1897. 
.  Gard.  Chron Gardeners'  Chronicle,  etc.    London:  1841  to  date. 

Garden Garden.     London:  1872  to  date. 

Gardening Gardening.     Chicago:  1893  to  date. 

Gard.  Mon Gardener's    Monthly,    etc.      Thomas    Mechan,    editor. 

Philadelphia:   1859-1887. 


576  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Card.  World Gardening  World,  illustrated.  A  weekly  paper  exclu- 
sively devoted  to  all  the  branches  of  practical  garden- 
ing. London:  1884-1909.  In  Vol.  20,  1903,  the  title 
was  changed  to  The  Gardening  World,  an  illustrated 
journal  for  country  gentlemen  and  professional 
gardeners.  The  editor  from  May,  1895,  has  been  John 
Fraser ;  previously  the  editor  had  been  Brian  Wynne, 
but  in  the  earlier  years  the  editor's  name  is  not 
given. 

Gaucher,  Pom.  Prak.  Obst...  .  Pomologie  der  Praktischen  Obstbaumzuchters.  Von  N. 

Gaucher.  Stuttgart:  1894. 

Gen.  Farmer Genesee  Farmer.  Edited  by  Luther  Tucker.  Rochester: 

1831-1839.  Then  consolidated  with  the  Cultivator. 
Another  periodical  of  the  same  name  was  published 
in  Rochester  from  1845  to  ^65.  Also  New  Genesee 
Farmer  and  Monthly  Genesee  Farmer. 

Gerard,  Herball The  Herball  or  Generall  Historic  of  Plantes.  By  John 

Gerard.  Enlarged  and  amended  by  Thomas  Johnson. 
London:  1636. 

Goodrich,  N.  Fr.  Cult The  Northern  Fruit  Culturist,  or  Farmers'  Guide.  By 

Chauncey  Goodrich.  Burlington,  Vt.:  1849. 

Guide  Prat Guide  Pratique  de  L' Amateur  de  Fruits.  Description 

et  Culture  des  Variete's  de  Fruits  Glassies  Par  Series 
de  Me'rite.  Composant  les  Collections  Pomologiques 
de  L'Etablissement  Horticole  Simon-Louis  Freres. 
A  Plantieres-les-Metz.  (Lorraine  Annexed)  Deuxieme 
Edition.  Revue  et  Corrige'e  par  les  Chefs  de  Culture 
de  L'Etablissement.  Paris  and  Nancy:  1895. 

Hoffy,  N.  Am.  Pom Hoffy's  North  American  Pomologist.  Edited  by  Wil- 
liam D.  Brinckle.  Book  No.  i.  Philadelphia:  1860. 

Hoffy ,  Orch.  Com Hoffy's  Orchardist's  Companion  or  Fruits  of  the  United 

States.  A  quarterly  journal.  Vol.  i,  1841—2,  Vol.  2, 
1842-3.  Alfred  Hoffy,  Editor  and  Publisher.  Phila- 
delphia. 

Hogg,  Fruit  Man The  Fruit  Manual.  By  Robert  Hogg.  First  edition, 

London:  1860.  Second  edition,  1861.  Third  edition, 
1866.  Fourth  edition,  1873.  Fifth  edition,  1884. 

Hooper,  W.  Fr.  Book Hooper's  Western  Fruit  Book.  By  E.  J.  Hooper. 

Cincinnati:  1857. 

Horticulturist The  Horticulturist  and  Journal  of  Rural  Art  and  Rural 

Taste.  Albany,  Philadelphia  and  New  York:  1846- 
1875.  Founded  by  A.  J.  Downing.  Other  editors  were 
Barry,  Smith,  Mead,  Williams  and  the  Woodwards. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  577 

Hovey,  Fr.  Am The  Fruits  of  America.  Two  Volumes.  C.  M.  Hovey. 

Boston:  1851. 

Jour.  Hort Journal  of  Horticulture  began  as:  The  Cottage  Gardener; 

or  Amateurs'  and  Cottagers'  guide  to  out-door  garden- 
ing and  spade  cultivation.  London:  1849—1861.  25 
vols.  (Edited  Vols.  1-13  by  G.  W.  Johnson,  vols. 
14-25  by  G.  W.  Johnson  and  R.  Hogg.)  Continued 
as  The  Journal  of  Horticulture,  Cottage  Gardener  and 
Country  Gentleman.  .  .  .  New  Series.  London:  1861— 
1880.  38  vols.  (edited  by  G.  W.  Johnson  and  R. 
Hogg) — continued  under  the  same  title  as  ...  Third 
Series.  London:  1880-1909.  59  vols.  (edited  by  R. 
Hogg). 

Jour.  Roy.  Hort.  Soc Journal  of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society.  London: 

1846  to  date.  Vols.  1-9;  1846-55,  bear  the  title  of 
Journal  of  the  Horticultural  Society  of  London. 

Kenrick ,  Am.  Orch The  New  American  Orchardist.  By  William  Kenrick. 

Boston:  1832.  Second  edition  revised,  1835.  Seventh 
edition,  enlarged  and  improved,  with  a  supplement, 
1844. 

Knoop ,  Fructologie Part  i .  Pomologie  ou  Description  des  Meilleures  Sortes 

de  Pommes  et  de  Poires.  Part  II.  Fructologie  ou 
Description  des  Arbres  Fruitiers.  Par  Jean  Herman 
Knoop.  Amsterdam:  1771. 

Koch,  Deut.  Obst.., Die  Deutschen  Obstgeholze.  By  Karl  Koch.  Two 

Parts.  Stuttgart:  1876. 

Kraft,  Pom.  Aust Pomona  Austriaca.  Abhandlung  von  dem  Obstbaumen. 

By  Johann  Kraft.  Wein:  1792. 

Lange ,  Allgem.  Garten Allgemeines  Gartenbuch.  By  Theodore  Lange.  Two 

Volumes.  Second  Edition,  Leipsic:  1879. 

Langley,  Pomona Pomona;  or  the  Fruit  Garden  Illustrated.  By  Batty 

Langley.  London:  1729. 

Lauche,  Deut.  Pom Deutsche  Pomologie.    Von  W.  Lauche.    Berlin:    1882. 

Le  Bon  Jard Le  Bon  Jardinier.  i26th  Edition  Almanach  Horticole, 

1882  and  the  I2gth  Edition,  1884.  Paris. 

Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat A  Catalogue  of  the  Fruits  Cultivated  in  the  Garden  of 

the  Horticultural  Society  of  London.  London:  1826. 
Second  edition,  1831.  Third  edition,  1842.  A  sup- 
plement was  published  in  1853. 

Loudon ,  Arb.  Frut.  Brit Arboretum  et  Fruticetum  Britannicum.  By  J.  C. 

Lou  don.  Second  Edition,  Volume  2.  London:  1844. 

Loudons  Enc.  Gard An  Encyclopedia  of  Gardening,  etc.  By  J.  C.  Loudon. 

New  edition.  London:  1834. 


578  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Lucas,  Vollst.  Hand.  Obst.  ...    Vollstandiges    Handbuch    der    Obstkultur.       Von    Ed. 

Lucas.   Stuttgart:  First  edition,  1880;  second  edition, 

1886;    third  edition,  1893.     Third  edition  edited  by 

Fr.  Lucas.    1894. 
Mag.  Hort Magazine  of  Horticulture.     Boston:  1837-1868.     First 

published  under   name   American  Gardener's  Maga- 
zine,   1835-6.      Edited  by  C.   M.  Hovey  with  P.  B. 

Hovey,  Jr.,  associate  editor  during  1835-6. 
Manning,  Book  of  Fruits Book  of  Fruits.     By  Robert  Manning.     Salem:  1838. 

Second  edition  with  title,  New  England  Fruit  Book. 

Revised  by  John  M.  Ives.   Salem:  1844. 
Mas,  Le  Verger Le  Verger.    Par  M.  Mas.    Tomes  8.    Paris:  1866-1873. 

Tome  6.    Prunes. 
Mas,  Pom.  Gen Pomologie  Ge"ne"rale.  Par  M.  Mas.     Tomes  12.     Paris: 

1872-83.    Tome  2,  1873.  Prunes. 
Mathieu,  Nom.  Pom Nomenclator   Pomologicus.    Von  Carl   Mathieu.    Berlin: 

1889. 
Miller,  Gard.  Diet Gardener's  Dictionary.  By  Philip  Miller.  London:  1754. 

Revised  edition,    Volumes   I   and  II.      By  Thomas 

Martyn.     London:   1807. 

Miller,  Gard.  Kal Gardener's  Kalendar.   By  Phillip  Miller.   London:  1734. 

Mclntosh ,  Bk.  Gard The  Book  of  the  Garden.    By  Charles  Mclntosh.    Two 

Volumes.     London:  1855. 
McMahon,  Am.  Gard.  Cal.  .  .  .   The    American    Gardener's    Calendar.        By    Bernard 

McMahon.    Philadelphia:  1806. 
Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y Natural  History  of  New  York.     Part  V.  Agriculture. 

By  Ebenezer  Emmons.     Vol.  Ill  devoted  to  fruits. 

Albany:  1851. 
Nat.  Nur National  Nurseryman.    Edited  by  R.  T.  Olcott  and  later 

by  John  Craig.    Rochester:  1893  to  date. 
N.  E.  Farmer  Diet The  New  England  Farmer  or  Georgical  Dictionary.    By 

Samuel  Deane.     Second  Edition.    Worcester,  Mass.: 

1797. 
Nicholson,  Diet.  Gard.. The  Illustrated  Dictionary  of  Gardening.     By  George 

Nicholson,  assisted  by  J.  W.  H.  Trail  and  J.  Garrett. 

Four  volumes,     London.     Supplement  to  same.  By 

George  Nicholson  et  al.  London:  1900. 
Noisette,  Man.  Comp.  Jard. . .   Manuel  Complet  du  Jardinier.    Par  M.  Louis  Noisette. 

Paris:  1860. 
Oberdieck,  Deut.  Obst.  Sort.  .   Deutschlands  beste  Obst-Sorten.   Von.  F.  G.  C.   Ober- 

dieck.     Leipzig:  1881. 
Oregon  Agric Oregon  Agriculturist.      Edited  by  W.  E.  Williamson. 

Portland:  1891  to  date. 


THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK.  579 

Parkinson ,  Par.  Ter Paradisi  in  Sole.  Paradisus  Tcrrestris.  By  John  Park- 
inson. London:  1629. 

Phillips,  Com.  Orch The  Companion  For  the  Orchard.  By  Henry  Phillips. 

New  Edition.  London:  1831. 

Poiteau ,  Pom.  Franc Pomologie  Francaise.  Recueil  des  Plus  Beaux  Fruits 

Cultive"s  en  France.  Par  Antoine  Poiteau.  Tomes  1-4. 
Paris:  1846. 

Pom.  France Pomologie  de  la  France.  Ou  Histoire  et  Description 

De  Tous  Les  Fruits  Cultive's  En  France.  Ouvrage 
Public  avec  le  concours  des  Socie'te's  d'Agriculture 
et  d' Horticulture  Francaises.  Tome  VII.  Lyon:  1871. 

Pom.  Mag Pomological  Magazine.  Three  Volumes.  London:  1828- 

30.  This  work  has  also  been  published  under  the 
title  Pomona  Brittanica. 

Popular  Card Popular  Gardening.  An  illustrated  periodical  devoted 

to  Horticulture  in  all  its  branches.  Vol.  i,  Buffalo: 
1886.  Continued  as  Popular  Gardening  and  Fruit 
Growing.  An  illustrated  periodical  devoted  to  Horti- 
culture in  all  its  branches,  Vols.  II- VI.  Buffalo:  1887- 
91.  All  six  volumes  edited  by  E.  A.  Long;  these  con- 
solidated with  American  Garden  and  continued  as 
American  Gardening.  New  York:  1892-1904. 

Prince,  Treat.  Hort A  Short  Treatise  on  Horticulture.  By  William  Prince. 

New  York:  1828. 

Prince ,  Pom.  Man The  Pomological  Manual,  or  a  Treatise  on  Fruits.  By 

William  Robert  Prince,  aided  by  William  Prince. 
Second  edition.  Parts  I  and  II.  New  York:  1832. 

Quintinye,  Com.  Gard The  Complete  Gard'ner;  or  Directions  for  Cultivating 

and  Right  Ordering  of  Fruit  Gardens  and  Kitchen 
Gardens.  By  Monsieur  De  la  Quintinye.  Second 
edition.  London:  1699. 

Ray,  Hist.  Plant Historia  Plantarum.     By  John  Ray.     London:  1688. 

Rea,  Flora Flora:  Seu,  De  Florum  Cultura;  or  A  Complete  Flori- 

lege.  By  John  Rea,  Gent.  London:  1676. 

Rec.  Hort Woodward's  Record  of  Horticulture.  Edited  by  A.  S. 

Fuller.  (An  annual.)  New  York:  1866-1868. 

Rev.  Hort Revue  Horticole.     Paris:  1829  to  date. 

Rural  N.  Y Rural  New  Yorker.  Rochester  and  New  York:  1850 

to  date. 

Soc.  Nat.  Hort.  France  Pom. . .  Socie'te'  Nationale  d'Horticulture  de  France.  Section 

Pomologique.  Les  Meilleurs  Fruits  au  de"but  du  XXe 
Siecle.  Paris:  1904. 

Sou.  Cult Southern  Cultivator.    Augusta,  Ga. :  1843. 


580  THE    PLUMS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Thomas ,  Am.  Fruit  Cult American  Fruit  Culturist.  By  John  J.  Thomas.  First 

edition,  Geneva  and  Auburn,  N.  Y. :  1846.  Edition 
of  1849,  Auburn,  N.  Y.  Edition  of  1867,  1875-1885, 
New  York.  Twentieth  edition,  revised  and  enlarged 
by  William  H.  S.  Wood.  New  York:  1897. 

Thompson,  Gard.  Ass't The  Gardener's  Assistant.  By  Robert  Thompson.  Two 

volumes.  London:  1859.  Same,  revised  by  William 
Watson.  Six  volumes.  London:  1901. 

Traite"  Prat.  Sech.  Fruits Traitd  Pratique  du  Se"chage  des  Fruits  et  des  Ldgumcs. 

Par  J.  Nanot  et  L.  Tritschler.  Paris:  1893. 

U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt Reports  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture: 1862  to  1894. 

U.  S.  D.  A.  Yearbook Reports  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture: 

1894  to  date. 

U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt Reports  of  the  Agricultural  section  of  the  United  States 

Patent  Office:  1837  to  1861. 

Waugh ,  Plum  Cult Plums  and  Plum  Culture.  By  F.  A.  Waugh.  New  York: 

1901. 

Wickson,  Cal.  Fruits California  Fruits.  By  Edward  J.  Wickson.  Second 

Edition.  San  Francisco:  1891.  Same,  Fourth  edition. 
Los  Angeles:  1909. 

Willich ,  Dom.  Enc Domestic  Enclycopedia  or  a  Dictionary  of  Facts,  etc. 

By  A.  F.  M.  Willich.  First  American  edition  with 
additions  by  James  Mease.  In  five  volumes.  Vol.  4, 
Philadelphia:  1803. 


INDEX. 


(Names  of  varieties  in  this  index,  if    accepted    names,    appear    in    Roman  type;    if    synonyms,    in    italics.) 


Abbaye    d'Arton,     391 

Abricot     Blanc,     Blanche,     de     France ; 

Abricot     ordinaire;     Abricote ;     Abri- 

cotec;    Abricotee    Blanc,    Blanche,    de 

Tours,     Pcrdrigon      (Syns.     of     Apri- 
cot),    148 
Abricot    de    Guthrie     (syn.    of    Guthrie 

Apricot),    457 
Abricotee   de   Braunau,   391 
Abricotee    de    Braunau     (syn.    of    Abri- 
cotee   de    Braunau),    391 
Abricot 6e    de    Braunau    Nouvelle     (syn. 

of    I.iegel    Apricot),    484 
Abricotee  de  Lange,  391 
Abricotee     de     Liegel     (syn.     of     Liegel 

Apricot),    484 
Abricotee     de     Roycr     (syn.     of     Royer 

Aprikosen    Pflaume),    535 
Abricotee  de  Trauttenberg,  391 
Abricotee     de      Trauttenberg      (syn.      of 

Abricotee  de  Trauttenberg),  391 
Abricote    Hatif ;    Abricotee    Native,    or 

Precoce     (syns.     of     Early     Apricot), 

437 
Abricotee     Nouvelle     de     Ddrcll     (syn. 

of    Dorell    Aprikosenpflaume),   434 
Abricot,    Abricote    or    Abricotee    Rouge 

(syns.    of    Red    Apricot),    321 
Abricotee   Rouge   de   Trauttenberg    (syn. 

of  Abricotee  de  Trauttenberg),  391 
Abricotee       Sageret       (syn.      of      Reine 
.  Claude),    327 
Abricot    Princesse,    391 
Abricot    Vcrd    or    Vert    (syn.    of    Reine 

Claude),    327 
Abundance,    136 

Abundance    (syn.    of    Abundance),     136 
Adair,    D.    L.,    var.    orig.    by,    292 
Admirable,    391 
Admiral,    391 
Admiral    Rigny    or    de    Rigny    (syn.    of 

Ri.cny),    532 

Admiral    Dewey    (syn.    of    Dewey),    432 
Admiral    Schley,    391 
Advance,    392 
Acchte      Gclbe     Eicrpftaume      (syn.      of 

Yellow    Egg),    386 
A    Flettr    Double    (syn.    of    Red    Date), 

322 

African,   392 
Agen,    138 
Agen     Date     or     Prune ;     Agen     Datte ; 

Agener     Kaiscrz-vctsche     or     Pflaume 

(syns.    of    Agen),    138 
Aitken    (syn.    of   Aitkin),    140 
Aitkin,    140 
Ak    Erik    (syn.    of    Diel    Grosse    Weisse 

Damascene),    432 
Alabama,    392 
Albany    Beauty,    392 
Alberta,   393 
Albert's     Damascene;     Albcrtus    Damcn 

Pflaume    (syns.    of   Yellow   Egg),    386 


Aldcrton    (syn.   of   Victoria),  363 

Aldcrton   (syn.  of  Sharp),  340 

Al  Erik  (syn.  of  Diel  Grosse  Weisse 
Damascene) ,  432 

Alexander,    393 

Alexander's  Late  (syn.  of  Alexander), 
393 

Alhambra,   141 

Alibuchari,    393 

Alice,    393 

Allen,  393 

Allfruit,  393 

Allie,  393 

Aloe,  393 

Aloisc's  Green  Gage  (syn.  of  Reine 
Claude),  327 

Alois   Reine-Claude,    393 

Alois'  Reine  Claude  (syn.  of  Alois 
Reine  Claude),  393 

Aloo   Bokhara,   393 

Alpha,    393 

, \lpha- Americana,    394 

Altcsse    (syn.    of    Suisse) ,    549 

Altesse  Blanche  ?  (syn.  of  White  Vir- 
ginal), 565 

Altcsse  Blanche  (syn.  of  Yellow 
Imperatrice),  569 

Altcsse  Double   (syn.  of  Italian  Prune), 

253 

j  Altcsse  du  Roi  (syn.  of  Early  Or- 
leans), 198 

Altesse  'ordinaire  (syn.  of  German 
PTune),  219 

Althahn's  Rote  Rcinc-Claude ;  Althan's 
or  Althann's  Reine  Claude  (syns.  of 
Altham),  141 

Altham,    141 

Anmlia  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Red  Diaper), 
323 

Amaryllis,   394 

Amber,    394 

Amber   Primordian,    394 

Amber  Primordian  (syn.  of  Early  Yel- 
low), 203 

Ambre  de  Provence  (syn.  of  Bern- 
steinzwetsche) ,  402 

Ambre    Tardif,    394 

Ambrec       Tar  dive       (syn.       of      Ambre 
Tardif),    394 

Amelie    Blanche,    394 

Amelie   Noire,    394 

Amelioree,    394 

America,    142 

American,    143 

American  Cherry  Plum  (syn.  of  Myro- 
balan),  290 

American  Damson  (syn.  of  Frost 
Gage),  216 

American   Eagle,    144 

American   Golden,   394. 

American   Magnum   Bonum,    394 

American  Prune,   394 

American  Prune   (syn.  of  Daws  on),   186 


American  Seedling   (syn.  of  American), 

American  Violet,  394 

American   Wheat,   395 

American  Wheat  (syn.  of  American 
Wheat),  395 

American  Yellow  Gage;  American  Yel- 
low Gage  (syns.  of  Yellow  Gage), 
388 

Amiral   de  Rigny    (syn.    of  Rigny),   532 

Ames,    144 

Ananas  Zwetsche  (syn.  of  Petite 
Quetsche  Sucree),  515 

Ananas  Zwetsche  (incor.)  (syn.  of 
Large  Sugar  Prune),  480 

Ancient   City,   395 

Anderson,    395 

Anderson's  Early  Red  (syn.  of  Ander- 
son), 395 

Angelina  Burdett,   395 

Anglaise   Noire    (syn.    of   Orleans),    302 

•inglcsio    (syn.    of    Washington),    368 

Angloise    Noire    (syn.    of    Orleans)    302 

Angouleme,   395 

Anna,  395 

Anna  Lawson  (syn.  of  Lawson), 
482 

Anna  Maria,  395 

Anna    Spaeth    (syn.    of    Anna    Spath), 

395 

Anna  Spath,  395 
Annual  Bearer,  395 
Apple,  396 
Apple,  146 

Apple  Plum   (syn.   of  Apple),  396 
Apricock      Plum,      Apricocke,      Apricot, 

Apricot  Plum,  Apricot  Plum  of  Tours 

(syns    of   Apricot),    148 
Apricot,    147 

Apricot  (syn.  of  Duane),   196 
Apricot,    396 

Apricot  Plum  (syn.  of  Peach),  309 
Apricot  Plum  (syn.  of  Simon),  346 
Apricot  Plum  (syn.  of  Red  Apricot), 

321 

Aprikosenartige   Mirabelle,   396 
Aprikosenartige      Mirabelle       (syn.       of 

Mirabelle),    284 
Aprikosenartige    Pflaume    or    Aprikosen 

Perdrigon    (syns.    of   Apricot),    148 
Arab,   396 

Arab  No.   i    (syn.  of  Black  Prune),  404 
Arab  No.  2  (syn.  of  Nicholas),  295 
Arabische  Kirsche  (syn.  of  Myrobalan), 

290 

Arch   Duke,    148 
Arctic,   150 
Arctic,  396 
Arkansas,    152 
Arkansas  Lombard   (syn.   of  Arkansas), 

152 

Arris,    John,    var.    orig.    by,    339 
Ashes   Seedling,  396 


582 


THE  PLUMS   OF   NEW  YORK. 


Ashridge   Black,   396 

Asiatische  Kirsche  (syn.    of   Myrobalan), 

290 
Askew's   Golden   or    Golden   Egg    (syn. 

of  Yellow  Egg),  386 
Askew's  Purple  Egg  (syn.  of  Red  Mag- 

num  Bonum),    325 
Assiniboia,   396 
Aston,    396 

Aston  Green   Gage,  396 
Atkins,  396 
A-248,  397 
Aubert,  397 

Aubertiana    (syn.    of   Yellow  Egg),    386 
Auburn,   397 
Auchtertyre,   397 
August,  397 
August?     Zwetsche      (syn.      of     Italian 

Prune),    253 

Augustine,  A.  M.,  var.  orig.  by,  475 
August  Pflaume    (syn.  of  Damson),    186 
August  Red   (syn.   of  August),   397 
August  Zwetsche,  397 
August     Zwetsche      (syn.      of     Wahre 

Fruhzwetsche),    560 
August      Zwetsche      (syn.      of      Italian 

Prune),    233 
Aunt  Ann,  397 

Aunt  Ann  (syn.  of  Aunt  Ann),  397 
Aurora,  397 
Auserlesene    Gelbe    Reine-Claude    (syn. 

of  Yellow  Gage),  388 
Auserlesene      Rote      Reine-Claude      or 

rothe     Reineclaude      (syn.      of     Red 

Gage),   527 

Austrian  Quetsche,  397 
Automne       de       Schamali       (syn.       of 

Schamal),   540 
Autriche     Violette     (Pr.     d.)     (syn.     of 

Hungarian),   246 

Autumn  Beauty    (syn.   of  Belle),    158 
Autumn     Compote      (syn.     of     Autumn 

Compote),    153 
Autumn  Compote,    153 
Autumn  Gage   (syn.   of  Autumn  Gage), 

398 

Autumn  Gage,  397 
Avant    Prune    blanche    (syn.    of    Early 

Yellow),    203 
Azure,  398 
Azure    Native    (syn.    of    Early    Blue), 


Babcock   (?)    (syn.   of  Abundance),    136 
Babcock   (syn.   of  Chabot),    172 
Backpflaume    (syn.    of   German   Prune), 

219 

Bailey,  398 

Bailey    (syn.   of  Chabot),    172 
Bailey    (syn.    of   Lyon),  488 
Bailey,    Liberty    Hyde,    plum    investiga- 

tions of,  64;  quoted,  63,  65,  99,  541 
Baker,  398 

Baker,  var,  orig.  by,  398 
Baker    (syn.   of   Stoddard),   332 
Baker  Damson   (syn.  of  Baker),  398 
Baker's      German      Prune       (syn.       of 

Baker),    398 
Baldwin,  398 
Bal     Erik     (syn.     of     Nikitaer     Blaue 

Fruhzwetsche),  504 
Ballonartige    Gelbe    Zwetsche,    398 
Ballonartige   Rote    Damascene,   398 


Baltet,   M.   M.,  var.   orig.  by,   551 
Bambcrger  Eier  Pflaume    (syn.   of   Blue 

Egg),   405 
Bambergcr  Eier  Pflaume    (incor.)    (syn. 

of  Kaiser  Wilhelm),  474 
Bankalari   Friih   Damascene,  398 
Bankalari's  Rote  Frith  Damascene   (syn. 

of  Bankalari  Fruh  Damascene,  398 
Banker's  Gage,  399 
Bant  Spite  Reine  Claude,  399 
Bant's  Late   Green   Gage   (syn.    of  Bant 

Spate  Reine  Claude),   399 
Baraboo,    399 
Rarbary,  399 

Barberry    (syn.    of  Barbary),   399 
Bardak   Erik    (syn.    of   Nikitaer    Dattel- 

zwetsche),  504 

Barkhausen   Violette  Reine  Claude,  399 
Barkley,   399 
Barnsback,  399 

Barnsbeck    (syn.   of  Barnsback),    399 
Baronne  Helen  Trauttenberg,  399 
Barry,   quoted,    167 
Bartlett,   154 

Bartlctt    (syn.   of  Oren),   300 
Basaricatta,   399 
Basilic      (syn.      of      Hungarian      Musk 

Prune),  465 
Bassett,   155 
Bassctt's    American    (syn.    of    Bassett), 

'55 

Bastle,  399 

Batchelor  Damson,  399 
Battle  Monument   (syn.  of  Blue  Perdri- 

gon),   164 
Bauern     Pflaume     (syn.     of     Gemeiner 

Gelbe   Spilling),   451 
Baucrnpftaume        (syn.        of       German 

Prune),  219 
Bavay,    155 
Bavay's  Early   Gage  'or  Bavay's  Friihe 

Reine-Claude    (syns.    of    July    Green 

Gage),  474 
Bavay's    Green    Gage,    Reine    Claude    or 

renkloie;  Bavays  Reine-Claude   (syns. 

of  Bavay),    155 
Bazalicza,   399 
Bazalicza    Damson    or    Zwetsche;   Baza- 

licza's     Grosse     Blaue     Zwetsche     or 

Prune  -(syns.    of   Bazalicza),   399 
Beach   Plum,    400 
Beals,  400 

Beals,  George  F.,  var.  orig.  by,  400 
Bean,  400 

Beatty    (syn.    of   Aitkin),    140 
Beatty,  James,  var.  orig.  by,  396 
Beaty,  400 

Beaty,  Lee,  var.  orig.  by,  400 
Beaty   Choice;   Beaty's   Choice;  Beauty, 

Beauty's  Choice   (syn.  of  Beaty),  400 
Beauty  of  Naples  (syn.  of  Naples),  502 
Bechstein  Spitzpfiaume,  400 
Bedford,  400 
Beef's  Heart  (syn.  of  Coeur  de  Boeuf), 

420 
Beekman's  Scarlet    (syn.    of   Lombard), 

268 

Beer   Plum,   400 
Behren's         Konigspflaume;         Bchrens 

Konigspflaume     (syns.     of    Royale    de 

Behrens),   535 
Bejonnieres,    157 


|  Belgarian    Prune    (syn.    of    Bulgarian), 

4i' 

Belgian  Purple,  157 
Belgian   Purple    (syn.    of    Belgian    Pur- 

plc),    157 
Bclgische    Damascene    (syn.    of    Belgian 

Purple),   157 
Bell,   400 

Bell,   Levi,  var.   orig.   by,   539 
Belle,    158 

Belle    (syn.   of  Texas  Belle),    552 
Belle  A' Albany  (syn.  of  Albany  Beauty), 

392 
Belle    de    Dout     (syn.    of    Chauviere), 

417 

Belle  de  Hardy,  400 
Belle  de  Louvain,  400 
Belle   de  Paris,   401 
Belle   de   Riom,   401 
Belle  de  Schoneberg,   401 
Belle   de   Schoneberg    (syn.    of   Belle   de 

Schoneberg),  401 
Belle    de    Septembre     (syn.    of    Belle), 

•58 
Belle    Tillemond    (syn.    of    Tillemond), 

554 

Bell's  October   (syn.   of  Bell),  400 
Belsiana,  401 
Belvoir,   401 
Bely    Zwetsche    (syn.    of    Large    Sugar 

Prune),    480 
Bender,   401 
Benedict,    401 
Beni   Botan,  401 
Beni-Smono     No.     3     (syn.     of     Blood 

Plum),    405 
Beni   Smono  No.   4   (syn.   of  Satsuma), 

337 

Benschoten,  401 
!;enson,    401 

P.enson    Market    (syn.   of  Benson),   401 
Uerckmans,    159 
Berckmans,     P.     J.,     life     of,     159-160; 

var.    orig.    by,    159 
Berger,   160 
Berlepsch,  402 

Berlepsch's        Grosse        Griine        Reine- 
Claude    (syn.    of   Berlepsch),    402 
Berlepchs  Renclode  Grosse  Griine  (syn. 

of  Berlepsch),  492 
Berlet  Friih  Damascene,  402 
Berliner   Pftaume    (syn.    of    Griine    Dat- 

tel   Zwetsche),  456 
Bernsteinzwetsche,  402 
Bcrnstcinzwetsche     (syn.     of    Bernstein- 
zwetsche),  402 
Berry   Plum,    402 
Berryhill,   402 
Best,  var.  orig.  by,  307 
Best   Black  Blood,   402 
Best  of  All,  402 
Bestovall      (syn.      of      Best      of      All), 

402 

Beta,  402 
Betterave,  402 
Beverly,  quoted,  21,  84 
Beztercser  Grosse  Zwetsche,   402 
Biconical,    402 
Biclaya  Nicholskaya   (syn.  of  Nicholas), 

295 
Bielaya   Otschakorskaya   (syn.   of  White 

OtschakofT),    564 


THE  PLUMS  OF   NEW  YORK. 


583 


Bicler  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Noire  de  Mon- 
treuil),  504 

Bicry,  403 

Bifere    (syn.    of  Twice   Bearing),    556 

Big  Blue   (syn.  of  Gueii),  234 

Big  Rose,  403 

Bilboa    (syn.    of   Early   Yellow)    203 

liiles,  H.  A.,  var.  orig.  by,  403 

Bilona,   403 

Biltern    (syn.   of  Bittern),  403 

Bingaman   (syn.  of  Oren),  300 

Bingham,    403 

Bingham    (syn.    of  Jefferson),   255 

Bingham's  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Bingham), 
403 

Biondeck,    403 

Biondeck's  Fruhzwetsche;  Biondeck's 
roths  Friihzwctsche  (syns.  of  Bion- 
deck), 403 

Birchland,  403 

Bischofsmutze  (syn.  of  Bonnet 
d'Eveque),  407 

Bischtin  Erik  (syn.  of  Fruhe  Griine 
Zwetsche),  448 

Bittern,    403 

Bixby,    403 

Black    Arab    (syn.    of    Black    Arabka), 

Black  Arab  (syn.  of  Black  Arabka),  404 

Black  Arabka,  404 

Black  Ball,  404 

Black  Bullace,   161 

Black  Bulleis  (syn.  of  Black  Bullace), 
161 

Black  Damask,    404 

Black  Damask   (syn.  of  Morocco),  288 

Black  Damask    Hasting,    404 

Black  Damosine    (syn.   of  Damson),    186 

Black  Damson    (syn.    of    Damson),    186 

Black  Damson  (syn.  of  Late  Black 
Damson),  480 

Black  Damson  (syn.  of  Winter  Dam- 
son), 567 

Black  or  Blacke  Damascene  (syn.  of 
Damson),  186 

Black  Damask    (syn.   of  Morocco),   288 

Black  Diamond  (syn.  of  Diamond),   191 

Black  Diapred   (syn.  of  Violet  Diaper), 

365 

Black  Hawk,    404 
Black  Hill,  404 
Black  Imperial      (syn.      of     Bradshaw), 

166 

Black-knot,    discussion    of,    126,    127 
Blackman    (syn.   of  Charity  Clark),  417 
Blackman,    Dr.,   var.   orig.   by,    163 
Black  Morocco   (syn.   of  Morocco),   288 
Black  Muscle   (syn.  of  Muscle),  501 
Black  Mussell    (syn.   of  Muscle),    501 
Black   Orleans    (syn.   of  Late   Orleans), 

265 

Black  Pear,   404 
Black  Perdrigon,  404 
Black  Perdrigon   (syn.   of  Early   Blue), 

438 

Black  Prune,  404 
Black  Prune    (syn.    of    Black    Arabka), 

404 

Black  Prunella,   404 
Black  Prunella    (syn.    of   Sloe),    544 
Black  Prune     No.     I     (syn.     of     Black 

Prune),   404 

Black  Utah  Hybrid  (syn.  of  Utah),  362 
Black  Vengerka  (syn.  of  Black  Prune), 

404 


Blackman,    163 

Blackthorn    (syn.    of   Sloe),    544 

Blaisdon,   404 

Blaisdon's   Red   (syn.   of  Blaisdon),  404 

Blanche  Grosse  Espece   (syn.   of   Reine 

Claude),    327 
Blaue     Damascenerin     (syn.     of     Lange 

Violette   Damascene),   479 
Blaue    Dattel    Pflaume    (syn.    of    Hun- 
garian), 246 
Blaue  Diaprce   (syn.   of  Violet  Diaper), 

365 
Blaue  Eier     (incor.)      (syn.     of    Kaiser 

Wilhelm),   474 
Blaue  Eierpflaume   (syn.   of  Blue  Egg), 

405 
Blaue  Eier     Pflattme      (syn.     of     Large 

Sugar    Prune),    480 

Blaue  Eier  Pflaume   (syn.  of  Red  Mag- 
num  Bomim)    325 
Blaue   Eierfflaume    (syn.   of  Jerusalem), 

472 
Blaue   Fasanen   Pflaume    (syn.    of   Blue 

Perdrigon),   164 
Blaue  Hcrzformige    Pflaume     (syn.     of 

Violet    Diaper),   365 
Blaue  Kaiserin     (syn.    of    Imperatrice), 

249 
Blaue  Kaiser    Pflaume     (syn.     of    Blue 

Egg),  405 
Blaue  Kaiserpflaume      (syn.      of      Red 

Magnum  Bonum),  325 
Blaue  Krieche   (syn.   of  Haferpflaume), 

458 

Blaue  Reine    Claude,    405 
Blaue    Reine-Claude     (syn.     of    Purple 

Gage),   318 
Blaue  Ricsenzwetsche    (syn.    of    Italian 

Prune),    253 
3lauer  Perdrigon    (syn.    of    Blue    Per- 
drigon),   164 
Blauer  Spilling   (syn.  of  Nikitaer  Blaue 

Fruhzwetsche),    504 
Blaue    von    Belgien     (syn.     of    Belgian 

Purple),    157 
Blaue  Zipper   (syn.   of  Bechstein   Spitz- 

pflaume),    400 
Blaugh,   405 
Bleecker's;     Bleecker's     Gage,     German 
Gage,      Yellow,      or      Yellow      Gage; 
Blecker's;      Bleeker's      Gage,      Gelbe 
Reine-Claude,   Gelbe  Renklode,   Gelbe 
Zwetsche,     Yellow,    or     Yellow    Gage 
(syns.   of  Bleeker),   163 
Bleecker's    Rathe     Pflaume;    Bleecker's 
Scarlet;     Bleeker's     Rotepfiaume     or 
Scarlet;      Bleeker's      Rathe      Pflaume 
(syns.    of   Lombard),   268 
Bleeker,    163 
Bleeker,    Mrs.,    var.    orig.   by,    164,   405 
Bleeker   Large   Red,   405 
Bleu   de   Belgique;   Bleu    de  Bergues  or 
de    Pergue;    Bleue    de    Belgique,     de 
Bergues,   de  Peck  or  de  Perk   (syns. 
of   Belgian   Purple),    157 
Bleue  de  Perse,  405 
Bleue   d'ltalie   (syn.   of  Italian  Prune) 

253 
Blew     Damask     or     Damson     (syn.     ol 

Damson),    186 
Blew   Perdrigon    (syn.    of    Blue   Perdri 

gon),    164 
Blood  Plum,  405 


Hood  Plum   (syn.  of  Satsuma},  337 
Blood    Plum    (syn.    of    Shviata    Bene), 

543 
Blood    Plum    No.     3     (syn.     of     Blood 

Plum),  405 
Hood  Plum  No.   4   (syn.    of   Satsuma), 

337 

Blubenthal,   405 

Blubenthal  Damson  (syn.  of  Bluben- 
thal), 405 

Blucher's  Gage    (syn.   of  Bleeker),    163 
Blue    Apricot,    405 

Blue  Damascene  (syn.  of  Winter  Dam- 
son), 567 

Hue  Damson  (syn.  of  Damson),  186 
Hue  Damson  (syn.  of  Winter  Damson), 

567 

Blue  Egg,  405 

Blue  Egg-Plum  (syn.  of  Hungarian), 
246 

Blue  Eye,  405 

Blue  Gage   (syn.  of  Early  Blue),  438 

Blue  Holland   (syn.   of  Holland),  462 

Blue  Imperatrice  (syn.  of  Imperatrice), 
249 

Blue  Imperatrice  (syn.  of  Red  Mag- 
num Bonum),  325 

Blue    Imperatrice     (syn.    of    Semiana), 

Jlue  Imperial   (syn.  of  Bradshaw),   166 
3lue  Magnum  Bonum   (syn.   of  Gueii), 

234 

Blue  Matchless,    405 

Blue  Moldavka,   405 

^luemont,    405 

Blue  Perdrigon  (syn.  of  Imperatrice), 
249 

Blue  Perdrigon,    164 

Blue  Perdrigon  (syn.  of  Blue  Perdri- 
gon), 164 

Blue  Perdrigon   (syn.  of  Early  Tours), 

202 

Blue  Plum,  406 

Blue  Prolific,    406 

Blue  Prolific    (syn.    of    Blue    Prolific), 

406 

Blue  Primordian,  406 
Blue  Prune,  406 
Blue  Rock,  406 
Blue  Tweens,    406 
Blue  Violet,    406 
Blum,   406 
Bocksdutten    or    Bockshoden    (syns.    of 

Red   Magnum    Bonum),    325 
Boddaert,    165 
Boddaert's      Green      Gage      or      Reine 

Claude;  Boddart's  Green  Gage  (syns. 

of   Boddaert),    165 
Bohemian    Prune,    406 
Bohns    Mirabelle    or    Gestreifte    Mira- 
belle   (syns.   of   Mirabelle   De   Bohn), 

496 

Bole   (syn.   of   Bowie),   407 
Bolmar;  Bolmer;  Bolmar's  or  Bolmer's 

or    Bolmore's    Washington    (syns.    of 

Washington),    368 
Bomberger,  406 
Bon    deux    fois    Van     (syn.    of    Twice 

Bearing),    556 
Bongoume,    407 
Bonne   Bouche,   407 
Bonne  de  Bry,  407 


5§4 


THE  PLUMS  OF  XEW  YORK. 


Bonnemain  de  la  Digue,  407 

Bonne  Rouge,  407 

Bonne  St.  Ann  (syn.  of  St.  Anne),  537 

Bonnet  d'Eveque,  407 

Bonnet      d'Eveque      (syn.      of      Bonnet 

d'Eveque),    407 
Bonne    Verte    (syn.    of   Reine    Claude) 

327 
Bonum  Magnum   (syn.  of  Red  Magnum 

Bonum),    325 
Bonum  Magnum   (syn.   of  Yellow  Egg) 

386 

Bossland,    407 

Botan    (syn.  of  Abundance),    136 
Botan   (syn.  of  Berckmans),   159 
Botan   (syn.  of  Red  June),  324 
Botan   (syn.  of  Willard),  379 
Botan  No.  26   (syn.  of  Willard),  379 
Botan   White    (syn.   of  Berckmans),    159 
Botankin    (syn.    of  Kelsey),   258 
Botankio    (syn.    of  Abundance),    136 
Bottle  Plum  (syn.  of  Red  Prune),  529 
Boulouf  (syn.  of  Jodoigne),  472 
Bouloff    (syn.   of  Boulouf),  407 
Boulouf,  407 
Bouncer,  407 

Bourgeois,  M.,  van  orig.  by,  174 
Bower,  407 

Bower,  var.  orig.  by,  407 
Bower's  Gage   (syn.  of  Bower),  407 
Bowie,   407 
Brackett,   408 
Bradford   Cage,    Green    Gage   or    Queen 

Gage    (syns.   of  Reine  Claude),  327 
Bradley's    King    or    King    of    Damsons 

(syns.    of   King   Damson),    259 
Bradshaw,     166 

Bradshaw   (syn.   of  Bradshaw),   166 
Bradshaw    (syn.   of  Gueii),  234 
Bradshaw    (syn.   of  Nectarine),  291 
Brahy,    408 
Brahy' s    Green    Gage    (syn.    of    Brahy), 

408 

Brainerd,   408 

Braincrd's  Best   (syn.  of  Brainerd),  408 
Brandon  Ruby,  408 
Brandy  Gage,   408 
Brant   of  Naples,   408 
Brauman,   408 
Braunauer    Aprikosenartige;    Braunauer 

Aprikosenartige    Damascene    or    Neue 

Kernfrucht     (syns.    of    Abricotee    de 

Braunau),   391 
Braunauer     Damascenenartige     Pflaume, 

408 
Braunauer  Konigs  Pflaume  or   Violctter 

Perdrigon    (syns.   of  Buchner  Konigs- 

pflaume),   410 
Breck,   408 

Breck,  Joseph,  var.   orig.  by,  454 
Breece,   J.    S.,    var.    orig.   by,   414,   421, 

425,  458,  496,  498,  511,  512,  535,  539, 

54',  544 
Breitgedriickte      Kaiser      Zwetsche      or 

Zu-etsche   (syn.  of  Quetsche  Aplatie), 

523 
Bremen      Prune      (syn.      of      Austrian 

Quetsche),  397 

Brevoort,    Henry,  var.   orig.   by,   408 
Brevoort    Purple,    408 
Brevoort' s    Purple,    Purple    Bolmar    or 

Purple     Washington;    Brevorts;     Bre- 

vort's    Purple;   Brevorts   Purple   Bol- 


mar; Brevorts'  Purple  Bolmar  (syns. 
of  Brevoort  Purple),  408 

Brianc,on,   409 

Bricet    (syn.    of   Late   Mirabelle),    263 

Bricct   (syn.  of  Saint  Catherine),  334 

Bricctta  or  Bricctte  (syns.  of  Late 
Mirabelle),  263 

Bricctte    (syn.   of  Saint  Catherine),   334 

Brignole,   409 

Brignole  (syn.  of  Brignole  Violette) 
409 

Brignole    (syn.    of   Orleans),    302 

Brignole  or  B rig nolle  (syns.  of  White 
Perdrigon),  375 

Brignole  Jaune   (syn.    of  Brignole),   409 

Brignole  Plum    (syn.    of   Brignole),   409 

Brignole   Violette,   409 

Brignole  Violette  (syn.  of  Blue  Perdri- 
gon), 164 

Brignole  Violette  (syn.  of  Orleans) 
302 

Brill,    409 

Brisctte  (syn.  of  Late  Mirabelle,  263 ; 
of  Saint  Catherine,  334) 

Bristol,   409 

Briton  Seedling,  409 

Brittle  wood,   409 

Brittle-wood  No.  I  (syn.  of  Brittle- 
wood),  409 

Brittlcwood  No.  2  (syn.  of  U.  S.),  557 

Brittlewood  No.   3,   410 

Britzer  Egg,  410 

Brock,  410 

Brodie,  R.,  var.  orig.  by,  410 

Brodie,   410 

Brompton,  410 

Brooklyn,  410 

Brown,  var.  orig.  by,  461 

Brown,  John,  var.   orig.   by,   445 

Brown-rot,   discussion   of,    127 

Brown's  Crimson  Drop  (syn.  of  Crim- 
son Drop),  424. 

Bruce,  A.  L.,  life  of,  527—528;  van 
orig.  by,  402,  423,  425,  434,  447,  455, 
490,  509,  519,  526,  527,  554,  560 

Bruce,  Philip  Alexander,  quoted,  84, 
85 

Brugnole  (syn.  of  Brignole  Violette) , 
409 

Brugnole    (syn.   of   Orleans) ,   302 

Brugnon  de  Neerveteren  (syn.  of 
Rademakers),  525 

Brugnon  Gage  (syn.  of  Reine  Claude), 
327 

Brugnon  Green  Gage  (syn.  of  Reine 
Claude),  327 

Rrunner  Zwetsche,   410 

Brunswick,    410 

Brussels,   410 

Brustwarscnpflaume,  Die  (syn.  of 
Mamelonnee),  489 

Bruyn  Gage  (syn.  of  Reine  Claude), 
327 

Bryan,    410 

iiryanston,    168 

Jiryanston  Gage;  Bryanstone;  Bryan- 
stone  Gage;  Bryanston's  Gage  (syns. 
of  Bryanston),  168 

Buchanan,   410 

3uchner  Konigspflaume,  410 

3uckman,   Benjamin,   var.   orig.   by,   476 
Budd,  410 


Budd,  Prof.  J.  L.,  life  of,  145;  quoted, 
145,  269;  var.  orig.  by,   145,  362,  471 
Duel,   411 

II  IK-!,    Judge,    var.    orig.    by,    256 
Bud's       Favorite;       Buel's       Liebling's 

Zwetsche    (syns.   of  Buel),   411 
Buffalo  Bill,  411 
Buhl-Eltershofen,  411 
Buhl-Eltcrshofen      Zwetsche      (syn.      of 

Buhl-Eltershofen),   41 1 
Buhler,   411 
Buhler's  Early  Prune   (syn.  of  Buhler), 

411 

Bulah  No.  4,  411 
Bulgaria,    411 
Bulgarian,  411 

Bullace   (syn.   of  White  Bullace),  373 
Bullace    (syn.    of   Damson),    186 
Bullace  group,  40 

Bullesse   (syn.  of  Black  Bullace),  161 
Rullman,  411 

Bullock,   Jesse,   var.   orig.    by,    1 75 
Bullock,  411 

Bullock's   Heart   (syn.   of   Bullock),   411 
Bull  Plum,  411 
Bunker  Hill,  41 1 
Bunte  Friih  Pflaume,  411 
Bunte    Hersformige    Pflaume     (syn.     of 

Red   Diaper),   323 
Bunter  Perdrigon,  412 
Buntfarbige    Violette    Pflaume    (syn.    of 

Violet  Diaper),  365 
Buon-Boccone        (syn.        of        Catelano 

Giallo),  415 
Burbank,  169 
Burbank  First,  412 

Burbank,  Luther,  life  of,  1 70—1 71 ; 
quoted,  76,  77,  95,  96,  146,  '47,  333, 
571;  var.  orig.  by,  141,  142,  146,  147, 
154.  170,  I71*  179,  222,  225,  237,  257, 
275,  285,  296,  297,  333,  337,  343, 
354,  377>  393,  402,  416,  420,  421, 
439,  446,  447,  450,  452,  461,  465, 
467,  471,  473,  480,  483,  485,  491, 
504,  518,  521,  539,  543,  547,  548, 
559,  56o,  571 
Burbank's  First  (syn.  of  Burbank 

First),   412 
Burbank  No.    i,   412 
Burbank    No.    2    (syn.    of    Abundance) , 

136 
Burbank    No.    3    (syn.    of   Late    Blood), 

480 

Burbank  No.  4  (syn.   of  Heikes),  460 
Burbank  No.   7,  412 
Burbank  No.    u,  412 
Burbank  X  Redick,  412 
Burbank's    Sultan     (syn.    of    Occident), 

295 

Burchardt  Gelbe  Friih  Zwetsche,  412 
Burettes,   412 
Burford,    412 
Burgnon  Gage    (syn.   of  Reine  Claude), 

327 

Burgunder     Zwetsche      (syn.      of     Bur- 
gundy Prune),  412 
Burgundy  Prune,   412 
burgundy    Prune     (syn.     of    Burgundy 

Prune),  412 
Burlington  Gage,  413 
3urnet,    413 

Burrettes    (syn.    of   Burettes),    412 
Bursoto,  413 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Burwood  (syn.  of  Emerald),  442 
Bury  Seedling   (syn.   of  Golden   Drop 

228 
Bush;   Bush   Plum   of   Kent    (syns.    o 

Kent),    476 
Byefield,   413 

Caddo  Chief,  413 
Caldwell    Golden   Drop,   413 
Caldwell's   Golden   Drop   (syn.   of  Ca!< 

well    Golden    Drop),    413 
Caldwell's   White    Gage    (syn.    of    Cald 

well   White   Gage),   413 
Caldwell    White    Gage,   413 
Caledonian  (syn.  of  Dove  Bank,  435;  o 
Goliath,    231;    of    Nectarine,    231;    o 
Peach,  309) 

California   (syn.  of  Agen),   138 
California,   413 
California      Seedling;      Cal.       Seedlin 

(syns.   of  California),   413 
Cah-cls       Pfirschenpflaume       (syn.       o 

Peach),   309 
Cambell,  414 
Cambcll's   Seedling    (syn.    of    Cambell) 

4'4 

Camp,  Charles  B.,  var.  orig.  by,  478 
Campbell,   414 
Canada  Blue,  414 
Canada  Egg   (syn.  of  Canada  Orleans) 

414 

Canada  Orleans,  414 
Canadian   Apricot,    414 
Canawa    (syn.   of  Kanawha),  474 
Candelaria,   414 
Candelaria  Prune   (syn.  of  Candelaria), 

414 
Cant's     Late     Green     Gage     (syn.     of 

Reine  Claude),  327 
Caper,  414 

Capitaine  Kirchhof,  414 
Capitaine    Kirckhof    or   Kirckkof    (syns. 

of  Capitaine   Kirchhof),   414 
Captain,  414 
Capt.   Bacon,    415 
Capt.   Watrous,  415 
Caradeuc   (syn.   of  De  Caradeuc),   188 
Caro,   415 
Caroline,   415 
Carpenter,    415 
Carriere,  quoted,  336 
Carson,   415 

Carstesen,   H.   P.,  var.   orig.  by,   415 
Carstesen,    415 
Cartier,  Jacaues,  quoted,   70 
Carver,   415 
Castelane;    Castellan     (syns.    of    Early 

Yellow),   203 
Cnt.-ilana  Propria,  415 
Catahna-Susina  (syn.  of  Catalano),  415 
Catalana     Toscana     (syn.     of    Catalans 

Propria),  415 

Catalane;   Catalonia;    Catalonian;   Cata- 
lonische    Kricke    or    Pflaume;      Cata- 
lonischer    Spilling     (syns.     of    Early 
Yellow),  203 
Catalano,  415 
Catelana     Morella     (syn.     of     Catelano 

Yiolacco),    416 

Catelane  (syn.  of  Catalano),  413 
Catelane  Giallo,  415 
Catelano  Yiolaceo,  416 


Catharincnpfaume   (syn.  of  Saint  Cat 

erine),  334 
Catharinenpflaume       von        Schenecta 

(syn.    of   Schenectady),    540 
Catherine,  416 
Catherine     (Prune    de    Ste.)     (syn.    o 

Saint    Catherine),    334 
Catherine  violette   (syn.  of   Saint  Mar 

tin),  336 
Cavcl's  Pfirschenpflaume    (syn.    of  Ne< 

tarine),  291 
Cel,  416 
Centennial,  416 
Centralia,   416 

'crasus  nigra,  69 
Ccrasus  umbellata,  78 
Cerasiis  pubescenSj   92 

'erise;     Ccrisette;     Certsette    Blanche 

Cerizette    (syns.    of    Myrobalan),    29 

Cerisette      Blanche       (syn.       of      Gelbi 

Kirschpflaume,  450;  of  Early  Yellow 

203) 

'ernay    Perdrigon    (syn.    of    Perdrigon 

of   Cernay),    514 

Cernay     Perdrigon      (syn.     of     Cernej 

Perdrigon),  416 
Cerney   Perdrigon,    416 
Ceur  de  Beuf,  416 
Chabardin,    M.,  var.   orig.   by,  456 
"habot   (syn.  of  Chabot),   172 
7habot,    172 
Thabot   Blood,   416 
Chalco,    174 
Chambourcy,   174 
Champion,   175 
'hampion,    416 
:iiampion    Prune    (syn.    of   Champion), 

175 

'hancellor  Gage,  416 
hapin,   Aaron,  var.   orig.   by,  416 
'hapin,   416 

'ha fin' s  Early   (syn.   of  Howell),  465 
hapman,   var.    orig.   by,   367 
'hafman's     Prince     of     Wales;     Chap- 
man's Prince  of  Wales'   Plum    (syns. 

of  Wales),  366 
hariot,   417 
harity  Clark,  417 
harlcs    Downing     (syn.    of    Downing), 

193 

harloite    (syn.   of  Charlotte)    417 
harlotte,   417 
banner,  417 

hase    (syn.    of  Abundance),    136 
hautauqua,  417 

hauviere,  M.,  var.  orig.  by,  417 
hauviere,  417 
fieney,   176 
beresoto,   417 
berokee,  417 
lerry,    417 

herry  (syn.  of  Cheney,  176;  of  Myro- 
balan, 290;  of  Queen  Mother,  522) 
hcrry  Plum  (syn.  of  Myrobalan),  290 
lester,  417 

lester  County  Prune,  418 
lestnut,  418 

'icston;   Chcston   Matchless;   Cheston's 
Plumb    (syns.    of   Violet   Diaper),    363 
ncasaw  Chief  (syn.  of  Miner),   281 
lickasaw    (syn.    of    Scioto),    541 
ncrigland,    418 
li/i   (syn.   of  Pond),  314 


585 

Chinook,  418 

Chippewa,  418 

Chippeway  (syn.  of  Chippewa),  418 

Choptank,  418 

Christian,   418 

Christie,   418 

Christ's     Damascene      (syn.     of     Musk 

Damson),  501 
Churchill,  419 
Chypre,  418 
Cinnamon,    419 
Cire   (syn.  of  Wax),   562 
Ciriselle   (syn.   of  Myrobalan),  290 
Cistena,  419 
City,  419 
Clairac    Mammoth     (syn.     of     Imperial 

Epineuse),  250 
Clara,   419 
Clarendon,  419 

Clark,  Thomas,  var.  orig.  by,  522 
Clark,   419 

Claudia    (syn.   of  Reine  Claude),  327 
Cleavinger,   419 

'leveland,  419 

Clifford,   Mrs.,  var.  orig.  by,   420 
Clifford,  419 

riimate,    effects   of,    101-109 
Climax,    178 
Climax's   Brother,  420 
Clingstone   Wolf    (syn.    of   Wolf   Cling- 
stone),  567 
Cling  Stem,   179 
Clinton,    420 
Cloth    of    Gold;     Cloth    of    Gold    Plum 

(syn.  of  Drap  d'Or),   194 
Cloth  of  Gold;  Cloth   of  Gold  Espercn 

(syn.   of  Esperen),  206 
!luck,  420 

Cluck,  George,  var.  orig.  by,  420 
'luster  (syn.  of  Crittenden),  184 
-luster,  420 

'luster  Damson  (syn.  of  Crittenden') ,  184 
lyman,   180 

lyman,    Mrs.   Hannah,  var.  orig.  by,  184 
ochet,    420 

'ochet    Pire;    Cochets    Pflaume    (syns. 
of  Cochet),  420 

oe    (syn.   of  Golden  Drop),   228 
oe,  Jervaise,  var.  orig.  by,   229. 
'oe  a  Fruit  Violet  (syn.  of  Coe  Violet), 
420 

oe     Golden     Drop     (syn.     of     Golden 
Drop),   228 

oe  (Pr.  de);  Coe's;  Coe's  Golden 
Drop;  Coe's  Golden  Drop  Plum; 
Coe's  Imperial;  Coe's  Plum;  Coe's 
Rotgefleckte  Pflaume;  Coe's  Rothge- 
fleckie  Pflaume;  Coe's  Seedling  (syns. 
of  Golden  Drop),  228 
oe's  Fine  Late  Red  (syn.  of  Saint 
Martin),  336 

oe's    Golden    Drop    Violate    (syn.    of 
Coe   Violet),   420 

oe's  Late  Red   (syn.   of   Saint   Martin 
Quetsche),    538 

oe's  Late  Red  (syn.  of  Saint  Martin), 
336 

oe's   sehr   spate    rothe   Pflaume    (syn. 
of  Saint  Martin),  336 
oe    Violette;   Coe's   Violet;   Coe's    Fio 
lette    (syns.    of   Coe    Violet),    420 
oe    Violet,    420 
oeur  de  Boeuf,  420 


586 


THE  PLUMS  OFXEW  YORK. 


Coeur     de     Pigeon      (syn.     of     Queen 

Mother),   522 
Coferer,  421 

Cofcrcrs  (syn.  of  Coferer),  421 
Coinage,  421 
Col.     Wetherell     (syn.     of    Wetherell), 

563 
Col.    Young's  Seedling   (syn.   of  Yellow 

Egg),  386 
Coletta,  421 
Coleus,  421 

Collman    (syn.   of  Colman),  421 
Collo-Torto    (syn.    of    Basaricatta) ,    399 
Colman,   421 

Colonel  Bryan  (syn.  of  Bryan),  410 
Colonel      or     Col.      Wilder      (syns.      of 

Wilder),   565 
Colorado     (syn.    of    Colorado    Queen) , 

421 

Colorado  Queen,  421 
Columbia,    181 

Columbia   (syn.   of  Captain),  414 
Columbia      Cage ;      Columbia      Pfiaume; 

Columbian  Gage   (syns.  of  Columbia), 

181 

Columella,    quoted,    28,    36 
Combination,    421 
Comfort.  421 
Common  Blue  Damson   (syn.  of  Winter 

Damson),    567 
Common     Damson      (syn.     of     Damson, 

186;  of  Winter  Damson,  567) 
Common     Orleans     (syn.     of     Orleans) , 

302 
Common     Quetsche     (syn.     of     German 

Prune),   219 
Common    Saint    Julien     (syn.    of    Saint 

Julien),    335 

Common    Sloe    (syn.    of    Sloe),    544 
Communia,    421 
Compass,  422 
Compass,   182 

Compass  Cherry  (syn.  of  Compass),  182 
Compass  Cherry  (syn.  of  Compass),  422 
Compote  d'Automne  (syn.  of  Autumn 

Compote),    153 
Comptine,    422 

Comte    Gustave    d'Egger,   422 
Consul,    422 

Cope,   John,   var.   orig.   by,    423 
Cooch,    422 

Cooch,  var.  orig.  by,  422 
Cook,  422 

Co  ok    (syn.    of   Cook   Choice) ,    422 
Cook  Choice,  422 
Cook's    Choice;    Cook's    Favorite    (syns. 

of  Cook  Choice),  422 
Cook's  Early    (syn.   of  Cook),   422 
Cooper,  422 

Cooper,  Joseph,  var.  orig.  by,  423 
Cooper's    (syn.    of   Smith   Orleans) ,    348 
Cooper's    (syn.    of   Cooper),   423 
Cooper's    Blue    Gage     (syn.     of    Early 

Blue),   438 
Cooper's      Grosse      Pflaume      (syn.      of 

Cooper),  423 
Cooper's   Grosse   Rothe   Zwetsche    (syn. 

of  Cooper),  423 
Cooper's  Large    (syn.    of  Cooper,    423; 

of   Golden    Drop,    228;    of    Smith    Or- 
leans, 348) 
Cooper's     Large     American      (syn.     of 

Cooper),  423 


Cooper's  Large  Red  (syn.  of  Cooper, 
423;  of  Smith  Orleans,  348) 

Cooper's  Large  Red  American  (syn.  of 
Cooper),  423 

Coopers  Plum   (syn.   -of  Cooper),  423 

Cooper's  Plum   (syn.   of  Cooper),  423 

Cooper's  Red  (syn.  of  Cooper,  423;  of 
Smith  Orleans,  348) 

Cope,   423 

Cope's    Seedling    (syn.    of   Cope),   423 

Copper  (syn.  of  Copper,  183;  of  Rich- 
land,  531) 

Copper,    183 

Copper  Plum  (syn.  of  Red  Magnum 
Bonum),  325 

Cornell,  J.    R.,   quoted,   244 

Cornemuse,   423 

Corse,  Henry,  var.  orig.  by,  391,  432, 
44S,  453,  455,  507,  532,  540,  557, 
5«3 

Corse's     A  dmiral     (syn.     of     Admiral ) , 

Corse's     Dictator     (syn.     of     Dictator) , 

432 
Corse's    Field    Marshal ;    Corse's    Field 

Marshall    (syns,    of    Field    Marshall), 

445 
Corse's    Great    Bearer    (syn.    of    Great 

.Bearer),   455 
Corse's  Nota  Bena  or  Nota  Bene   (syn. 

of  Nota  Bene),  507 
Corse's     Rising     Sun     (syn.     of     Rising 

Sun),    532 
Corse's  Sauvageon  (syn.  of  Sauvageon), 

539 

Corse's   Twins    (syn.    of   Twins),    557 
Corymbus,   423 
Cottrell,  423 

Cottrell,  R.   T.,  var.  orig.  by,  423 
Couetch;    Couetche ;    Couetsche     (syns. 

of  German  Prune),  219 
Couetsche     d' Italic;     Couetsche    Fellen- 

berg    (syns.    of   Italian   Prune),   253 
Couetsche    Ordinaire    (syn.    of    German 

Prune),    219 
Couetsche    Precoce;    Couetsche    Precoce 

La   Vraie   (syns.  of  Wahre  Fruhzwet- 

sche),    560 
Couler,  423 

Couler,    William,    var.    orig.    by,    423 
Coulommiers,    423 

Coulommiers  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Coulom- 
miers), 423 

Coulon  Reine  Claude,  423 
Coulon's  Reine  Claude   (syn.  of  Coulon 

Reine   Claude),   423 
Coul    Orleans,    423 

Count    Althann's    Gage     (syn.    of    Alt- 
ham),    141 
Court    Royal,    424 
Cover-crops,   value   of,    121 
Covctche    (syn.   of  German  Prune),   219 
Co-i'ctsche   (syn.  of  German  Prune),  219 
Cowles,    E.    D.,   var.    orig.    by,    516 
Cowperthwait    Green    Gage,    424 
Cox,  Mrs.,  var.  orig.  by,  424 
Cox,  424 

Coxe,  William,  quoted,  25 
Cox's  Emperor    (syn.   of   Denbigh),   430 
Cox's  Seedling   (syn.  of  Cox),  424 
Crable,   424 
Craig,  424 
Crescent,  424 


Crescent    City    (syn.    of   Crescent) ,   424 

Crimson,  424 

Crimson  Beauty,  424 

Crimson    Drop,    424 

Crittenden,    184 

Crittenden,   James,   var.   orig.   by,    184 

Crittenden's  Damson  (syn.  of  Critten- 
den), 184 

Crittenden's  Prolific;  Crittenden's  Pro- 
lific Damson  (syns.  of  Crittenden), 
184 

Croft    Early,    424 

Croft's  Early  (syn.  of  Croft  Early), 
424 

Cross,  var.  orig.  by,  438 

Cross-bred  Prune  A,  P.-3 1 8  (syn.  of 
Splendor),  547 

Cruger,    Henry,    var.    orig.    by,    424 

Cruger    Scarlet,    424 

Cruger' s;  Cruger's  Fruh  Pflaume,  Plum, 
Rote  Pflaume,  Scarlet,  Scarlet  Gage, 
or  Seedling  (syns.  of  Cruger  Scarlet), 
424 

Csaszar  Sziloa,  425 

Culberson,   425 

Cumberland.   425 

Curlew,   425 

Curry,  425 

Curry,   S.  L.,  var.  orig.  by,  425 

Cyca    Mono,   425 

Cyclone,    425 

Cydemarine,    425 

Cjprian    (syn.  of  Chypre),  418 

Cyprische  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Red 
Diaper),  323 

Czar,    1 84 

D'Abricot  of  Streets  of  Paris   (syn.   of 

Peach),   309 

D'Agen    (syn.    of   Agen),    138 
D'Agen  Amelioree   (syn.  of  Amelioree), 

394 
D'Agen  Doree    (syn.   of  Doree),   434 

Dahlgreen,   425 

Daisy,    425 

Dakota,   425 

D'Allcmagne    (syn.    of   German   Prune), 

219  f 

Dalrymple,   426 
Dalrymple  Damson  (syn.  of  Dalrymple), 

426 
D'Altcsse  Blanche    (syn.    of   Yellow  Im- 

peratrice),    569 
Damas  Ambre,  426 
Danas    Aubcrt    (syn.    of    Yellow    Egg), 

386 
Damas-Ballon    Jaune     (syn.     of    Ballon- 

artige   Gelbe   Zwetsche),   398 
Damas-Ballon    Rouge    (syn.    of    Ballon- 
art!  ge   Rote    Damascene),    398 
Damns-Ballon     Panachee     Varictc     (syn. 

of  Ballonartipe   Gelbe   Zwetsche),   398 
Damas  Blanc,   Blanc   Gros,  Blanc  Hatif 

Gros,     Blanc     Trcs    Hatif     (syns.     of 

Large   White   Damson),   480 
Damas  blanc  petit  (syn.  of  Small  White 

Damson),    544 

Damas  Commun   (syn.  of  Damson),   186 
Damas    ae   Dieffenbach    (syn.   of    Damas 

de    Diffenbach),   426 
Damas  de  Diffenbach,  426 
Damas     de     Leipsick     (syn.     of     Fruhe 

Leipziger   Damascene),  448 


THE  PLUMS  OF   NEW  YORK. 


587 


Damas   de   Mangeron;  Damas   de  Man* 

geron,    de    Maugeron,    de    Maugerou  ; 

or     de    Maugiron,     Damascene     Mau- 

gcron,    von    Mangeron    or    von    Mau- 

geron   (syns.  of  Maugeron),  492 
Damas   de   Provence,    426 
Damas     de    Provence    or    de    Provence 

Hatif   (syns.   of  Damas  de  Provence), 

426 
Damas     de     Septembre     (syn.     of     Per- 

drigon     Tardif ,     515;     of     September 

Damask,  542) 
Damas     d'Espagne      (syn.      of     Spanish 

Damask),    546 
Damas  d'Ete,   426 
Damas  de  Tours  (syn.  of  Royal  Tours), 

332 
Damas  de  Tours  (syn.  of  Early  Tours), 

202 

Damas    de     Tours    or     de     Tours    Gros 
(syns.  of  Gros  Damas  de  Tours),  456 

Damas    de   Valence    (syn.    of    Valence), 
557 

Damas    d'Hiver    (syn.    of   Winter    Dam- 
son),   567 

Damas       d'ltalie       (syn.       of       Italian 
Damask),    470 

Damas     d'Onderka     (syn.     of     Onderka 
Damascene) ,    509 

Damas    Dronet,    426 

Damas  Dronet  (syn.  of  Damas  Dronet), 
426 

Damas  Bronet  de   Merlet,   427 

Damas    Fin     (syn.    of    Musk    Damson) , 
5oi 

Damas    Gris     (syn.    of    Reine    Claude), 
327 

Damas   Gros    (syn.    of    German    Prune) , 
219 

Damas    gros    de    Tours    (syn.    of    Gros 
Damas   de   Tours) ,    456 

Damas  Hatif   (syn.  of  Morocco),  288 

Damas  Jaime    (syn.   of  Drap  d'Or),   194 

Damas   Taune  Musque,   427 

Damas  Jaune    Tardif  de  Koch    (syn.   of 
Kock   spate   Damascene),   477 

Damas   Lawson    (syn.    of   Lawson),    482 

Damas  Long    (syn.    of   German  Prune), 
219 

Pamas    Musque     (syn.    of    Musk    Dam- 
son),   501 

Damas   Noir    (syn.    of   Morocco),    288 

Damas   noir    (syn.    of   Late   Black  Dam- 
son),   480 

Damas   Noir    (syn.    of    Damson),    186 

Damas    Noir    de    Dieffenbach    (syn.    of 
Damas   de   Diffenbach),  426 

Damas  Noir   de  Tours,   427 

Damas    Noir    Hatif    (syn.    of    Noire    de 
Montreuil),    504 

Damas    Noir    Hatif    (syn.    of   Morocco), 
288 

Damas  Noir  Tardif   (syn.  of  Late  Black 
Damson),   480 

Damas     Prccoce     de     Rivers     (syn.     of 
Rivers   Early),    532 

Damas  Rouge    (syn.   of  Orleans),   302 

Damas   Rouge   de    Biondeck,    427 

Damas    Rouge    de    Fricdheim    (syn.    of 

Friedheim    Damascene) ,    448 
Damas    Rouge    de    Mayer   or    de    Moyer 
(syns.    of   Mayers  Rothe   Damascene), 
493 


Damas  Rouge  Hatif,  427 

Damas    Rouge    Hatif     (syn.    of    Damas 

Rouge  Hatif),  427 
Damas  rouge   tardif   (syn.    of   Late   Red 

Damask),    481 
Damas  Tardif  de  Kock   (syn.   of  Koch 

Spate    Damascene),    477 
Damas    Verd    or    Vert    (syns.    of    Reine 

Claude),    327 

Damas    Vert    (syn.   of  Mirabelle),   284 
Damas   Violet,   427 
Damas    Violet    (syn.    of    Damas    Violet, 

427;  of  German  Prune,  219;  of  Mau- 
geron,    492 ;     of     Orleans,     302 ;     of 

Queen  Mother,  522) 
Damas    Violet    Allonge    (syn.    of    Lange 

Violette   Damascene),   479 
Damas    Violet    Gros    (syn.    of    German 

Prune),    219 
Damas    Violet   Longuet    (syn.    of   Lange 

Violette   Damascene),   479 
Damas   Violet   of   Tours    (syn.    of   Gros 

Damas  de  Tours),  456 
Damas    Violet    Tardif    (syn.    of    Damas 

Violet),    427 
Damascena    Armeniaca    or    Armeniacea 

(syns.    of    Mirabelle),    284 
Damascena    Dominicalis    Praecox     (syn. 

of   Early  Orleans),    198 
Damascena  Schamali  (syn.  of  Schamal), 

540 

Damascene    (syn.    of   Damson),    186 
Damascene    (syn.    of    Shropshire),    344 
Damascene    Maugeron,    von     Mangeron 

or     von     Maugeron     (syns.     of     Mau- 
geron),  492 
Damascenen    Mirabelle    (syn.    of    Small 

White  Damson),  544 
Damaschina    d'Estate    (syn.    of    Damas- 

chino   Estivo),    426 
Damaschino  Estivo,  426 
Damaschino    Settembrino,    426 
Damascus   (syn.   of   Damson),    186 
Damaslnc    (syn.   of   Myrobalan),   290 
Damasine     (syn.     of     Rote     Mirabelle), 

533 

Damask    (syn.    of   German   Prune),    219 
Damask       Violet       (syn.       of       Queen 

Mother),    522 
Damask    of    Provence    (syn.    of    Damas 

de   Provence) ,   426 
Damasquinee    (syn.    of    Musk    Damson), 

501 

Damatie   Rouge,    427 
Dame     Ambert,      Ambert     Blanche     or 

Ambert       Jaune,       Aubert,       Aubert 

Blanche,   Aubert   Grosse   Luisante,   or 

Aubert  Jaune   (syns.  of  Yellow  Egg), 

386 
Dame  Aubert,  Aubert  Rouge  or  Aubert 

Violette      (syns.      of      Red      Magnum 

Bonum),    325 
Dame   Aubert  Jaune    (syn.    of   Aubert), 

397 
Dame     Aubert    Rouge     (syn.     of     Red 

Diaper),    323 
Dame- Aubert     Rouge      (syn.      of     Blue 

Egg),    405 
Dame   Aubert    Violet    (syn.    of    Duane), 

196 

D'Amerique     Rouge      (syn.      of     Myro- 
balan), 290 


Damson     (syn.     of     Damson,     :86;     of 

Winter   Damson,    567) 
Damson,    185 
Damson    Cluster    (syn.    of    Crittenden) , 

184 

Damson     group,     description     of,     39-40 
Damson     Plum     (syn.     of     Shropshire), 

344 

Damson  Riley,  427 
Damson  Royal,  427 
Damson  Winter  (syn.  of  Winter 

Damson),    567 

Dana,    Rev.,    var.    orig.    by,    428 
Dana's     Gage ;     Dana's     Yellow     Gage 

(syns.   of   Dana  Yellow  Gage),  428 
Dana   Yellow   Gage,   427 
Daniel,    Dr.,    var.    orig.    by,    428 
Daniel    Weeping,   428 
Danish   Damson,   428 
Dark    Blue   Egg    (syn.    of    Kaiser    Wil- 

lielrn),    474 
Darst,  428 

Darst,  var.  orig.  by,  428 
Darwin    Peach    (syn.    of    Yellow    Egg), 

386 
Das  Blaue  Auge  (syn.  of  Lange  Violette 

Damascene),    479 
D'Ast   (syn.  of  Agen),   138 
Date,   428 

Date    (syn.   of  Agen),    138 
Date  de  Hongrie;  Date  Plum;  Dattc  de 

Hongrie   or   Hungrie;   Datte    Violette ; 

Dattelzwetsche   (syns.   of  Hungarian), 

246 

Date  Plum   (syn.  of  Date),  428 
Datilles,    428 

Datte   Hongroise  Jaune,   428 
Datte  Jaune   (syn.  of  Weisse  Kaiserin), 

563 

Dattcl   Pflaume   or   Zwetsche    (syns.    of 

Red  Date),   322 
Dattelpflaumen ;     Dattelzwetsche     (syns, 

of   Date),   428 
Dctte     Verte     (syn.     of     Griine     Dattel 

Zwetsche),   456 

Datte    Violette    (syn.    of    Agen),    138 
Dauphin    (syn.    of   Victoria),   363 
Dauphin    (syn.   of   Sharp),   340 
Dauphin    a   Fleurs   doubles;   Dauphin    a 

Flcurs  semi-doubles    (syns.   of  Double 

Flowering   Gage),    192 
Dauphine,    428 
Dauphine;    Dauphiny     (syns.     of    Reine 

Claude),  327 
D'Automne      de      Schamal       (syn.       of 

Schamal),    540 

D*Autriche    (syn.   of  Hungarian),   246 
D'Autriche    (syn.    of   Date),    428 
Davenport,  429 
Davies   Seedling,   429 
Davies'       Seedling       (syn.       of      Davies 

Seedling),    429 
Davis,   429 

D'Avoine    (syn.    of   Early   Yellow),    203 
Dawson,   186,  429 
Dawson,  P.  P.,  var.  orig.  by,    187 
Dawson  City,  429 
Dau-son     Seedling     (syn.     of     Dawson), 

1 86 

De  Bavay    (syn.   of  Bavay),   155 
De    Besanfon    (syn.    of    Yellow    Egg), 

386 
De  Bordeaux    (syn.    of  Jerusalem),   472 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 


De  Briangon   (syn.   of  Briancon),  409 
De    Briancon     (syn.     of     Red    Diaper), 

323 

De  Brignole    (syn.    of  Agen),    138 
DeCaisne,    187 
Decaisnes  Pfiaume    (syn.   of  DeCaisne), 

187 

De   Caradeuc,    188 

De  Caradeuc,  A.,  var.  orig.  by,   188 
De    Catalogne    (syn.    of   Early   Yellow), 

203 
De    Chypre    (syn.    of    Chypre,    418;    of 

Red   Diaper,   323;    of   Musk   Damson, 

501) 

De  Coe   (syn.   of  Golden   Drop),  228 
De   Delice,  429 

De  Deux  Saison    (syn.   of  Twice   Bear- 
ing),  556 

De   Gisborne    (syn.   of  Gisborne),   451 
De   Gondin,  430 

De  Jerusalem    (syn.   of  Jerusalem),   472 
De  Klrke    (syn.   of   Kirke),   260 
De   la   Toussaint,    430 
De     la     Saint-Martin     (syn.     of     Saint 

Martin),  336 
Delaware,  430 
De  1'Inde,  430 

De  Mirabclle  (syn.  of  Mirabelle),  284 
De  Mitchelson  (syn.  of  Mitchelson),  498 
De  Monsieur  (syn.  of  Yellow  Egg,  386; 

Early     Tours,     202;     Orleans,     302; 

Early  Orleans,   198) 
De    Monsieur    Hative     (syn.     of    Early 

Orleans),    198 
De    Monsieur    Jaune    (syn.    of    Yellow 

Imperatrice),   569 
De  Montfort,   430 
De  Montmirail,   430 
De     Pologne     (syn.     of     Quetsche     Dr. 

Letricourt),    524 
De    Pontbriant     (syn.     of    Pontbriant) , 

5»7 

De  Prince   (syn.   of  Norbert),    505 
De  Prince    (en   Lorraine')    (syn.    of   De 

Seigneur),    431 
De    Reizeinstcin     (syn.     of     Reizenstein 

Yellow  Prune),   531 
De     Sainte-Cathcrine      (syn.     of     Saint 

Catherine),   334 
De  Seigneur,  431 
De   Soto,    189 
De    Soto    X    Oregon    No.    3    (syn.    of 

Ames),   144 

De  Virginie  (syn.  of  Myrobalan) ,  290 
De  Wangenheim  (syn.  of  Wangenheim), 

368 

De  Wolf,  M.  J.,  var.  orig.  by,  498 
Dean,  429 

Deane,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  quoted.  21,  38 
Dean's  Jedburgh  Seedling  (syn.  of 

Dean),   429 
Deaton,  429 
Deck,  429 

Decks  Damson   (syn.  of  Deck),  429 
Decker,  429 

Decker,    H.    C.,    var.    orig.    by,    429 
Decker's      Late      Seedling       (syn.      of 

Decker),  429 

Decker's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Decker),  429 
Deep  Creek,  429 

Deepcreek    (syn.    of   Deep   Creek) ,   429 
Defresne,   430 
Denbigh,   430 


Doibigh-Pflaumc ;      Denbigh      Seedling ; 

Denbigh    (syns.    of    Denbigh),    430 
Dennie   (syn.  of  Violet  Diaper),  365 
Dennis,   431 
Dennison's  Red;  Dcnniston's  Red;  Den- 

niston's  Rote  Pflaume   (syns.   of  Den- 

niston    Red),   431 
Dennison's   Superb    (syn.    of    Denniston 

Superb),    431 

Dennis    Seedling   No.    13,   431 
Denniston,     Isaac,    var.    orig.    by,    393, 

411,  431,  478,  500 
Denniston  Red,  43 1 
Dcnniston's  Albany  or  Albany  Beauty 

(syns.   of  Albany  Beauty),   392 
Denniston  Superb,  431 
Denniston' s    Superb     or     Superb     Gage 

(syns.    of   Denniston    Superb),   431 
D'Ente    (syn.    of    Lot    d'Ente),    486 
D'Ente;      D'Ente      de'Agen      (syns.      of 

Agen),    138 
D'Ente   Imperiale,  431 
Denton,    431 
Denyer's   Victoria    (syn.  of  Sharp,  340; 

of  Victoria,  363) 
Der  blaue  Rebhuhn  aus  der  Normandie 

(syn.    of  Normand  Perdrigon),    505 
Der  Buntcr  Perdrigon    (syn.   of  Bunter 

Perdrigon),    412 
Derbyshire  Green  Gage,  431 
Deron,    431 

Deron's   (syn.   of  Deron),  431 
Des  Bejonnieres   (syn,   of   Bejonnieres) , 

157 

Des  Burettes    (syn.   of  Burettes),  412 
Des  Moines,  431 
Deutsche    Blaue     Herbstswetsche     (syn. 

of  German  Prune),  219 
Deux    fois    I' an    (syn.    of    Twice    Bear- 
ing),   556 
Dewey,   432 
Diademc;     Diademe     Imperial     or     Im- 

pcrialc    (syns.    of  Red  Diaper),   323 
Diademe    ImperiaHsabelle,    432 
Diamant;      Diamantpflaume      (syns.      of 

Diamond),    191 
Diamant;      Diamantpflaume      (syns.      of 

Pond),   314 
Diamond,    191,  432 
Diamond,  var,   orig.  by,    191 
Diana,   432 
Diaper;   Diaper  Rouge;  Diapre   Rouge, 

Diaprea     rubra;     Diaprce     de     Roche 

Corbon;     Diapree     Rouge     (syns.     of 

Red  Diaper),  323 
Diaper' d  Plumb  (syn.  of  Diapree 

Blanche)   432 

Diaphane    (syn,   of  Transparent),   360 
Diaphane  Laffay   (syn.  of  Transparent), 

360 
Diapre  Blanc   (syn.   of  White   Diaper), 

564 
Diapree   Blanche;   Diapree  Weisse  (syns. 

of    Diapree    Blanche) ,    432 
Diapree    Blanche    (syn.    of    White    Dia- 
per,  564;  of  White  Perdrigon,  375) 
Diaprce  Blanche,  432 
Diapree    noire;    Diapre    Violet;   Diaprce 

Violctte     (syns.     of     Violet     Diaper), 

365 

Diapree  Notivelle   De  Kook,  432 
Dictator,  432 


Die    Abrikosenartige    Pflaume    (syn.    of 

Apricot),    148 
Die    Albertus    Datiienpflatime     (syn.     of 

Yellow   Egg),  386 
Die     Aprikosenpflaume     (syn.     of     Red 

Apricot),    321 
Die     Bischofsmutse      (syn.     of     Bonnet 

d'Eveque),    407 
Die  Blaue  Dattclpfiaume  (syn.  of  Agen), 

138 
Die   Blutfarbcge  Pflaume    (syn.    of   Red 

Diaper),   323 
Die  Brisette    (syn.   of  Late   Mirabelle), 

263 
Die        Brustwarsen  Pflaume        (syn.       of 

Mamelonnee),  489 
Die    Damascenerpflaume    von    Maugeron 

(syn.    of   Maugeron),   492 
Die    Damaskpflaume    aus    Spanien    (syn. 

of  Spanish   Damask),   546 
Die      Durchsichtige      (syn.      of      Trans- 

parente),   555 
Die   friihe  Pflaume  von  Tours   (syn.   of 

Early  Tours),  202 
Die    Gartcnswetsche    (syn.    of    Quetsche 

Maraichere),   524 
Die  gclbe  fruhseitige   Pfiaume    (syn.    of 

Early    Yellow),    203 
Die       grosse       indianische       braunrothe 

Pflaume    (syn.   of  Indian),   468 
Die      grosse      Konigin      Claudiapflaume, 

die    grime    Abrikose    (syn.    of    Reine 

Claude),   327 
Die     grosse     Konigin     Klaudia     Pflaume 

mit     halbgefullter     Bluthe      (syn.      of 

Double    Flowering   Gage),    192 
Die    grosse    rothe    Feigenpflaume     (syn. 

of   Red    Date),    322 
Die    grosse    Weisse    Glanzende    (syn.    of 

Yellow  Egg),   386 
Die    grune    herzformige    Pflaume     (syn. 

of  Grune  Herzformige) ,  456 
Die     Hauszivctsche     (syn.     of     German 

Prune),    219 
Die    Herrnpflaume     (syn.    of    Orleans) , 

302 
Die     Hyacinthenpflaume      (syn.     of     Ja- 

cinthe),   471 

Die   Isabelle    (syn.    of  Isabella),   469 
Die  Kaiserliche  veilchenfarbige  Pflaume 

(syn.    of    Red   Magnum    Bonum) ,    325 
Die    Kaiserliche    Weisse    Pflaume    (syn. 

of   Yellow    Egg),    386 
Die    kleine    Konigin    Claudia     (syn.    of 

Small  Reine  Claude),  347 
Die    kleine    langlichte    Damaskuspflaume 

(syn.    of    Damas   Pronet),    426 
Die      kleine      Zwergpflaume       (syn.      of 

Zwergpflaume),    571 
Die    Kleine    Weisse    Damascenerpflaume 

(syn.    of    Small    White    Damson),    544 
Die    Koniffin     (syn,    of    Mayer    Konigs- 

pflaume),    493 
Die    Konigin    Klaudia     (syn.    of    Reine 

Claude),   327 
Die  Konigliche  grosse  Pflaume   (syn.   of 

Royal).    534 
Die  konigliche  Pflaume  von  Tours   (syn. 

of   Royal   Tours) ,   332 
Die    lange,    grune    und    grosses    welsche 

Pflaume  ?     (syn.     of    Quetsche     Verte 

D'ltalie),  525 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 


589 


Die   Morillenpflaume    (syn.    of  Apricot), 

148 
Die    musquat    Damaskuspflaume    (syn.  of 

Musk   Damson),   501 
Die     Pflaume     aus     Cypern      (syn.      of 

Chypre),    418 

Die  Pflaume  ohne  Stein   (syn.  of  Stone- 
less),    353 
Die     Rothe     Eierflaume     (syn.     of    Red 

Diaper),  323 
Die    R'othe    Eierflaume     (syn.     of    Red 

Ma  u  num.    Bonum),    325 
Die   Rothe   Kaiserpflaume    (syn.    of   Red 

M .Tim inn   Bonum),   325 
Die  rothe  Rebhuhnpflaume  (syn.  of  Red 

Perdrigon),   528 

Die   Scar.arda    (syn.    of   Scanarda),    540 

Die     spate     oder     September     Damask- 

pflaume   (syn.  of  September  Damask), 

542 

Die     Valienciennes     (syn.     of    Valienci- 

ennes),    558 
Die    veilchenfarbige    Birnpflaume     (syn. 

of  Pear   Plum),   513 
Die    veilchenfarbige    Damascenerpflaume 

(syn.    of   Damas   Violet),    427 
Die     Veischenfarbige     Kaiserinnpflaume 

(syn.   of  Imperatrice),  249 
Die  violete  Kaiserpffaiime  mit  scheckich- 
ten    Blattern    (syn.    of    Imperial    Vio- 
let),   467 
Die     Violette    Diapree     (syn.     of    Violet 

Diap'-r),   365 
Die     Violette     Kaiserpflaume     (syn.     of 

Violet   Imperial),    559 
Die    Violette   Konigin    Claudia    (syn.    of 

Purple   Gage),    318 
Die    Violette   Konigin    Claudie    (syn.    of 

Purple    Gage),    318 
Die     Violette     oder     Blanc     Rcneclode 

(syn.  of  Purple  Gage),  318 
Die     Violette     oder     Blanc     Rcnoclode 

(syn.  of  Purple  Gage),  318 
Die   walsche   Damascene  pflaume  (syn.  of 

Italian  Damask),  470 
Die     Wangenhcim     (syn.     of     Wangen- 

heim),  368 
Die   Weisse    Buntfarhige   Pflaume    (syn. 

of    Diapree    Blanche),    432 
Die   weisse    Duranzen   pflaume    (syn.    of 

White  Perdrigon),  375 
Die       Weisse       Kaiserinnpflaume;       Die 
Weisse       Kaiserpfiaume       (syns.       of 
White  Imperatrice),   375 
Die  Ziickcrsiisse  (syn.  of  Trauttenberg), 

555 

Dieffenbachs     Damascene;     Dieffenbachs 
Schwarze  Damascene   (syn.   of  Damas 
de   Diffenbach),  426 
Diel   Grosse  Weisse   Damascene,   432 
Dicl's  August  Zwetsche  (syn.  of  Wahre 

Fruhzwctsche) ,    560 

Diels    Konigpflaume    or    Diel's    Konigs- 

pfiaumc    (syns.   of  Royal   Tours),   332 

Diffenbachs  Damascene    (syn,   of  Damas 

de    Diffenbach),   426 
Dine,   433 

D' Italic    (syn.   of  Italian  Prune),  253 
Dittisham,   433 
Dixie,   433 
Dobro-witacr      Fruhswetsche      (syn.      of 

Quetsche  de  Dobrowitz),   523 
Dochnahl     Damascene,    433 


Dochnahl' s     Kcnigs     Pflaume     (syn.     of 

Dochnahl   Damascene),  433 
Dodd,   William,   var.   orig;.   by,   282 
D'OEnf;     D'OEuf     Blanche     (syns.     of 

Yellow  Egg),   386 
D'Ocitf   Violette    (syn.   of  Red  Magnum 

Bonum),   325 
Dojene,  433 

Doles,   A.   H.,  var.   orig.   by,    519 
Dollaner,   433 
Dollaner    Zwetsche    (syn.    of    Dollaner), 

433 

Dolphin    (syn.    of    Sharp,    340;    of    Vic- 
toria,   363) 
Domina,   433 
Domine   Dull,    433 
Domine     Dull's ;     Domine     Dull's     Plum 

(syns.   of  Domine  Dull),  433 
Domino   (syn.  of  Domina),  433 
Don,  433 
Don   Alteza,   433 
Donauers    Zusammen    Gedriickte    Zwet- 

sche    (syn.    of  Quetsche  Aplatie),   523 
Don  Carlos,   433 

Don  Carlos*    (syn.   of  Don  Carlos),   4-3 
Doppelte      Mirabelle      (syn.      of      Drap 

d'Or),    194 
Dora,    433 
Doree,  434 
Doree    de    Lawson    (syn.    of    Lawson) , 

482 

Dorell,   434 

Dorell,    Dr.,   var.    orig.   by,   434,    520 
Dorell    Aprikosen pflaume,    434 
Dorell's  Neue  Aprikosen  Pflaume    (syn. 

of    Dorell    Aprikosenpflaume) ,    434 
Dorclle's     Neue     Grosse     Zwetsche     or 

New    Purple    Prune;    Dorells    grosse 

neue    Zwetsche,    or    Grosse    Zwetsche , 

or    Neue    Grosse    Zwetsche;    Dorell's 

Neue       Purpur       Zwetsche;       Dorrel 

(syns.   of   Dorell),   434 
Dorell's      Grosse      Ungarische      Pflaume 

(syn.    of  Large   Sugar  Prune),  480 
Dorell's  Nette   Weisse  Diapree    (syn.   of 

Wahre  Weisse  Diapree),  561 
Doris,   434 
Dorr,    434 
Dorr,    Elisha,   var.    orig.    by,    461,    464, 

562 

Dorr    Seedling,   434 
Dorr's  Favorite    (syn.   of  Dorr,   434;  ot 

Pond,  314) 
Dorsett,  434 
Dosch,  435 

Dosch,   Henry  E.,  var.   orig.  by,  435 
Double,    435 
Double     Black  pruim     (syn.     of     Italian 

Prune),  253 
Double-blossomed^  Double-blossomed 

Plum      (syns.     of     Double     Flowering 

Gage),    192 
Double  Beurre   Witte?    (syn.    of  White 

Virginal),   565 
Double  Drap  d'Or  (syn.  of  Drap  d'Or), 

194 

Double    Flowering    Gage,     1 92 
Double    Imperial    Gage    (syn.    of   Wash- 
ington),   368 
Double  Mirabelle   (syn.   of  Drap  d'Or), 

194 

Double  Plum,  435 
Dougall,  James,   var.   orig.  by,  435 


I  Dougall  Best,  435 

I  Dougall's  Best    (syn.    of  Dougall   Best), 
435 

Douglas    (syn.    of   Abundance),    136 

Douglas   (syn.  of  Chabot),    172 

Douglass,    435 

Dove  Bank,  435 

Dowling,  Henry,  var.  orig.  by,  395,  548, 

567 

Downing,  A.  J.,  quoted,  519;  var.  orig. 

by,  443 
Downing,    193 
Downing  Early,  435 
Downing's     Early     (syn.     of     Downing 

Early),    43 5 

Downton    Imperatrice,    435 
Downton's     Kaiserin;     Downtoncr     Kai- 
serin (syns.  of  Downton  Imperatrice), 

435 

Drake,   George,   var.  orig.  by,  436 
Drake  Seedling,  436 
Drake's   Seedling   (syn.   of  Drake  Seed- 
ling),  436 

Drap   d'Or    (syn.   of  Drap  d'Or),    194 
Drap  d'Or   (syn.  of  Reine  Claude),  327 
Drap  d'Or,   194 
Drap   d'Or  d'Esperen;  Esperen,   of  Es~ 

peren,    or    of    Esperin    (syns.    of    Es- 
peren), 206 
Drap  d'Or  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Drap  d'Or), 

194 

Dr.  Dennis   (syn.  of  Dennis),  431 
Dronet      Damask       (syn.       of      Damas 

Dronet),  426 
Drouth   King,   436 
Dr.    Uff,   436 
Dr.  Uff  Szilvaja,  436 
Dry,  var.   orig.  by,   436 
Dry  Seedling,  436 
Dry's  Seedling   (syn.  of  Dry  Seedling), 

436 
Dschau     Erik     (syn.     of     Diel     Grosse 

Weisse  Damascene),  432 
Duane,    196 

Duane,  James,  var.  orig.  by,   197 
Duane's  French  Purple,  Large  Orleans, 

Large     Purple,     or     Purple     French 

(syns.   of  Duane),   196 
Duane's   Purple    (syn.    of    Duane,    196; 

of    Peach,    309;    of    Smith    Orleans, 

348) 

Duboise,  var.   orig.  by,  216 
Due     d'Edinbourg     (syn.    of    Duke    of 

Edinburgh),   436 
Due    de    Waterloo     (syn.    of    Waterloo 

Pflaume),   561 
Duke,    436 

Duke  of  Devonshire,  436 
Duke  of  Edinburgh,  436 
Dull,  var.  orig.  by,  433 
Dumberline,   436 
Dumiron,  437 
Dummer,  436 

Dummer,  var.  orig.  by,  437 
Dunkelblaue       Eierpfiaume       (syn.       of 

Kaiser  Wilhelm),  474 
Dunkelblaue  Kaiserin,  437 
Dunlap,  437 

Dunlap,  J.  P.,  var.  orig.  by,  437 
Dunlap    (syn.    of   Dunlap    No.    i),    437 
Dunlap    (No.    i)    (syn.    of    Dunlap   No. 

O,  437 
Dunlap  No.    i,  437 


590 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Dunlap  No.  2  (syn.  of  Dunlap),  437 
Dunlap's  No.  i   (syn.  of  Dunlap  No.  i), 

194 

437 

Dunlap's  No.  2  (syn.  of  Dunlap),  437 
Dunlop,  W.  W.,  var.  orig.  by,  499,  500 
Dunlop  Nut,  437 

Dunlop  5.!   (syn.   of  Raynes),  526 
Dunlop  54   (syn.  of  Mount  Royal),   500 
Dunmore,  437 

Ditinore    (syn.   of   Dunmore),   437 
Dupuls,  August,  var.   orig.  by,  394 
Durand,   var.   orig.   by,    187 
Durazen   Zwetsche,   437 
Durchscheinende    Rcineclaude    (syn.    of 

Transparent),   360 
Durchsichtige    (syn.    of    Transparente) , 

555 

Durham,   Miss,  var.   orig.  by,  287 
Du  Rot   (syn.   of  Agen),    138 
Dn  Roi   (syn.   of  Early  Orleans),    198 
Dutch  Plum  or  Plumb   (syns.  of  Yellow 

Egg),  386 
Dutch    Prune     (syn.     of    Domine    Dull, 

433;   of  German  Prune,   219) 
Dutch  Quetssen  (syn.  of  Domine  Dull), 

433 
Dymond    (syn.    of   Diamond),    191 

Eagle,   437 

Barley's  November  (syn.  of  Black 
BuIIace),  161 

Earliest  of  All  (syn.  of  Earliest  of 
All),  198 

Earliest  of  All,  198 

Early,   437 

Early  Amber,   437 

Early  Apricot  (syn.  of  Early  Trans- 
parent Gage),  440 

Early  Apricot,  437 

Early  Apricot  Plum  (syn.  of  Early 
Apricot),  437 

Early  Bavay  (syn.  of  July  Green 
Gage),  474 

Early  Black  Damask  (syn.  of  Morocco), 
288 

Early  Black  Morocco  (syn.  of  Mo- 
rocco), 288 

Early    Blue,   438 

Early   Blue    (syn.    of   Early   Blue),    438 

Early  Bradshaw  (syn.  of  Gerishes 
Seedling,  451;  of  Field,  208) 

Early  Cherry,  438 

Early  Cluster,  438 

Early  Cross,  438 

Early  Damask  (syn.  of  Morocco),  288 

Early  Damask  of  Provence  (syn.  of 
Damas  de  Provence),  426 

Early  Damson  (syn.  of  Damson,  186; 
of  Horse,  464;  of  Morocco,  288;  of 
Winter  Damson,  567) 

Early  Damson   (syn.  of  Morocco),  288 

Early  de  Tours  (syn.  of  Early  Tours), 
202 

Early  Favorite,  438 

Early  Favorite,  or  Favourite  (syns.  of 
Early  Favorite),  438 

Early  Forcing  (syn.  of  Red  Magnum 
Bonum),  325 

Early  Fruchtbare  (syn.  of  Early  Riv- 
ers), 200 

Early  Cenesee  (syn.  of  Henrietta 
Gage),  461 


Early  Gcnesee,  438 

Early    Golden     (syn.    of    Early    Golden 

Drop),   438 

Early   Golden    Drop,   438 
Early   Green    (syn.   of   Emerald),   442 
Early     Green      Gage?      (syn.      of     July 

Green  Gage),  474 
Early    Honey,    439 

Early  John   (syn.  of  Early  Yellow),  203 
Early   Large   Black    (syn.    of   Noire    de 

Montreuil),   504 
Early  Minnesota,  439 
Early  Mirabelle,  439 
Early  Monsieur  (syn.  of  Early  Orleans), 

198 

Early  Morocco   (syn.   of  Morocco),  288 
Early  Normandy,  439 
Early   Orleans   (syn.   of  Early  Orleans), 

198 

Early  Orleans,  198 
Early  Pale,  439 
Early   Pear,   439 
Early  Perdrigon,  439 
Early   Prolific    (syn.    of    Early    Rivers), 

200 

Early  Purple   (syn.   of  Howell),   465 

Early  Red,  439,  440 

Early  Red    Primordian     (syn.     of    Red 

Primordian),   528 

Early  Red  Russian;  Early  Red  Russian 

No.  3    (syns.    of   Early   Red),   440 

Early  Riven    (syn.    of    Early    Rivers), 

200 

Early  Rivers,  200 
Early  Royal,  201 
Early  Royal  (syn.  of  Early  Royal), 

2OI 

Early   Royal   of   Nikita    (syn.    of   Early 

Royal    of   Nikita),    440 
Early   Royal   of   Nikita,  440 
Early  Russian  (syn.  of  German  Prune), 

219 

Early  Scarlet  .(syn.  of  Myrobalan),  290 
Early  Six  Weeks   (syn.  of  Six  Weeks), 

544 

Early  St.  John,  440 
Early  Tours,  202 
Early    Tours    (syn.    of    Early    Tours), 

202 

Early  Transparent;  Early  Transparent 
Gage  (syns.  of  Early  Transparent 
Gage),  440 

Early  Transparent   Gage,   440 

Early  Violet  (syn.  of  Early  Tours,  202; 
of  Violet,  559) 

Early  White  Plum  (syn.  of  Early  Yel- 
low), 203 

Early   Yellow,   203 

Early  Yellow  (syn.  of  Early  Yellow), 
203 

Early   Yellow  Gage,  440 

Early  Yellow  Prune,  440 

Eason,  441 

Eberly,  441 

Eberly's  Plum   (syn.   of  Eberly),  441 

Ebert,   Madame,  var.  orig.   by,  430 

Ebon,  441 

Eclite  Gelbe  Eier  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Yel- 
low Egg),  386 

Echte  Grosse  Reine-Claude  (syn.  of 
Reine  Claude),  327 

Echte  Hafcr  Pflaume  or  Zwetsche 
(syns.  of  Haferpflaume),  458 


Eckenholm,    M.    Brahay,    var.    orig.    by, 

408 

Ecully,  441 
Eddie,  441 
Edith,  441 

Edith  of  Terry   (syn.  of  Julia),  473 
Edle   Early,   441 
Edle  Fruhpflaume  (syn.  of  Edle  Early), 

441 
Edle   Gelbe   Eger  Pflaume;   Edle   Gelbe 

Eier  Pflaume   (syns.  of  Yellow  Egg), 

386 
Edle   Konigs   Pflaume    (syn.    of    Valien- 

ciennes),  558 
Edouard  Seneclauze,  441 
Eggles,  441 

Egg   Plum    (syn.    of   Yellow   Egg),    386 
Eggcr'sche     Eier     Zivetsche      (syn.      of 

Comte    Gustave    d'Egger),    422 
Eier   Pflaume    (syn.    of   Blue   Egg,   405; 

of   Yellow  Egg,   386) 
Eldora,   441 
Eldorado,  441 
Eldridge,    442 

Elfreth's  Prune  (syn.  of  Elfrey),  442 
Elfrey,  442 
Elfrey's  Prune;  Elfry's  Plum   (syns.  of 

Elfrey),  442 
Elisabeth  Pflaume,  442 
Elisabeth    d'Elsner    (syn.    of    Elisabeth 

Pflaume),  442 
Ella,  442 

Elliott,   quoted,  256 
Ellis,  442 
Ellwood,   442 
Elmore,   442 

El  Paso    (syn.    of  Beaty),   400 
Eisner  Grime  Zwetsche,  442 
Eisner's     Elisabeth     Pflaume      (syn.     of 

Elisabeth  Pflaume),  442 
Eisner's    Von    Gronow    Grune   Zwetsche 

(syn.  of  Eisner  Grune  Zwetsche),  442 
Elton,  442 

Elwood  (syn.  of  Ellwood),  442 
Emerald,  442 
Emerald   Drop,   443 
Emerson,   443 
Emerson's    Early     (syn.    of    Emerson), 

443 

Emerson  Yellow,  443 
Emigrant,    443 
Emily  May,  443 
Emma,    443 
Empereur,  443 
Empcreur  de  Mas   (syn.  of  Empereur), 

443 
Empcreur    de    Sharp    (syn.    of    Sharp), 

340 
Empereur    du    Japan    (syn.    of   Emperor 

of  Japan),   443 
Emperor       (syn.       of       Denbigh,       430; 

of  Goliath,  231) 
Emperor  of  Japan,  443 
Emperor  of  Japan   (syn.  of  Emperor  of 

Japan),    443 
Empire,  203 

Empire   State   (syn.   of  Empire),  203 
Empress    (syn.    of    Imperatrice),    249 
Engre,  206 
Engle,  443 
Englebert,    204 
Englebcrt    (syn.    of    Englebert),    204 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 


591 


Englische  Zwetsche  (syn.  of  Large 
English),  262 

English   Orleans    (syn.   of  Orleans),  302 

English  Pond's  Seedling  (syn.  of 
Pond),  314 

English  Pond's  Seedling  (syn.  of 
Duane),  196 

English  Wheat   (syn.  of  Wheat),  563 

English  Yellow  Gage  (syn.  of  Small 
Reine  Claude"*,  347 

Enkelde  Backsfruim;  Enkelde  Black- 
pruim  (syns.  of  German  Prune),  219 

Epine    noire    (syn.    of    Sloe),    544 

Erby   September    (syn.   of   Irby),   468 

Esjum  Erik,  443 

Esperen,   206 

Esperen's  Goldpflaume  (syn.  of  Es- 
peren), 206 

Esperin,   Major,  var.   orig.   by,    156,  207 

Essex   Bullace,  444 

Esslinger  Fruhzwetsche,  444 

Esther,   444 

Etendard  d*  Angleterre  (syn.  of  Stan- 
dard), 548 

Etopa,  444 

Etta,  444 

EuKen  Furst;  Eugene  Furst  (syns.  of 
Fiirst  Damson),  448 

Eugen  Fiirsts  Friihzwetsche  (syn.  of 
Furst),  217 

Eureka,  444 

Eureka    (syn.   of  Wickson),  376 

European  Cherry  Plum  (syn.  of  Myro- 
balan),  290 

Eva,  444 

Evelyn.   444 

Excelsior,   207 

Excelsior  Damson,  444 

Exoascus,   diseases  caused  by,    127,    128 

Fairchild,   444 

Fairchild,  J.  A.,  var.  orig.  by,  546 

Fair's  Golden  or  Golden  Drop  (syn. 
of  Golden  Drop),  228 

Farleigh  Prolific  (syn.  of  Crittenden), 
184 

Fancy,   443 

Fanning,   445 

Farleigh    (syn.    of  Crittenden),    184 

Farleigh  Castle    (syn.   of  Pond),   314 

Farleigh  Damson  (syn.  of  Crittenden), 
184 

Fausse  Altesse  (syn.  of  Italian  Prune), 
253 

Favorite  de  Buel   (syn.  of  Buel),  411 

Favorite  de  Lawrence  (syn.  of  Law- 
rence), 266 

Favorite  d'Howard  (syn.  of  Howard), 
464 

Favorite  Native,  Precoce,  Precoce  de 
Rivers  (syns.  of  Early  Favorite), 
«« 

Favorite  Pourpre  (syn.  of  Purple 
Favorite),  521 

Fawn,    445 

Feine  Damascene  (syn.  of  Musk  Dam- 
son), 501 

Feine  Und  Gute  (syn.  of  Fine  Bonte), 
445 

Fell,   quoted,   387 

Fellemberg  (syn.  of  German  Prune, 
219;  of  Italian  Prune,  253) 


Fellen  berg ;    Fellen  berg    Q  uctsche  ;    Fel- 

lenberger  Zwetsche;  Fellenburg;  Felt- 

cmberg    (syns.   of  Italian  Prune),  253 
Femmons,  Frank,  var.  orig.  by,  445 
Femmonzi,  445 
Fcrtheringham  (syn.  of  Belgian  Purple), 

157 

Fertile  Bleue    (syn.  of  Blue  Prolific),  406 
Fertile  Precoce    (syn.  of  Early  Rivers), 

200 

Fertilizers,  use  and  value  of,   121,   122 
Field*   207 
Field  Marshall,  445 
Figue   Grosse   Rouge,   445 
Figue  Grose  Rouge  (syn.  of  Red  Date), 

322 
Figue     Grosse     Rouge     (syn.     of     Red 

Date),   322 
Fin   de    Siecle,    445 
Fine   Bonte,   445 
Fine  Early  Plum,   445 
Firba    Kontgspflaume,   445 
Firbas  Friihe   Schuttenhoferin,  446 
First,   446 
First   Best,    446 
First   Sweet,  446 
Fisher,  J.   E.,  var.  orig.  by,  365 
Fitze,    Charles   G.,   var.    orig.    by,   274 
Fitzhugh,    William,    quoted,    85 
Fitzroy,    446 
Flora  Plena,  446 
Floren  ce       ( syn.       of       Red       Magnum 

Bonum),    325 
Flotou's    Allerfriiheste    Mirabclle     (syn. 

of  Mirabelle  de  Flotow),  497 
Fluke,  N.   K.,  var.  orig.  by,  394,  429,  477 
Flushing   Bulleis,    446 
Flushing  Gage   (syn.  of  Imperial  Gage), 

Foderingham ;  Foderingham  Plum 
(syns.  of  Fotheringham) ,  2 1 2 

Foliage  Plum   (syn.  of  Vesuvius),  559 

Fondante  Noire  (syn.  of  Friihe  Leip- 
ziger  Damascene) ,  448 

Fonthill    (syn.   of  Pond),   314 

Foote,  446 

Foote,    Asahel,   var.    orig.    by,    440,   446 

Foote' s  Early  Orleans  (syn.  of  Foote), 
446 

Foote   Golden   Gage,   446 

Forest   Garden,    209 

Forest  Rose,   210 

Forest   Rose  Improved,  447 

Forewattamie,    447 

Formosa,  447 

Forward   Damask,   447 

Fotheringay     (syn.     of     Fotheringham), 

212 

Fotheringham,  212 

Fourth  of  July  (syn.  of  Lovett),  486 
Fourth  of  July  (syn.  of  Marble),  490 
Francfort  Peach;  Frankfurter  Pfirschen 

Zwetsche   (syns.  of  Frankfort  Peach), 

447 

Frankfort   Peach,   447 
Frankfurter  Pfiaume  (syn.  of  Rudolph), 

536 

Frankland,    Thomas,   var.    orig.    by,    396 
Franklin,    447 

Franklin    (syn.   of  Washington),  368 
Fraser,   447 

-    T   hn,  m    O-K  by,  447 


Fraser's  Early  Yellow  (syn.  of  Fraser), 

447 
Fraucndorfer  Friihe  Zwetsche    (syn.   of 

Quetsche    Precoce    De    Frauendorf) , 

524 

Freeman,   212,  447 
Freeman,  var.   orig.  by,  212 
Freeman's  Favorite    (syn.  of  Freeman), 

447 

Free  Silver    (syn.   of  Terry),    552 
Freestone,  213,  447,  448. 
Freestone  Damson   (syn.   of  Freestone), 

213 

Freestone  Goose,  448 
Freestone  Quetsche,  448 
French,   214 

French   (syn.  of  Agen),  138 
French   Apricot    (syn.    of   Apricot),    148 
French  Copper   (syn.   of  Copper),    183 
French  Damson    (syn.    of   French),    214 
French  Orleans    (syn.   of  Orleans),   302 
French  Prune   (syn.   of  Agen),    138 
French  Royal   (syn.   of  Royal),  534 
French  St.  Julien  (syn.  of  Saint  Julien), 

335 
Freudcnberger    Fruh    Pfiaume    (syn.    of 

Precoce   de   Freudenberg),    517 
Friars    (syn.    of   Violet   Diaper),   365 
Friar's   Plum    (syn.    of    Violet    Diaper) , 

365 

Friedheim    Damascene,   448 
Friedheim' s      Rote      Friih      Damascene 

(syn.    of    Friedheim   Damascene) ,    448 
Fritze   Herrnpflaume,   448 
Frogmore,   215 
Frogmore     Damson ;     Frogmore    Prolific 

Damson   (syns.   of  Frogmore),   215 
Froment    American    (syn.    of    American 

Wheat),   39S 
Frost  Gage,  216 
Frost  Plum    (syn.    of   Frost   Gage,    216; 

of  White  Damson,  374) 
Frostproof,    448 
Friihe  Aprikosenpfiaume   (syn.   of  Early 

Apricot,  437 

Fruhe    Dattelzwetsche    (syn.    of   Hunga- 
rian),  246 

Friihe  Englische  Zwetsche,  448 
Friihe   Fruchtbare    (syn.    of    Early    Riv- 
ers),   200 
Friihe    Gclbe    Kaiser    Pfiaume    (syn.    of 

Apricot),    148 
Friihe    Gclbe    Kaiser    Pfiaume    (syn.    of 

Friihe   Gelbe   Reine  Claude),   448 
Friihe    Gelbe    Reine   Claude,    448 
Friihe     Gelbe    Reine     Claude     (syn.     of 

Transparente),    555 
Friihe      Gcmdne      Zwetsche      (syn.      of 

Wahre    Fruhzwetsche) ,    560 
Friihe    Grosse    Schwarse    Pfiaume    (syn. 

of   Noire   de    Montreuil),    504 
Friihe    Griine   Zwetsche,    448 
Friihe   Plaits  Zwetsche    (syn.    of   Wahre 

Fruhzwetsche),   560 
Friihe     Hcrrupfiaume     (syn.     of     Early 

Orleans),    198 
Friihe    Hcrrn    Pfiaume    (syn.    of    Royal 

Tours),   332 
Friihe     Herrnpflaume     (syn.     of     Early 

Orleans),    198 
Friihe     Herrupfiaume     (syn.     of     Early 

Orleans),    198 


592 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Friihe    Hersogspflaume    (syn.    of    Early 

Orleans),   198 
Friihe    Kiinigspflaume    (syn.    of    Royale 

Ih'itive  dc  Liegel),  533 
Friihe    Konigspflaume    von    Nikita    (syn. 

of  Early  Royal  of  Nikita),  440 
Friihe  Leipziger  Damascene,  448 
Friihe  Nikitacr  Konigspflaume  (syn.  of 

Early   Royal   of   Nikita),   440 
Friihe   Platte  Damascene    (syn.    of   Mo- 
rocco),   288 
Friihe     Reine-Claude      (syn.      of     July 

Green  Gage),   474 
Friiher     Perdrigon;      Friiher     Violetter 

Perdrigon  (syns.  of  Early  Perdrigon), 

439 

Friihe  Schivarze  Pflaume  (syn.  of 
Noire  de  Montreuil),  504 

Friihe  Schwarze  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Mo- 
rocco), 288 

Friihe  Treibsw  e  tschc ;  Friihe  Treib 
Zwetsche  (syns.  of  Red  Magnum 
Bonum),  325 

Friihe  von  Bergthold  (syn.  of  Early 
Mirabclle),  439 

Friihe  Weisse  Aprikosenpflaume  (syn. 
of  Diel  Grosse  Weisse  Damascene), 

432 

Friihe  Zwetsche   (syn.   of  Wahre  Friih- 

zwetsche),   560 

Friih  Zwetsche  (syn.  of  Red  Date),  322 
Fr&hzwetsche    mit    Silberblatt    (syn.    of 

Quetsche  a  feuille  argentee),   523 
Frillizwetsche    von    Buhlerthal    (syn.    of 

Quetsche  Precoce  de  Buhlerthal),  524 
Fuller,   448 

Fuller's  Egg   (syn.   of  Fuller),  448 
Fulton,  448 
Funk,  448 

Funk,  J.  M.,  var.  orig.  by,  448 
Funk's  Early   (syn.  of  Funk),  448 
Furst,  217 
Fiirst    Damson,   448 
Fiirslemelter      Pflaume;      Furstensellcr 

Reine-Claude   (syns.  of  Red  Apricot), 

321 
Fitrsten       Zwetsche;       Furstemwetsche 

(syns.    of    Imperatrice),    249 
Fiirst's    Damson    (syn.    of    Fiirst    Dam- 
son), 448 
Fiirst's   Fruhzwetsche    (syn.    of   Furst), 

217 
Furugiya    (syn.    of    Chabot),    172 

Gabriel  Combes,  449 

Gage    Verte    (syn.    of    Reine    Claude), 

327 

Galbraith,   449 

Galbraith,  var.  orig.  by,  449 
Gale,  449 
Galena,  449 

Gale  Seedling   (syn.    of  Gale),  449 
Gale's  No.  3  (syn.  of  Gale),  449 
Gallesio,    quoted,    28 
Galopin,   449 

Galopin,  M.,  var.  orig.  by,  564 
Garden  King,  449 
Garfield,  449 
Garlick,  450 

Garlick's   Early    (syn.    of  Garlick),    450 
Garnet    (syn.    of   Occident),   295 
Garnet,  450 
Carrie!,  var.  orig.  by,  351 


Garten   Pflaume   or   Zwetsche   (syns.    of 

Quetsche  Maraichere),  524 
Gates,  450 
Gaunt,   450 
Gaviota,    450 
Gaylord,  450 
Gaylord,     Edson,     var.     orig.    by,     395, 

453 

Gaylord    Gold,    450 
Gcibe    Apricosenartige    Pflaume;    Gelbe 

Aprikosenpflaume;      Gelbe      Dauphins 

(syns.    of   Apricot),    148 
Gelbe  Catharinenpflautne   (syn.  of  Saint 

Catherine),    334 

Gelbe  Damascener  Pflaume,  450 
Gelbe  Egcr  Pflaume;  Gelbe  Egg;  Gelbe 

Eicrpflaiime    (syns.    of    Yellow    Egg), 

386 
Gelbe  friihe  Pflaume;  Gelbe  Friihzcitige 

(syns.    of   Early   Yellow),    203 
Gelbe  Friihswetsche    (syn.    of   Quetsche 

Jaune   Precoce),    524 
Gelbe   Herrn    Pflaume    (syn.    of   Yellow 

Imperatrice),    569 
Gelbe   Jerusalempflaume,    450 
Gelbe  Katharinenpflaume   (syn.  of  Saint 

Catherine),    334 
Gelbe  Kirschpflaume,  450 
Gelbe   Malonke    (syn.    of  Yellow   Egg), 

386 
Gelbe  Marunke   (syn.  of  Weisse  Kaiser- 

in,    563;   of  Yellow  Egg,   386) 
Gelbe  Mirabelle  (syn.  of  Mirabelle),  284 
Gelber  Bidling   (syn.  of  Gemeiner  Gelbe 

Spilling),    451 
Gelbe   Reine-Claude    (syn.    of   Apricot), 

148 
Gelbe   Reneclode    Mit    Gefullter   Bluthe 

(syn.     of    Double    Flowering    Gage), 

192 

Gelbe  Spatzwetsche,  451 
Gelbe    Ungarische   Eier   Pflaume;   Gelbe 

Ungarische     Eyerpftaume      (syns.     of 

Yellow  Egg),   386 
Gem,  451 
Gemeine  Hauswetsche    (syn.   of  German 

Prune),    219 

Gemeiner   Gelbe   Spilling,  451 
Gemeine     Zwetsche     (syn.     of     German 

Prune),  219 

General  Brock   (syn.  of  Brock),  410 
Gen.  Hand;  General  Hand;  Genl.  Hand 

(syns.   of  Hand),  239 
General   Jackson    (syn.    of   Miner),    281 
Gentleman,  451 
Georgeson,  217 
Georgeson,  C.  C.,  quoted,  55 
Gcorg  IV   (syn.   of  Rigny),   532 
Georgia,    451 
Geperlte  Mirabelle    (syn.   of  Mirabelle), 

284 

Gerard,  quoted,   162 
Gerishes  Seedling,  451 
German  Gage  (syn.  of  Bleeker),  163 
German  Plum  (syn.  of  German  Prune), 

219 

German  Prune,  219 
German   Prune    (syn.    of   Domine    Dull, 

433;  of  German  Prune,  219;  of  Italian 

Prune,    253) 
German  Prune  Seedling   (syn.   of  Man- 

kato),  489 


German     Quetsche     (syn.     of     German 

Prune),   219 
Gcrsepflaume,  451 
Geuii   (syn.   of  Gueii),  234 
Ghiston,  451 

Ghiston's  Early    (syn.   of  Ghiston),   451 
Giant,  222 

Giant  Prune   (syn.   of  Giant),   222 
Gibb,    Charles,    var.   orig.    by,    395,    483 
Gibson,   451 

Gibson,  W.  L.,  var.  orig.  by,  451 
Gideon,  Peter  M.,  var.   orig.  by,  470 
Gifford,  var.   introduced  by,   261 
Gifford's  Lafayette   (syn.  of  Lafayette), 

261 

Gill,  451 

Gil/ett  (syn.  of  Miner),  281 
Gisborne,   451 
Gisborne's;  Gisborne' s  Early;  Gisborne' 'j 

Zwetsche    (syns.    of  Gisborne),   451 
Glaister,    452 
Glanzcnde     Gelbe    Mirabelle     (syn.     of 

Drap  d'Or),  194 
Glass,  223 

Glass,  Alexander,  var.  orig.  by,  224 
Glass   Seedling    (syn.    of   Glass),   223 
Glauzcndc     gclbe     Mirabclle      (syn.     of 

Drap  d'Or),    194 
Gloire    de    Louveciennes,    452 
Gloire  dc  New  York  (syn.  of  Hulings), 

245 
Gloire  de  Schoneberg   (syn.  of  Belle  de 

Schoneberg),  401 
Gloire  d'Epinay,  452 
Gloria,   452 

Gloucestershire  Violet,  452 
Glow,  452 
Gluhcnde  Kohle   (syn.   of  Red  Diaper), 

323 

G.    No.   4,   452 
G.    No.    44    Jones    (unpublished)     (syn. 

of  G.   No.   4),   452 
Goff,  452 

Goff,  Emmett  Stull,  life  of,  355-356 
Gold,  452 

Gold   (syn.   of  Golden),   224 
Gold  Coin,  453 
Gold  Colored,  453 
Golden,   224 

Golden    (syn.   of  Golden  Prune),  453 
Golden    (syn.    of  Gold),   452 
Golden  Beauty,  226 
Golden   Cherry,    228 
Golden    Cherry    Plum    (syn.    of    Golden 

Cherry),   228 
Golden  Cluster,  453 
Golden  Drop,  228 
Golden      Drop;     Golden     Drop      Plum; 

Golden  Gage  (syns.  of  Golden  Drop), 

228 

Golden  Esperen   (syn.  of  Esperen),  200 
Golden     Esperen     Plum     (syn.     of     Es- 
peren),  206 
Golden  Gage,  453 
Golden  Gage  Lawson  (syn.  of  Lawson), 

482 

Golden  Gem,  453 
Golden  Prolific,  453 
Golden  Prune,  453 
Golden   Queen,   453 
Golden   Transparent,   453 
Gold     Pflaume;      Goldfarbige     Pflaume 

(syns.  of  Drap  d'Or),  194 


THE  PLUMS  OF   NEW  YORK. 


593 


Goldsmith,   454 

Goldsmith's  Vienna  (syn.  of  Goldsmith), 

454 

Goldstoff   (syn.    of   Drap  d'Or),    194 
Goldseng   (syn.  of  Drap  d'Or),    194 
Goliath    (syn.    of  Goliath,   231;   of  Nec- 
tarine,  291) 
Goliath,    231 
Gondin,   454 
Gonne,   454 

Gonne,   Dr.,  var.  orig.  by,  454 
Gonne's    Green    Gaffe     (syn.    of    Small 

Reine   Claude),   347 
Gonne's  Rothe  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Gonne), 

454 

Consoles  (syn.  of  Gonzales),  232 
Gonzales,   232 
Goose-Dye,    454 
Goose-O,  454 
Goose  Plum,  59 
Gordon,    454 

Gordon,  J.  K.,  var.  orig.  by,  410,  564 
Gordon  Castle,  454 
Gordon  No.  3   (syn.   of  Gordon),  454 
Coring's   Golden    Gage    (syn.    of    Reine 

Claude),  327 
Gorman,  454 

Gorrie,   Archibald,   var.    orig.   by,   482 
Gough,    quoted,    164 
Goutte  d'Or,  228;  Goutte  d'Or  de  Cue, 

229   (syns.  of  Golden  Drop) 
Goutte  d'Or  Violette  (syn.  of  Coe  Vio- 
let),   420 
Goutte     Emeraude     (syn.     of     Emerald 

Drop),    443 
Govalle,    454 
Grace,  454 

Grace,   W.    R.,   var.   orig.   by,   454 
Graf      Altliann's     Reine-Claude;      Graf 

Althan's   Reine-Claude    (syns.    of    Al- 

tham),    141 
Graf  Gustav  von  Egger  (syn.  of  Comte 

Gustave  d'Egger) ,  422 
Grand-Due   (syn.   of  Grand  Duke),   233 
Grand  Duke,  233 
Grand  Precoce,  454 
Graugriine  Fruhpflaume,  455 
Gray,   quoted,   99 
Gray  Damask,  455 
Grayson,    455 
Great  Bearer,  455 
Great  Damask   Violet  of  Tours  (syn.  of 

Gros  Damas  de  Tours),  456 
Great   Date    (syn.    of  Date),   428 
Great  Green  Damask;  Great  Green  Dam- 

aski   (syns.  of  Reine  Claude),  327 
Great     Imperial     Plum     (syn.     of     Red 

Magnum    Bonum)    325 
Great    Mogul     (syn.    of    Yellow    Egg), 

386 
Great    Plum    of    Tours;     Great    Violet 

Damask  de  Tours;  Great  Violet  Tours 

Damask    (syns.    of    Gros    Damas    de 

Tours),    456 
Great    Queen    Claudia    (syn.    of    Reine 

Claude),    327 

Great   Whilton   (syn.   of  Wheat),   563 
Greeley    (syn.   of  Greely),   455 
Greely,    455 
Greely,  Captain  Eliphalet,  var.  orig.  by, 

455 
Green     Damask     (syn.     of     Mirabelle), 

284 


Greene,  quoted,  77 

Greenfield,   455 

Greenfield,  var.   orig.  by,  455 

Green    Gage    (syn.    of    Reine    Claude), 

327 
Green     Gage     (syn.     of    Reine    Claude 

Group),    27 
Green  Indian,  455 
Green   Italian,   455 
Green    Oysterly,    455 
Green   Perdrigon,  455 
Green  Pescod,   455 
Green  Spanish   (syn.  of  Reine  Claude), 

327 

Gregoire,   M.,   var.   orig.   by,   412 
Grelck,  John,  var.  orig.  by,  455 
Grelck,  455 

Gridley,  var.  orig.  by,   553 
Griesa,  A.  H.,  var.  orig.  by,  512 
Grimwood    Early    Orleans;    Grim-wood's 

Early    Orleans    (syns.    of    Early    Or- 
leans),   198 

Groot,  S.  C.f  var.  introduced  by,  320 
Gros    Damas;    Gros    Damas    de    Tours; 

Gros  Damas  Violet  dc  Tours  (syns.  of 

Gros  Damas  de  Tours),  456 
Gros     Damas     Blanc     (syn.     of     Large 

White    Damson),   480 
Gros   Damas   de   Tours    (syn.    of   Early 

Tours),    202 

Gros  Damas  de  Tours,   456 
Gros   Damas  Noir,   456 
Gros  Damas  rouge  tardif  (syn.  of  Late 

Red  Damask),   481 
Gros     Damas     Vert     (syn.      of     Reine 

Claude),    327 
Gros    Luisante    (syn.    of    Yellow    Egg), 

386 

Gros  Prune  (syn.  of  Pond),  314 
Gros     Reine-Claude      (syn.      of      Reine 

Claude),  327 
Gros    Rouge    de    Septembre     (syn.     of 

Belle),    158 
Gros  Saint-Julien  (syn.  of  Saint  Julien), 

335 
Gros-Damas  Blanc   (syn.  of  Diel  Grosse 

Weisse   Damascene),   432 
Grosse    a    seeker    de    Knight    (syn.    of 

Large  Green  Drying),   479 
Grosse    Blaue    Eier    Pflaume    (syn.    of 

Blue  Egg),  405 
Grosse  Blaue  Zwetsche  Von  der  Worms 

(syn.   of  Zwetsche  Von  der  Worms), 

572 
Grosse  Damascene  lion   Tours   (syn.   of 

Gros  Damas  de  Tours),  456 
Grosse    Datte    (syn.    of    Yellow    Egg), 

386 
Grosse    De    Cooper    (syn.    of    Cooper), 

423 
Grosse    Englische    Pflaumen    Zwetsche; 

Grosse  Englische   Zwetsche    (syns.   of 

Large  English),   262 
Grosse  Friih  Pftaume  (syn.  of  Noire  de 

Montreuil),    504 

Grosse   Friih   Zwetsche    (syn.    of    Hun- 
garian,   246;    of    Italian    Prune,    253; 

of  Red  Magnum  Bonum,  325) 
Grosse    Gelbe    Dattel    Pflaume;    Grosse 

Gelbe     Dattel     Zwetsche      (syns.      of 

Weisse   Kaiserin),   563 
Grosse    Gelbe    Eier    Pflaume    (syn.    of 

Yellow   Egg),   386 


Grosse    German    Prune    (syn.    of    Ger- 
man  Prune),   219 
Grosse     Glanzende;     Grosse     Glaniende 

Alberts    Pflaume;    Grosse    Glansende 

Pflaume    (syns.   of  Yellow   Egg),   386 
Grosse    Griine    Pflaume    (syn.    of    Isle- 

Verte),    470 
Grosse     Griine    Reine-Claude     (syn.     of 

Reine   Claude),   327 
Grosse  Hative  de  Rodt,  456 
Grosse   Hative   de  Rodt    (syn.    of   Rodt 

Friihe    Grosse   Pflaumenzwetsche),  533 
Grosse    Hauspflaume    (syn.    of    German 

Prune),    219 
Grosse     Konigin     Claudiapflaume     (syn. 

of    Reine   Claude),   327 
Grosse-Luisante    (syn.    of   Yellow  Egg), 

386 

Grosse   Marange,   456 
Grosse      Maronke;      Grosse      Marouk; 

Grosse     Marunke     (syns.     of     Yellow 

Egg),   386 
Grosse  Mirabelle   (syn.   of   Drap  d'Or), 

'94 
Grosse    Mirabelle    Drap    d'Or    (syn.    of 

Drap   d'Or),    194 
Grosse  noir  de  Montreuil;  Grosse  Noire 

hative  (syns.  of  Noire  de  Montreuil), 

504 
Grosse  Prune  Blanche   (syn.  of  Yellow 

Egg),   386 
Grosse   Prune   d'Agen    (syn.   of   Pond), 

3'4 
Grosse    prune    d'Inde    rouge    (syn.    of 

Indian),  468 
Grosse  Prunelle  Nouvelle  (syn.  of  New 

Large  Bullace),  503 
Grosse     Quetsche     De     Dorell;     Grosse 

Quetsche  Nouvelle   (syns.  of  Dorell), 

434 

Grosse     Reine;     Grosse     Reine-Claude 
(syns.  of  Reine  Claude),  327 

Grosse     Reine-Claude     Verte     De     Btj 
lepsch    (syn.   of  Berlepsch),   402 

Grosse    Rosspauke,   456 

Grosse    Rote   Feigen   Pflaume    (syn     of 
Red   Date),   322 

Grosse     rouge     de     Cooper     (syn       of 
Cooper),    423 

Grosse   Schwarze   Kaiser  Pflaum*    (syn. 
of    Bradshaw),    166 

Grosse    Surpasse,    456 

Grosse   u,   Lange   Friih   Zwetsche    (syn. 
of  Hungarian),   246 

Grosse     Vngarische    Zwetsche     (syn.    of 
Red  Magnum  Bonum),  325 

Grosse  Violette  de  Grugliasco,  456 

Grosse   Weisse  Glamende   (syn.  of  Yel- 
low Egg),   386 

Grosse    Zuckerzwetsche    (syn.    of   Large 
Sugar   Prune),   480 

Grosse   Zwetsche    (syn.    of    Large    Eng- 
lish),   262 

Grossherzog's   Pflaume    (syn.    of    Grand 
Duke),   233 

Groundacre   (syn.  of  Gundaker  Prune), 

457 
Grove   House   Purple    (syn.    of   Fother- 

ingham),    212 
Grune   Abrikose   or   Aprikose    (syn.    of 

Reine  Claude),   327 
Griine    Dattelzwetsche    (syn.    of    Grime 

Dattel  Zwetsche),  456 


594 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Griine  Dattel  Zwetsche,  436 

Griine    Eicrf-fiattme     (syn.    of    Quetsche 

Verte    D'ltalie),    525 
Grune  Ilerzformige,   456 
Griinc  Insclpflaume  (syn.  of  Isle- Verte), 

470 
Grune    Inscl    Pflaume    (syn.    of    Grune 

Dattel    Zwetsche),   456 
Griine     Mirabelle      (syn.     of     Mirabelle 

Verte),   497 
Griine      Reineclaude      (syn.      of      Reine 

Claude),    327 
Griine     Zwetsche      (syn.      of     Quetsche 

Verte    D'ltalie),    525 
Grune    Zwetsche    Von    Monrepos,    456 
Griinliche  Dattel  Pflaume  von-  Besongon 

(syn.   of   Yellow  Egg),  386 
Gueii,  234 

Gncii;    Guti    (syns.    of    Gueii),    234 
Guilford   No.    2,   456 
Guimaraen,   457 
Guinea  Egg,  457 
Gundaker,    457 
Gundaker,    Samuel    E.,    var.    orig.    by, 

457 

Gundaker  Prune,  457 
Gtts  Erik   (syn.  of  Nikitaer  Blaue  Fruh- 

zwetsche),   504 

Gtttc  Griine  (syn.  of  Reine  Claude),  327 
Cute   Kathe    (syn.   of    Saint   Catherine), 

334 
Gutheries  Taybank    (syn.   of  Taybank), 

55i 
Guthrie,    Charles,    var.    orig.    by,    23  6, 

397,    457,    55i 
Guthrie  Apricot,   457 
Guthrie  Green    (syn.   of  Guthrie  Late), 

236 

Guthrie  Late,  236 
Guthrie   Russet,  457 
(iu'hrie  Topaz,  457 
Guthrie' s     Apricot;     Guthrie's     Apricot 

Plum;     Guthrie' s     Golden;     Guthrie's 

New      Apricot       (syns.      of      Guthrie 

Apricot),  457 
Guthrie's     Aunt     Ann     (syn.     of     Aunt 

Ann),   397 
Guthrie's  Late  Green;  Guthrie's  Minette 

(syns.    of   Guthrie   Late),   236 
Guthrie's      Russet      (syn.      of      Guthrie 

Russet),   457 
Gu  thrie's      Topaz      (syn.      of      Guthrie 

Topaz),    457 
Gwalsh,    457 
Gweii   (syn.  of  Gueii),  234 

Haag,   458 

Haber   Pflaume    (syn.    of   Damson),    186 

Hackl,    Prof.    Pater,    var.    orig.    by,    217 

Hackl   Grosse  Zwetsche,  458 

Haferpflaume,   458 

Hafer    Schlehe    (syn.    of    Damson),    186 

Haferkrieche     (syn.     of     Datnas    Rouge 

Hatif),    427 

Haffner  Herbstpflaume,  458 
Haffner  Konigspflaume,  458 
Ilagaman,  var.  orig.  by,  235 
Hahnenhode  (syn.  of  Nikitaer  Hahnen- 

pflaume),   504 
Hakluyt,   quoted,    164 
Haku   Botan,  458 
Hale,   236 
Hale   (syn.  of  Late  Blood),  480 


Ilallcnbeck,    458 

Hallcnbeck,  Henry,  var.  orig.  by,  458 

Halcyon,   458 

Hammer,   238 

Hammond,   quoted,   75 

Hampton  Court  (syn.  of  Early  Orleans), 

198 

Hancock,   Thomas,   var.   orig.   by,   457 
Hand,   239 

Hand,   General,  var.  orig.   by,   240 
Hanford,  458 
Hanford's   Orleans    (syn.    of   Hanford), 

458 

Hanska,  458 
Hanson,  458 
Hanson,  N.  E.,  quoted,  1 1 6,  117;  var. 

orig.    by,     417,    419,     444,    458,     468, 

474,  489,  509,  539,  544,  561,   567,  571 
Happiness,  458 

Hardow,  P.   L.,  var.  orig.  by,   296 
Hare,  Thomas,  var.  orig.  by,  209 
Harlow,    458 

Harlow,  S.  C,  var.  orig.  by,  458 
Harney,    459 
Harper,  459 

Harper    (syn.  of  Imperial  Gage),  251 
Harper's   (syn.   of  Harper),  459 
Harriet,    241,    459 
Harris,   459 
Harrison,  459 
Harrison's   Peach    (syn.    of    Harrison), 

459 

Hart,    459 

Hart,  H.,  var.  orig.  by,  459 
Hart  Prune    (syn.   of  Bradshaw),   166 
Hart's  De  Soto  (syn.  of  Hart),  459 
Hartwick,   459 
Ilartwiss,   459 
Hartiviss      Gclbe      Zwetsche;      Hartwiss 

Yellow  Prune  (syns.  of  Hartwiss),  459 
Harvest,   460 

Harvest    Gage  (syn.  of  Yellow  Gage),  388 
Hathen's   Red    Gage    (syn.    of   AHham) , 

141 
Hctive       d'Augny       (syn.       of       Grosse 

Marange),    456 
Hative  de  Tours  (syn.  of  Early  Tours), 

202 
Hattan;    Hattankin    No.    2;    Hattonkin; 

Hattonkin    No.     2;     Hattankio ;    Hat- 

tankio      No.      2;      Hattankio      Oblong 

Hy  tan-Kayo;      Hytankio       (syns.       of 

Kerr),    259 
Hattankin   No.    I    (syn.   of  Georgeson), 

218 

Hattonkin    (syn.    of    Georgeson),    218 
Hattankio   (syn.  of  Abundance),    136 
Hattonkin   No.    i    (syn.    of   Georgeson) , 

218 

Hattankio    (syn.    of  Georgeson),   218 
Hattankio    (syn.    of    Abundance),    136 
Hattankio    (syn.    of   Kelsey),   258 
Hattankio   No.    i    (syn.    of    Georgeson) , 

218 

Hattie,   460 
Haiiptmann     Kirchhof's    Pflaume     (syn. 

of   Capitaine   Kirchhof ) ,   414 
Hauspflaume;    Hauszwetsche     (syns.     of 

German  Prime),  219 
Hawkeye,    242 

Hay  den,    E.    I*.,   var.   orig.    by,   441 
Hayo-Simoni,    460 
Hazard,  460 


Hazelton,    D.    C.,   var.    orig.   by,    140 

Heaton,   460 

Hector,    460 

Ileep,    460 

Ileideman,    C.    W.    H.,    var.    orig.    by, 

294,    4i5 

Heidcman    Sand   Cherry    (syn.    of   Com- 
pass),   182 
Heikes,  460 
Heine   Superbe,  460 
Helen,    460 

Helen's    Seedling    (syn.    of   Plelen),   460 
Hendrick,    460 

Hendrick's    (syn.    of  Hendrick),   460 
Henrietta      Gage      (syn.      of     Henrietta 

Gage),   461 
Henrietta   Gage,    461 
Henry  Clay,   461 
Ilerbst   Kriecke,   461 
Herbstpflaume,   46 1 
Herbstpflaume     (syn.     of    Prune    d'Au- 

tomne),    520 
Herbst   Reine  Claude    (syn.   of  Autumn 

Gage),  398 

Hereford   Damson,  461 
Herefordshire  Prune,  461 
Hcrnnpflaume     (syn.    of    Orleans) ,    302 
Heron,  461 
Heroy,    461 
Herren,   461 

Hcrrnpflaume    (syn.    of  Orleans),   302 
Herrenhauser  Blauc  Eier  Pftaume   (syn. 

of  Large  Sugar  Prune),  480 
Herrnhauser    Doppelte    Mirabelle     (syn. 

of      Mirabelle      Double      de      Herren- 

hausen),   497 

Herzformige  Pflaume,  461 
Hersog  von  Orleans  (syn.  of  Orleans), 

302 

Heupflaume,  461 
Herr    Pflaume     (syn.    of    Friihe    Grune 

Zwetsche),    448 
Hiawatha,   461 
Hick's     large     Eggf     (syn.     of     Yellow 

Egg),    386 

Higginson,    Francis,    quoted,    20,    93 
Highland,    461 
Highlander,    462 
Hilda  No.   5,  462 
Hillside,    462 
Hilltop,   462 
Ililman,    462 
Hinckley,    M.    E.,    var.    orig.    by,    490, 

5i5 

Hinckley    (syn.    of   Miner) ,    28  r 
Hinkley,  462 

Hlubeck  Aprikosenpflaume,  462 
Hoag's    Seedling,    462 
Hoffman,    462 

Hoffman,    Ernest,    var.    orig.    by,    533 
Hofinger   Mirabelle,   462 
Hofinger' s     Rote     Mirabelle      (syn.      of 

Hofinger    Mirabelle) ,    462 
Hog,    462 
Hogg,   John   A.,   quoted,    200,    260,   363, 

364,  432;   var.   orig.  by,   432 
Hog  Plum,   59 
Hohcitspflaume     (syn.    of    Imperatrice), 

249 
Hohcits  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Red  Diaper>f 

323 

Holister    (syn.    of   Hollister),    463 
Plolister,    var.    orig.    by,    463 


THE  PLUMS  OF   NEW  YORK. 


595 


Holland,  462,  463 

Holland    Plum;    Holland    Prune    (syns. 

of   Holland),   462 
Hollister,    463 

Hoi  man.    D.    S.,   var.   orig.   by,  463 
Holman    Prune,    463 
Holme,    463 
Holmes    Early    Blue    (syn.    of    Holme), 

463 

Holt,  B.  J.,  var.   orig.  by,  463 
Holt,   463 

Hoi  ton.    Warren,    var.    orig.    by,   442 
Homestead,    463 
Honey,   463 
Honey   Drop    (syn.    of   Golden   Beauty), 

226 

Honey   Grove    (syn.   of  Sanders),   538 
Honey    Julian,    463 
Honsmomo     (syn.     of    Berger,     160;    of 

Satsuma,   337) 

Hon-smomo    (syn.    of   Chabot),    172 
Hoo   Green   Gage,   463 
Hooker,   quoted,    37 
Hoosier,    463 

Horemoritzer   Reine   Claude,   463 
Horrigan,    463 
Horse,    464 

Horse   Gage    (syn.    of   Horse   Jag) ,    464 
Horse   Jag,   464 
Horse   Plum,    59 

Horse  Plum   (syn.  of  Horse),  464 
Hoskins,    464 

Hoskins,   var.    orig.   by,   464 
Houston    County,   464 
Hovey,  C.  M.,  quoted,   167,  229 
How,   Hall   J.,   var.   orig.   by,    464 
Howard,    464 
Howard's   Favorite    (syn.    of    Howard) , 

464 

Howe,   464 
Howell.    465 

Ho  well's    Early    (syn.    of   Howell),    465 
Hou'dl's     Large      (syn.     of     Nectarine, 

291;   of  Peach,   309) 
Howel's    (syn.   of   Nectarine),    291 
How   Amber,   464 
How's    Amber    (syn.    of    How    Amber) , 

464 

Hoyo    Smomo,    465 
Hoyt,   R.   D.,  var.  orig.  by,  446 
H.  T.   S.  84,  7«i,  465 
Huankume,   465 
Hudson,   243 
Hudson,   quoted,  93 
Hudson;  Hudson  Gage;  Hudson's  gclbc 

Fruhpfiaume  (syns.  of  Hudson  Gage), 

465 

Hudson   Gage,   465 
Hudson    River    Purple;    Hudson    River 

Purple    Egg    (syns.    of   Hudson),    243 
Hughes,  465 

Hughes   Late    (syn.    of   Tecumseh),    552 
Hulings,   245 
Huling's   Reine    Claude    (syn.    of   Reine 

Claude),    327 
Huling's   Reine-Claudia    (syn.    of    Reine 

Claude),  327 

Huling's  Superb   (syn.  of  Hulings),  245 
Hungarian,    245 

Hungarian    (syn.    of   Pond),    314 
Hungarian    (syn.    of   Ungarish),    361 
Hungarian    Date    (syn.    of    Hungarian), 

246 


Hungarian  Musk  Prune,  465 

Hungarian    No.    i,    465 

Hungarian    No.    2,    466 

Hungarian  Plum    (syn.    of  Hungarian), 

246 
Hungarian    Prune    (syn.    of    Hungarian, 

246;  of  Pond,  314;  of  Ungarish,  361) 
Hungarica    (syn.    of   Hungarian),   246 
Hungary    (syn.    of   Ungarish) ,    36 1 
Hunn,    466 
Hunt,   466 

Hunt,  Henry,   var.    orig.   by,    466 
Hunt,  R.    A.,   var.    orig.    by,   491 
Hunt  De   Soto,  466 
Hunt's    De    Soto     (syn.     of    Hunt    De 

Soto),    466 
Hyacinth;  Hyacinthe  Pflaume    (syns.   of 

Jacinthe),    471 

Hytankayo    (syn.    of    Abundance),    136 
Hytankayo    (syn.    of   Chabot),    172 
II  \ tankayo    (syn.    of   Red   June),    324 
Hy tan-Kayo    (syn.    of   Kerr),   259 
Hytankio   (syn.  of  Kerr),  259 

Ickworth,    247 

Ickworth  Imperatrice  (syn.  of  Ick- 
worth), 247 

Ida,    466 

Ida  Gage;  Ida  Green  Gage  (syns.  of 
Reine  Claude),  327 

Ida   Green    Gape,    466 

Idal   (syn.   of  Idall),  466 

Idall,   466 

Idol    (syn.   of  Idall),   466 

Icnua   (syn.   of  Date),  428 

Ilevert;  He  Vert;  lie  vert;  lite  verte; 
Ilk-crt  (syns.  of  Isle-Verte),  470 

Illinois  Ironclad  (syn.  of  Ironclad), 
469 

Illinois  Plum   (syn.    of  Langsdon),   479 

Tmperatrice,    248 

Imperatrice    (syn.    of  Red   Diaper),   323 

Imperatrice;  Imperatrice  Blue;  Itn- 
pcratrice  V'wlcitc  (syns.  of  Im- 
peratrice), 249 

Imperatrice  Blanche  (syn.  of  White 
Imperatrice),  375 

Tmperatrice   group,    33 

Imperatrice  Ickworth  (syn.  of  Ick- 
worth), 247 

Imperatrice  Jaune  (syn.  of  Yellow  Im- 
peratrice), 569 

Imperatrice  Jckworth  (syn.  of  Ick- 
worth), 247 

Imperatrice  Violette  (syn.  of  German 
Prune),  219 

Imperatrice  Violette  Grosse  (syn.  of 
German  Prune),  219 

Imperial  (syn.  of  Red  Magnum  Bonum), 
325 

Imperial,    466 

Imperial  Blanc;  Imperiale  Blanche; 
(syns.  of  Yellow  Egg),  386 

Imperial  de  Sharp  (syn.  of  Sharp,  340; 
of  Victoria,  363) 

Imperial  Diadem;  Imperial  Diademc 
(syns.  of  Red  Diaper),  323 

Imperial  Jaune  (syn.  of  Weisse 
Kaiserin),  563 

Imperial  Epineuse,  250 

Imperial  Epineux  (syn.  of  Imperial 
Epineuse),  250 


Imperial    Gage,    25 1 

Imperial    Gage    (syn.    of    Washington), 

368 
Imperial    Gage;    Imperial    Green    Gage 

(syns.   of   Imperial    Gage),   251 
Imperial    jaune     (syn.     of    Yellow     Im- 
perial),   569 
Imperiall      (syn.      of      Red      Magnum 

Bonum),   325 
Imperial    Ottoman,    467 
Imperial     Ottoman     (syn.     of     Imperial 

Ottoman),    467 
Imperial    Purple,    467 
Imperial      Purple      (syn.      of      Imperial 

Purple),   467 
Imperial  Rouge;  Imperial   Violet    (syns. 

of   Red  Magnum   Bonum),  325 
Imperial  Violet,  467 
Imperial  Washington,  467 
Imperiale      (syn.      of      Red      Magnum 

Bonum),    325 

Imperiale  Alexandrina,   466 
Imperiale  a  Petit  Fruit  Violet    (syn.   of 

Imperial    Violet),    467 
Imperiale    Blanche     (syn.    of    Quetsch, 

Dr.    Letricourt,    524 ;   of   Yellow   Egg, 

386) 
Imperiale    de    Mann    (syn.    of    Brandy 

Gage),    408 

Imperiale   de   Milan,   467 
Imperiale    Ottomans    (syn.    of    Imperial 

Ottoman),    467 
Imperiale    de    Sharp    (syn.    of    Sharp), 

340 
Imperiale  de  Turquie   (syn.   of  Imperial 

Ottoman),   467 
Imperiale  Hative   (syn.  of  Red  Magnum 

Bonum),    325 

Imperiale    jaune    (syn.    of    Yellow    Im- 
perial),   569 
Imperiale     Rouge ;     Imperiale     Violette 

(syns.   of  Red  Magnum  Bonum),   325 
Imperiale    Violette    (syn.    of   Violet   Im- 
perial),   559 
Imperiale   Violette   a   feuilles  panachees 

(syn.    of   Imperial   Violet),   467 
Improved  French  Prune,  467 
Incomparable,    467 
Incomparable     de     Lucombe      (syn.      of 

Lucombe),    271 

Incomparable    Prune     (syn.     of     Incom- 
parable),   467 
Indian,    468 
Indian    Chief,   468 
Indiana,  468 

Indiana  Red   (syn.  of  Indiana),   468 
Infertility,  causes  of,  in  plums,   110-112 
Inkpa,   468 
Insclpfiaume  Griine  (syn.  of  Isle-Verte), 

470 

lola,   468 
lona,   468 
Iowa,   468 
Iowa   Beauty,   468 
Irby,   468 

Irby    September    (syn.    of    Irby),    468 
Ireland,   469 
Ireland   Golden,    469 
Ireland's  Golden  Gage   (syn.   of  Ireland 

Golden),   469 
Ireland's    Seedling    (syn.    of    Ireland), 

469 
Irene,   469 


596 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Iris,   469 

Irish  Horse  Plum  (syn.  of  Horse),  464 

Ironclail,    469 

Iroquois,    469 

Irnng's    Bo/mar    or    Bolmcr    (syns.    of 

Washington,   368 
Isaac,  469 

Isabel   (syn.  of  Miner),   281 
Isabella,   469 
Isle    Vert;    Isle    Verte    (syns.    of    Isle- 

Verte),  470 
Isle-Verte,    469 
Isleworth    Green    Cage    (syn.    of    Reine 

Claude),   327 
Italian    Damask,   470 
Italian  Damask    (syn.   of  Morocco,   288; 

of   Orleans,   302) 
Italian      Guetsche      (syn.      of      Italian 

Prune),  253 
Italianische      blanc      Zwetsche,      blaue 

Zwetsche,     Zwetsche;    Italian    Prune 

or     Quetsche;    Italienische     Zwetsche 

(syns.   of  Italian   Prune),   253 
Italienische    Damascene    (Diel's),    470 
Italienische    Damascene    (Liegel's),    470 
Italienische    Blaue    Zwetsche    or    Pflau- 

men     Zwetsche      (syns.      of      Italian 

Prune),   253 
Italian   Prune,   252 
Italienische    Crane    Zwetsche    (syn.    of 

Quetsche   Verte   D'ltalie),   525 
Itasca   (syn.  of  Aitkin),   140 
Itasca,   470 

Itaska   (syn.    of  Itasca),  470 
Ithaca,    470 
Ivason,    470 
Ives,   470 

Ives,  J.  M.,  var.  orig.  by,  470 
Ives  Damson  (syn.  of  Ives),  470 
Ive's  Seedling    (syn.   of  Ives),   470 
Ive's  Washington   (syn.  of  Ives),  470 
Ives'     Washington     Seedling     (syn.     of 

Ives),  470 

Jacinthe    (syn.   of  Jacinthe),   471 
Jacinthe,  471 

Jackson?  (syn.  of  Rigny,  532;  of  Wash- 
ington,   368) 
Jacob,  471 
Jacobi  Zwetsche   (syn.   of   Large   Sugar 

Prune),  480 
Johns    Gelbe    Jerusalems-Pflaume    (syn. 

of  Yellow  Jerusalem),  569 
John's     Jerusalems     Pflaume     (syn.     of 

Yellow  Jerusalem),   569 
Jakobs  Pfaume   (syn.   of  Damson),    :86 
James   Vick    (syn.   of   Vick),    559 
Jamin,   var.    orig.    by,    187 
Japan   Blood  Plum    (syn.    of   Satsuma), 

337 

Japanese  Plum   Seedling,   471 
Japanese    Seedling   X    (syn.    of   Japex), 

255 
Japan   Hybrid   No.    3    (syn.    of   Ames), 

144 

Japan   No.    i,   471 
Japan    No.    3,   471 
Japan   Hybrid   No.    2    (a),   471 
Japan    Hybrid   No.    2    (b),   471 
Japex,    255 
Jap  No.  4,  471 
Jaspisartige   Pflaume,    471 
Jcune  de  Bleeker  (syn.  of  Bleeker),  163 


Jaune     de     Catalogue     (syn.     of     Early 

Yellow),    203 
Jaune     de     Jerusalem     (syn.     of     Gelbe 

Jerusalempflaume),  450 
Jaune     de    Monsieur     (syn.     of    Yellow 

Imperatrice),  569 
Jaune    de   Reisenstein    (syn.    of    Reizen- 

stein   Yellow  Prune),   531 
Jaune   d'Este,    471 
Jaune    Hative    (syn.    of    Early    Yellow), 

203 
Jaune  precoce   (syn.   of  Early  Yellow), 

203 

Jaune  Tardive,   471 
Jaune  Tres  Hative  Baboud,  471 
Jackworth     Imperatrice     (syn.     of  Ick- 

worth),   247 
Jean    d'Este     (syn.    of    Jaune    d'Este), 

47' 
Jean    Hative    (syn.    of    Early    Yellow), 

203 

Jean   Morceau,   472 

Jean  Morceau  (syn.  of  Stoneless),  353 
Jean  White  (syn.  of  Early  Yellow),  203 
Jefferson,  255 

Jemmy    Moore    (syn.    of    Denbigh),    430 
Jenkins,  J.   H.    G.,   var.   orig.   by,  448 
Jenkin's    Imperial    (syn.    of    Nectarine, 

291;  of  Peach,  309) 
Jenktnson's  Imperial   (syn.   of   Imperial 

Gage,    251 
Jennie   Lucas,   472 
Jerusalem,    472 

Jerusalem   (syn.  of  Jerusalem),  472 
Jerusalem  Jaune    (syn.    of  Yellow  Jeru- 
salem),   569 
Jessie,    472 
Jewell,    472 
/  (syn.  of  Hale),  237 
/.  B.  Rue  (syn.  of  Rue),  536 
J.   H.   Rue,  472 
Jodoigne,  472 
Jodoigne       Green       Gage       (syn.       of 

Jodoigne),  472 
Joe  Hooker,  473 
Johannispflaume  (syn.  of  Noire  de 

Montreuil),  504 
John   A,  473 
Johnny   Roe,   473 
John's    Gelbe   Jerusalems-Pflaume    (syn. 

of   Yellow   Jerusalem),    569 
Johnson,  Franklin,  var.  orig.  by,   548 
Johnson,  J.  E.,  var.  orig.  by,  362 
Jones,    473 

Jones,   Herbert  A.,  var.  orig.  by,   452 
Jones,  Mrs.  Owen,  var.   orig.  by,  473 
Jones  Late,   473 
Jordan,   F.,   var.   orig.  by,   473 
Jordan    Seedling,    473 
Josselyn,    John,    quoted,    20 
J.    Parks,   473 
Judson,  473 
Juicy,   257 
Julia,   473 
Julian,    473 

Julien  Gros  a  Feuilles  Panachees,  473 
Juli  Reine-Claude;  Julius  Reine-Claude 

(syns.  of  July  Green  Gage),  474 
July   Fourth,   473 
July  Green  Gage,  473 
July   Green   Gage    (syn.    of  July   Green 

Gage),  474 
Jumclles,   474 


Jumelles  de  Liegel,  474 
Jumclles  de  Liegel  (syn.  of  Jumelles  de 
Liegel),   474 

Kaga,    474 

Kaiser   Von  Japan  (syn.  of  Emperor  of 

Japan),    443 
Kaiser   Wilhelm,   474 
Kahn,    Peter,    quoted,    20 
Kampeska,    474 
Kanawha,  474 
Karl   Koch's   Konigs   Pflaume    (syn.    of 

Koch   Konigspflaume),  477 
Kazan,   474 
Keindl's     Violctte    Konigspflaume     (syn. 

of  Royale  Violette  de  Keindl),   535 
Keindt,    475 
Keindt's       Friihdamascene        (syn.        of 

Keindt),   475 
Keindt's    Violette    Konigspflaume     (syn. 

of    Royale    Violette    de    Keindl),    535 
Keith,  475 

Keiscr    (syn.    of  Hulings),   245 
Kelley,  475 
Kelbalan,    475 
Kelmyro,   475 
Kelroba,    475 
Kelsaw,    475 
Kelsey,   258 

Kelsey  No.  i  (syn.    of   Kelmyro),    475 
Kelsey  No.  2  (syn.    of   Kelroba),    475 
Kelsey  No.  3  (syn.    of   Kelbalan),   475 
Kelsey  Prune,   475 

Kelsey's  Japan   (syn.  of  Kelsey),  258 
Kelso,    475 
Kenellan,    475 
Kennedy   Red,    475 
Kensington    Prune    (syn.    of    Holland), 

462 

Kent,   475 

Kentish  Bush   (syn.  of  Kent),  476 
Kentish    Diamond    (syn.    of    Diamond), 

191 

Kenyon,   476 
Kerr,   259 
Kerr,   J.   W.,  life  of,   340-350;   quoted, 

98,     115,     118,     171,    422,    495,     508; 

var.  orig.  by,  349,  418,  446,  492,  501, 

559,   562 

Kester  Green  Gage,  476 
Kester's    Green    Gage    (syn.    of    Kester 

Green  Gage),   476 
Kester's    Yellow    Gage    (syn.    of    Kester 

Yellow    Gage),    476 
Kester  Yellow  Gage,  476 
Keyser,  var.  orig.  by,  245 
Keyser's  Plum  (syn.  of  Hulings),  245 
Kibitzenei       (syn.       of      Small      Reine 

Claude),   347 
Kicab,  476 
Kickapoo,    476 
Kieth    (syn.  of  Keith),  475 
Kilpatrick,   E.   W.,  var.   orig.  by,  485 
King,   476 
King    Damson,    259 

King   of   Damsons    (syn.    of  King  Dam- 
son),   259 
King   of  Plums   (syn.   of  Golden   Drop, 

229;    of    Reine    Claude,    327) 
King  of  Plums    (syn.   of   King),   476 
Kings  Plum    (syn.   of  Royal),   534 
Kings   Plum    of   Tours    (syn.    of   Royal 

Tours),   332 


THE  PLUMS  OF   NEW  YORK. 


597 


Kingston    (syn.   of  Diamond),    191 

Kingston,    476 

Kirchhof's   Pfaume    (syn.    of   Capitaine 

Kirchhof),    414 
Kirke,    260 

Kirke   (syn.  of  Kirke),  260 
Kirke's;  Kirke's  Pflaume;  Kirke's  Plum; 

Kirk's   Plum    (syns.   of   Kirke),    260 
Kirke's    Stoneless    (syn.    of    Stoneless), 

353 

Kirschfflaume  (syn.  of  Myrobalan),  290 
Kladrauer  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Large  Sugar 

Prune),   480 
Klein       Weisse      Damassener      Pflaume 

(syn.    of    Small    White    Damson),    544 
Kleine  Blaue   Fruhzwetsche,    476 
Kleine   Blaue  Julians   Pflaume    (syn.    of 

Damson,    186;  of  Saint  Julien,  335) 
Kleine    Brisctte     (syn.     of     Late     Mira- 

belle),    263 
Kleine   Dauphine    (syn.    of   Small   Reine 

Claude),   347 

Kleine    Gelbe   Eierpflaume,    476 
Kleine    gelbe    Frith    Pflaume     (syn.    of 

Early  Yellow),   203 
Kleine     Griine     Reine-Claude     (syn.     of 

Small  Reine  Claude),  347 
Kleine   Kirschpflaume,  476 
Kleine    Kirschpflaume     (syn.     of    Myro- 
balan),   290 
Kleine    Kirsch    Pflaume    (syn.    of    Rote 

Mirabelle),    533 
Kleine    Mirabelle    (syn.    of    Mirabelle) , 

284 
Kleine     Reine-Claude     (syn.     of     Small 

Reine  Claude),  347 
Kleine  Rosspauke,  476 
Kleine  Weisse  Damascene  (syn.  of 

Small    Reine    Claude,    347;    of    Small 

White   Damson,   544) 
Kleine  Zucker  Zwctsche  (syn.  of  Petite 

Quetsche    Sucree),    515 
Kleinste   Mirabelle    (syn.    of  Mirabelle), 

284 

Klondike,    477 

Klondyke    (syn.    of   Klondike),   477 
Knerctt's      Late      Orleans      (syn.       of 

Nelson),    503 
Kniedsen's    Peach    (syn.    of    Knudson), 

477 

Knight,  var.  orig.  by,  248,  436,  479 
Knight's    Green    Drying,    Large    Drying 

or     Large     Green     Drying     (syns.     of 

Large   Green   Drying),   479 
Knight's  No.   6   (syn.  of  Ickworth),  247 
Knudson,   477 
Knudson,    H.,    var.    orig.    by,    182,    422, 

460,  462.  463,  477.  496 
Knudson's    Peach    (syn.    of    Knudson), 

477 

Koa,   477 

Koa's  Imperial  (syn.  of  Koa),  477 
Kober,    477 
Koch,   quoted,    17,    18 
Koch's  Gelbe  Spat  Damascene   (syn.  of 

Koch   Spate   Damascene),  477 
Koch   Konigspflaume,    477 
Koch   Spate  Damascene,  477 
Koch's   Spate   Aprikosen;   Koch's   Spate 

Damascene     (syns.     of     Koch     Spate 

Damascene),    477 
Koepher,  477 
Koetsche   (syn.   of  German  Prune),  219 


Kohlenkamp,    477 

Kohlenkamp,  W.,  var.   orig.  by,  477 

Kohlen    Kamp    (syn.    of    Kohlenkamp), 

477 
Konigin    Claudia    or    Klaudia    (syns.    ot 

Reine    Claude),    327 
Konigin    dcr   Mirabcllen    (syn.   of   Reine 

des  Mirabelles),   530 
Konigin       Mutter       (syn.       of       Queen 

Mother),    522 
Konigin     Victoria     (syn.     of    Victoria), 

363 
Konigin     von     Tours     (syn.     of     Royal 

Tours),   332 
Konigliche    Grosse   Pflaume;   Konigliche 

Pflaume  Ton   Tours;  Konigs  Pflaume; 

Konigspflaume    von    Tours    (syns.    of 

Royal    Tours),    332 
Konigspflaume   (syn.  of  Early  Orleans), 

198 

Konigspflaume    (syn.    of    Royal),    534 
Konigs     Pflaume     aus     Paris;     Konigs- 

Pflaume  von  Paris  (syns.  of  Perdrigon 

Tardif),    515 
Konigspflaume    Friihe    (syn.    of    Royale 

Hative   de   Liegel),    535 
Konigs  Pflaume  von  Maugerou   (syn.  of 

Maugeron),   492 
Konipspflaume     von     Trapp's     (syn.     ol 

Trapps    Konigspflaume),    555 
Konig  Zwetsche  (syn.  of  Trauttenberg), 

555 

Kook,  var.   orig.  by,  432 
Kook's     Gelbe     Diapree;     Kooks     Ncue 

Diapre  (syn.  of  Diapree  Nouvelle  De 

Kook),   432 
Kopp,  477 
Korai,    478 
K.      P.      /pj      (syn.      of     Purple-leaved 

Hybrid),    521 

Krasnaya   osimaya    (syn.    of    Red    Win- 
ter), 529 
Krasnaya       Skorospielkaya       (syn.       of 

Early  Red),  440 

Krcgcr    (syn.    of   Danish    Damson),    428 
Krcke    (syn.    of   Damson),    186 
Kreuters    Zwetsche     (syn.    of    Quetsche 

de    Kreuter),    523 
Krieche    (syn.    of    Damson),    186 
Krieke    (syn.    of   Gemeiner   Gelbe    Spill- 
ing),   451 

Kroh,  P.  H.,  var.  orig.  by,  316 
Kroh   (syn.   of  Poole  Pride),  315 
Kroos-Pruim,    478 

Krucger  (syn.  of  Danish  Damson),  428 
Kruger's     Seedling      (syn.      of     Cruger 

Scarlet),   424 
Kuchcn    Pflaume     (syn.     of     Frankfort 

Peach),   447 
Kume,  478 

La    Bonne    Deux    Fois    I'An     (syn.    of 

Vcnetianische      Zweimal      Tragende), 

558 
La   Bricette    (syn.    of   Late    Mirabelle), 

263 

La  Courbon   (syn.  of  Red  Diaper),  323 
La  Delicieuse    (syn.   of  Cooper,   423;   ol 

Smith   Orleans,   348) 
La   Due    (syn.   of   Le  Due),  483 
La  Grosse  Reine-Claude   (syn.   of  Reine 

Claude),    327 


La  Madeleine   (syn.   of  Noire  de   Mon- 

treuil),    504 

La  Mirabelle    (syn.   of   Mirabelle),   284 
La   Prairie,   479 

La   Prune   Suisse    (syn.   of   Suisse),    549 
La  Roche-Corbon  (syn.  of  Red  Diaper), 

3-23 

La  Royal  (syn.  of  Royal),  534 
La  Royale  (syn.  of  Royal),  534 
La  Venitienne  (syn.  of  Venetianische 

Zweimal  Tragende),   558 
La  Victorine    (syn.   of  Victoria),  363 
Labert   (syn.  of  Lambert),  478 
Labert's  Red   (syn.  of  Lambert),  478 
Lachine,    478 
Ladies'   Plum    (syn.   of   Damas   Violet), 

427 

Lady,  478 

Lady  Lucy  (syn.  of  Cooper),  423 
Lady   Plum    (syn.    of  Lady),   478 
Lafay,   M.,  var.   orig.   by,   360 
Lafayette,    261 
Laire,    262 

Lakeside  No.  i  &  No.  2,  478 
Lallinger  Konigspflaume,  478 
Lambert,  478 

Lambert's  Red   (syn.   of  Lambert),   478 
Lammas,    478 
Lancaster,   478 
Lang,   478 
Langdon,  478 

Langdon,  Reuben,  var.  orig.  by,   478 
Langdon    (syn.    of   Langsdon),    479 
Langdon' s  Seedling    (syn.   of  Langdon), 

4/8 
Langes      Aprikosenpflaumc       (syn.       of 

Abricot^e   de  Lange),   391 
Lange    Violette    Damascene,    479 
Lange    Violette   Dattcl   Pflaume;   Lange 

Violette    Dattel    Zwetsche     (syns.    of 

Red  Date),  322 
Lange     Violette    Dattcl    Zwetsche    (syn. 

of   Hungarian),    246 
Langley,   quoted,  302 
Langsdon,    479 
Langliche    Blaue   Damascene?    (syn.    of 

Lange    Violette    Damascene),    479 
Lannix,   479 
Large    Black    Imperial?    (syn.    of    Belle 

de   Louvain,   400;   of  Bradshaw,    166) 
Large  Early  Black  (syn.  of  Nectarine), 

291 
Large    early    black    (syn.    of    Noire    de 

Montreuil),    504 
Large  Early   Damson    (syn.    of   Horse), 

464 

Large  English,   262 
Large  English  Damson,  479 
Large  German     Prune     (syn.     of     York 

State  Prune),   571 
Large   German   Prune    (syn.   of   German 

Prune,    219:    of    Italian    Prune,    253) 
Large  Golden  Prolific,  479 
Large    green    claudia     (syn.    of    Reine 

Claude),    327 

Large  Green    Drying,    479 
Large    Green    Drying     (syn.    of    Large 

Green   Drying),   479 

Large  Holland    (syn.    of    Holland),    462 
Large  Late  Red  Damask   (syn.   of  Late 

Red    Damask),   481 
Large  Long    Blue    (syn.    of    Manning), 

489 


598 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Large  Orlean     (syn.    of    Red    Magnum 

Bonum,  326;   of   Smith  Orleans,  348) 
Large  Peach   (syn.    of   Peach),   309 
Large  Peach    Plum     (syn.     of    Peach), 

309 
Large  Pur  fie   (syn.  of  Smith  Orleans), 

348 

Large  Queen,  479 
Large  Queen  Claude;  Large  Queen 

Claudia   (syns.   of  Reine  Claude),  327 
Large  Red   Orleans    (syn.    of   Orleans), 

302 

Large  Red  Sweet   (syn.   of  Plunk),   516 
Large     Saint     Julien     (syn.     of     Saint 

Julien),    335 
Largest  Damask  of  Tours  (syn.  of  Gros 

Damas  de  Tours),  456 
Large  Sugar  Prune,  480 
Large  Sweet  Damson  (syn.  of  Horse), 

464 
Large    White    Damask    (syn.    of    Large 

White    Damson),    480 
Large  White    Damson,   480 
Large  Yellow     Egg      (syn.     of     Yellow 

Egg),   386 

Late  Black   Damson,   480 
Late  Black    Orleans    (syn.    of   Late   Or- 
leans),   265 
Late  Blood,  480 
Late  Bolmer,    480 
Late  Chalons,   480 
Late  Cluster   (syn.   of  White   Damson), 

374 

Late  Conical,  480 
Late  Damask?  (syn.  of  Late  Black 

Damson),    480 

Late  Damson     (syn.     of     Winter    Dam- 
son),   567 
Late  Diamond     (syn.     of    Arch    Duke), 

148 
Late  Gage;  Late  Green   Gage   (syns.   of 

Late   Reine   Claude),   481 
Late  Goose,  481    ' 
Late  Green    Gage    (syn.    of   Late    Reine 

Claude),    481 

Late  Klondike  (syn.   of  Golden),   224 
Late  Klondike  (syn.    of    Shiro),    342 
Late  Mirabelle,   263 

Late  Monsieur    (syn.    of    Orleans),    302 
Late  Muscatel     (syn.     of    Late    Musca- 

telle),    264 
Late  Muscatelle,  264 
Late  Orange,  481 
Late  Orleans    (syn.    of    Late    Orleans), 

265 

Late  Orleans,  265 
Late  Prolific,  481 
Late  Purple  Damson  (syn.  of  Winter 

Damson),    567 
Late  Red  Damask,  481 
Late  Red   Damson    (syn.    of    Late    Red 

Damask),    481 
Late  Red    Imperial     (syn.     of    Impera^ 

trice),    249 

Late  Reine  Claude  481 
Late  Rivers,  481 
Late  Rollingstone,    482 
Late  Transparent,  482 
Late  Transparent    Gage    (syn.    of    Late 

Transparent),   48^ 
Late    Violet   (.syn.   of   Imperatrice,   249; 
of  Late  Transparent,  482) 


Late  White    Damson     (syn.     of    White 

Damson),    374 
Late  White  Pear  (syn.  of  White  Pear), 

564 

Late  Yellow  Damson  (syn.  of  White 
Damson),  374 

Later  Perdrigon  (syn.  of  Perdrigon 
Tardif),  515 

Latz  German  Prune  —  See  German 
Prune,  220 

Laubinger   Sugar   Prune,   482 

Lattbingcr's  Catharincn  Pflaume  (syn. 
of  Laubinger  Sugar  Prune),  482 

Laubinger's  Zuckerzwetsche  (syn.  of 
Laubinger  Sugar  Prune),  482 

Lauche,   quoted,   221,   254 

Laura,  482 

Lawrence,    266 

Lawrence,  L.  V.,  var.  'orig.  by,  182,  266, 
465 

Lawrence;  Lawrence's  Early;  Law- 
rence's Frith  Rote  Pftaume  (syns.  of 
Lawrence  Early),  482 

Lawrence   Early,    482 

Lawrence  Early    (syn.    of   Belle),    158 

Lazvren  ce  or  Lawren  ce's  Favorite; 
Lawrence  Gage;  Lawrence's  Gage ; 
Lawrences  Reine  Claude  (syns.  of 
Lawrence),  266 

Lawson,   482 

Lawson,  John,  quoted,  84,  93 

Lawson' s  Golden   (syn.  of  Lawson),  482 

Lawson's  Golden  Gage  (syn.  of  Law- 
son),  482 

Le  Czar   (syn.  of  Czar),   184 

Le  Due,  483 

Le  Due  Ver  million  (syn.  of  Vermilion), 

558 

Le  Prunier  Tzaneron  (syn.  of  Tzau- 
eron),  557 

L'Etendard  De  L'Angleterre  (syn.  of 
Standard),  548 

Legal  Tender,  483 

I.eib    Sour,    483 

Leipsic    (syn.   of  Merunka),  494 

Leipsic   (syn.  of  German  Prune),  219 

Leipzig    (syn.    of   German   Prune),    219 

Leipzig  Early  Quetsche  (syn.  of 
Merunka) ,  494 

Lcipziger  Zwetsche  (syn.  of  German 
Prune),  219 

Leonard,   483 

Leopard,   483 

Lepine,  483 

Lepine,  var.  orig.  by,  483 

Lepine    (syn.    of   Norbert),    505 

Leptune,    483 

Lerchenei    (syn.   of  Mirabelle),  284 

Leroy,   Andre,   var.   orig.   by,    157 

Letta,  483 

Lewelling,   Seth,  var.  orig.  by,  453 

Lewis,  483 

Lewiston  Egg,  484 

Lewiston's  Egg  (syn.  of  Lewiston  Egg), 
484 

Lex  Plum,  484 

Lieflander  Gelbe  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Apri- 
cot), 148 

Licflandische  Grilne  Zwetsche  (syn.  of 
Jaspisartige  Pflaume),  471 

Liegal's  August  Zwetsche  (syn.  of  Au- 
gust Zwetsche),  397 


Liegel    Rote   Damascene,   484 

Liegel   Apricot,   484 

Liegel,    Dr.,    var.    orig.    by,    391,    399, 

402,    403,    422,    477,    484,    493,     523, 

5^6,    535,    555 
Liegel   Gage,   484 
Liegel's    Blaue    Reine    Claude    (syn.    of 

Blaue  Reine  Claude),  405 
Liegels  Fruhzwetsche  (syn.  of  Quetsche 

Prccoce  Liegel),   525 
Liegel's  Marokko    (syn.   of   Kaiser   Wil- 

helm),    474 
Liegel's   Spanische   Damascene    (syn.    of 

Spanish    Damask),    546 
Liegel's       Zwillingspflatiiiie       (syn.       of 

Jumelles   de   Liegel),   474 
Liegel  Unvergleichliche,  484 
Lillian  Augusta,  484 
Lillie,   484 
Lincoln,   266 
Lindley,  quoted,  229 
Lindow'sche  Friihe  Werder'sche 

Pflaume,  484 
Lindsay,    484 
Lindsay's    Seedling    (syn.    of    Lindsay), 

484 

Little,  485 
Little    Black    Damask    (syn.    of    Black 

Damask) ,  404 
Little  Blue  Gage  (syn.  of  Early  Blue), 

438 

Little  Date   (syn.   of  Datilles),  428 
Little  Mirabelle     (syn.     of     Mirabelle), 

284 
Little  Queen   Claude  or   Claudia;   Little 

Reine  Claude   (syns.    -of   Small   Reine 

Claude),  347 

Little   Seedling   (syn.   of  Little),   485 
Livingston      Manor      (syn.      of      Reine 

Claude),  327 
Lh'landscher  bierpflaume  (syn.  of  Liv- 

land),   485 
Livland,   485 
Lizzie,  485 
Lockey,   485 
Lombard,  268 
Lombard  group,  33,  34 
Lombard     Plum     (syn.     of     Lombard), 

268 

Lombard  (syn.  of  Lombard),  268 
Lombard    (syn.   of  Red  Gape),    527 
London  Plum  or  Plumb   (syn.  of  Early 

Yellow),  203 
Lone  Star,  485 
Long  Blue,  485 

Long  Damson  (syn.  of  Shropshire),  344 
Long   Fruit,   270 

Long  Fruit   (syn.   of  Red  June),  324 
Long    Fruited     (syn.     of    Long    Fruit), 

270 

Long  Leaf  Wonderful,  485 
Long  Red,   485 
Long    Scarlet,    485 
Long  Violet  Damascene,  486 
Long    Violet    Damask    (syn.    of    Damas 

Violet),  427 
Longworth,  486 

Longworth,  Nicholas,  var.   orig.  by,  486 
Lord,     Orville     Morel!,     life     of,     331; 

var.  orig.  by,  331,  482 
Lot  d'Ente,   486 

Lot  d'Ente   (syn.    of   Agen),    138 
Lotta   (syn.   of  Lottie),  486 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 


599 


Lottie,   486 

Louis,  Simon,  var.  orig.  by,  445 

Louisa,    486 

Louis    Brim     (syn.    of    Reine    Claude), 

327 

Louise-Brune,  486 
Louise   Brune    (syn.    of    Louise-Brune), 

486 
Louisen's    Braune    Damascene    (syn.    of 

Louise-Brune),  486 
Louisiana,    486 
Louis    Philipp     or    Philippe     (syns.     of 

Washington),   368 

Lovis  Philippe   (syn.  of  Nectarine),  291 
Lovett,    486 
Lovett    Late,    487 
Lovett' s     Late     Long     Red      (syn.      of 

Lovett   Late),    487 
Lowry,    487 

Lowry's  Gage    (syn.   of  Lowry),  487 
Lucas    Fruhzwetsche     (syn.    of    Prccoce 

de  Lucas),  518 
Lucas  Konigspflaume,  487 
Luccombe's     Nonesuch      (syn.      of     Lu- 

combe),   271 
Lucombe,   271 

Lucombe,  var.   orig.  by,  271 
Lucombe's      Nonesuch      (syn.      of     Lu- 

combe),   271 
Lucombe's  Nonsuch   (syn.  of  Lucombe), 

271 
Lucombe's     Unvergleichliche      (syn.     of 

Lucombe),  271 
Luedloff,   487 
Luedloff,    Charles,    var.    orig.    by,    406, 

469,  487.   503,  547 
Luedloff   Green,    487 
Luedloff  Red,  487 
Luedloff  s     Green      (syn.      of      Luedloff 

Green),  487 

Luedloff's  Red   (syn.   of  Luedloff  Red), 
.       487 
LuedlofTs    Seedling    (syn.   of   Luedloff) , 

487 

Luizet,  M.,  var.  orig.  by,  441 

Lunn,  487 

Luscombe,   487 

Luscombe's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Luscombe), 

487 

Lutts,  487 
Lyon,  488 
Lyon  Apricot,  488 

Macedonia,  488 

Mackland,    488 

MacLanglin    (syn.    of   McLaughlin),  276 

MacLaughlin  (syn.    of   McLaughlin),  276 

Maconiber,   488 

Macomber,  J.  T.,  var.  orig.  by,  453 

Macomber,    L.    M.,    var.    orig.    by,    180, 

510,  520 

Macomber  No.    i    and  No.   2,   488 
Matlame  Henri  Deschars,  488 
Madame  Nicolle,  488 
Madam    Leeds,    488 
Madeleine,    488 
Madeleine    (syn.    of  Early  Tours),    202 
Madison    (syn.    of    Denniston    Superb), 

431 

Madison,  488 
Magnum  Bonutn   (syn.  of  Yellow  Egg), 

386 


Mail^ndische     Kaiserpflaume      (syn.     of 

Imperiale   de    Milan),   467 
Mainzer  Fruhzwetsche,  489 
Maitre    Claude    (syn.    of    White   Perdri- 

gon),  375 

Majestic   Damson,  489 
Mallard,   489 

mr/0»    (syn.   of  Mamelonnee),   489 
Mamelonnee  (syn.  of  St.  Etienne),  537 
Mamelonnee,   489 

Mamelon    Sageret     (syn.     of    Mamelon- 
nee), 489 

Mammola    (syn.   of  Rcine  Claude),   327 
Mammoth    July     (syn.     of    Culberson), 

425 

Mangcron  (syn.  of  Maugeron),  492 
Manitoba,  489 
Manitoba    No.    i,    489 
Manitoba    Seedlings,    489 
Mankato,   489 
Manning,   489 
Manning's  Long  Bine;  Manning's  Long 

Blue  Prune;  Manning's  Prune    (syns. 

of  Manning),  489 
Mann's  Brandy  Gage;  Mann's  Imperial 

(syns.  of  Brandy  Gage),  408 
Maquoketa,    271 
Maraichcre    (syn.    of    Quetsche    Marai- 

chere),   524 

Marais  des  Cygne,  490 
Marange,  490 
Marble,  490 
Marbled-Plum,    490 
Marble   Plum    (syn.   of   Marbled-Plum), 

490 

Marcellus,  490 
Marcus,  490 
Mardy,  490 
Margate,  490 

Marian  (syn.  of  Early  Royal),  201 
Marianna,    273 
Marietta,    490 
Marigan,    491 
Marion,  491 
Marjorie,  491 
Marketman,   491 
Market  Plum   (syn.  of  Golden  Cherry), 

228 

Markle,  E.,  var.  orig.  by,  177 
Marmorierte  Eierpflaume,  491 
Maroklto  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Morocco), 

288 

Marshall,  quoted,  58,  83,  84 
Marster,  491 

Marster's   (syn.  of  Marster),  491 
Marten,    491 

Marten's  Seedling    (syn.  of  Marten),  491 
Maru,  275 

Marunka  (syn.  of  Merunka),  494 
Mary,  491 
Maryland,   491 
Mas,  492 

Mas,   M.,  quoted,  497;  var.  orig.  by,  443 
Mason,  492 

Mason,  var.  orig.  by,  492 
Massot   (syn.  of  Oullins),  303 
Matchless     (syn.    of    Red    Diaper,    323; 

of  Violet  Diaper,  365) 
Matchless,  492 
Mathews,   492 

Mathews,  B.  A.,  var.  orig.  by,  492 
Matthews   (syn.  of  Mathews),  492 


Mauchete,   492 

Maude  Lacy,  492 

Maugeron,  492 

Maugeron;     Maugeron     Damask     (syn. 

of   Maugeron),  492 
Maugiron   (syn.   of  Maugeron),   492 
Mayerboeck  Zwetsche,  492 
Mayerboeck's    Rote    Zwetsche    (syn.    of 

Mayerboeck  Zwetsche),   492 
Mayer   Hellrote,   493 
Mayer  Konigspflaume,  493 
Mayers  Braunrothe  Konigspflaume  (syn. 

of   Mayers   Rothe   Damascene),    493 
Mayer's  Hellrothe  Damascene    (syn.    of 

Mayer  Hellrote),   493 
Mayers  Rothe   Damascene,  493 
Mayers     Rothe     Damascene      (syn.     of 

Mayers  Rothe  Damascene),  493 
Maynard,   275 

McCance,    M.    E.,   var.    orig.    by.    378 
McCartney,   493 
McCauley's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Cambell), 

414 

McGillivray,  493 
McLaughlin,  276 
McLaughlin,  James,  var.  orig.  by,  277, 

5i4 

McLaughlin's  Gage  Plum    (syn.   of  Mc- 
Laughlin), 276 

McMahon,  Bernard,  quoted,  30,  38 

McPherson,  493 

McRea,  493 

Mead,  H.   O.,  var.  orig.  by,  493 

Meads,  493 

Meads  Seedling  Plum   (syn.  of  Meads), 

493 

Mediterranean,   493 
Meigs,    493 
Melon,  493 

Melnicker  Zwetsche,  493 
Meneray,   494 
Mcreton,    494 

Mereton's  Egg   (syn.   of  Mereton),   494 
Meroldt,   494 

Meroldt,  Dr.,  var.  orig.  by,  494 
Meroldt's  Gflbe  Reine-Claude ;  Meroldt's 

Golden   Gage;   Meroldt's   Reineclaude 

(syn.    of   Meroldt),    494 
Merryweather,    494 
Merryweather,   H.,  var.   orig.   by,   494 
Merlon's    Egg    (syn.    of    Mereton),    494 
Merunka,    494 
Merville  d'Automne,  494 
Meyer,  494 
Miama,  494 

Miami   (syn.   of  Miama),  494 
Michaclis    Pflaume    (syn.    of    September 

Damask),    542 
Middleburg,   278 

Middleburgh   (syn.  of  Middleburg),  278 
Mignonne,   495 

Mikado    (syn.    of    Georgeson),    218 
Miles,  495 
Miller      (syn.      of      Improved      French 

Prune),  467 
Miller,  495 
Miller,    Colonel   Charles,   var.    orig.    by, 

279 

Miller,  David  J.,  var.  orig.  by,  445,  495 
Miller  No.    I,  495 
Miller  No.   5,  495 
Miller's    Early    (syn.    of    Silva    Koning 

Claudie),   543 


6oo 


THE  PLUMS   OF  NEW  YORK. 


Miller   Superb,   279 

Millett,   495 

Milletl  Early  Red,  495 

Millett's  Early  Red  (syn.  of  Millett 
Early  Red),  495 

Millett,  T.   T.,  495 

Millett  Very  Early  Red,  495 

Millett's  Very  Early  Red  (syn.  of  Mil- 
lett Very  Early  Red),  495 

Millett's  Wild  Plum  (syn.  of  Millett),  495 

Mills,  496 

Mills   Seedling,   496 

Milton,  280 

Milton  Gage,  496 

Mimms;  Minims  Pflaumc;  Mimms  Plum 
(syn.  of  Red  Diaper),  323 

Minco,   496 

Miner,    281 

Minette   (syn.   of  Guthrie  Late),   236 

Minion,  496 

Minner  (syn.  of  Miner),  281 

Minnesota,    496 

Minnesota   Seedling,   496 

Minnesota    (syn.    of    Rollingstone),    330 

Minnetonka,  496 

Minnie,  496 

Minstcrworth  (syn.  of  Gloucestershire 
Violet),  452 

Mirababelle;  Mirabel;  Mirabelle; 
Mirabelle  abrtcot^e,  Blanche,  de  Mets, 
de  Vienne,  Jaune,  Perle,  Perlee, 
Petite,  prccoce,  Simple,  Verte  (syns. 
of  Mirabelle),  284 

Mirabelle,   283 

Mirabelle  (syn.  of  Drap  d'Or),  194 

Mirabelle  A  bricotee  (syn.  of  Apriko- 
senartige  Mirabelle),  396 

Mirabelle  de  Berthold  (syn,  of  Early 
Mirabelle),  439 

Mirabelle   de  Bohn,   496 

Mirabelle  dc  Bohn  (syn.  of  Mirabelle 
de  Bohn),  496 

Mirabelle  de  Doerell  (syn.  of  Dorell 
Aprikosenpflaume),  434 

Mirabelle  de  Flotow,  497 

Mirabelle  de  Metz  (syn.  of  Mirabelle), 
284 

Mirabelle  de  Nancy  (syn.  of  Drap 
d'Or),  194 

Mirabelle  de  Rangheri  (syn.  of 
Rangheri),  526 

Mirabelle   de  Ronvaux,   497 

Mirabelle  d'Octobre  (syn.  of  Late  Mira- 
belle), 263 

Mirabelle  Double,  Double  de  Metz, 
Drap  d'Or,  Grosse,  Grosse  de  Nancy, 
grosse  double  de  Metz,  la  grosse, 
Perlee;  Mirabellen  (syns.  of  Drap 
d'Or),  194 

Mirabelle  Double  de  Herrenhausen,  497 

Mirabelle  Gloire  de  Louveciennes  (syn. 
of  Gloire  de  Louveciennes),  452 

Mirabelle   group,   discussion   of,   40,   41 

Mirabelle  Motive  de  Rangheri  (syn.  of 
Rangheri),  526 

Mirabelle  La  Plus  Hative  de  Flotow 
(syn.  of  Mirabelle  de  Tlotow),  497 

Mirabelle  Prccoce  (syn.  of  Early  Mira- 
belle), 439 

Mirabelle   Precoce   de   Flaford,   497 

Mirabelle  Rangheri;  Mirabelle  Ran- 
gheris  (syns.  of  Rangheri),  526 


Mirabelle  Rayce    (syn.    of    Mirabelle   de 

Bohn),  496 
Mirabelle    Rouge     (syn.    of    Myrobalan, 

290;   of   Rote   Mirabelle,   533) 
Mirabelle    Tardive    (syn.    of   Late   Mira- 
belle, 263;  of  Saint  Catherine,  334) 
Mirabelle    Tardive    Mme.    H.    Doschars 

(syn.  of  Madame  Henri  Deschars),  488 
Mirabelle    Vert   Double    ( syn.    of    Reine 

Claude),    327 
Mirabelle  Verte,  497 
Mirabt'lie     von     Mets     (syn.     of     Drap 

d'Or),    194 
Mirabilon;        Mirabolan;        Mirabolanc; 

Mirabolancnpfiaume  ;  Mirobatan  (syns. 

of  Myrobalan),  290 
Miracle,  285 

Miriam    (syn.  of  Early  Royal),   201 
Mirian    (syn.   of  Early  Royal),    201 
Miser;    Miser    Plum    (syns.    of    Myro- 
balan), 290 
Mission  Prune,  497 
Mississippi,    497 
Mississippi    Red    (syn.    of    Mississippi), 

497 

Missouri,   497 
Missouri      Apricot      (syn.      of      Golden 

Beauty),    226 

Missouri  Green  Gage,  498 
Mistake,  498 
Mitchelson,    498 
Mitchclson;      Mitchelson's       (syns.       of 

Mitchelson),    498 
Mitchelson,  var.  orig.  by,  498 
Miviam;  Mivian  (syns.  of  Early  Royal), 

201 

Mivian,  498 

Mixed  Arab    (syn.    of   Early   Red),   440 
Mixed   Arab    (syn.    of    Black    Arabka), 

404 

M.  J.  De  Wolf,  498 
M'Laughlin      (syn.      of      McLaughlin) , 

276 
Mogol  Plum;  Mogole  Pfiaume;  Mogol; 

Mogul   Plum;   Mogul's   Pfiaume;   Mo- 

gule;    Mogule    Plumb    (syns.    of    Yel- 
low Egg),  386 

Mogul    (syn.    of   Morocco) ,   288 
Mogul    Rouge     (syn.    of    Red    Magnum 

Bonum),    326 
Moldavka     (syn.     of    Blue    Moldavka) , 

405 

Moldavka   (syn.   of  Voronesh),  365 
Mollie,   498 

Molly  (syn.  of  Mollie),  498 
Monarch,   286  . 

Monarque  (syn.  of  Monarch),  286 
Monolith,   498 
Monon,  498 
Monona,   498 
Monroe,  287 
Monroe   Egg;   Monroe    Gage    (syns.    of 

Monroe),    287 

Monsieur   (syn.    of  Early  Tours),   202 
Monsieur  a  Fruit  Vert,  498 
Monsieur;    Monsieur    Ordinaire     (syns. 

of   Orleans),   302 
Monsieur;    Monsieur    Hatif;    Monsieur 

Hatif     de     Montmorency ;     Monsieur 

Hative    (syns.   of  Early  Orleans),    198 
Monsieur;    Monsieur's    Plum    (syns.    of 

Yellow   Egg),   386 


Monsieur   a   Fruits   Jaune;  Monsieur   a 

Fruits    Jaunes    (syns.    of    Yellow    Im- 

peratrice),    569 

Monsieur  de  Smith  (syn.  of  Smith  Or- 
leans), 348 
Monsieur     Hatif     de     Foote     (syn.     of 

Foote),   446 
Monsieur  Jaune  (syn.  of  Early  Yellow), 

203 
Monsieur    Jaune    (syn.    of    Yellow    Im- 

peratrice),    569 
Monsieur    Noir    Tardif     (syn.    of    Late 

Orleans),  265 

Monsieur   Tardif    (syn.    of   Suisse),    549 
Monsieur      tardif       (syn.      of      German 

Prune),  219 
Monsieur    tardif    de    Knevctt    (syn.    of 

Nelson),   503 

Monsieur  Tardive   (syn.  of  Suisse),  549 
Monstreuse   de  Baray;   Monstrueuse   de 

Baray   (syns.   of  Bavay),    155 
Monstrueuse     d'Oullins     (syn.     of     Oul- 

lins),  303 

Mont  Barbat  d'Ente,  499 
Montfort    Pfiaume    (syn.    of    De    Mont- 
fort),  430 

Montgomery    (syn.   of  Hand),   239 
Montgomery,    499 
Montgomery    Prune    (syn.    of   Lombard, 

268;   of  Montgomery,   499) 
Montmorency,   499 
Montreuil  (syn.  of  Noire  de  Montreuil), 

504 

Montreal  No.  60  (syn.  of  Lunn),  487 
Montreal,  499 
Moon,  499 
Moody,    499 

Mooney    (syn.    of  Bradshaw),    166 
Moore,  A.  T.,  var.  orig.  by,   151 
Moore  Early,  499 
Moore's   Early    (syn.    of   Moore   Early), 

499 

Mooreman   (syn.  of  Moreman),  288 
Moore's    Arctic;    Moore    Arctic     (syns. 

of  Arctic),    150 

Morel,  M.  F.,  var.  orig.  by,  517 
Moreman,  288,  499 
Moreman    Cherry    (syn.    of    Moreman), 

499 

Moreman  Prune    (syn.   of  Benson),  401 
Moreman's    Cherry     (syn.    of    Aurora), 

397 

Morillen  Pfiaume  (syn.  of  Apricot),  148 
Morines,  499 
Morin    Hatif,    499 
Morocco,  288 

Morocco    (syn.   of  Morocco),   288 
Morocco   (syn.  of  Royal  Tours),  332 
Morocco    Pfiaume     (syn.     of    Noire    de 

Montreuil),    504 
Moroccopfiaume  (syn.  of  Royal  Tours), 

332 

Morocco  Plumb   (syn.  of  Morocco),  288 
Morton,   Thomas,    quoted,    93 
Moschatelle     (syn.    of    Queen    Mother), 

522 

Mottled  Prune,  289 
Mouchetee   (syn.   of  Mauchete),  492 
Mountain,    499 
Mountain   Plum,   500 
Mount  Royal,  500 
Moyen,   500 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 


601 


Moye>i  de  Bourgognc  (syn.  of  Moyen 
de  Bourgoyne),  500 

Moyen  de  Bourgoyne,  500 

Moyer,  500 

Moyeu  de  Bourgogne  (syn.  of  Early 
Perdrigon),  439 

Moyret,   500 

Moyret's  Gage;  Moyret's  Reine  Claude 
(syns.  of  Moyret),  500 

Mrs.  Cleveland  (syn.  of  Cleveland), 
419 

Mrs.  Bleeker's  Large  Red  (syn.  of 
Sleeker  Large  Red),  405 

Mrs.   Clifford   (syn.  of  Clifford),   419 

Mudson,   500 

Mulberry,   500 

Muldraugh,    500 

Muldraugh's-hill  Plum  (syn.  of  Mul- 
draugh), 500 

Mule,    500 

Muncey  (syn.  of  Muncy),  501 

Miinchenpflaume  (syn.  of  September 
Damask) ,  542 

Muncy,   501 

Munson,    501 

Munson,  Thomas  Volney,  plum  investi- 
gations of,  88,  89;  var.  orig.  by,  402, 
412,  496 

Munson    (syn.    of    Abundance),    136 

Murdy,    501 

Murray's  Reine  Claude  or  Claudia 
(syns.  of  Reine  Claude),  327 

Muscadine  (syn.  of  Myrobalan,  290;  of 
Queen  Mother,  522) 

Musk  Damask  (syn.  of  Musk  Damson), 
501 

Musk  Damson,  501 

Musk'd  Damask;  Musliicrtc  Damascene 
(syns.  of  Musk  Damson),  501 

Muskirtc  Gelbe  Damascene  (syn.  of 
Damas  Jaune  Musque),  427 

Muscat    Free,    501 

Musk  Perdrigon,  502 

Muscle,   501 

Mussel    (syn.    of   Scioto),    541 

Mussel;  Mussell;  Mussell  Plum  (syns. 
of  Muscle),  501 

Mussey,    502 

Musque  de  Malta  (syn.  of  Musk  Dam- 
son), 501 

Musqule  de  Beszterae  (syn.  of  Hun- 
garian Musk  Prune),  465 

Myrobalan,'  Myrobalane;  Myrobolan; 
Myrobalans  (syns.  of  Myrobalan), 
290 

Myrobalan,  290 

Myrobalan  Jaune  (syn.  of  Gelbe  Kirsch- 
pflaume),  450 

Nagate-Maru,  502 

Nagate  no  Botankyo  (syn.  of  Red 
June),  324 

Nagats-Maru  (syn.  of  Nagate-Maru), 
502 

Kagatus  maru  (syn.  of  Nagate-Maru), 
502 

Naples,  502 

Native  Red,  502 

N.  C.  Seedling  (syn.  of  North  Caro- 
lina), 507 

Nebraska,  502 

Nebraska  Seedling,  502 

Nebraska  Wonder,  502 


Nectarine,    291 

Nectarine     (syn.     of     Goliath,     231;     of 

Nectarine,    291;    of    Peach,    309) 
Nectarine    Plum     (syn.     of    Nectarine), 

291 

Nectarine  Rouge   (syn.   of   Peach),   309 
Xcils,    502 
Nellie,    502 
Nellie  Blanche,  503 
Nelly    (syn.   of   Nellie),   502 
Nelson,    503 

Nelson's    Victory    (syn.   of  Nelson),   503 
Neue    Weisse   Kaiserin    (syn.    of    White 

Queen),    564 
Neu   Orleans    (syn.   of   Early   Orleans), 

199 

Never  Fail,  503 
New    American,    503 
New  Apricot  of  Braunau   (syn.   of  Lie- 
gel   Apricot),   484 
Newark,    291 
New    Early     Orleans     (syn.     of     Early 

Orleans),   198 
New   Goderich,    503 
New     Golden    Drop     (syn.     of     Golden 

Drop),    229 
New  Green  Gage,  503 
New  Large  Bullace,  503 
New  Large  Bullace  (syn.  of  New  Large 

Bullace),  503 
Newman,  292 
New   Orleans   (syn.   of  Early   Orleans), 

199 

Newton,   503 
Newton    Egg    (syn.    of    Newtown    Egg), 

503 

Newtown  Egg,   503 

New  Transparent  Gage  (syn.  of  Early 
Transparent  Gage),  440 

New   Ulm,    293 

NC-JI  Washington  (syn.  of  Washing- 
ton), 368 

New  Wine   Sour,   504 

New  York  Purple  (syn.  of  Brevoort 
Purple),  408 

Niagara    (syn.    of   Bradshaw),    166 

Nicholas,  295 

Niemburg  Egg;  Nienburger  Eicrfflaume 
(syns.  of  Nienburger  Egg  Plum),  504 

Nienburger  Egg  Plum,   504 

Nikitaer   Blaue   Fruhzwetsche,    504 

Nikitaer  Dattelzwetsche,   504 

Nikitaer  Fruhe  Konigspflaume;  Niki- 
taner  Fruhe  Konigspflaume  ;  Nikita's 
Fruhe  Konigs  Pfaume  (syns.  of 
Early  Royal  of  Nikita),  440 

Nikitaer  Hahnenpflaume,    504 

Nikitaner  Hahncnhode  (syn.  of  Nikitaer 
Hahnenpflaume),  504 

Nikko,   504 

Nimon,  504 

Noble  Prccoce  (syn.  of  Edle  Early), 
441 

Noire  Americaine,   504 

Noire  de  Montreuil  (syn.  of  Noire  de 
Montreuil),  504 

Noire  de  Montreuil,   504 

Noire  Hatif  (syn.  of  Morocco),  288 

Noire  Hative    (syn.  of  Early  Tours),  202 

Noisette,  M.,  var.  orig.  by,  550 

Nolan,    504 

Nolen  Plum  (syn.  of  Wild  Goose),  378 

Nolton  Ungarische,   505 


Nome,  505 
Nona,  505 
Nonesuch;  Nonsuch  (syns.  of  Lucombe), 

271 

Nonpareil    (syn.    of   Incomparable),    467 
Norbert,  505 
Norbert;   Norbert's   Pflaume    (syns.     of 

Norbert),    505 
Norby,    505 

Norby,  A.,  var.  orig.  by,  505 
Norby   No.    I,    505 
Norby  No.   n,  505 
Norman,   505 
Normand,  Joseph  L.,  life  of,   506;   var. 

orig.   by,   451,   486,    506 
Normand;   Normand  Japan;    Normand' s 

Japan;    Normand     Yellow     (syns.     of 

Georgeson),    218 

Normande  precoce   (syn.  of  Early  Nor- 
mandy),   439 

Normand  No.  5  (syn.  of  Alabama),  392 
Normand   No.    ij   <syn.    of    Louisiana), 

486 

Normand    Perdrigon,    505 
Normand  No.  5,  506;  No.   n,  506;  No. 

12,    506;    No.    15,    506;    No.    16,    506; 

No.    17,    506;    No.    1 8,    507;    No.    19, 

507;   No.    20,    507 
Normand's   Seedlings,   506 
Normannischer       Perdrigon;        Norman 

Perdrigon   (syns.  of  Normand  Perdri- 
gon),   505 
North,   507 

North,    Professor,   var.    orig.    by,    507 
North   Carolina,    507 
North  Carolina  Seedling  (syn.  of  North 

Carolina),    507 

North's  Seedling    (syn.   of   North),   507 
North   Star,    507 
Nota    Bene,    507 
Nota    Bene    de    Corse    (syn.    of    Nota 

Bene),   507 
Nourelle;    Nouvelle    De    Dorrel;    Nou- 

velle   De   Dorelle;   Nouveau   De   Dor- 

relle   (syns.  of  Dorell),  434 
Nourelle   Goutte  d'Or   (syn.   of  Golden 

Drop),   229 
November   Gage,    507 
Noyes,    507 

Noyes,  Mrs.,  var.  orig.  by,  507 
Noyes'  Seedling   (syn.   of  Noyes),   507 
No.  3  (syn.  of  Early  Red),  440 
No.   ii    (syn.  of  Norby  No.   11),  505 
113  Riga   (syn.  of  Merunka),  494 
116  Riga  (syn.  of  Red  Magnum  Bonum), 

326 

No.  31,188  (syn.  of  First),  446 
Nurseries,    commercial,    early   origin    of, 

323-325 
Nutmeg     (syn.     of    Christian,     418;    of 

Wheat,   563) 
Nutmeg,    508 

Oakley  Park  Wild,  508 

Oatey,   508 

Oberdieck,   quoted,   263,   433 

Oberdieck    Gestreifte    Eierpflaume,    508 

Oberdiecks       Fruhe       Aprikosenpflaume 

(syn.    of  Early  Apricot),  437 
Oberholtzer,    George  U.,   var.    orig.   by, 

4.6 
Oberley,   508 


602 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Obcrlcy's  Greenwood  (syn.  of  Oberley), 

508 

Occident,  295 

Ochcda    (syn.    of   Ocheeda),    296 
Ocheeda,  296 
October,    297,    508 
October    Cage     (syn.    of    Frost    Gage), 

216 
October     Green     Gage     (syn.     of    Late 

Reine   Claude),  481 
October   Mirabelle    (syn.   of   Late   Mira- 

belle),    263 
October     Purple     (syn.      of     October), 

297 

Oddy,  508 

Oddy's    (syn.    of   Oddy),    508 

Odegaard   (syn.   of  Odegard),  508 

Odegard,   508 

Odell,    508 

Oeil    de    Boeuf;    Oeuil-de-Boeuf    (syns. 

of  Jerusalem),  473 
Oeuf    Rouge     (syn.     of    Red    Magnum 

Bonum),  326 

Ogan  (syn.  of  Ogon),  298 
Ogden   (syn.  of  Ogon),  298 
Ogeechee,  508 
Oglesby,   508 
Ogon,  298 

Offon   (syn.  of  Ogon),  298 
O-Uatankyo;  O-hattankio    (syn.  of  Cha- 

bot),    172 
Ohio,    509 

0/»'o  Prolific  (syn.  of  Ohio),  509 
Okaw,  509 
Olttoberpflaume  (syn.  of  Saint  Martin), 

336 

Oku  Botan,  509 

Old  Apricot   (syn.  of  Apricot),  148 
Old  Gold,  509 

Old  Hickory   (syn.  of  Miner),  281 
Old   Orleans   (syn.   of  Orleans),   302 
Olive,   509 
Ollie,  509 
Olson,  509 
Omaha,  509 
Omega,  509 
Onderdonk,    Gilbert,    life   of,    392;    var. 

orig.    by,     392,    421,    439,    472,     501, 

5i6 

Onderka  Damascene,  509 
Onderka  (syn.  of  Onderka  Damascene), 

509 

Ontario,   509 
Opata,   509 
Orange,  300,   510 
Orange;      Orange      Gage       (syns.       of 

Orange),  300 
Orange  Cherry,   510 
Orange's  Cherry  Plum   (syn.   of  Orange 

Cherry),    510 
Orel    19;    Orel    No.    19    (syn.    of    Long 

Red),   485 

Orel  No.  20  (syn.  of  Long  Blue),  485 
Orel  No.  21,  510 
Oren,  J.  K.,  var.  orig.  by,  301 
Oren,  300 
Orenge,  510 

Orient    (syn.    of   Chabot),    172 
Oriental,   510 
Orillia,   510 

Oriole   (syn.  of  Abundance),    136 
Orleans,  302 
Orleans  (syn.  of  Early  Orleans),   199 


Orleans;  Orleans  Red  Damask  (syns.  of 
Orleans),  302 

Orleans  Late  Black  (syn.  of  Late  Or- 
leans), 265 

Osage,    510 

Osage  48  (syn.  of  Osage),  510 

Osterreichische  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Hun- 
garian), 246 

Oswego    (syn.   of  Pond),   314 

Ottoman;  Ottomanische  Kaiserpflaume 
(syns.  of  Imperial  Ottomon),  467 

Ottoman  Seedling,   510 

Ouillin's  Gage,  Golden,  Golden  Gage  or 
Green  Gage  (syns.  of  Oullins),  303 

Oullins,  303 

Outremont,   510 

Oval   Blood    (syn.   of  Occident),    295 

Ovalrunde  Spreckel  Pflaume  (syn.  of 
Gisborne),  451 

Overall,    510 

Owatonna,  510 

Owen,    511 

Owen  Sound  Beauty  (syn.  of  Owen), 
511 

Oxford,    511 

Oyama,  511 

Pacific,  305 

Pacific;  Pacific  Prune  (syns.  of  Pacific), 

305 

Paddock,  Captain,  var.  orig.  by,   511 
Paddock  Magnum  Bonum,  511 
Paine,  511 

Paine,  A.  W.,  var.  orig.  by,   511 
Paine's      Seedling      (syn.      of      Paine), 

511 

Paisan  Blanche,  511 
Paisan     Blanche     et     Double     (syn.     of 

Paisan    Blanche),    511 
Paisan   Noire,  511 
Palatine,    307 
Palmer,   511 
Pander,   511 
Papeleu,  512 
Pappaconi,  512 
Paquet,  512 

Paquet,  C.  G.,  var.  orig.  by,  513 
Paragon  (syn.  of  Chabot),  172 
Pardee,  S.  D.,  var.  orig.  by,  395 
Paris  Belle  (syn.  of  Texas  Belle), 

552 

Park,    512 

Parker,   312 

Parker's  Mammoth  (syn.  of  Washing- 
ton), 368 

Parkinson,  John,  quoted,  28,  32,  373, 
394,  421,  433,  441,  450,  455,  490, 
509,  S'O,  513.  543.  559 

Parmcntier  (syn.  of  Golden  Drop),  229 

Parrott,    512 

Parsonage,   512 

Parsons   (syn.   of  Miner),  281 

Partridge,    512 

Pasqua,   512 

Patcrson's    (syn.   of   Gisborne),   451 

Pathfinder,  512 

Patten,  A.,  513 

Patten,   B.,  513 

Patten,  C.  G.,  var.  orig.  by,   513 

Patten  No.  40  (syn.  of  Apple),  396 

Paul,  J.  M.,  var.  orig.  by,  308 

Paul  Early,   308 


Paul's  Earliest  (syn.  of  Paul  Early), 
308 

/'UK/   Wolf   (syn.   of  Bender),   401 

P.  biferum  (syn.  of  Twice  Bearing), 
556 

P.  Damascena  Armeniacea  (syn.  of 
Mirabelle),  284 

Peach    (syn.   of  Knudson),  477 

Peach  (syn.  of  Nectarine,  291;  of 
Peach,  309;  of  White  Virginal,  565) 

Peach,   309 

Peach  Leaf,   513 

Peachleaf    (syn.    of   Peach   Leaf),    513 

Peach-leaved   (syn.   of  Kanawha),  474 

Peach  Plum  (syn.  of  Nectarine,  291; 
of  Peach,  309) 

Peach  Plum    (syn.  of  Peach-plum),   513 

Peach-plum,    513 

Peake,   513 

Pearl,  310,  513 

Pear    Plum,    513 

Pearson,   H.   A.,  quoted,  340,  435 

Peasant,    513 

Peascod  Plum  (syn.  of  White  Peascod), 
564 

Peche;  Peche  de  Calvel  (syns.  of  Nec- 
tarine, 291;  of  Peach,  309) 

Peerless,   513 

Peffer,  G.  P.,  var.  orig.  by,  406,  467 

Peffer's  Premium  (syn.  of  Premium), 
5i8 

Pekin,    513 

Pendent,    514 

Penn,  William,  quoted,  20 

Penning,   514 

Penning,  Martin,  var.  orig.  by,  356, 
507,  514 

Penning  Peach,  514 

Penning's  Free   (syn.  of  Penning),   514 

Pennock,   514 

Pennock,  C.   E.,  var.   orig.  by,   514,   550 

Pennock's  Hybrid  (syn,  of  Pennock), 
5'4 

Penobscot,   514 

Peoly  Early  Blue,  514 

Perdigevena;  Perdigon;  Perdrigon; 
Perdrigon  Violet  or  Violette  (syns. 
of  Blue  Perdrigon),  164 

Perdrigon  Bariole  (syn.  of  Bunter  Per- 
drigon), 412 

Perdrigon  blanc  (syn.  of  White  Perdri- 
gon), 375 

Perdrigon  de  Brignole;  Perdrigon  de 
Brignole  Gros  (syns.  of  Brignole), 
409 

Perdrigon  de  Normandie  (syn.  of  Nor- 
mand  Perdrigon),  505 

Perdrigon  des  Alpes,   514 

Perdrigon    group,    31,    32 

Perdrigon  Hatif  (syn.  of  Drap  d'Or), 
194 

Perdrigon  hatif  or  hative  (syns.  of 
Early  Perdrigon),  439 

Perdrigon  Jaune  (syn.  of  Drap  d'Or), 
195 

Perdrigon  Normand  (syn.  of  Normand 
Perdrigon),  506 

Perdrigon  of  Cernay,  514 

Perdrigon  rouge  (syn.  of  Red  Perdri- 
gon), 528 

Perdripon   Tardif,   515 

Perdrigon  Violet  (syn.  of  Early  Tours), 
202 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 


603 


Perdrigon    Violet   Hatif    (syn.    of   Early 

Perdrigon),   439 

Perfection    (syn.    of   \Vickson) ,    376 
Perry's     Seedling     (syn.     of     Oriental), 

5io 

Pershore,   515 
Pershore     Yellow     Egg     (syn.     of    Per- 

shore),   515 
Persing   Nos.    I,   2    ( syn.    of    Burbank) , 

i/o 

Peters,    312 
Peter's    Large    Yellow;    Peter's    Yellow 

Gage;    Peters'    Yellow    Gage ;    Peters 

Yellow    Gage    (syns.    of    Peters),    312 
Peterson,  var.   orig.  by,    143 
Petit  Bricette  (syn.  of  Late  Mirabelle), 

263 
Petit     Damas     Blanc     (syn.     of     Small 

White    Damson),    545 
Petit     Damas    Rouge     (syn.     of    Queen 

Mother),    522 
Petit  Damas   Vert  (syn.  of  Small  Reine 

Claude),    347 
Petit   Drop    d'Or    (syn.    of    Mirabelle), 

284 

Petite   (syn.  of  Agen),   138 
Petite  Bricette  (syn.  of  Saint  Catherine, 

334;   of  Late  Mirabelle,   263) 
Petite    d'Agen    (syn.    of    Agen),    138 
Petite    Mirabelle    (syn.    of    Mirabelle), 

284 
Petite  Prune  or  Prune  d'Agen  (syns.  of 

Agen),    138 

Petite  Quetsche  Sucree,   515 
Petite     Rcine-Claude      (syn.      of     Small 

Reine  Claude),  347 

Petit-Monsieur    (syn.    of   Marange),   490 
Petit  prunallier    (syn.   of   Sloe),    544 
Petit     Saint     Julieti     (syn.     of     Saint 

Julien),   335 

Pfirschenpflaumc   (syn.  of  Goliath),   231 
Pflaume    Mit    dcm    Pflrsichblatt    or    jnlt 

dem    Pfirschenblatt    (syns.    of    Italian 

Prune),    253 

Pflaume    Oline    Steine    (syn.    of    Stone- 
less),  353 
Pflaume  Von  Gondin   (syn.  of  Gondin), 

454 
Pflaume   von   St.   Etienne    (syn.    of   St. 

Etienne),  537 

Philippe  I  (syn.  of  Washington),  368 
Phillips,  Henry,  quoted,  29 
Phiolenartige    Gelbe    Zwetsche,    515 
Pickett,  var.    orig.   by,   329 
Pickett's  July   (syn.    of   Early   Yellow), 

203 
Pigeon's  Heart  (syn.  of  Queen  Mother), 

522 

Pi'.ot,   sr$ 
Pink  Damson,  515 
Pioneer  Prune,   515 
Piper,    515 

Piper's  Peach   (syn.  of  Piper),  515 
Piram,    516 
Pissardi,    516 

Pitch  Plum  (syn.  of  Moyen),  500 
Pitless   (syn.  of  Stoncless),  353 
Plantz,   516 

Plantz's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Plantz),   516 
Platt,  Judge,  var.  orig.  by,  269 
Platte     Hellrothe     Konigspflaumc     (syn. 

of   Procureur),    520 
Plattman,  J.  H.,  var.  orig.  by,  411 


Plattman's  Bunker  Hill  (syn.  of 
Bunker  Hill),  411 

Pluttrunde  Zwetsche  (syn.  of  Quetsche 
Asiatic),  523 

Pliny,   quoted,    16,    17,   28,   36 

Plumcot  (syn.  of  Rutland  Plumcot),  333 

Plum  crop,  production  of,  in  U.  S.  in 
1899,  100 

Plum  culture,    100 

Plum   de  I'lnde    (syn.   of  Pond),   314 

Plum  growing,  location  of,  in  New 
York,  100 

Plum  of  Louvain  (syn.  of  Belle  de 
Louvain),  400  / 

Plums,  blooming  dates  and  season  of 
ripening  of,  105-109;  characteristics 
of,  6-9;  conspectus  of  species  of, 
9—11;  cultivation  of,  120-121;  dis- 
cussion of  insects  detrimental  to, 
131-135;  diversity  of  kinds  of,  4—6; 
hardiness  of,  102—104;  harvesting  and 
marketing  of,  122-125;  locations  and 
soils  for,  113,  114;  minor  diseases  of, 
129—131;  pollination  of,  110;  setting 
of  trees  of,  120;  sexual  affinities  of 
varieties  of,  112-113;  subjection  of, 
to  diseases,  125;  varieties  of,  grown 
in  New  York,  101 

Plum   Simon    (syn.   of  Simon),  346 

Plunk,   516 

Podiebrader  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Red 
Perdrigon),  528 

Poiteau,  quoted,  428 

Pomology,  origin  of,  in  America,   18—26 

Pomona,    516 

Pomaria,    516 

Pomeranzen  Zwetsche  (syn.  of  Orange), 
300 

Pond,    313 

Pond,  var.   orig.  by,  314 

Pond  Seedling;  Pond's  Purple;  Pond's 
Samling;  Pond's  Seedling  (syns.  of 
Pond,  314 

Pond  Purple,   516 

Pond's  Purple  (syn.  of  Pond  Purple), 
516 

Pond's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Pond  Purple), 
5i6 

Pond's  Seedling  (English)  (syn.  of 
Pond),  314 

Pontbriant,    517 

Pontford,   517 

Pontotoc,   517 

Poole;  Poole's  Pride  (syns.  of  Poole 
Pride),  315 

Poole   P^ifle.    315 

Forsch    Rote  Zwetsche,    517 

Pottawattamie,  Alfr 

Potter,   51  F 

Poupart,    517 

Poupart's   (syn.  ot  Poupart).  517 

Pourpree  De  Duane;  Pourpre  Duane 
(syns.  of  Duane),  1^6 

Pourpree  de  Pond   (syn.  of  Pond),  314 

Pourpree  Imperiale  (syn.  of  Imperial 
Purple),  467 

Powell  Damson,  517 

Prairie   (syn.  of  Prairie  Flower),   517 

Prairie  Flower,  517 

Prairie  Floivef  (syn.  of  Prairie  Flower), 
5'7 

Prairie   Rose,  5>7 


Pratt,   D.  U.,  var.  orig.  by,  396 
Precoce   (syn.   of  White  Virginal),   565 
Precoce    Biondeck    (syn.    of    Biondeck), 

403 
Precoce   De   Bergtliold    (syn.    of    Early 

Mirabelle),   439 
Precoce  Defresne,   517 
Precoce   de   Freudenberg,   517 
Precoce    de   Freudenberg    (syn.    of   Pre- 
coce  de   Freudenberg),   517 
Precoce  de  Lucas,   518 
Precoce  de  Lucas   (syn.   of  Precoce   de 

Lucas),    518 

Precoce   de   Reutlinger,    518 
Precoce    de    Reutlinger    Prune    (syn.    of 

Precoce   de   Reutlinger),   518 
Precoce     de     Rivers     (syn.     of     Early 

Favorite),  438 
Precoce  de  Tours  (syn.  of  Early  Tours), 

202 
Precoce      Veritable      (syn.      of     Wahre 

Friihzwetsche),    560 
Premium,    518 
Preserver,  518 
President,    518 
President   Courcelle    (syn.    of   President 

Courcelles),    518 
President  Courcelles,  518 
President  Wilder  (syn.   of  Wilder),  565 
Presley,  519 
Price,   519 

Pride   (syn.  of  Shipper),  341 
Pride  of   Waterloo    (syn.  of  Pond),  314 
Pride   of   Waterloo?   (syn.   of  Pride   of 

Waterloo),   519 
Pride   of   Waterloo,    519 
Primate,    519 

Primordian    (syn.    of  Early  Yellow),  203 
Prince   (syn.  of  Gloucestershire  Violet), 

452 

Prince,   519 
Prince,    William,    life    of,    389;    quoted, 

23,    24,    30,    38,    231,    310,    369,    417; 

var.  orig.  by,  252,  369,  389,  467,  519, 

520,   527 
Prince,    William    Robert,    life    of,    24; 

quoted,    31 

Prince  Albert?    (syn.   of  Wales),   366 
Prince  De  Galles   (syn.   of  Wales),   366 
Prince      Engelbert;      Prince     Englebert 

(syns.   of  Englebert),  204 
Prince   of    Wales    (syn.    of  Wales),    366 
Prince's     Blue     Primordian      (syn.      of 

Prince  Primordian),  520 
Prince  Early  Damson,  519 
Prince's  Early  Purple  (syn.  of  Prince 

Early  Damson),    519 

Prince's  Gage  (syn.  of  Yellow  Gage),  388 
Prince's  Gage  (syn.  of  Imperial  Gage), 

251 
Prince's    Gelbe    Reine-Claude    (syn.    of 

Yellow  Gage),  388 

Prince's    Imperial    Gage    (syn.    of    Im- 
perial Gage),  251 
Prince's    Kaiser    Reine-Claude    (syn.    of 

Imperial  Gage),  251 
Prince  Orange  Egg,   519 
Prince's   Orange    Egg    (syn.    of    Prince 

Orange  Egg),  519 
Prince  Orange  Gage,   519 
Prince  Primordian,   520 
Prince's  Red  Gage  (syn.  of  Red  Gage), 

527 


604 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Prince's    Rote    Reine-Claude     (syn.     of 

Red    Gage),    527 
Prince's   White   Gage    (syn.   of   Imperial 

Gage),   251 
Prince's   Yellow   Cage    (syn.    of   Yellow 

Gage),  388 
Pringle,  520 
Pringle  Blue,  520 
Pringle  Purple,  520 
Prins    Engclbcrt     (syn.     of    Englebert) , 

204 
Primens  Kaiser  Rcine  Claude    (syn.   of 

Imperial   Gage),   251 
Prinsens    rothe     Reineclaude     (syn.     of 

Red  Gage),   527 
Prinzessinpfiaume  (syn.  of  Red  Magnum 

Bonum),    326 
Prinzessin     Pflaume     (syn.     of    Impera- 

trice,    249 ;    of   Red   Diaper,   323) 
Prinz  Von  Wales   (syn.   of  Wales),  366 
Prochaska,    Herr,   var.   orig.    by,    142 
Procureur,   520 

Prof.  Budd    (syn.    of   Budd),    410 
Prof.  Craig    (syn.   of  Craig),  424 
Prof.  Goff   (syn.  of  Goff),  452 
Prof.  Price    (syn.    of    Price),    519 
Prof.  Wittmack,   520 
Profuse,    520 
Prolific    (syn.    of    Crittenden,     184;    of 

Hale,  237) 
Prolific  Damson     (syn.    of    Crittenden), 

184 
Prolifique      Hative      (syn.      of      Early 

Rivers),   200 
Proune    bissioque    (Roumanie)    (syn.    of 

Hungarian    Musk   Prune) ,   465 
Provence    Damask    (syn.    of    Damas    de 

Provence),    426 
Provencer       Konigspflaume       (syn.       of 

Damas  de  Provence),  426 
Provins    Zwetsche     (syn.     of     Ouetsche 

Pointue),    524 
Pruine   Damson  ?    (syn.    of   Shropshire) , 

344 

PrunalHer    (syn.    of    Sloe),    544 
Prune    (syn.   of   Shropshire) ,   344 
Prune- Abricot;    Prune    Abricote,    Abri- 
cotee,    Abricotee     Blanche,     Abricotee 

de   Tours    (syns.    of   Apricot),    148 
Prune-Abricot  de  Royer  (syn.  of  Royer 

Aprikosen    Pflaume) ,    535 
Prune    Abricotee    Rouge    (syn.    of    Red 

Apricot),    321 
Prune    a    Fleurs    Doubles    or    ct    fleurs 

semi-doubles    (syns.    of  Double  Flower- 
ing Gage),    192 
Prune      Allemand      (syn.      of      German 

Prune),  219 
Pruneau,   520 
Pruneau     de     Tours      (syn.      of     Saint 

Catherine),   334 
Pruneau  Jattne  de  Reisenstcin   (syn.   of 

Reizenstein   Yellow  Prune),   531 
Prune   Autumn   Gage    (syn.    of  Autumn 

Gage),   398  » 

Prnneaux     de     Tours     (syn.     of     Saint 

Catherine),   334 
Prune     Bleue     de     Belgique      (syn.     of 

Belgian   Purple) ,    157 
Prune   bifere    (syn.    of  Twice  Bearing), 

556 

Prime  Bud's   Favorite    (syn.    of  Buel), 
411 


Prune    Celeste    (syn.    of    Eisner    Griine 

Zwetsche),  442 
Prune      Cerise,     Ceriset,     Cerisctte      or 

Cerizette    (syns.    of    Myrobalan),    290 
Prune    coeur    de    pigeon    verd    (syn.    of 

Griine   Herzformige),   456 
Prune  Cordiforme  (syn.  of  Herzformige 

Pflaume),  461 
Prune  d'Abricos  (syn.  of  Red  Apricot), 

321 
Prune    d' Abricot    (syn.    of    Nectarine), 

291 
Prune     d'Abricot,     d'Abricot     bigarrce, 

Blanch,      de      France      or      Ordinaire 

(syns.    of   Apricot),    148 
Prune    d'Abricot    rouge     (syn.    of    Red 

Apricot),   321 

Prune   d'Agen   (syn.   of  Agen),    138 
Prune  d'Agen  Double,   520 
Prune     d' Allemagne ;     d'Allemagne     la 

commune    (syns.    of   German    Prune), 

219 
Prune      d'Altesse      (syn.      of      German 

Prune,   219;   of   Suisse,   549) 
Prune  de  Altesse  (syn.  of  Imperatrice), 

249 
Prune  d'Altesse  blanche   (syn.  of  Early 

Yellow),   203 

Prune  'd'Altesse  Blanche    (syn.    of   Yel- 
low Imperatrice),   569 
Prune     d'Amerique     Rouge     (syn.      of 

Myrobalan),    290 
Prune    d'Amour,    520 
Prune    Damas    d'ltalie    (syn.    of   Italian 

Damask),   470 
Prune    Damas    de    Provence     (syn.     of 

Damas  de  Provence),   426 
Prune    Damas    de    Septembre    (syn.    of 

September  Damask),   542 
Prune      Damas      D'Espagne      (syn.      of 

Spanish   Damask),   546 
Prune   Dame  Aubert  or  d'Aubert    (syn. 

of   Yellow  Egg),   386 
Prune  Damson   (syn.  of  Shropshire),  344 
Prune  d'Ante  or  d'Ast  (syns.  of  Agen), 

138 
Prune    Datte    (syn.    of    Date,    428;    of 

Red   Date,   322;   of  Weisse    Kaiserin, 

563) 

Prune-Datte    (syn.    of   Hungarian),    246 
Prune    Datte    Violette     (syn.    of    Hun- 
garian),   246 
Prune    Dauphine     (syn.    of    Dauphine), 

428 

Prune  d'Automne,  520 
Prune  d'Automne    de    Schamal;    Prune 

d'Automne     de    Schamali     (syns.     of 

Schamal),    540 
Prune    d'Autriche    (syn.    of    Date,    428; 

of  Hungarian,  246;  of  Red  Date,  322) 
Prune  d'Avoine  (syn.  of  Early  Yellow), 

203 

Prune   de  Bavay    (syn.    of   Bavay),    155 
Prune    De    Besanfon    (syn.    of    Yellow 

Egg),  386 
Prune  de  Bordeaux  (syn.  of  Jerusalem), 

472 
Prime     de     Bordeaux     (syn.     of     Saint 

Antoine),    537 

Prune     de     Bourgoyne     (syn.     of     Bur- 
gundy   Prune),    412 
Prune  De  Briancon    (syn.    of   Briancon, 

409;   of   Red   Diaper,   323) 


Prune    dc    Brigantiaca    (syn.    of    Brian- 
con),   409 
Prune   de   Brignole    (syn.    of   Brignole), 

409 

Prune  de  Brignole   (syn.  of  Agen),    138 
Prune     Decaisne     (syn.    of    DeCaisne), 

187 
Prune     de    Catalogne     (syn.     of    Early 

Yellow),   203 

Prune   de   Chcval    (syn.   of  Horse),   464 
Prune  de  Chypre   (syn.  of  Chypre,  418; 

of     Musk     Damson,     501;     of     Red 

Diaper,  323) 
Prune  de  Coulommiers  (syn.  of  Coulom- 

miers),   423 
Prune   de  Delices   (syn.  of  De  Delice), 

429 
Prune  de  Deux  Saisons   (syn.   of  Twice 

Bearing),   556 
Prune    de    Double     (syn.    of    Double), 

435 
Prune  de  Gaillon  (syn.  of  Early  Tours), 

202 
Prune    de    Gondin     (syn.    of    Gondin), 

454 
Prune    de    Jerusalem     (syn.     of    Gelbe 

Jerusalempflaume,   450;    of   Jerusalem, 

472) 
Prune    de    Kirchhof    (syn.    of    Capitaine 

Kirchhof),    414 

Prune  de  Kirhe   (syn.  of  Kirke),  260 
Prune    de   Laghouat,    520 
Prune   dc   la    Gallissioniere    (syn.    of   /'. 

americana),    59 
Prune  de   la  Madeleine   (syn.   of   Early 

Tours),  202 
Prune   de  la  St.   Martin    (syn.   of   Saint 

Martin),   336 
Prune    de    Lepine    (syn.    of    Norbert), 

505 
Prune    de    Lottvain    (syn.    of    Belle    de 

Louvain),    400 
Prune  de  Malte  or  de  Malthe   (syns.  of 

Musk  Damson),  501 
Prune   de  Milan    (syn.   of   Imperiale   de 

Milan),   467 
Prune  de  Mirabellc  (syn.  of  Mirabelle), 

284 
Prune     de    Monsieur     (syn.     of    Early 

Tours,  202;  of  Orleans,  302;  of  Yel- 
low Egg,  386) 
Prune    de    Monsieur    Uatif    or    Hati-'c 

(syns.    of  Early   Orleans),    199 
Prune    de    Monsieur    Jaune    or    Variete 

Jaune   (syns.  of  Yellow  Imperatrice), 

560 
Prune    de    Monsieur    Tardive    (syn.    of 

Suisse),    549 

Prune  de  Montfort   (syn.  of  De  Mont- 
fort),   430 

Prune    d'Ente    (syn.    of    Agen),    138 
Prune    d'Ente    (syn.    of    Sergeant),    339 
Prune  d'Ente  Imperiale,  521 
Prune  de  Orange  (syn.  of  Orange),  510 
Prune    de    Paisan    blanche    and    simple 

(syn.  of  Paisan  Blanche),   511 
Prune  de  Paisan  Noire   (syn.  of  Paisan 

Noire),   511 
Prune    de    Pologne    (syn.    of    Quetsche 

Dr.  Lctricourt),  524 
Prune    De    Pontbriant    (syn.    of    Pont- 

liriant),    517 
Prune  de  Prince  (syn.  of  Norbert),  505 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 


605 


Prune    de    Prince    (syn.    of    Prune    de 

Seigneur),    521 
Prune  de  Reine  Claude   (syn.   of  Reine 

Claude),  327 
Prune  de   Rudolphe,   521 
Prune   de  Reizenstein    (syn.   of   Reizen- 

stein   Yellow   Prune),   531 
Prune  de   St.   Barnabe    (syn.    of    Early 

Yellow),    203 
Prune    de    Sainte    Catherine     (syn.     of 

Saint    Catherine),    334 
Piune   de  St.   Jean    (syn.   of  Early   St. 

John),    440 
Prune  de  Saint-Jean   (syn.  of  Noire  de 

Montreuil),    504 
Prune  de  St.  Jean   (syn.   of  St.  John), 

537 
Prune  de  Savoye    (syn.   of  Isle-Verte), 

470 
Prune   des  Bejonnicres   (syn.   of  Bejon- 

nieres),    157 
Prune  Des  Burettes  (syn.  of  Burettes), 

412 

Prune  de  Seigneur,  521 
Prune   de    Vacance   (syn.   of   September 

Damask).    542 
Prune  de  Virginie  (syn.  of  Myrobalan), 

290 
Prune  de  Wangenhcim  (syn.  of  Wangen- 

heim),   368 
Prune   de    Waterloo    (syn.    of  Waterloo 

Pflaume),   561 
Prune  Diademe    (syn.   of   Red   Diaper), 

323 
Prune    Diaphane     or     Diaphane    Laffay 

(syns.    of   Transparent),   360 
Prune  Diapree  Blanche  (syn.  of  Diapree 

Blanche),  432 
Prune     Diapree    Rouge    (syn.    of    Red 

Diaper),  323 
Prune  d'Inde  Blanc  or  Blanche,  d'Oeuf, 

or    d'Oeuf   blanche    (syns.    of   Yellow 

Egg),    386 
Prune  d'ltalie   (syn.   of  Italian  Prune), 

253 
Prune  d'oeuf  or  d'Oeuf  Violette   (syns. 

of   Red  Magnum   Bonum),   326 
Prune    d'Oeuf   Marbree    (syn.    of    Mar- 

morierte   Eierpflaume),   401 
Prune  d' Orleans   (syn.  of  Orleans),  302 
Prune    du   Roi    (syn.    of   Agen,    138;    of 

Early    Orleans,    199) 
Prune    Early    Favorite    (syn.    of    Early 

Favorite),    438 
Prune  Eugene  Simon   (syn.  of  Simon), 

346 
Prune-ftoue      (syn.     of     Red     Magnum 

Bonum),   326 
Prune  Figue  ;  Prune  figue  grosse  rouge; 

(syns.    of  Red   Date),   322 
Prune    Gonne    (syn.    of    Gonne),    454 
Prune    Goutte    d'Or    De    Coe    (syn.    of 

Golden    Drop),    229 
Prune     Gros-Damas     Violet      (syn.      of 

Damas   Violet),   427 
Prune    Grosse    Ouetsche   Nouvelle    (syn. 

of   Dorell),   434 
Prune    group,    history    of,    in    America, 

30,    31;    origin    of,    30;    specific    char- 
acters of,   31;   typical   varieties  of,   31 
Prune  Ilererte   (syn.  of  Isle-Verte),  470 
Prune  Imperatrice  (syn.  of  Red  Diaper), 


Prune     Imperatrice     Blanche     (syn.     of 

White   Imperatrice),  375 
Prune     Imperatrice     Violette     (syn.     of 

German  Prune),   219 
Prune     Imperiale     de     Sharp     (syn.     of 

Sharp),   340 
Prune   Imperiale  Violette    (syn.    of   Red 

Magnum  Bonum),  326 
Prune   Isabelle    (syn.    of    Isabella),   469 
Prune  Jacinthe    (syn.   of  Jacinthe),  471 
Prune  Kanawa   (syn.  of.Kanawha),  474 
Prune  Kirkc   (syn.  of  Kirke),  260 
Prune   Lawrence's  Gage    (syn.   of   Law- 
rence), 266 

Prunelicr   (syn.  of  Sloe),  544 
Prunelle  (syn.  of  Orleans,  302;  of  Sloe, 

544) 

Prune-making,   growth   of,    31 
Prune    Maraichere     (syn.    of    Quetsche 

Maraichere),   524 

Prune-Massot  (syn.  of  Oullins),  303 
Prune    Monarque     (syn.     of    Monarch), 

286 
Prune    Monsieur     (syn.     of     Orleans), 

302 
Prune   Monsieur   Jaune    (syn.    of   Early 

Yellow,    203;   of   Yellow   Imperatrice, 

569) 
Prune    nain     (syn.    of    Zwergpflaume), 

57i 
Prune     noire     hative     (syn.     of     Early 

Tours),  202 
Prune     nourelle    de    Dorrel     (syn.     of 

Dorell),  434 

Prune  OEuf  (syn.  of  Yellow  Egg),  386 
Prune-ocuf      (syn.      of     Red     Magnum 

Bonum),   326 

Pruneola  (syn.  of  Sloe),   544 
Prune-Peche  (syn.  of  White  Perdrigon), 

37-6 
Prune  Pcche    (syn.    of  Nectarine,    291; 

of  Peach,  309) 

Prune-Peche    (syn.    of    Goliath),    231. 
Prune-Peche  De  Calvel  (syn.  of  Peach), 

309 
Prune    Perdrigon    hatif    (syn.    of    Early 

Perdrigon),   439 
Prune     Perdrigon     Normand     (syn.     of 

Normand  Perdrigon),   506 
Prune     Petit     Damas     Blanc     (syn.     of 

Small  White  Damson),  545 
Prune  Plum   (syn.    of  German   Prune), 

219 
Prune    poire    grosse    violette    (syn.    of 

Pear  Plum),   513 
Prune    de    Pologne    (syn.    of    Quetsche 

Dr.    Letricourt),    524 
Prune    Prlcocet    (syn.    of    White    Vir- 
ginal),  565 
Prune     Prince     of     Whales      (syn.      of 

Wales),  366 
Prune  qui  fructifie  deux  fois  Van   (syn. 

of  Twice   Bearing),   556 
Prune  Quetsch  (syn.  of  German  Prune), 

219 
Prune    Reine    Blanche    (syn.    of    White 

Queen),    564 
Prune      Reine-Claude     Gabriel     Combes 

(syn.  of  Gabriel  Combes),  449 
Prune    Reine   Claude    Violette    (syn.    of 

Purple  Gage),  318 


Prune  Reine  Victoria  (syn.  of  Victoria), 
363 

Prune  Rouge  De  Sleeker  (syn.  of  Lom- 
bard), 268 

Prune  Royale   (syn.   of   Royal),   534 

Prune  Royale  de  Tours  (syn.  of  Royal 
Tours),  332 

Prunes,  definition  of,  30;  process  of 
making,  124-126 

Prune  Sainte-Catherine  or  Sctnte- 
Catherine  Jaune  (syns.  of  Saint 
Catherine),  334 

Prune  Sans-Noyau  (syn.  of  Stoneless), 
353 

Prune  Sauvage    (syn.    of   Sloe),   544 

Prune  Semi-double  (syn.  of  Double 
Flowering  Gage),  192 

Prune  Suisse  (syn.  of  Italian  Prune, 
253;  of  Suisse,  549) 

Prune  Violet  de  Jerusalem  (syn.  of 
Jerusalem),  472 

Prune  Violette  D'Octobre  (syn.  of  Saint 
Martin  Quetsche),  538 

Prune  Virginale  (syn.  of  White  Vir- 
ginal), 565 

Prune  Wangenheim  Hatii'e  (syn.  of 
Wangenheim),  368 

Prune  Washington  Jaune  (syn.  of 
Washington),  368 

Prune  Zwetschen  (syn.  of  German 
Prune),  219 

Prunier  a  fleur  semi-double  (syn.  of 
Double  Flowering  Gage),  192 

Prunier  Allemand  (syn.  of  German 
Prune),  219 

Prunier  bifere  (syn.  of  Twice  Bear- 
ing). 556 

Prunier   d'Agen   (syn.   of  Agen),    138 

Prunier  Damas  a  petit  fruit  blanc  (syn. 
of  Small  White  Damson),  545 

Prunier  Datte    (syn.    of   Sergeant),   339 

Prunier  de  Jerusalem  (syn.  of  Jeru- 
salem), 472 

Prunier  de  Saint  Martin  (syn.  of  Saint 
Martin),  336 

Prunier  de  Simon  (syn.  of  Simon),  346 

Prunier  des  Vacances  (syn.  of  Septem- 
ber Damask),  542 

Prunier  de  Tillemond  (syn.  of  Tille* 
mond),  554 

Prunier  de  Virginie  (syn.  of  P.  ameri- 
cana),  59 

Prunier  epineux   (syn.   of   Sloe),   544 

Prunier  Fleurissant  et  Poussant  Deux 
Fois  (syn.  of  Twice  Bearing),  556 

Prunier  Myrobolan  (syn.  of  Myro- 
balan), 290 

Prunier  qui  fructifie  deux  fois  par  I'an 
(syn.  of  Twice  Bearing),  556 

Prunier  Sainte-Catherine  (syn.  of  Saint 
Catherine),  334 

Prunier  Saint-Julien  (syn.  of  Saint 
Julien),  335 

Prtinitm  Pyrinum  praecox  (syn.  of 
Early  Pear),  439 

Prunus,  differences  between  fruits  of, 
2,  3;  genus,  species  included,  i;  his- 
tory of,  i,  2;  horticultural  value  of, 
4;  variability  of,  3,  4 


6o6 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Prunus  acutifolia,  48 

allcghaniensis,  characters  of,  73, 
73 ;  comparison  of,  with  P. 
amcricana,  73;  habitat  of,  73,  74; 
specific  description  of,  72-74 

Americana  (syn.  of  P.  hortulana), 
64 ;  (syn.  of  P.  nigra),  69 ; 
adaptation  of,  to  cross-pollina- 
tion, 62,  63 ;  characters  of,  56, 
57;  history  of,  58-61;  introduc- 
tion of,  into  Europe,  59;  natural 
habitat  of,  57,  58;  specific  des- 
cription of,  56-63;  tree  and  fruit 
characters  of,  6it  62 

Americana  lanata  (syn.  of  P. 
amcricana  mollis),  63 

Americana  Mollis,  specific  descrip- 
tion of,  63,  64 

Americana  Nigra  (syn.  of  P.  nigra), 
6g 

angustifolia,  characters  of,  82 ; 
original  habitat  of,  82,  83;  specific 
description  of,  82—85 

angustifolia  varians,  characters,  87, 
88;  specific  description  of,  87,  88 

angustifolia  u-atsoni,  characters  of, 
85,  86 ;  habitat  of,  86 ;  specific 
description  of,  85-87 

armeniaca  dasycarpa,  48 

bifera  (syn.  of  Twice  Bearing),  556 

bokliariensis,   50 

Calvellana  (syn.  of  Early  Perdri- 
gon),  439 

Catalana  (syn.  of  Early  Yellow) , 
203 

Catalanica    (syn.    of   Catalana),   415 

Catalonica  (syn.  of  Early  Yellow), 
203 

Catelana  (syn.  of  Early  Yellow) , 
203 

ccrasifera  (syn.  of  Myrobalan), 
290;  characters  of,  45,  46;  early 
history  of,  46,  47 ;  specific  des- 
cription of,  45—48;  tree  and  fruit 
characters  of,  47,  48 

cerasifcra  atropur  purea,  48 

Ccrasifera  A  tropttrpurea  (syn.  of 
Pissardi),  516 

Cerasifcra  fructu  major e  (syn.  of 
Myrobalan) ,  290 

Cerasifera  Frttctu  Minor  e  (syn.  of 
Kleine  Kirschpfiaume),  476 

Cerasifcra  Za  n  th  o  car  pa  (  syn.  of 
Gelbe  Kirschpflaume),  450 

chicasa  (syn.  of  P.  an  gusti folia), 
82 

ch  icasa  var.  normalis  (syn.  of  P. 
gracilis),  98 

cocomilia,  characters  of,  44,  45 ; 
specific  description  of,  44,  45 

cocomilia    brutia,    45 

cocomilia  puberula,  45 

cocomilia   typica,  45 

cotnmunis  (syn.  of  P.  insititia), 
34;  (syn.  of  P.  triflora),  49 

eommunis  domestica  (syn.  of  P. 
domestica),  12 

contorta,   48 

curdica,    specific    description    of,    44 

damascena  dominicalis  praecox 
(syn.  of  Early  Orleans),  199 

dasycarpa,   48 

divaricata,  46,  47 


Primus  domestica  (syn.  of  P.  tri/lora), 
49;  characters  of,  12;  division  of 
and  how  divided,  26;  history  of, 
in  America,  18-26;  origin  of, 
1 2—i  8 ;  specific  description  of, 
12-34 

Domestica  Cereola  (syn.  of  Reine 
Claude),  327 

domestica  insititia  (syn.  of  P.  in- 
sititia), 34 

Domestica  Juliana  (syn.  of  Saint 
Julien),  335 

domestica  myrobalan  (syn.  of  P. 
cerasifcra),  45 

Domestica  var.  cereola  (syn.  of 
Reine  Claude),  327 

Domestica  var.  Claudiana  (syn.  of 
Reine  Claude),  327 

elegans,  48 

exigua,   13 

fruticans,  43 

gig  ant  ea^   48 

gracilis,  characters  of,  98;  natural 
habitat  of,  98 ;  specific  descrip- 
tion of,  98,  99 

gravesii,  comparison  of,  with  P. 
maritima,  96,  97 ;  characters  of, 
96 ;  specific  description  of,  96, 
97 

Jiattan  Tamari  (syn.  of  P.  triflora), 
49 

hispanica  (syn.  of  Spanish  Damask), 
546 

hortJtlana  (syn.  of  P.  munsoni- 
ana) ,  88 ;  characters  of,  64,  65 ; 
groups  of  hybrids  included  in, 
65,  66;  habitat  of,  66,  67;  specific 
description  of,  64—68 ;  value  of, 
to  American  pomology,  67 

hortttlana  mineri,  specific  descrip- 
tion of,  68,  69 

hortnlana    robusta,    232 

hortiilana  robusta,  discussion  of 
group  of,  67,  68 

ichangana,    50 

injucunda  (syn.  of  P.  umbcllata 
injucunda),  79 

tnsititia  (syn.  of  Damson),  186; 
characters  of,  34;  comparison  of, 
with  P.  domestica,  35,  36 ;  dis- 
cussion as  to  sub-species  in- 
cluded in,  34,  35;  groups  in- 
cluded in,  39;  habitat  of,  in  the 
Old  World,  37;  history  of,  in 
America,  37-39 ;  specific  descrip- 
tion of,  34-42 

insititia   glabcrrima,   36 

Insititia  var.  (syn.  of  Saint  Julien), 
335 

italica  (syn.  of  Italian  Damask), 
470;  (syn.  of  P.  domestica),  12 

japonica    (syn.   of  P.   triflora),  49 

lanata  (syn.  of  P.  americana  mol- 
lis), 63 

littoralis  (syn.  of  P.  maritima) , 
92 

Jutea,  13;  (syn.  of  Gemeiner  Gelbe 
Spilling),  451 

maritima,  characters  of,  92;  habi- 
tat of,  93,  94 ;  specific  descrip- 
tion of,  92-96 ;  value  of,  94,  95 

mitiSf  characters  of,  So;  specific 
description  of,  So,  81 


Prunus     mo  His     (syn.     of     P.     nigra), 
69 

monticola,  characters  of,  49;  specific 
description  of,  49 

munsoniana,  characters  of,  88,  89; 
comparison  of,  with  P.  augusti- 
folia,  go ;  habitat  of,  90 ;  horti- 
cultural value  of,  91 ;  leading 
varieties  of,  91,  92;  specific  des- 
cription of,  88—92 

Myrobalan  (syn.  of  P.  ccrasifera), 
45 

Myrobalana  (syn.  of  Myrobalan), 
290 

Myrobolana  (syn.  of  Myrobalan), 
290 

neustricnsis  (syn.  of  Normand 
Perdrigon),  506 

nigra,  characters  of,  69,  70 ;  com- 
parison of,  with  P.  amcricana, 
71,  72;  habitat  of,  70,  71;  specific 
description  of,  69-72 

oeconomica  (syn.  of  German  Prune), 
219;  (syn.  of  P.  domestica) ,  12 

orthosepala,  characters  of,  97; 
specific  description  of,  97—98 

oxycarpa,  13 ;  (syn.  of  Bechstein 
Spitzpflaume),  400 

pcndula,    48 

Pissardi    (syn.   of  Pissardi),    516 

Pissardii    (syn.    of   Pissardi),    516 

plantcricnsis,    48 

pomarium,   36 

provincialis  (syn.  of  Damas  de  Pro- 
vence) ,  426 

pscudoarmcniaca,    45 

pubcsccns  (syn.  of  P.  maritima), 
92 

rivularis,  characters  of,  99;  specific 
description  of,  99 

rtibclla,    13 

silrcstris   (syn.   of  Sloe),   544 

Simoni    (syn.   of   Simon),   346 

Simonii  (syn.  of  Simon),  346; 
characters  of,  55;  history  of,  56; 
specific  description  of,  55,  56 

Spinosa  (syn.  of  Sloe),  544;  char- 
acters of,  42 ;  general  discussion 
of,  43,  44 ;  specific  description 
of,  42-44 

Spinosa    coatanea,   42 

Spinosa    dasyphylla,   42 

Spinosa  ftorc-plcno,  42,   43 

Spinosa ,  foliis  lanccolatis  (syn.  of 
Sloe),  544 

Spinosa  macrocarpa,  43 

Spinosa   praecox,   42 

Spinosa   pur  purea,   43 

spinosa  sessiliflora,  42 

spinosa    typica,    42 

subcordata,  characters  of,  74;  habi- 
tat of,  74,  75;  specific  descrip- 
tion of,  74-77;  typical  form  of, 
76 

subcordata  kelloggii,  specific  des- 
cription of,  77,  78 

subrotunda,   13 

subsylrestris,  36 

syl">cstris,    13 

syriaca,  36 

tarda,  characters  of,  8r ;  specific 
description  of,  8r,  82 

thibetica,    50 


THE  PLUMS  OF   NEW  YORK. 


607 


Prunus  triflora,  botanical  differences  of 

53,  54;     characters    of,    49,     50; 
early     history     of,     50-52;     intro- 
duction    of,     into    America,     52; 
natural    habitat    of,    51;    specific 
description    of,    49-55;    value    of 
fruit    of,    52,    53;    variability    of, 

54,  55 

vmbcllata,   characters   of,    78 ;   habi- 
tat of,  79;  specific  description  of, 

78,  79 

umbellata  injucunda,  characters  of, 

79,  80;    specific    description    of, 
79,   80 

ursino,   45 

ursina   flava,   45 

vinaria,    13 

viatsoni     (syn.     of    P.    auguitifolia 

watsoni),  85 
Pseudo   Mirabelle,   521 
Purple  Damson   (syn.   of  Damson,    186; 

of  Winter  Damson,  567) 
Purple  Diaper   (syn.   of  Violet   Diaper), 

365 
Purple    Egg     (syn.     of    Red     Magnum 

Bonum),    326 

Purple    Egg    (syn.   of  Hudson),    243 
Purple    Egg    (syn.    of    Duane;    of    Red 

Magnum  Bonum,  326) 
Purple   Favorite,    521 
Purple      Favourite      (syn.      of      Purple 

Favorite),    521 
Purple    Flesh,   521 
Purple  Gatte,    318 
Purple-leaved   Hybrid,    521 
Purple-leaved   Plum    (syn.    of  Pissardi), 

5i6 
Purple  Magnum  Bonum  (syn.  of  Duane, 

196;    of    Red    Magnum    Bonum,    326; 

of   Smith    Orleans,   348) 
Purple  Panhandle,    521 
Purple  winter  Damson   (syn.   of  Winter 
.    Damson),    567 
Purple  Yosemite,   521 
Pitrpur    Pflaume    (syn.    of    Red    Date), 

322 

Puymirol   d'Ente,   522 
P.    violette   americaine    (syn.    of   Ameri- 
can  Violet),   394 

Quackenbos      (syn.      of     Quackenboss) , 

3'9 

Quackenboss,    319 
Quaker,    522 
Quality,  522 

Quastche   (syn.  of  German  Prune),  219 
Quebec,   522 
Queen,    522 
Queen     Claude     or     Claudia     (syns.     of 

Retne   Claude),    327 
Queen      Claude      of      Bavay      (syn.      of 

Bavay),    155 
Quecne     Mother     (syn.     of     Myrobalan, 

290;    of   Queen   Mother,    522) 
Queen  May,   522 
Queen  Mother  (syn.  of  Queen  Mother), 

522 

Queen  Mother,   522 
Queen  of  Arkansas,   523 
Queen   Victoria  (syn.  of  Sharp,  340;  of 

Victoria,    363) 
Quetsch;    Quetsch    Allemande    (syns.    of 

German   P  rune) ,   219 


Quetsch    Hongroise     (syn.     of     German 

Prune),    219 
Quetsch      Longue      (syn.      of      German 

Prune),    219 
Quetsche    (syn.   of  German   Prune,   219; 

of  Italian  Prune,  253;  of  Korai,  478) 
Quetsche   a   feuille   argentee,    523 
Quetsche  Aplatie,    523 
Quetsche  Blcue  d'ltalie   (syn.  of  Italian 

Prune),   253 
Quetsche     Rognon     de     Coq     (syn.     of 

Rognon  de  Coq),  533 
Quetsche    Buhl-Eltcrshofen,    523 
Quetsche    Commune;    Quetsche    D'Alle- 

magne ;   Quetsche   d'Allemagne   Grosse 

(syns.   of   German  Prune),   219 
Quetsche  Datte    (syn.   of  Date,   428;   of 

Hungarian,    246) 

Quetsche    Datte    des    Allemands,    523 
Quetsche      Datte      Violette      (syn.      of 

Hungarian),   246 
Quetsche       de       Basalicza       (syn.        of 

Bazalicza),   399 
Quetsche    de    Bremc    (syn.    of    Austrian 

Quetsche),    397 
Quetsche    de    Dobrowitz,    523 
Quetsche  de  Dollan   (syn.  of  Dollaner), 

433 
Quetsche  De  Dorcllc;  De  Dorelle  Nou- 

velle     Grand ;     De    Dorelle     Nouvcllc 

Grande   (syns.  of  Dorell),  434 
Quetsche      dc      Doubrawie       (syn.       of 

Quetsche   de   Dobrowitz),    523 
Quetsche   de  Francfort   (syn.   of  Frank- 
fort Peach),  447 
Quetsche    de    Hongrie     (syn.     of    Date, 

428;  of  Hungarian,  246;  of  Ungarish, 

361) 

Quetsche  de  Kreuter,  523 
Quetsche  de  Kreuter   (syn.  of  Quetsche 

de   Kreuter),    523 

Quetsche    de   Lctricottrt    (syn.    of   Quet- 
sche Dr.  Letricourt),   524 
Quetsche  de  Leipzig  (syn.  of  Merunka), 

494 
Quetsche   de  Lorraine,   de   Mahfinc,   or 

dc    Mctz    (syns.    of    German    Prune), 

220 

Quetsche  de  Millot,  523 
Quetsche    de    Province    (syn.    of    Quet- 
sche Pointue),  524 
Quetsche    De    Ransleben,    523 
Quetsche   des  Allemands    (syn.    of   Ger- 
man   Prune),    220 
Quetsche  de  Transylvanie,  523 
Quetsche      de      Transil'-atiie      (syn.      of 

Ouetsche  de  Transylvanie),   523 
Quetsche      d'ltalie      (syn.      of      Italian 

Prune),    253 
Quetsche   Domestique    (syn.    of   German 

Prune),    220 

Quetsche  Dr.   Letricourt,   524 
Quetsche  Freestone,    524 
Quetsche      Grosse      (syn.      of      German 

Prune),    220 

Quetsche    Grosse    Blaue    de    la     I  forms 
(syn.    of   Zwetsche   von    der   Worms) , 

572 
Quetsche    Grosse    Nouvelle    De    Dorr  el 

(syn.   of  Dorell),   434 
Quetsche   Hative,   524 
Quetsche    Hatire     de    Licgel     (syn.     of 

Quetsche  Precoce  Liegel),  525 


Quetsche  Hongroise  (syn.  of  Hun- 
garian), 246 

Quetsche  Jaune  (syn.  of  Quetsche  Dr. 
Letricourt),  524 

Quetsche  Jaune  de  Hartwiss  (syn.  of 
Ilartwiss),  459 

Quetsche  Jaune  de  Reisenstein  (syn, 
of  Reizenstein  Yellow  Prune) ,  53 1 

Quetsche  Jaune  Precoce,   524 

Quetsche  Jaune  Precoce  (syn.  of  Quet- 
sche Jaune  Precoce),  524 

Quetsche  Jaune  Tardive  (syn.  of  Gelb^ 
Spatzwetsche),  451 

Quetsche  Longue  Prficoce,   524 

Quetsche   Maraichere,    524 

Quetsche  musquee  de  Hongrie  (syn.  of 
Hungarian  Musk  Prune),  465 

Quetsche-Peche  de  Francfort  (syn.  of 
Frankfort  Peach),  447 

Quetsche   Pointue,    524 

Quetsche   Precoce   de   Buhlerthal,    524 

Quetsche    Precoce    De    Frauendorf,    524 

Quetsche  Precoce  de  Biondeck  (syn.  of 
Biondeck),  403 

Quetsche  Precoce  de  Furst  (syn.  of 
Furst),  217 

Quetsche  Precoce  de  Fiirst  (syn.  of 
Furst  Damson),  448 

Quetsche  Precoce  Liegel,   525 

Quetsche  Precoce  de  Liegel  (syn.  of 
Quetsche  Precoce  Liegel),  525 

Quetsche  Precoce  de  Lucas  (syn.  of 
Precoce  de  Lucas),  518 

Quetsche  Precoce  de  Reutlingen  (syn. 
of  Reutlinger  Fruhzwetsche) ,  531 

Quetsche   Precoce    De    Schamal,    525 

Quetsche  Precoce  d'Esslingen  (syn.  of 
Esslinger  Fruhzwetsche) ,  444 

Quetsche  Precoce  dc  l*'angcnheim  (syn. 
of  Wangenheim),  368 

Quetsche   Ronde,    525 

Quetsche  Rouge  de  Schmidt  (syn.  of 
Schmidt  Rote  Zwetsche),  541 

Quetsche  Suree  (syn.  of  Large  Sugar 
Prune),  480 

Quetsche  Turkish  (syn,  of  Turkish 
Prxine),  556 

Quetsche   Verte   D'ltalie,    525 

Quetschen  (syn.  of  German  Prune),  219 

Quetzen    (syn.   of   German   Prune),    220 

Quintinye,    quoted,    455.    496,    500,    531 

Quitique,    525 

Rachel,    525 

Rademakers,    525 

Rademaker's  Prune  (syn.  of  Rade- 
makers), 525 

Ragland,    525 

Rainfall,   effects  of,    104 

Pains   (syn.   of  Kanawha),   474 

Raisin,    525 

Ramsey,   F.  T.,  var.  orig.  by,  525 

Ramsey   Last,   525 

Ranette,   526 

Rang  (syn.  of  Lang),  478 

Rangheri,    526 

Ratifjhcri's  Afirikosen  Pflaume ;  Rang- 
hcri's  Friihe  Gelbe  Mirabelle;  Rang- 
heri's  Friihe  Mirabelle;  Ranghcri's 
Gelbe  Mirabelle;  Rangheris  Mira- 
belle; Ranghcris  Mirabelle  (syns.  of 
Rangheri),  526 

Ranslcbcns  Pftaume  or  Zwetsche  (syn. 
of  Quetsche  De  Ransleben),  523 


6o8 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Rareripe,  526 

Rare  Rife  (syn.  of  Rareripe),  526 

Ray,   526 

Raymond,    526 

Raynes,    526 

Rea,  John,  quoted,  32,  407,  455 

Reagan,    526 

Reagles,    C.,    quoted,     320;    var.    orig. 

by,   395.   526,    557 
Reagles'  Ancient  City   (syn.  of  Ancient 

City),  395 

Reagles'    Gage  (syn.  of  Reagle  Gage),  526 
Reagle  Gage,   526 
Reagles'  Union  Purple  (syn.  of  Union), 

557 

Rebecca,    526 
Reche,  527 
Red  Apricot,  321 

Red  Apricot   (syn.  of  Apricot),  148 
Red  Apricot;  Red  Apricot  Plum    (syns. 

of  Red  Apricot),  321 
Red     Aubert     (syn.     of    Red    Magnum 

Bonum),  326 
Red    Bonum    Magnum     (syn.     of    Red 

Magnum  Bonum),  326 
Red  Cloud,  527 

Red  Damask   (syn.  of  Orleans),  302 
Red  Date,   322 

Red  Date-plum  (syn.  of  Red  Date),  322 
Red  Diaper,  322 
Red    Diaper;    Red    Diaper    Plum;    Red 

Egg  Plum  (syns.  of  Red  Diaper),  323 
Red  Egg;  Red  Egg  Plum  (syns.  of  Red 

Magnum  Bonum),  326 
Red   Fothcringham    (syn.    of  Fothering- 

ham),   212 
Red  Gage,  527 

Red  Gage    (syn.   of  Long  Scarlet),  485 
Red  Gage  (syn.  of  Red  Gage),  527 
Red  Gage   of   Dutchess  County,   527 
Red  Glass,   527 
Red  Glass  Junior,  527 
Red  Gold  (syn.  of  Gonzales),  232 
Red  Horse,  527 
Redick,   527 
Red  Imperial  (syn.  of  Imperatrice,  249; 

of  Red  Diaper,  323) 
Red  Imperial     (syn.     of    Red    Magnum 

Bonum),   326 
Red  June,  323 

Red  June  (syn.  of  Red  June),  324 
Red  Magdalene,  527 
Red  Magnum    (syn.    of    Red    Magnum 

Bonum),   326 

Red  Magnum  Bonum,  325 
Red  Magnum  Bonum    (syn.    of  Cooper, 

4*3;     of     Imperatrice,     249;     of     Red 

Magnum   Bonum,   326;   of   Smith   Or- 
leans,  348) 
Red  Magnum  Bonum   (syn.  of  Duane), 

196 

Red  May,    527 

Red  Mirabelle   (syn.  of  Myrobalan),  290 
Red  Mirobalane    (syn.    of    Myrobalan), 

290 
Red  Muscle;     Red    Mussell     (syns.     of 

Muscle),   501 
Red  N agate    (syn.    of   Berger,    160;    of 

Chabot,   172;  of  Red  June,  324) 
Red  October,   528 

Red  Orleans  (syn.  of  Early  Orleans),  199 
Red  Orleans;  Red  Orleans  Plum  (syns. 

of  Orleans),  302 


Red  Panhandle,  528 

Red  Pear,   528 

Red  Peascod,    528 

Red  Perdrigon,    528 

Red  Perdrigon  (syn.  of  Red  Perdrigon), 

528 

Red  Pescod  (syn.  of  Red  Peascod),  528 
Red  Plum,  59 
Red  Primordian,   528 
Red  Primordian    (syn.    of   Red   Primor- 
dian),  528 
Red  Prune,  529 
Red  Queen     Mother     (syn.     of     Queen 

Mother),  522 
Red  Saint  Martin  or  St.   Martin   (syns. 

of   Saint   Martin),  336 
Red  Skin,   529 
Red  Violet,    529 
Red  Virginal,   529 
Red  Wheate    (syn.   of  Wheat),   563 
Red  Winter,    529 
Reed,    529 

Reed,  P.  H.,  var.  orig.  by,   529 
Reel,  529 

Reeves,  Samuel,  var.  orig.  by,  228 
Regina,   529 
Regina    nova;    Reina    Nova     (syns.    of 

Belle),   158 
Reina    Nova    or    Reine    Nova     (Berre) 

(syns.    of   Belle),    158 
Reine  Blanche;  Reine  Blanche  de  Galo- 

pin   (syns.  of  White  Queen),  564 
Reine    Claud;    Reine-Claude    (syns.    of 

Reine   Claude),   327 
Reine  Claude,  326 
Reine   Claude    (syn.   of  Bavay,    155;   of 

Small   Reine  Claude,  347) 
Reine-Claude  Abricotine,   529 
Reine-Claude    a    Fleurs    Semi-double    or 

fieur    semi-double     (syns.     of    Double 

Flowering    Gage),    192 
Reine-Claude     Alex.     Dumas     (syn.     of 

Purple  Gage),  318 
Reine-Claude     Aloise     (syn.     of     Alois 

Reine   Claude),   393 

Reine-Claude    Althan's     (syn.     of     Alt- 
bam),   141 
Reine-Claude         Ancienne,         Blanche, 

Blanche    Grosse    Espece,    Blanche    la 

Grosse    (syns.    of   Reine   Claude),    327 
Reine-Claude    Azuree    (syn.    of   Azure), 

398 
Reine-Claude    Bavay    Native     (syn.     of 

July  Green  Gage),  474 
Reine-Claude    Blanche    (syn.    of    Small 

Reine   Claude),   347 
Reine-Claude   Blanche    de   Boston    (syn. 

of  Imperial   Gage),   251 
Reine-Claude     Blanche     Petite     Espece 

(syn.   of  Small  Reine  Claude),  347 
Reine-Claude     Bleue     (syn.     of     Blaue 

Reine   Claude),    405 
Reine-Claude    Boddaert    (syn.    of    Bod- 

daert),    165 
Reine-Claude    Braunau    (syn.    of    Abri- 

cotee  de  Braunau),   391 
Reine-Claude  Bryanston  (syn.  of  Bryan- 

ston),    i 68 
Reine-Claude  Chauviere   (syn.  of  Chau- 

viere),   417 

Reine-Claude  Comte  Althan  or  d'Althan; 
Reine-Claude    d'Althan;    Reine    Claude 

d'Althann    (syns.   of  Altham),    141 


Reine   Claude   Coition    (syn.    of  Coulon 

Reine  Claude),  423 
Reine-Claude     d'Alois     (syn.     of     Alois 

Reine   Claude),   393 
Reine-Claude     d'Angouleme      (syn.      of 

Angouleme),  395 
Reine-Claude       d'Automne        (syn.       of 

Autumn  Gage),  398 
Reine-Claude     Davion     (syn.     of     July 

Green  Gage),  474 
Reine  Claude  de  Bavay  (syn.  of  Bavay), 

155 
Reine-Claude  de  Bavay  Hative  (syn.  of 

July   Green   Gage),   474 
Reine-Claude     De     Berger      (syn.      of 

Peach),  309 
Reine-Claude       de       Bleecker       or       de 

Bleeker    (syns.    of    Bleeker),    163 
Reine-Claude     de     Boddaert     (syn.     of 

Boddaert),   165 
Reine-Claude  de  Brahy  (syn.  of  Brahy), 

408 

Reine  Claude  de  Brignais,  529 
Reine-Claude     de     Brignais      (syn.      of 

Reine  Claude  de   Brignais),   529 
Reine-Claude    de   Chambourcy    (syn.    of 

Chambourcy),    174 
Reine-Claude    de    Comte    Hathen    (syn. 

of  Altham),    141 
Reine  Claude  d'Ecully,  529 
Reine-Claude  de  Flushings  (syn.  of  Im- 
perial  Gage),   251 

Reine-Claude  De  Guigne  (syn.  of  Trans- 
parent),  360 
Reine-Claude  d'Ecully  (syn.  of  Ecully), 

441 
Reine-Claude     de     Jodoigne      (syn.     of 

Jodoigne),    472 
Reine-Claude    de   Juillet    (syn.    of    July 

Green    Gage),    474 
Reine-Claude     de     Lawrence     (syn.     of 

Lawrence),    266 

Reine  Claude  de  1'Echoisier,   530 
Reine-Claude     de     Meroldt      (syn.      of 

Meroldt),  494 

Reine   Claude   de   Mezel,    530 
Reine-Claude      de      Monroe      (syn.      cf 

Monroe),  287 
Reine-Claude  de  Montmorency    (syn.   of 

Montmorency),    499 
Reine  Claude  de  Razaimbaut,   530 
Rcinc-Claudc    de    Rafofanbaut    (syn.    of 

Reine  Claude  de   Razaimbaut),   530 
Reine    Claude    de    Saint-Avertin,    530 
Reine  Claude  Descarde,  530 
Reine-Claude     de     Schuyler      (syn.     of 

Schuyler  Gage),  541 
Reine  Claude  de  Vandenbrok,    530 
Reine  Claude  de  Wazon,    530 
Reine-Claude      de     Webster      (syn.      of 

Webster   Gage),    562 
Reine-Claude     de     Woolston     (syn.     of 

Woolston),   567 
Reine-Claude       D'Henrietta       (syn.       of 

Henrietta  Gage),  461 
Reine-Claude   d'Hudson    (syn.    of   Hud- 
son Gage),   465 

Reine-Claude  Diaphane   (syn.'  of  Trans- 
parent), 360 
Reine-Claudf  Diaphane  Hative   (syn.  of 

Early   Transparent   Gage),   440 
Reine   Claude    d'Oberdieck,    530 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 


609 


Reine-Claude     d'October;     Reine-Claude 

d'Octobre      (syns.      of     Late      Reine 

Claude),  481 
Reine-Claude  Dore;  Reine  Claude  Doree; 

Reineclaude    d'oree    (syns.    of    Reine 

Claude),  327 
Reinc-CIaude  d'Oullins  (syn.  of  Oullins), 

303 
Rcinc-Claude     da     Comte     d'AIthan    or 

Hathem   (syns.   of  Altham),    141 
Reine-Claude    Geante    (syn.    of    Reiser 

zwetsche),    531 
Reine-Claude    Grosse     (syn.     of    Reine 

Claude),  327 
Heine    Claude   group,    27-29;    origin   of, 

27—29;     character     of,     29;     leading 

varieties  of,  29 
Rcinc-Claude     Hative     (syn.     of     July 

Green  Gage),  474 
Heine   Claude  Hamaitre,   530 
Reine-Claude   Hative   d'Avion    (syn.    of 

July  Green  Gage),  474 
Reine-Claude    Hative    de    Bavay     (syn. 

of  July  Green  Gage),  474 
Rcine-Claude  Imperiale  or  Imperiale  de 

Prince     (syns.     of     Imperial     Gage), 

251 
Reine-Claude  Jaune   De   Dana    (syn.   of 

Dana  Yellow  Gage),  428 
Reine-Claude    Jaune    De    Prince    (syn. 

of    Yellow    Gage),    388 
Reine-Claude   Latinois    (syn,    of    Cham- 

bourcy),    174 
Reine-Claude   mit   Halbgefullter   Bluthe 

(syn.     of    Double    Flowering    Gage), 

102 
Reine-Claude   Monot    (syn.    of    Bavay), 

'55 
Reine-Claude      Monstreuse      de     Bavey 

(syn.  of  Bavay),   155 
Reine    Claude    Monstrueuse    de    Mezel, 

530 
Reine-Claude  Moyret  (syn.  of  Moyret), 

500 
Reine-Claudenartige   Aprikosen   Pflaume 

(syn.  of  Apricot),  148 
Reine-Claude  Noire  de  Woolston    (syn. 

of  Woolston),   567 
Reine-Claude    Petite    or    Petite    Espece 

(syns.    of    Small   Reine   Claude),    347 
Reine  Claude  Precoce  (syn.  of  Oullins), 

303 
Reine-Claude     Precoce     de     Raiimbaud 

(syn.    of    Reine    Claude    de    Razaim- 

baut),   530 
Reine-Claude    Rouge    (syn.    of    Belle), 

158 
Reine-Claude    Rouge    Americaine    (syn. 

of  Red   Gage),    527 
Reine-Claude     Rouge     Comte     Althan; 

Rouge    de    Hathen;    rouge    du    comte 

Hethan;    R*ouge     du     Comte     Hethan 

(syns.    of    Altham),    141 
Reine-Claude  Rouge  de  Prince  (syn.  of 

Red  Gage),   527 
Reine-Claude  Rouge  de  Septembre  (syn. 

of  Belle),   158 
Reine-Claude  Rouge  de  Van  Mans  (syn. 

of  Belle),   158 
Reine-Claude      Rouge      of      September; 

Reine-Claude  Rouge  Van  Mons  (syns. 

of  Belle),   158 
Reine  Claude  Sagot,  530 


Reine-Claude      Semi-Double      (syn.      of 

Double  Flowering  Gage),    192 
Reine-Claude    tardive    (syn.    of    Cham 

bourcy),    174 
Reine-Claude     Tardive     (syn.     of    Late 

Reine   Claude),   481 
Reine-Claude    Tardive    de    Chambourcy; 

Reine-Claude   Tardive  Latinois   (syns. 

of  Chambourcy),   174 
Reine      Claude      Transparent;      Reine- 
Claude  Transparente  (syns.  of  Trans- 
parent), 360 
Reine-Claude   Verde  Perdrigon   (syn.  of 

Reine  Claude),  327 

Reine-Claude     Verte     (syn.     of    Cham- 
bourcy, 174;  of  Reine  Claude,  327) 
Reine-Claude   Verte  Imperiale  or   Verte 

Superieure   (syns.  of  Imperial  Gage), 

251 
Reine-Claude    Verte    Tiquette    (syn.    of 

Reine   Claude),    327 
Reine-Claude    Violette    (syn.    of    Blaue 

Reine  Claude,  405;   of  Purple   Gage, 

318) 
Reine-Claude     von     Bavays      (syn.      of 

Bavay),   135 
Reine-Claude    von    Boddaert     (syn.    of 

Boddaert),    165 

Reine  Claude  von  Bollwiller,   530 
Reine     Claude     Von     Brahy     (syn.     of 

Brahy),  408 
Reine-Claude    von    Jodoigne     (syn.     of 

Jodoigne),  472 
Reine-Claude     von     Oullins      (syn.     of 

Oullins),  303 
Reine-Claudia;     Reine-Claudia     Blanche 

La   Grosse    (syns.   of   Reine   Claude), 

327 
Reine  de  Chypre  (syn.  of  Red  Diaper), 

323 

Reine   des  Mirabelles,    530 
Reinette     Claude     d'AIthan     or     Comte 

d'AIthan  (syns.  of  Altham),  141 
Reine   Victoria,    531 
Reine   Victoria    (syn.   of  Victoria),   363 
Reisenzwetsche,   531 
Rcitzensteiner  Gelbe  Zwetsche   (syn.   of 

Gelbe    Spatzwetsche,    451;    of    Reizen- 

stein  Yellow  Prune,  531) 
Reizenstein    Yellow   Prune,    531 
Reizenstcin's     Yellow    Prune     (syn.     of 

Reizenstein  Yellow  Prune),  531 
Rensleben,  M.,  var.  orig.  by,  523 
Rensselaar,  Rensselacr  or  Rensselvar 

Gage   (syns.   of  Reine  Claude),  327 
Reutlinger    Fruhzwetsche,    531 
Reutlinger  Fruhzwetsche  (syn.  of  Reut- 
linger Fruhzwetsche),    531 
Rex   (syn.  of  Spanish  King),  546 
Rhinebeck  Yellow   Gage,   531 
Rhodes,   531 
Rhue,  531 

Rhue's  Seedling   (syn.  of  Rhue),  531 
Rice  Seed  (syn.  of  Gaviota),  450 
Richard  Trotter,   531 
Richland,  531 
Riga   ii,  532 

Riga  11}   (syn.  of  Aubert),  397 
Rigny,   53* 
Rising  Sun,  532 
Rivers,    Francis,   var.    orig.   by,   403 


Rivers,  Thomas,  var.  orig.  by,  149,  153, 

185,    200,    233,    241,    286,    406,    425, 

438,    440,    453,    459,    461,    481,    482, 

489.    5 '8,    532,    549-    550 
Rivers'    Blue    Prolific;    Rivers'    No.    4 

(syns.   of  Blue  Prolific),   406 
Rivers*    Blue    Prolific;    Rivers'    Early; 

Rivers'    Early    No.    2;    Rivers'    Early 

Prolific     or     Early      Prolific      Plum, 

Rivers'      Fruhe     Fruchtbare;      Rivers 

Fruhpflaume;  Rivers'  No.  2  (syns.  of 

Early  Rivers),  200 
Rivers  Early,  532 
Rivers    Early;    Rivers   Early    Favorite; 

River's      Early      Favourite;     River's 

Early    No.     i;    Rivers    Fruhpflaume; 

Rivers  Fruh  Pflaume;  River's  No.    I 

(syns.  of  Early  Favorite),  438 
Rivers'  Early  Apricot  (syn.  of  Early 

Transparent  Gage),  440 
Rivers*   Early   Damson    (syn.   of  Rivers 

Early),   533 

Fruhpflaume;  Rivers'  No.  2   (syns.  of 
Rivers'    Early    Transparent    Gage    (syn. 

of   Early  Transparent   Gage),   440 
River's    Late    Prolific     (syn.     of    Late 

Prolific),  481 

Rivularis  (syn.  of  Towakong),   554 
Robe   de   Sargent   or   Sergent    (syn.    of 

Agen),    138 
Robe   de  Sergeant  or   Sergent    (syn.    of 

Sergeant),   339 
Robert,    532 
Robert's    Freestone    (syn.    of    Robert), 

532 

Robinson  (syn.  of  Miner),  281 
Robinson,  329 

Roby,  H.  R.,  var.  orig.  by,   532 
Roby  Yellow,  532 
Roch-courbon;      Roche-Carbon;      Roche 

Carbon;    Roche    Courbon     (syns.     of 

Red   Diaper),  323 
Rockford,    532 
Rocky  Mountain,  533 
Rocky     Mountain     Seedling     (syn.     of 

Rocky  Mountain),   532 
Rodney,   532 

Rodney   Gage   (syn.   of  Rodney),   532 
Rodt  Blaue  Zwetsche,  533 
Rodt    Fruhe    Grosse    Pflaumenzwetsche, 

533 
Rodt's  Grosse  Fruhe  Pflaumen-Zwetsche 

(syn.  of  Kaiser  Wilhelm),  474 
Roe,  William,  var.  orig.  by,  398 
Roe's  Autumn;  Roe's  Autumn  Gage 

(syns.  of  Autumn  Gage),  398 
Rognon  D'Ane,   533 
Rognon  de  Coq,  533 
Rognon-de-Coq     de     Nikita      (syn.      of 

Nikitaer  Hahnenpflaume),   504 
Roi   (syn.   of   Royal   Tours),   332 
Roi-Claude   (syn.  of  Oullins),  303 
Roi  d'Agen    (syn.  of  Agen),   138 
Rollande   Galloppi,   533 
Rollingstone,  330 

Rolling  Stone  (syn.  of  Rollingstone),  330 
Uonald   Fancy,    533 
Rood  (syn.  of  Empire),  203 
Rood,  Ezra,  var.  orig.  by,  204 
Ros-Pruim  Double,  533 
Ros-pruim  Double  (syn.  of  Horse),  464 
Roselle,   533 


6io 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Rosinen  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Bechstein 
Spitzpflaurae,  400;  of  Rote  Zwetsche, 
534) 

Ross,  533 

Ross,  J.  T.,  var.  orig.  by,  533 

Ross  Seedling   (syn.   of  Ross),   533 

Rossy   Friihe   Zwetsche,   533 

Rossy's  Fruh  Zwetsche  (syn.  of  Rossy 
Friihe  Zwetsche),  533 

Rostrave  Bell,  533 

Rote  Aprikosenpflaume  or  Aprikosen- 
zwetsche  (syns.  of  Red  Apricot),  321 

Rote  Claude  (syn.  of  Belle),   158 

Rote  Cyprischc  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Red 
Diaper),  323 

Rote  Dattelzwetsche  (syn.  of  Red  Date), 
322 

Rote  Diapree;  Rote  Eier  Pflaume; 
Rote  Marunke;  Rote  Masche;  Rote 
Osterei;  Rote  Ross  Pflaume;  Rathe 
Diapre  or  Diapree;  Rothe  Eier- 
pflaume;  Rothe  Marunke;  Rothe 
Susse  Pflaume;  Rothe  Violcn  Pflaume; 
Rouge  Carbon  (syns.  of  Red  Diaper), 

323 

Rote  Eier  Pflaume;  Rote  Kaiserpflaume; 

Rote  Kaiser  Zwetsche;  Rothe  Kaiser- 
pflaume; Rothe  Kaiserzwetsche   (syns. 

of  Red  Magnum  Bonum),  326 
Rote    Feigen    Pflaume     (syn.     of     Red 

Date),  322 
Rote   Fruh   Damascene    (syn.   of   Damas 

Rouge  Hatif),   427 
Rote    Herbst    Zeiberl     (syn.    of    Rotes 

Zeiberl),   533 
Rote     Jungfernpflaume     (syn.     of     Red 

Virginal),    ^29 
Hole     Kirschpflaume     (syn.     of     Myro- 

bnlan),    290 
Rote  Mirabelle,   533 
Rote    Nectarine     (syn.     of    Nectarine), 

291 
Rote    Washington     (syn.     of     Brevoort 

Purple),   408 
Rote  Zipper;  Rote  Zwetsche    (syns.    of 

Bechstein    Spitzpflaume),    400 
Rote  Zwetsche,    534 
Eoter     Perdrigon;      Rother     Perdrigon 

(syns.   of  Red  Perdrigon),  528 
Roter  Spilling   (syn.   of  Hofinger  Mira- 
belle),   462 
Rotes     Taubenhers      (syn.      of     Queen 

Mother),    522 
Rotes  Zeiberl,  533 
Rothnefleckte      Goldpflaume      (syn.      of 

Belle  de  Schoeneberg),  401 
Rothe    Aprikosenpflaume    (syn.    of    Red 

Apricot),  321 
Rothe   Fruhdamascene    (syn.    of   Damas 

Rouge  Hatif),  427 
Rothe   Jungfernpflaume,    534 
Rothe    Konigspflaume     (syn.    of    Royal 

Tours),  332 
Rothe   Mirabelle    (syn.    of    Myrobalan), 

290 
Rothe    Nectarine    (syn.    of    Nectarine), 

291 

Rothe  Nektarine   (syn.  of  Peach),  309 
Rotherham    (syn.    of    Winesour),    566 
Rotgefleckte     Gold     Pflaume      (syn.     of 

Belle  de  Schoeneberg),  401 
Rouge    Carbon    (syn.    of    Red    Diaper), 

323 


Rouge  de  Bleecher   (syn.  of  Lombard), 

268 
Rouge   de   Brevoort    (syn.    of    Brevoort 

Purple),  408 
Rouge  de  Denniston   (syn.  of  Denniston 

Red),   431 
Rouge  de  Liegel  (syn.  of  Royale  Ililtive 

de    Liegel),    535 
Rouge    Hative     (syn.     of    Red    Primor- 

dian),    528 

Rouge  Hative   de   Nitka,   534 
Rouge    tardive    de    Coe    (syn,    of    Saint 

Martin),  336 
Rouge   Tardive  De  Coe   (syn.   of   Saint 

Martin    Quetsche),   538 
Roulette,    534 
Round,    534 

Round    Black    Damson    (syn.    of    Dam- 
son),   1 86 

Round  Damson   (syn.   of  Damson),    186 
Round  Leaf   Wonderful,    534 
Rousse    De    Guthrie    (syn.    of    Guthrie 

Russet),   457 

Rowlett   (syn.  of  Roulette),  534 
Rowley,   Jos.,  var.   orig.   by,   534 
Rowley,   534 
Roxburgh,  qi:oted,  51 
Royal,    534 
Royal   (syn.  of  Climax,    178;   of  Royal, 

534) 

Royal  Bullace,  534 

Royal    Dauphin    (syn.    of    Royal    Dau- 
phin),  534 
Royal   Dauphin,   534 
Royal   Dauphine    (syn.    of    Sharp,    340; 

of   Victoria,    363) 
Royal  de  Braunac,  535 
Royal  de   Vilvorde   (syn.    of  Jodoigne), 

4/2 
Royale    (syn.    of   Mayer   Konigspflaume, 

493;  of  Royal,  534;   of  Royal  Tours. 

332) 
Royale      Dauphin       (syn.       of      Royal 

Dauphin),   534 
Royale  de  Behrens,  535 
Royale  de  Behrens   (syn.   of  Royale  de 

Behrens),    535 
Royale    de   Braunatt    (syn.    of   Buchner 

Konigspflaume),   410 
Royale    de    Haffner     (syn.     of    Ilaffner 

Konigspflaume),   458 
Royale  de  Koch   (syn.  of  Koch  Konigs- 
pflaume),  477 

Royale  de  Lucas  (syn.  of  Lucas  Konigs- 
pflaume), 487 
Royale     de     Mayer     (syn.     of     Mayer 

Konigspflaume),   493 
Royale     de     Paris     Tardive     (syn.     of 

Perdrigon  Tardif),   515 
Royale   de   Siebenfreud,    535 
Royale  de  Siebenfreund  (syn.  of  Royale 

de    Siebenfreud),    535 
Royale  de  Tours  (syn.  of  Royal  Tours), 

332 
Royale     de     Trapp     (syn.     of     Trapps 

Konigspflaume),   555 
Royale    du    Dr.    Koch    (syn.    of    Koch 

Konigspflaume),   477 
Royale  Hative    (syn.    of   Early   Royal), 

201 
Royale    Hative     or    Hative    de    Liegel 

(syns.    'of  Royale  Hative   de   Liegel), 

535 


Royale  Hative  de  Liegel,  535 

Royal  Hative   de  Nikita    (syn.   of  Early 

Royal   of   Nikita),   440 
Royale  tres-grosse   (syn.  of  Royal),  534 
Royale  Violette  de  Keindl,  535 
Royale     Violette     de    Keindt     (syn.     of 

Royale  Violette   de   Keindl),   535 
Royal     Green     Gage     (syn.     of     Reine 

Claude),    327 
Royal    Hative    (syn.    of    Early    Royal), 

201 
Royale  Hative  de  Nikita  (syn.  of  Early 

Royal  of  Nikita),   440 
Royal  of  Tours  (syn.  of  Royal  Tours), 

332 

Royal  Pea,  535 
Royal    Plumb;    Royal    Red     (syns.     of 

Royal),    534 
Royal    red   Plum;   Royal    Tours    (syns. 

of    Royal   Tours),    332 
Royal  Tours,  332 
Royer  Aprikosen  Pflaume,   535 
Ruben  Burgunder  Zwetsche,   535 
Ruby,    535 
Rudolph,    536 
Rudolph's   Pflaume    (syn.    of   Prune    de 

Rudolphe),   521 
Rudolphspflaume     (syn.     of     Rudolph), 

536 

Rue,    536 

Rue,  J.  B.,  var.  orig.  by,  536 
Ruff  Choice,  536 
Ruff   Spanish,   536 

Runde     Brisetti     (syn.     of    Late     Mira- 
belle),   263 
Runde  Rote  Damascene  (syn.  of  Liegel 

Rote   Damascene),   484 
Runyon,   O.    R.,   var.   orig.   by,  359 
Russian  Mirabelle,  536 
Russian    No.    2,    536 
Russian    No.    3,    536 
Russian  plum  20  M.  (syn.  of  "Burbank), 

170 
Rutland  Plumcot,  333 

Sabel    Pflaume     (syn.     of    Hungarian), 

246 

Sada,   536 
Saffold,   536 

Sagetsuma   (syn.  of  Sagetsuna),   536 
Sagetsuna,    536 
St.  Anne,  537 
Saint   Antoine,    537 
Saint  Antonio,    537 

Saint  Aubert   (syn.  of  St.  Aubert),   537 
St.    Aubert,    537 
Sainte  Barnabe;  St.  Barnabee   (syns.  of 

Early  Yellow),  203 
Saint  Catherine,  334 
St.  Catharine;  Saint  Catherine;  Sainte 

Catherine;    Sainte-Catherinc;    Sainte- 

Catherine     jaune,      ordinaire     or     de 

Tours;  St.   Katharine   (syns.  of  Saint 

Catherine),    334 
Sainte-Catherine      (Belgien)       (syn.      of 

Red  Magnum  Bonum),  326 
Saint    Clair;    St.    Claire;    Saint    Claire; 

Sainte-Claire   (syns.  of  Bavay),   155 
Saint   Cloud    (syn.    of    Goliath),    231 
Saint   Cyr   (syn.   of  Morocco),   288 
St.  Etienne,   537 
St.  James,   537 
St.  James'      Quetsche      (syn.      of      St. 

James),    537 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 


611 


Saint-Jean  (syn.  of  Noire  de  Moo- 
treuil),  504 

Saint  Jean   (syn.   of  Early  Tours),  202 

St.  Jean   (syn.   of  Early   St.  John),  440 

St.   John,   537 

St.  Julian;  St,  Julien;  Saint  Julien; 
Saint  Julien  Petit  (syns.  of  Saint 
Julien),  335 

Saint  Julien,   .135 

St.   Julien  group,   discussion  of,  41,  42 

St.    Lawrence,   537 

Saint  Loo  (syn.  of  Valence),  557 

Saint    Martin,    336 

Saint  (or  St.)  Martin  or  Martin  Rouge 
(syns.  of  Saint  Martin),  336 

Saint-Martin;  Saint  Martin's;  Saint 
Martin's  Quetsche  (syns.  of  Saint 
Martin  Quetsche),  538 

Saint  Martin   Quetsche,    538 

Saint  Maurin;  St.  Maurin;  Saint 
Mauriniana  (syns.  of  Agen),  138 

Saint  Pierre,    538 

St.  Reme,  538 

Sainte   Therese,    537 

Sandall,   var.   orig.   by,   538 

Sandall,   538 

Sandall's  Plum    (syn.   of   Sandall),    538 

Sanders,    338 

Sanderson,   538 

Sandle,    538 

Sandoz,   538 

Sand   Plum,    538 

Sanguine    (syn.    of   Satsuma),   337 

Sankt-Julians  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Dam- 
son), 1 86 

Sankt-Michel's  Pflavme  (syn.  of  Sep- 
tember Damask),  542 

Sannois,   538 

Sannois  Quetsche  (syn.  of  Sannois), 
538  . 

Sans  Noyau    (syn.   of  Stoneless),   353 

Sans-Noyau    (syn.   of   Stoneless),   353 

Sansoto,   539 

Santa    Rosa,    539 

Sapa,   539 

Saratoga,    539 

Sargent,   quoted,   97 

Saskatchewan,   539 

Satin,   539 

Satsugon,    539 

Satsuland,   539 

Satsuma,   337 

Satsuma    (syn.   of  Berger),   160 

Satsuma  Blood   (syn.   of  Satsuma),  337 

Sauere  Weinpfaume  (syn.  of  Wine- 
sour),  566 

Sauere  Wein  Pfaume  Von  Yorkshire 
(syn.  of  Winesour),  566 

Saunders,    339 

Sounders  Seedling  (syn.  of  Saunders), 
339 

Sauvageon,  539 

Savoy    (syn.    of   Isle-Verte),  470 

Sayer   Favorite,   540 

Scaldatello    (syn.    of    Scaudatella),    540 

Scaldatone,   540 

Scanarda,   540 

Scanarda   (syn.  of  Scanarda),   540 

Scarlet  Cage  (syn.  of  Long  Scarlet), 
485 

Scaudatella,   540 

Schamal,    540 


Schamal,    M.,    var.    orig.    by,    525,    540 

Schamal  (syn.  of  Schamal),   540 

Schamals  Friihzwetsche  (syn.  of  Quet- 
sche Precoce  De  Schamal),  535 

Schamals  Herbstpflaume  (syn.  of 
Schamal),  540 

Scheidweiler,   M.,  var.  orig.  by,  205 

Schenectady,    540 

Schenectady  Catharine,  Catherine  or 
Catherine  Plum  (syns.  of  Schenec- 
tady), 540 

Schieblers  Eier  Pflaume,  540 

Schiebler  Luisante,    540 

Schlachter  Friih  Zwetsche,  540 

Schlehen  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Damson), 
1 86 

Schley,   540 

Schley,   Philip,  var.   orig.   by,   425 

Schlcy's  Large  Red  (syn.  of  Schley), 
540 

Schmidt  Rote  Zwetsche,  541 

Schneider,   quoted,  44 

Schoenthal,   541 

Schbne  September  Konigspflaume  (syn. 
of  Belle),  158 

Schone  von  Lowen  (syn.  of  Belle  de 
Louvain),  400 

Schone  von  Riom,  541 

Schone  von  Schonebera  (syn.  of  Belle 
de  Schoeneberg),  401 

Schuyler,   General,  var.  orig.  by,  541 

Schuyler    Gage,    541 

Schuyler  Gage  (syn.  of  Schuyler  Gage), 
541 

Schuyler  or  Schuyler"s  Gage  (syns.  of 
Reine  Claude),  327 

Schwarze  Mirabelle  (syn.  of  Norbert), 
|OJ 

Schwarze  Muskateller  Pflaume   (syn.  of 

Musk  Damson),  501 
Schwarze  Heine-Claude    (syn.   of   Blaue 

Reine   Claude),    405 
Schwarzer     Pcrdrigon      (syn.     of     Nor- 

mand   Perdrigon),   506 
Schweizer    Pflaume     (syn.     of     Suisse), 

549 
Sch-.vcizer  Zwetsche;   Schweiserzwetsche 

(syns.    of    Italian    Prune),    253 
Schweizer    Zwetsche    (incor.)     (syn.    of 

Large  English),  262 
Scioto,    541 

Scott  &  Co.,  var.  orig.  by,  211 
Scribner,  541 

Sea   (syn.  of  Howell),  465 
Sea-Egg,  541 
Semiana,    541 

Semiana   (syn.  of  Suisse),  549 
Semiana    (syn.    of    Italian    Prune),    253 
Semiana  of  Boston   (syn.  of  Semiana), 

54' 
Semi-double     flowering     Reine     Claude 

(syn.     of    Double    Flowering    Gage), 

192 

Semina  (syn.  of  Semiana),  541 
Semis  de  Bury   (syn.  of  Golden  Drop), 

229 
Semis  de  Dorr  (syn.  of  Dorr  Seedling), 

434 
Semis  de  Dry   (syn.   of  Dry  Seedling), 

436 

Semis  de  Pond   (syn.  of  Pond),  314 
Seper,  542 
Seder's  Peach   (syn.  of  Seper),  542 


September,    542 

September  Damascene  (syn.  of  Perdri- 
gon Tardif),  515 

September  Damascene,  Damask  or  Dam- 
son (syns.  of  September  Damask), 
542 

September  Damask,  542 

Serdali  Irek  (syn.  of  Gelbe  Kirsch- 
pflaume),  450 

Sergeant,    339 

Shatter's  White  Damson  (syn.  of  White 
Damson),  374 

Shaker,   542 

Sharp,    340 

Sharp;  Sharpe's  Emperor;  Sharp's  Em- 
peror; Sharps  Kaiserpflaume  (syns. 
of  Sharp),  340 

Sharp;  Sharpe's  Emperor;  Sharpe's  Em* 
peror;  Sharp's  Kaiserpflaume  (syns. 
of  Victoria),  363 

Shaw,   542 

Shedd  Cluster,   542 

Sheen    (syn.   of  Fotheringham),   212 

Sheldon,  542 

Sheldrake,    340 

Shepherd  Bullace,  542 

Shepherd's  White  (syn.  of  Shepherd 
Bullace),  542 

Shepler  (syn.  of  Red  Magnum  Bonum), 
326 

Shepway  Bulleis,   542 

Shilling,   543 

Shipper,  341,  543 

Shifper   (syn.   of  Marketman),   491 

Shipper  Pride;  Shipper's  Pride;  Ship' 
pers'  Pride  (syns.  of  Shipper),  341 

Shirata  Bene,   543 

Shiro,    342 

Shiro  Smomo  (syn.  of  Berger,  160;  of 
Ogon,  298;  of  Red  June,  324) 

Shropshire,    344 

Shropshire  Damson  (syn.  of  Shrop- 
shire), 344 

Shviata  Bene,   543 

Siamese,   543 

Sidone,   543 

Siebenburger  Pflaume,  543 

Siebcnburgcr  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Early 
Yellow),  203 

Siebenbttrger  Zwetsche  (syn.  of  Quet- 
sche de  Transylvanie),  523 

Siebenfreud's  Konigspflaume;  Sieben- 
freund's  Konigspflaume  (syns.  of 
Royale  de  Siebenfreud),  535 

Sierra,    543 

Sierra    Crimson    (syn.    of    Sierra),    543 

Silassy,   543 

Silas  Wilson,   543 

Silbcrblattrifje  Zwetsche  (syn.  of  Quet- 
sche a  feuille  argentee),  523 

Silva  Koning  Claudie,   543 

Silver  Prune  (syn.  of  Golden  Drop), 
229 

Siniiatia  (syn.  of  Semiana,  541 ;  of 
Suisse,  549) 

Simon,   345 

Simon,   Victor,  var.   orig.   by,   551 

Simon;  Simon's  Chinese  Apricot  Plum; 
Simon's  Peach;  Simon's  Plum  (syns. 
of  Simon),  346 

Simpson,  346 

Simpson,  W.  B.,  var.  orig.  by,  414 

Sinomo   (syn.  of  Kelsey),  258 


6l2 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Sir  Charles  Worslcy's   (syn.   of  Royal), 

534 

Sirocco,    544 
Sisson,   544 
Sixby,  544 
Six   Weeks,    544 

Skorospielka   (syn.  of  Early),  437 
Skuya,  544 

Slee-Pruim    (syn.   of  Sloe),   544 
Sloe,    544 
Sloe  Plum,   59 
Small,    quoted,    80 
Small    Black    Damask    (syn.    of    Black 

Damask),   404 
Small  Damas   (syn.   of  Black  Damask), 

404 

Small   Green   Drying,   544 
Small  Green  Cage  (syn.  of  Small  Reine 

Claude),   347 

Small  Mirabelle  (syn.  of  Mirabelle),  284 
Small  Queen  Claude  (syn.  of  Small 

Reine  Claude),  347 
Small  Red  Damask;  Small  Red  Damson 

(syns.  of  Queen  Mother),  522 
Small   Reine  Claude,   347 
Small    Round    Damson    (syn.    of    Dam- 
son,   186;   of  White  Damson,   374) 
Small    White    Damask    (syn.    of    Small 

White    Damson),    545 
Small  White  Damson,   544 
Smiley,  545 

Smith,  Captain  John,  quoted,  84,  93 
Smith,  var.   orig.   by,   348 
Smith,  545 

Smith,  A.  M.,  var.  orig.  by,  545 
Smith,  C.  A.,  var.  orig.  by,  545 
Smith,  E.  F.,  quoted,   131 
Smith,  W.    &   T.    Co.,   quoted,    118 
Smith      October,    545 
Smith  Orleans,   348 
Smith  Prolific,    545 
Smith  Prune  (syn.  of  Diamond),  191 
Smith  Red,   545 
Smith's   Herrn    Pflaume;   Smith's   large 

Orleans;     Smith's     Orleans;     Smith's 

Orleans  Pflaume   (syns.  of  Smith  Or- 
leans),  348 
Smith's    large    October     (syn.     of    Im- 

peratrice),   249 

Smith's  Orleans  (syn.  of  Cooper),  423 
Smith's  Prune  (syn.  of  Diamond),  191 
Smith's  Prune  (syn.  of  Kingston),  476 
Smith's  Red  (syn.  of  Smith  Red),  545 
Snelling,  545 

Snelling,  W.  H.,  var.  orig.  by,  546 
Snooks   (syn.  of  New  Ulm),  293 
Snyder,   546 
Sophie,   349 
Souris,    546 
Sour    Wine    Plum    of    Yorkshire    (syn. 

of  Winesour),    566 
South    Cumberland,    546 
Southern  Beauty,    546 
Southern  Golden,    546 
Souvenir   de  Madame   Nicolle    (syn.    of 

Madame  Nicolle),  488 
Spanish   (syn.  of  Spanish  King),   546 
Spanish    Damascene;    Spanish   Damask; 

Spanish      Red      Damask      (syns.      of 

Spanish  Damask),    546 
Spanish    Damask,    546 
Spanish   King,   546 
Spanish  King  (syn.  of  Lombard),  268 


Spate  Dattel  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Hun- 
garian), 246 

Spate  Herrn  Pflaume;  Spate  Konigs 
Pflaume;  Spate  Konigs  Pflaume  aus 
Paris;  Spater  Perdrigon  (syns.  of 
Perdrigon  Tardif),  515 

Spate  Mirabelle  (syn.  of  Late  Mira- 
belle, 263;  of  Saint  Catherine,  334) 

Spate  Muskateller;  Spate  Muskateller- 
pflaume  (syns.  of  Late  Muscatelle), 
264 

Spate  Muskateller  Pflaume  (syn.  of 
Tardive  Musquee),  551 

Spiite  Schwarse  Damascene  (syn.  of 
Musk  Damson),  501 

Spate  von  Chalons  (syn.  of  Late 
Chalons  480 

Spate  Zwetsche  Von   Karlstadt,   546 

Spath,  M.,  var.  orig.  by,  395 

Spaulding,  350 

Speckled  Gage,  546 

Speer,   547 

Spelge  (syn.  of  Gemeiner  Gelbe  Spill- 
ing), 451 

Spicer,    547 

Spilge  (syn.  of  Gemeiner  Gelbe  Spill- 
ing), 451 

Spilling  Jaune-double,    547 

Spilling  Jaune-simple  (syn.  of  White 
Wheat),  565 

Spindel  Pflaume  (syn.  'of  Gemeiner 
Gelbe  Spilling),  451 

Spitszwetsche  (syn.  of  Quetsche 
Pointue),  524 

Spit:ige  Rote  Pflaume;  Spits  Pflaume 
(syns.  of  Rote  Zwetsche),  534 

Spit:ige  Rote  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Bech- 
stein  Spitzpflaume),  400 

Spitz  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Bechstein 
Spitzpflaume),  400 

Spitzzwetsche  (syn.  of  Quetsche 
Pointue),  524 

Splendid,  547 

Splendor,    547 

Spotted  Gage,   547 

Springer,    547 

Stabeler  Seedling,  547 

Stambul  Erik  oder  Irek  (syn.  of  Myro- 
balan),  290 

Standard,  548 

Standard  of  England  (syn.  of  Stan- 
dard), 548 

Stanton,  352 

Stanton's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Stanton), 
352 

Stark  Brothers,  quoted,    116,  213 

Stark  Green  Gage,  548 

Starnes,  H.   N.,   quoted,    131,   376 

Steer's  Emperor;  Steers'  Emperor 
(syns.  of  Goliath),  231 

Steinlose  Zwetsche  (syn.  of  Stoneless) 
353 

Steinman,  548 

Steinman,  C,  var.  orig.  by,   548 

Stella,    548 

Stengel  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Werder'sche 
Friihzwetsche),  563 

Stephens,    John    D.,    var.    orig.    by,    533 

Steptoe,  548 

Sterling,   548 

Stickney,   548 

Stint,    548 

Stintpflaume    (syn.    of   Stint),    548 


Stocks,  varieties  of,   114-120 

Stoddard,   352 

Stoddart   (syn.  of  Stoddard),  352 

Stoneless,  353 

Stoneless   (syn.  of  Stoneless),  353 

Stonewood,  549 

Stout,  var.   orig.  by,  549 

Stout,  549 

Strachey,   quoted,  84 

Strawberry,  549 

Strawberry    (syn.    of    Berger),    160 

Striped-leaved,   549 

Strong,  William,  var.   orig.  by,  512 

Stumpe    (syn.    of  Howe),   464 

Stunipe,   Mrs.,  var.   orig.   by,  465 

Stumpy    (syn.    of   Howe),    464 

Sucker   State,   549 

Sucree     de     Trauttenberg,     or     Sucree- 

Douce     De    Trauttenberg     (syns.     of 

Trauttenberg),   555 
Sucrin    Vert    (syn.    of    Reine    Claude), 

327 

Sugar,  354 

Sugar  Prune   (syn.  of  Sugar),  354 
Suisina  Grossella  Piccola  (syn.  of  Musk 

Damson),   501 
Suisse,  549 
Sultan,    549 

Sultan  (syn.  of  Occident),  295 
Sultaneck  Erick,  549 
Sultaneck  Erik   (syn.  of  Reine  Claude), 

Summer     Damson      (syn.      of      Damas 

d'Ete),   426 
Sunrise,  549,  550 
Sunset,    550 
Superbe    de    Denniston    (syn.    of    Den- 

niston    Superb),    431 
Superbe   de   Huling    (syn.    of   Hulings), 

245 
Superior   Gage;  Superiour   or    Superior 

Green    Gage    (syns.    of    of    Imperial 

Gage),    251 
Superior    Gage;    Superior    Green    Gage 

(syns.    of   Washington),    368 
Supreme    (syn.    of   Yellow   Egg),   386 
Surpasse  Monsieur,   £50 
Surprise,    355 
Susina  Di  Santa  Caterina  (syn.  of  Saint 

Catherine),  334 

Susina  Massina  Piccola    (syn.    of  Apri- 
cot),  148 
Susina  Regina   (syn.  of  Reine  Claude), 

327 
Susina     Settembrica     Quialla     (syn.     of 

Reizenstein  Yellow  Prune),  531 
Susina     Torla      d'Nova      di      Borgogna 

(incor.)     (syn.    of   Burgundy    Prune), 

412 
Susina   or    Susino   Vecchietti    (syns.    of 

Catelano  Violaceo),  416 
Susina      Verdachia      tonga      (syn.      of 

Griine  Dattel  Zwetsche),  456 
Susino  Catalano    (syn.   of  Catalano),  413 
Susino    Damaschino    Settembrino     (syn. 

of  Damaschino  Settembrino),  426 
Susino     Scaudatella    (syn.    of    Scauda. 

tella),  540 

Suvaance   (syn.   of  Wild  Goose),  378 
Svedske    Tidlig    Leipziger,     550 
Svedske  Ungersk,   550 
Swan,  550 
Swan   (syn.  of  Swan  Golden),  550 


THE  PLUMS  OF   NEW  YORK. 


613 


Swan   Golden,  550 

Swan's  Yellow   (syn.  of  Swan  Golden), 

550 
Sweet  Botan   (syn.  of  Abundance,   136; 

of   Berckmans,    159) 
Sweet  Damson,  550 
Sweet  Damson    (syn.   of  Fiirst  Damson, 

448;   of   Horse,    464) 
Sweet  Prune   (syn.   of  German  Prune), 

220 

Swift,  550 
Swiss     or     Switzcr"s    Plum     (syns.     of 

Suisse),  549 
Swiss   Prune    (syn.    of    Italian    Prune), 

253 
Syrische   Pfaume    (syn.    of    Mirabelle), 

284 
Szillassy  Piros,   550 

Tabor,  G.  L.,  van  orig.  by,  207 

Tante  Anne  (syn.  of  Aunt  Ann),  397 

Tardif  or  Tardive  de  Chalons  (syns.  of 
Late  Chalons),  480 

Tardive  de  Chambourcy  (syn.  of  Cham- 
bourcy),  174 

Tardive  de  Corny,   551 

Tardive  de  Fourqueux,  551 

Tardive   de  Genes,   551 

Tardive  de  Rivers  (syn.  of  Late  Rivers), 
481 

Tardive  Musquee,  551 

Tarleton,  551 

Tatge,    551 

Tawny,   551 

Taybank,  551 

Tchernaya  Arabskaya  (syn.  of  Black 
Arabka),  404 

Tchernaya  vcngerskaya  (syn.  of  Black 
Prune),  404 

Tecumseh,  552 

Temperature,   phases  of,   102 

Temple,  552 

Tenant  or  Tennant  Prune  (syns.  of 
Tennant),  357 

Tennant,  357 

Tennant,   Rev.  John,  var.  orig.  by,   357 

Tenneha,  552 

Tennessee,    552 

Tennessee  Plum  (syn.  of  Tennessee), 
552 

Terrell,    552 

Terry,    552 

Terry,  H.  A,,  life  of,  242;  var.  orig. 
by,  193,  238,  242,  280,  391,  393, 
402,  406,  408,  410,  415,  416,  419, 
421,  422,  424,  425,  429,  431,  432, 
434t  435,  441,  443,  444,  447,  448, 
451,  453,  462,  469,  471,  472,  473, 
483,  484,  485,  486,  490,  491,  492, 
494,  503,  509,  5'3,  5l8,  5'9,  522, 
529,  53«,  542,  543,  552,  558,  559, 
561,  562,  564,  566,  568 

Terry  De   Soto,   552 

Terry's  Desota  (syn.  of  Terry  De 
Soto),  552 

Teutsche  blaue  Zwetsche  (syn.  of  Ger- 
man Prune),  220 

Texas  Belle,   552 

Texas  Gauge,  552 

Thanksgiving,    553 

Thanksgiving  Prune  (syn.  of  Thanks- 
giving), 553 

The  Beauty   (syn.  of  Corymbus),  423 


The  Coe's  Plum  (syn.  of  Golden 
Drop),  229 

The  Cook's  Choice  (syn.  of  Cook 
Choice),  422 

The   Cear   (syn.   of  Czar),    184 

The  Dosch    (syn.  of  Dosch),  435 

The  Gem    (syn.  of  Gem),  451 

The  Great  Damask  Plum  (syn.  of 
Lange  Violette  Damascene),  479 

The  Green  Damosine  Plum  (syn.  of 
Mirabelle),  284 

The  Imperatrice  Plum  (syn.  of  Impera- 
trice),  249 

The  Imperial  Plum  (syn.  of  Red  Mag- 
num Bonum),  326 

The  Myrobalane  Plum  (syn.  of  Myro- 
balan),  290 

The  Nectarine  Plum  (syn.  of  Nectar- 
ine), 291 

The  New  Apricot  Plum  (syn.  of  Apri- 
cot), 148 

The  Purple  Myrobalan  (syn.  of  Pis- 
sardi),  516 

The  St.  Julian  Plum  (syn.  of  Saint 
Julien),  335 

The  Washington  Plum  (syn.  of  Wash- 
ington), 368 

The  White  Imperatrice  Plum  (syn.  of 
White  Imperatrice),  375 

Theresa,  553 

Thomas,    553 

Thomas  October,   553 

Thomaspflaume    (syn.    of  Thomas),    553 

Thompson's   Golden   Green,    553 

Thorndyke  Gage,  553 

Thousand-And-One,   553 

Thresher,    553 

Throop,    553 

Throop,  Calvin,  var.  orig.  by,   548 

Throop  No.  I,  554 

Throop  No.  2,  554 

Throssel,   554 

Tillemond,   554 

Tinsley,  J.  H.,  var.  orig.  by,  383 

Tobe's   Cage    (syn.    of   Deaton),   429 

Tobias  Gage,  554 

Toffari  (syn.  of  Kelsey),  258 

Togo,  554 

Tokeya,   554 

Tomato,   554 

Tomlingson,   554 

Tomlinson's  Charlotte  (syn.  of  Char- 
lotte), 417 

Topaz   (syn.  of  Guthrie  Topaz),  457 

Topaze  de  Guthrie  (syn.  of  Guthrie 
Topaz),  457 

Tor/o  d'Ovo  or  d'Uovo  (syns.  of  Saint 
Catherine),  334 

Towakong,  554. 

Toumsend   (syn.  of  Miner),  281 

Trabesche,   555 

Trabeshe  (syn.  of  Trabesche),  555 

Tragedy,  358 

Traer   (syn.  of  De  Soto),   189 

Tradescant,  John,   var.   orig.   by,  326 

Tragedy  Prune   (syn.   of  Tragedy),   358 

Transparent,  360 

Transparent  (syn.  of  Macedonia,  488; 
of  Yellow  Transparent,  570) 

Transparente,   555 

Transparent  Gage,  Gage  Plum  or 
Green  Gage  (syns.  of  Trans- 
parent), 360 


Transparent    Yellow     (syn.     of    Yellow 

Transparent),  570 
Trapps   Konigspflaume,   555 
Traubenpfiaume,   555 
Trauttenberg,  555 
Trauttenbergs     Aprikosenpflaume     (syn. 

of   Abricotee    de   Trauttenberg),    391 
Trauttenberg      Zuckersiisse      (syn.      of 

Trauttenberg),    555 
Trayer  (syn.  of  De  Soto),  189 
Trianon,   555 

Trinkle,  John  W.,  var.  orig.  by,  555 
Trinkle  No.  4,  555 
Trioniphe    Careen    or     Valet;     Trompe 

Garcon  or   Valet;  Tromp-Valet   (syns. 

of  Reine  Claude),  327 
Trostle,    555 

Trotter,  Lillian  A.,  var.  orig.  by,  443 
Trotter,    Richard,    var.    orig.    by,    473, 

484,   511 
Trainee  de  Vaunege  or  Voneche  (syns. 

of   Trouvee   de   Voueche),    555 
Trouvee  de  Voueche,  555 
True    Large    German    Prune     (syn.     of 

German   Prune),   220 
True  Sweet  Botan  (syn.  of  Berckmans), 

'59 

Truro,    556 
Tucker,    556 

Tucker,  Ezra  W.,  var.  orig.  by,  556 
Tudor,  556 

Tupper,  var.  orig.  by,  190 
Turkey,   556 

Turkey  Plumb    (syn.   of  Turkey),    556 
Turkic   (syn.  of  Turkey),   556 
Turkische   Gelbe  Pflaume    (syn.    of   Im- 
perial Ottoman),  467 
Turkische  Kirsche  (syn.  of  Myrobalan), 

290 

Turkische     Zwetsche     (syn.     of     Hun- 
garian, 246;  of  Red  Date,  322) 
Turkish  Prune  (syn.  of  Italian  Prune), 

253 

Turkish  Prune,  556 
Turkish     Quetsche     (syn.     of     German 

Prune),   220 

Turky    (syn.   of  Turkey),   556 
Turner,   Stephen  H.,  var.  orig.  by,   552 
Twice  Bearing,  556 
Twins,  557 
Tzaueron,  557 

Uchi   Bene;    Uchi-Beni    (syns.    of    Ber- 

ger),    1 60 

Uchi  Bent   (syn.  of  Chabot),   172 
Ulysses,  557 
Uncle  Ben,   557 

Ungarische    (syn.   of  Ungarish),  361 
Ungarische  Blaue  Eier   (syn.   of  Kaiser 

Wilhelm),   474 
Ungarische      Dattelzwetsche      (syn.      of 

Hungarian),    246 
Ungarische   Dattel  Zwetsche,   557 
Ungarische     Pfaume,      Sabcl     Pflaume 

or    Zwetsche    (syns.    of    Hungarian), 

246 
Ungarische    Spate    Bouteillcn    Zwetsche 

(syn.  of  Ungarische  Dattel  Zwetsche), 

557 
Unaarische     Zwetsche     (syn.     of     Red 

Date),  322 
Ungarish,   361 


614 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Ungarish    Prune    (syn.    of    Ungarish), 

361 

Union,  557 

Union  Purple    (syn.   of  Union),   557 
United  States   (syn.   of  U.    S.),  557 
Ura-Beni   (syn.  of  Berger),   160 
Uryany,  557 
U.  S.,   557 
llsum      Erreck      (syn.      of      Trauben- 

pffaume),   555 
Utah,  362 

Utah  Hybrid  (syn.  of  Utah),  362 
Uviase  (syn.  of  Shviata  Bene),  543 

Vail's  Seedling    (syn.   of  Large   Golden 

Prolific),  479 
Vakanzpflaume  (syn.  of  September 

Damask),  542 
Valence,    557 
Valentia,  558 
Valienciennes,    558 
Value,  558 
Van  Benschoten,  558 
Van  Buren,   558 
Van  Deman,  558 

Van  Dieman  (syn.  of  Van  Deman),  558 
Van  Houten,   558 
Van   Mons,   var.   orig.   by,    158 
Van     Mons     Konigspflaume     (syn.     of 

Belle),   158 
Van   Mons'  Red;    Van  Mons  Red  Gage 

(syns.  of  Belle),  158 
Variegated    Plum    (syn.    of    Lombard), 

268 

Veilchen  Pflaume    (syn.   of  Violet   Dia- 
per), 365 

Venetianische  Zweimal  Tragende,  558 
Venus,   558 
Verdacchia     rotonda     (syn.     of     Reine 

Claude),  327 
Verdacchio,  588 
Verdache,  558 

Verdacia  (syn.  of  Reine  Claude),  327 
Verdage     D'ltalie     (syn.     of     Quetsche 

Verte   D'ltalie),   525 
Vcrdoch;    Verdochia;    Verdochio;    Vcr- 

ducia    (syns.    of    Reine    Claude),    327 
Verdock    (syn.    of   Verdacchio),    558 
Veritable  Imperatrice   (syn.   of  Impera- 

trice),  249 
Vermilion,    558 
Vermilon  Hatif,  559 
Vcrtage     d'ltalie     tres-grosse     (syn.     of 

Quetsche   Verte   D'ltalie),    525 
Vert  or  Verte  Bonne;  Verte  d'Espagne; 

Verte      Tiquetee      (syns.      of      Reine 

Claude),  327 
Verte  a  Secher  de  Knight  (syn.  of 

Large  Green  Drying),  479 
Verte     Tardive     de    Guthrie     (syn.     of 

Guthrie   Late),   236 
Vesuvius,   559 
Vick,   559 
Victoire    de    Nelson    (syn.    of   Nelson), 

503 

Victor,  559 
Victoria,  362,  559 

Victoria    (syn.    of   Sharp,   340;    of   Vic- 
toria, 363) 
Victoria-Pflaume ;       Victoria's       Kaiser- 

tvietsche    (syns.    of   Victoria),   363 
Victor  Sand  Cherry,   559 
Vilmot's  Green  Gage,  Late  Green  Gage 

(syns.  of  Reine  Claude),  327 


Vineitse    acidule    (syn.    of    Winesour), 

566 

Vinesour  (syn.  of  Winesour),  566 
Violet   (syn.  of  Early  Tours),   202 
Violet,  559 
Violet  Damask  (syn.  of  Damas  Violet), 

427 
Violet  de  Tours  (syn.  of  Early  Tours), 

202 

Violet  Diaper,  365 

Violet  Diaper   (syn.   of  Violet  Diaper), 

365 
Violet  Empress    (syn.    of   Imperatrice), 

249 
Violet    Gage    (syn.    of    Purple    Gage), 

318 

Violet  Imperial,  559 
Violet    Perdrigon     (syn.    of    Blue    Per- 

drigon,     164;     of     Cooper,     423;     of 

Smith    Orleans,    348) 
Violet    Plumb    (syn.    of    Violet),    559 
Violet    Queen   Claude    (syn.    of    Purple 

Gage),    318 
Violet  Royal,  559 
Violette  Hative   (syn.  of  Early  Tours), 

202 

Violette    (syn.    of   Imperatrice),   249 

Violette    (syn.   of  Violet),   559 

Violette  Americaine,   559 

Violette  Dattehwetsche  (syn.  of  Agen, 
138;  of  Hungarian,  246) 

Violette  de  Galopin  (syn.  of  Galopin), 
449 

Violette  de  Jerusalem  (syn.  of  Jeru- 
salem), 472 

Violette  de  Tours  (syn.  of  Early  Tours), 

202 

Violette  Diapree  (syn.  of  Violet  Dia- 
per), 365 

Violette  d'Octobre  (syn.  of  Saint  Mar- 
tin), 336 

Violette  Fasanenpfaume,  Fasanen 
Pflaume,  Huhnerpflaume,  Htthner 
Pflaume,  or  Rebhuhn  Pflaume;  Vio- 
letter  Perdrigon;  Violettes  Rebhuh- 
nerei  (syns.  of  Blue  Perdrigon),  164 

Violette  Galopin   (syn.  of  Galopin),  449 

Violette  Hative   (syn.   of  Early  Tours), 

202 

Violette  Jerusalem  (syn.  of  Jerusalem), 

472 
Violette     Jerusalemspflaume      (syn.      of 

Jerusalem),  472 
Violette     Kaiserin      (syn.      of      Dunkel- 

blaue    Kaiserin,    437;    of   Imperatrice, 

249) 
Violette   Kaiser  Pflaume    (syn.   of  Blue 

Egg),  405 
Violette    Konigspflaume    (syn.    of   Early 

Royal),   201 
Violette  October  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Saint 

Martin    Quetsche),     538 
Violette   Octoverpfiaume   (syn.    of   Saint 

Martin),    336 
Violette  oder  Blaue  Kaiserpflaume  (syn. 

of  Red  Magnum  Bonum),  326 
Violette   Oktoberpflaume   (syn.   of  Saint 

Martin),  336 
Violette  Queen  Claude;  Violette  Reine- 

Claude    (syns.    of  Purple   Gage),    318 
Violette      Reine-Claude      Von      Brignais 

(syn.   of  Reine  Claude  de  Brignais), 

529 


Violettcr  Perdrigon  (syn.  of  Smith  Or- 
leans), 348 

Violette  Violen  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Violet 
Diaper),  365 

Virgata,  559 

Virgie,  560 

Virgin  (syn.  of  Red  Virginal,  529;  of 
White  Virginal,  565) 

Virginal  a  Fruit  Blanc  or  Rouge,  a  gros 
Fruit  blanc,  Blanc;  Virginale;  Vir- 
ginale  a  Fruit  Rouge;  Virginale 
Diane  or  Rouge  (syns.  of  Red  Vir- 
ginal), 529 

Virginal  a  gros  fruit  blanc;  Virginal 
blanc;  Virginale;  Virginale  a  Fruit 
Blanc,  a  gros  fruit  blanc,  Virginale 
blanche  (syns.  of  White  Virginal), 
565 

Virginale   (syn.   of  Apricot),    148 

Virginale    (syn.    of    Red   Virginal),    529 

Virginale  Blanche  (syn.  of  Yellow  Im- 
peratrice), 569 

Virginia   Damson,   560 

Virginian  Cherry  (syn.  of  Myrobalan), 
290 

Virginische  Ludwig's  Pflaume  (syn.  of 
Hungarian),  246 

Virginische  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Red  Dia- 
per), 323 

Von  Flotows  Mirabelle  (syn.  of  Mira- 
belle  de  Flotow),  497 

Von   Berlepsch  Zwetsche,   560 

Von  Bose  Rote  Zwetsche,   560 

Von  Lade  Spate  Mirabelle,  560 

Von  Hartwiss'  Gelbe  Zwetsche  (syn.  of 
Hartwiss),  459 

Von  Moro  Reine  Claude,  460 

Von  Trapp's  Konigs  Pflaume  (syn.  of 
Trapps  Konigspflaume),  555 

Von  Trauttenberg's  Aprikosenpflaume 
(syn.  of  Abricotee  de  Trauttenberg-) , 
391 

Von  Trauttenberg's  Ziickersusse  (syn. 
of  Trauttenberg),  555 

Von  Wangenheim  Pflaume  (syn.  of 
Wangenheim),  368 

Voronesh,   365 

Voronesh  Blue  (syn.  of  Blue 
Moldavka),  405 

Voronesh  Yellow  (syn.  of  Voronesh), 
365 

Voslauer  Zwetsche,  560 

Vulcan,  560 

Wabash,  560 

Wady,  560 

Wady's  Early   (syn.  of  Wady),  560 

Wager    (syn.   of  Orange),  300 

Wagner,   560 

Wagner,  J.  F.,  var.  orig.  by,  411,  462, 
560 

Wagner  No.  9  (syn.  of  Wagner),  560 

Wahre  Aprikosen  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Apri- 
cot), 148 

Wahre  blaue  Eierpflaume  (syn.  of  Jeru- 
salem), 472 

Wahre  Caledonian  (syn.  of  Goliath), 
231 

Wahre  Fruhzwetsche,   560 

Wahre  Konigspflaume   (syn.   of  Royal), 

534 

Wahre  Schlehen  Damascene  (syn.  o£ 
Damson),  186 


THE  PLUMS  OF   NEW  YORK. 


Wahre  Weissc  Diapre'e,   561 

Wahre     Zwetsche      (syn.     of     German 

Prune),  220 
Wakapa,    561 
Walker  Seedling,  561 
Wallace,  561 
Wales,  366 

Walker,  A.  W.,  var.  orig.  by,  561 
Walter,  561 

Walter,   Herr,  var.   orig.  by,  561 
Walther  Pflaume,   561 
Wnngenheim,   367 
Wangenheim  Hative,  Wangenheims  Friih- 

zuuetsche  (syns.  of  Wangenheim),  368 
Wangcnheims    Fruh    Zwetsche    (syn.    of 

Wangenheim),    368 
Waran    Erik    (syn.    of   Noire    de   Mon- 

treuil),    504 

Ward  October  Red,  561 
Warner,   561 
Warner's   Late   or   Late   Red    (syns.    of 

Warner),  561 
Warren,   561 

Warren  (syn.  of  Newman),  292 
Washington,  368 
Washington;  Washington  Bolmar,  Gage, 

Jaune,  Mammot,   or   Yellow   (syns.   of 

Washington),   368 
Washington      or      Washington      Purple 

(syns.   of  Brevoort  Purple),  408 
Washington  Seedling  (syn.  of  Ives),  470 
Wasse-Rotankio    (syn.    of   Lutts),   487 
Wasse  Botankyo  (syn.  of  Sagetsuna),  536 
Wasse    Sumomo     (syn.    of    Earliest    of 

All),    198 

Wassu   (syn.  of  Burbank),  170 
Wastesa,  561 
Waterloo  Pflaume,  561 
Waterloo    (syn.    of    Golden    Drop,    229; 

of  Kent,   476;   of  Reine  Claude,  327) 
Waterloo  of  Kent   (syn.  of  Kent),  476 
Watson,   562 
Watson,  D.   H.,  var.  orig.  by,  463  503, 

5'8,  525,  562,  569 
Watts,  562 

Watts,  Dr.  D.  S.,  var.  orig.  by,  562 
Waugh,  562 
Waugh,     Frank     A.,     life     of,     85-86, 

quoted,  65,  66,  86,  87,  99,  141,  393 
Wax,   562 

War  Plum   (syn.  of  Wax),  562 
Wayland,  370 

Wayland.  Dr.,  var.  orig.  by,  288 
Wayland,  Prof.  H.  B.,  var.  orig.  by,  371 
Wazata,  562 
Weaver,  372 

Weaver,  var.  orig.  by,  372,  476 
Webster,  J.  B.,  var.  orig.  by,  416 
Webster   Gage;   Webster's    Gage    (syns. 

of  Webster  Gage),  562 
Webster  Gage,   562 
Weedsport  German  Prune,  220 
Weeping  Blood,    562 
Weichharige  Schlehen  Damascene   (syn. 

of   Saint   Julien),    335 
Weinsauerliche     Pflaume     or     Zwetsche 

(syns.  of  Winesour),  566 
Wtisse     Aprikosen     Pflaume     (syn.     of 

Apricot),   148 
Weissc  Diapree   (syn.  of  White  Perdri- 

gon),  375 


Weisse    Hollandische    Pflaume;    Weissc 

Kaiserin    or    Magnum    Bonum;    Wets- 

ier  Kaiser  (syns.  of  Yellow  Egg),  386 
Weisse  Indische  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Griine 

Dattel  Zwetsche),  456 
Weisse  Jungfernpflaume  (syn.  of  White 

Virginal),     565 
Weisse    Kaiserpflaume    (syn.    of    White 

Imperatrice),  375 
Weisse  Kaiser  Pflaume  (syn.  of  Yellow 

Egg),  386 

Weisse  Kaiserin,  563 
Weisse   Kaiserin-    (syn.    of  Weisse   Kai- 
serin),   563 
Weisse  Konigin  (syn.  of  White  Queen), 

564 
Weisser    Perdrigon;     Weisses    Rcbhuh- 

nerei  (syn.  of  White  Perdrigon),  375 
Weisse   Zeiberl    (syn.    of   Weisses   oder 

Grtines  Zeiberl),  562 
Weisses  oder  Grunes  Zeiberl,   562 
Weisse      Violen      Pflaume      (syn.      of 

Jaspisartige  Pflaume),  471 
Welch,    562 
Welcome,   562 
Wentworth;    Wentworth    Plumb    (syns. 

of  Yellow  Err),  386 
Werder'sche  Fruhzwetsche,  563 
Wetherell,  563 
Wetherill's  Sweet,   563 
Wetschen  (syn.  of  German  Prune),  220 
Whatisit,  563 
Wheat,  563 
Wheaten;       Wheaton;      Wheat      Plum 

(syns.  of  Wheat),   563 
Whitacre    (syn.   of  Whitaker),   563 
Whitaker,   563 
Whitby,  563 
White  Apricot  or  Apricot  Plum    (syns. 

of  Apricot),   148 
White  Bonum  Magnum  (syn.  of  Yellow 

Egg),  386 
White  Blossomed  Sloe    (syn.  of   Sloe), 

544 

White  Bullace,  373 
White  Bulleis   (syn.  of  White  Bullace), 

373 

White  Corn,  564 
White    Damascene    or    Damson;    White 

Damask    (syns.    of    White    Damson), 

374 

White  Damask  (syn.  of  Large  White 
Damson,  480;  of  Small  White  Dam- 
son, 545) 

White   Damson,   374 

White  Date  or  Date  Plum  (syn.  of 
Date),  428 

White  Diaper,  564 

White  Diapred  (syn.  of  Diapree 
Blanche),  432 

White  Egg  or  Egg  Plum,  Holland,  Im- 
perial or  Imperial  Bonum  Magnum, 
Magnum  Bonum,  Mogul  (syns.  of 
Yellow  Egg),  386 

White  Empress  (syn.  of  White  Impera- 
trice), 375 

White-fleshed  Botan  (syn.  of  Berck- 
mans),  159, 

White  Gage  (syn.  of  Small  Reine 
Claude),  347 

White  Gage   (syn.  of  Yellow  Gage),  388 

White  Gage    (syn.  of  Imperial  Gage),  251 


White  Gage  of  Boston  (syn.  of  Im- 
perial Gage),  251 

\Yhitc  Honey   Damson,   564 

White  Imperatrice,  375 

White  Imperatrice  (syn.  of  White 
Imperatrice),  373 

White  Indian  (syn.  of  Green  Indian), 
455 

White  Kelsey   (syn.  of  Georgeson),  218 

White  Matchless  (syn.  of  Matchless), 
492 

White  Mirabelle  or  Mirable  (syns.  of 
Mirabelle),  284 

White  Mirobalane  (syn.  of  Myrobalan), 
290 

White  Muscle,  564 

White  Mussell  (syn.  of  White  Muscle), 
564 

White  Mussell   (syn.  of  Muscle),  501 

White  Nicholas    (syn.   of  Nicholas),  295 

White  Otschakoff,  564 

White  Pear,  564 

White  Peascod,  564 

White  Perdrigon,  375 

White  Perdrigon  (syn.  of  White  Per- 
drigon), 375 

White  Pescod  (syn.  of  White  Peascod), 
564 

White  Prune,  564 

White  Prune  Damson  (syn.  of  White 
Damson),  374 

White  Prunella  (syn.  of  Sloe),  544 

White  Queen,    564 

White  Sweet    Damson,    564 

White  Virginal,   565 

White  Virginale  (syn.  of  Red  Vir- 
ginal, 529;  of  White  Virginal,  565) 

White  Wheat,   565 

White  Wheate  (syn.  of  White  Wheat), 

565 
White  Winter  Damson   (syn.   of  White 

Damson),  374 
Whitley,   5«5 
Whitlow;    Whitton    (syns.    of    Wheat), 

563 

Whyte,   565 

Whyte,  R.  B.,  var.  orig.  by,  565 
Whyte's  Red  Seedling  (syn.  of  Whyte), 

565 

Wickson,  376 

Wickson,   E.    J.,   quoted,    75,    76,   548 
Wickson  Challenge   (syn.   of  Formosa), 

447 
Wiener  Mirabelle    (syn.    of   Mirabelle), 

284 

Wier,   565 
Wier,    D.    B.,   var.   orig.   by,    466,    468, 

469,  565 

Wier  Large  Red  (syn.  of  Wier),  565 
Wier  No.  50,  565 
Wier's  No.   50   (syn.  of  Wier  No.   50), 

5«5 

Wier's  Large  Red   (syn.   of  Wier),  565 
Wiezerka    (syn.   of  Wyzerka),   568 
Wilder,   565 
Wilde,  565 
Wild  Goose,  378 
Wild  Goose  Improved,   566 
Wildrose,   566 
Wilkinson,  566 

Willamette   (syn.  of  Pacific),  305 
Willamette,  566 
Willamette  Prune  (syn.  of  Pacific),  305 


6i6 


THE  PLUMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Willard,  379 

Willard,  Samuel  D.,  life  of,  149; 
quoted,  208;  var.  orig.  by,  214 

Willard  Japan;  Willard  Plum  (syns.  of 
Willard),  379 

William   Dodd   (syn.   of   Miner),   281 

Williams,    566 

Williams,  Theodore,  var.  orig.  by,  392, 
397,  402,  407,  409,  412,  413,  436, 
441,  442,  444,  447,  448,  454.  475, 
478,  481,  482,  483,  498,  499,  509, 
513,  5'4,  520,  527,  529,  548,  557, 
558.  559,  563,  568,  569 

Williamson,  H.  M.,  quoted,  305 

Wilmeth   Late,    566 

Wilmot's  Early  Orleans,  Large  Orleans, 
Late  Orleans,  New  Early  Etrlcans  or 
Orleans  (syns.  of  Early  Orleans), 
199 

Wilmot's  Creen  Gage,  Late  Green  Gage 
or  New  Green  Gage  (syns.  of  Reine 
Claude),  327 

Wilmot's  Late  Orleans  (syn.  of  Goli- 
ath), 231 

Wilmot's  Russian  (syn.  of  Red  Date), 
322 

Wilson,  566 

Wine  Plum,   566 

Winesour   (syn.  of  Winesour),  566 

Winesour,  566 

Winesour  Plum  (syn.  of  Winesour), 
566 

Winnebago,    566 

Winslow,  Edward,  quoted,  93 

Winsor,  E.  W.,  var.  orig.  by,  393,  402 

Winter  Creke,  567 

Winter  Damson,  567 

Winter  Damson  (syn.  of  Winter  Dam- 
son), 567 

Wiseman,    567 

Wiseman's    Prune    (syn.    of   Wiseman), 

567 

W.  J.  Bryan   (syn.  of  Bryan),  410 
Wohanka,  567 
Wolf,   380 

Wolf,  D.  B.,  var.  orig.  by,  380 
Wolf  and  Japan,  567 
Wolf  Cling   (syn.  of  Wolf  Clingstone), 

567 

Wolf   Clingstone,    567 
Wolf     Free     or     Freestone     (syns.     of 

Wolf),  380 

Wonder  (syn.  of  Osage),  510 
Wood,  381 

Wood,   Joseph,  var.   orig.  by,  382 
Woolston,   567 
Woolston  Black;  Woolston  Black  Gage; 

Woolslon's    Black    Gage;    Woolston's 

Violette       Reine-Claude       (syns.       of 

Woolston),    567 
Woolston  Gage  (syn.  of  Woolston),  567 
Wooster,  567 
Wooten,  568 

Wootton    (syn.    of  Wooten),    568 
World  Beater,  383 


Worth,    568 

Worth   (syn.  of  Royal  Tours),  332 

Wragg,  568 

Wragg,    John,    var.    orig.    by,    477 

Wragg    Freestone,    568 

Wunder  von  New  York,  568 

Wyandotte,  568 

Wyant,  384 

Wyant,  J.  B.,  var.  orig.  by,  384 

Wyant  and  Japan,  568 

Wyckoff,    568 

Wyedale,   568 

Wyzerka,   568 

Yates,   569 

Yeddo  (syn.  of  Georgeson),  218 

Yellow  Americana,  569 

Yellow   Apricot    (syn.    of  Apricot),    148 

Yellow  Aubert   (syn.   of  Aubert),   397 

Yellow  Bonum  Magnum  (syn.  of  Yellow 
Egg),  386 

Yellow  Damask   (syn.  of  Drap  d'Or),  195 

Yellow  Damson  (syn.  of  White  Dam- 
son), 374 

Yellow  Date  (syn.  of  Date),  428 

Yellow  Diapree  (syn.  of  Diapree 
Blanche),  432 

Yellow  Egg,  385,   569 

Yellow  Egg   (syn.   of  Yellow  Egg),  386 

Yellow  Egg  group,  32;  origin  of,  32; 
specific  characters  of,  32 

Yellow  Fleshed  Botan  (syn.  of  Abun- 
dance), 136 

Yellow   Gage,   388 

Yellow  Gage  (syn.  of  Drap  d'Or,  195; 
of  Small  Reine  Claude,  347) 

Yellow   Imperatrice,    569 

Yellow  Imperatrice  (syn.  of  Yellow  Im- 
peratrice), 569 

Yellow  Imperial,  569 

Yellow  Jack,  569 

Yellow  Japan  (syn.  of  Abundance,  136; 
of  Chabot,  172) 

Yellow  Jerusalem,  569 

Yellow  Magnum  Bonum,  570 

Yellow  Magnum  Bonum  (syn.  of  Yel- 
low Egg),  386 

Yellow    Moldavka    (syn.    of   Voronesh), 

365 

Yellow  Nagate,   57° 

Yellow  Nagate   (syn.  of  Ogon),  298 

Yellow  Oregon,  570 

Yellow  Panhandle,    570 

Yellow  Perdrigon   (syn.  of  Drap  d'Or), 

195 

Yellow  Plum,    59 
Yellow  Roman  Bullace,  570 
Yellow    St.    Catharine    (syn.    of    Saint 

Catherine),  334 
Yellow  Sweet,   570 
Yellow  Transparent,    570 
Yellow  Voronesh  (syn.  of  Voronesh),  365 
Yellow  Wildgoose,  570 
Yellow  Yosemite,    570 
Yellow,  43   Fischer,   569 


Yohe,  571 

Yohes  Eagle  (syn.  of  Yohe),  571 

Yonemomo;   Yonesmomo   (syns.   of   Sat- 

suma),    337 
Yorkshire    Winesour    (syn.    Winesour), 

566 

York  State  Prune,   571 
York  State  Prune   (syn.  of  York  State 

Prune),    571 

Yosibe   (syn.  of  Earliest  of  All),  198 
Yosemite     (syn.     of     Purple     Yosemite, 

521;    of    Yellow   Yosemite,    570) 
Yosemite    Purple    (syn.    of    Purple    Yc« 

Semite),    521 

Yosemite    Yellow    (syn.    of   Yellow   Yo- 
semite),  570 

Yosete  (syn.  of  Earliest  of  All),   198 
Yosobe   (syn.  of  Earliest  of  All),   198 
Young,    571 
Youngken    Golden;     Younken's    Golden 

Cherry;    Yunkin     Golden     (syns.     of 

Golden   Cherry),    228 
Young's  Seedling   (syn.  of  Young),   571 
Young's  Superior  Egg   (syn.  of  Yellow 

Egg),  386 
Yukon,  571 
Yuteca,  571 

Zahlbruckner  Damascene,  571 
Zahlbruckner's       Violette       Damascene 
(syn.    of    Zahlbruckner    Damascene), 

571 

Zekanta,   571 

Zipperle   or   Zipperlein    (syns.    of   Dam- 
son),  186 
Zuccherina     (syn.     of     Damaschino     Es- 

tivo),    426 

Zucchetta  Gialla,  571 
Zuckcr   Zwetsche    (syn.    of   Red   Date), 

322 

Zulu,   571 
Zuzac,  571 
Zwcimal    Bliihende   and    Zweimal    Tra- 

gende  Bunte  Pflaume   (syn.  of  Twice 

Bearing),  556 
Zweimal      Tragende      (syn.      of     Twice 

Bearing),    556 
Zwergpflaume,    571 

Zwespe    (syn.    of   German    Prune),    220 
Zwetsche,      Zwetschen      or      Zwetschke 

(syns.    of  German  Prune),   220 
Zwetsche   Friihe    Von   Buhlerthal    (syn. 

of   Quetsche  Precoce   de   Buhlerthal), 

524 
Zwetsche  Leipziger  (syn.  of  Merunka), 

494 

Zwetsche   Professor   Wittmack,    572 
Zwetsche     Ungarische      (syn.      of     Un- 

garish),  361 
Zwetsche  von  Datlikon   (syn.   of  Italian 

Prune),    253 

Zwetsche  Von  der  Worms,  572 
Zwetsche      Von      Letricourt      (syn.      of 

Quetsche   Dr.    Letricourt),    524 


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